
Notes to the Audited Financial Statements
for the year ended 31 December 2023
EJF Investments Limited
Annual Report and Audited Financial Statements 2023
67
requires varying degrees of judgement depending on liquidity,
uncertainty of market factors, pricing assumptions and other
risks affecting the specific instrument.
Valuation techniques include net present value and discounted
cash flow models, comparison with similar instruments for
which observable market prices exist and other valuation
models. Assumptions and inputs used in valuation techniques
include risk-free and benchmark interest rates, credit spreads
and other premia used in estimating discount rates, bond and
equity prices, foreign currency exchange rates, equity indices,
EBITDA multiples and revenue multiples and expected price
volatilities and correlations.
The objective of valuation techniques is to arrive at a fair value
measurement that reflects the price that would be received
to sell the asset or paid to transfer the liability in an orderly
transaction between market participants at the measurement
date. The Company uses widely recognised valuation models
for determining the fair value of common and simple financial
instruments, such as interest rate and currency swaps that use
only observable market data and require little management
judgement and estimation. Observable prices and model
inputs are usually available in the market for listed debt and
equity securities, exchange traded derivatives and simple
OTC derivatives such as interest rate swaps. The availability of
observable market prices and model inputs reduces the need
for management judgement and estimation and reduces the
uncertainty associated with the determination of fair values.
The availability of observable market prices and inputs varies
depending on the products and markets and is prone to
changes based on specific events and general conditions in the
financial markets.
For more complex instruments, the Company uses proprietary
valuation models, which are developed from discounted
cash flow models. Some or all of the significant inputs into
these models may not be observable in the market and are
derived from market prices or rates or are estimated based on
assumptions.
Valuation models that employ significant unobservable
inputs require a higher degree of management judgement and
estimation in the determination of fair value. Management
judgement and estimation are usually required for the selection
of the appropriate valuation model to be used, determination
of expected future cash flows on the financial instrument being
valued, determination of the probability of counterparty default
and prepayments and selection of appropriate discount rates.
Fair value estimates obtained from models are adjusted for
any other factors, such as liquidity risk or model uncertainties,
to the extent that the Company believe that a third-party
market participant would take them into account in pricing a
transaction. Fair values reflect the credit risk of the instrument
and include adjustments to take account of the credit risk of
the Company and the counterparty where appropriate. For
measuring derivatives that might change classification from
being an asset to a liability or vice versa, such as interest rate
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company holds all of the shares in EJFIH, a holding vehicle
used to hold the Company’s investments. The Board believes
it is appropriate to value this entity based on the fair value of
its portfolio of investment assets held plus its other assets and
liabilities.
Valuation Models
IFRS 13 requires disclosure of fair value measurement by level.
The level of financial assets or financial liabilities within the
fair value hierarchy is determined on the basis of the lowest
level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted
prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1
measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs
(Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value
hierarchy under IFRS 13 are as follows:
Level 1
Inputs that are quoted market prices (unadjusted) in
active markets for identical instruments.
Level 2
Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level
1 that are observable either directly (i.e. as prices) or
indirectly (i.e. derived from prices). This category
includes instruments valued using: quoted market
prices in active markets for similar instruments;
quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in
markets that are considered less than active; or other
valuation techniques in which all significant inputs
are directly or indirectly observable from market data.
Level 3
Inputs that are unobservable. This category includes
all instruments for which the valuation technique
includes inputs not based on observable data and
the unobservable inputs have a significant effect on
the instrument’s valuation. This category includes
instruments that are valued based on quoted prices
for similar instruments but for which significant
unobservable adjustments or assumptions
are required to reflect differences between the
instruments.
The Company’s investment in EJFIH, through the acquisition
of shares, is classified within Level 3, as it is not traded and
contains unobservable inputs. The Board considers that the
NAV of EJFIH is representative of its fair value.
The investments held by EJFIH in the underlying portfolio are
measured as below:
The fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities that are
traded in active markets are based on prices obtained directly
from an exchange on which the instruments are traded or
obtained from a broker that provides an unadjusted quoted
price from an active market for identical instruments. For all
other financial instruments, the Company determines fair
values using other valuation techniques.
For financial instruments that trade infrequently and have
little price transparency, fair value is less objective and