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Fair value measurement | 12 Months Ended
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Oct. 31, 2025
Text Block [Abstract] |
Fair value measurement |
Note 2 |  | Fair value measurement
This note presents the fair values of financial instruments and explains how we determine those values. Note 1, “Basis of preparation and summary of material accounting policies”, sets out the accounting treatment for each measurement category of financial instruments. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, between market participants in an orderly transaction in the principal market at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e., the exit price). The determination of fair value requires judgment and is based on market information, where available and appropriate. Fair value measurements are categorized into three levels within a fair value hierarchy (Level 1, 2 or 3) based on the valuation inputs used in measuring the fair value, as outlined below.
• |  | Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities we can access at the measurement date. Bid prices, ask prices or prices within the bid and ask, which are the most representative of the fair value, are used as appropriate to measure fair value. Fair value is best evidenced by an independent quoted market price for the same instrument in an active market. An active market is one where transactions are occurring with sufficient frequency and volume to provide quoted prices on an ongoing basis.
• |  | Level 2 – Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are inactive or observable market quotes for similar instruments, or use of valuation techniques where all significant inputs are observable. Inactive markets may be characterized by a significant decline in the volume and level of observed trading activity or through large or erratic bid/offer spreads. In instances where traded markets do not exist or are not considered sufficiently active, we measure fair value using valuation models.
• |  | Level 3 – Non-observable or indicative prices or use of valuation techniques where one or more significant inputs are non-observable.
For a significant portion of our financial instruments, quoted market prices are not available because of the lack of traded markets, and even where such markets do exist, they may not be considered sufficiently active to be used as a final determinant of fair value. When quoted market prices in active markets are not available, we would consider using valuation models. The valuation model and technique we select maximizes the use of observable market inputs to the extent possible and appropriate in order to estimate the price at which an orderly transaction would take place at the measurement date. In an inactive market, we consider all reasonably available information, including any available pricing for similar instruments, recent arm’s-length market transactions, any relevant observable market inputs, indicative dealer or broker quotations, and our own internal model-based estimates. Valuation adjustments are an integral component of our fair valuation process. We apply judgment in establishing valuation adjustments that take into account various factors that may have an impact on the valuation. Such factors primarily include, but are not limited to, the bid-offer spreads, illiquidity due to lack of market depth, parameter uncertainty and other market risks, model risk and credit risk of our derivative assets and liabilities, as well as adjustments for valuing our uncollateralized derivative assets and liabilities based on an estimated market cost of funds curve. Generally, the unit of account for a financial instrument is the individual instrument, and valuation adjustments are applied at an individual instrument level, consistent with that unit of account. In cases where we manage a group of financial assets and liabilities that consist of substantially similar and offsetting risk exposures, the fair value of the group of financial assets and liabilities is measured on the basis of the net open risks. We apply judgment in determining the most appropriate inputs and the weighting we ascribe to each such input as well as in our selection of valuation methodologies. Regardless of the valuation technique we use, we incorporate assumptions that we believe market participants would make for credit, funding, and liquidity considerations. When the fair value of a financial instrument at inception is determined using a valuation technique that incorporates one or more significant inputs that are non-observable, no inception profit or loss (the difference between the determined fair value and the transaction price) is recognized at the time the asset or liability is initially recorded. Any gains or losses at inception are deferred and recognized only in future periods over the term of the instruments or when the inputs become significantly observable. We have an ongoing process for evaluating and enhancing our valuation techniques and models. Where enhancements are made, they are applied prospectively, so that fair values reported in prior periods are not recalculated on the new basis. Valuation models used, including analytics for the construction of yield curves and volatility surfaces, are vetted and approved, consistent with our model risk policy. To ensure that valuations are appropriate, we have established internal guidance on fair value measurement, which is reviewed periodically in recognition of the dynamic nature of markets and the constantly evolving pricing practices in the market. A number of policies and controls are put in place to ensure that the internal guidance on fair value measurement is being applied consistently and appropriately, including independent validation of valuation inputs to external sources such as exchange quotes, broker quotes or other management-approved independent pricing sources. Key model inputs, such as yield curves and market volatility inputs, are independently verified. The results from the independent price validation and any valuation adjustments are reviewed by the Independent Price Verification Committee on a monthly basis. This includes, but is not limited to, reviewing fair value adjustments and methodologies, independent price verification results, limits and valuation uncertainty. Due to the judgment used in applying a wide variety of acceptable valuation techniques and models, as well as the use of estimates inherent in this process, estimates of fair value for the same or similar assets may differ among financial institutions. The calculation of fair value is based on market conditions as at each consolidated balance sheet date and may not be reflective of ultimate realizable value. Methods and assumptions Financial instruments with fair value equal to carrying value For financial instruments that are not carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value and where we consider the carrying value to be a reasonable approximation of fair value due to their short-term nature and generally negligible credit risk, the fair values disclosed for these financial instruments are assumed to equal their carrying values. These financial instruments are: cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks; short-term interest-bearing deposits with banks; cash collateral on securities borrowed; certain shorter-dated securities purchased under resale agreements; customers’ liability under acceptances; cash collateral on securities lent; obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements; acceptances; deposits with demand features; and certain other financial assets and liabilities. Securities The fair value of debt or equity securities and obligations related to securities sold short is based on quoted bid or ask market prices where available in an active market. Securities for which quotes in an active market are not available are valued using all reasonably available market information as described below. The fair value of government issued or guaranteed securities that are not traded in an active market is calculated by applying valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow models using implied yields derived from the prices of actively traded government securities and most recently observable spread differentials. The fair value of corporate and other debt securities is determined using the most recently executed transaction prices, and where appropriate, adjusted to the price of these securities obtained from independent dealers, brokers, and third-party multi-contributor consensus pricing sources. When observable price quotations are not available, fair value is determined based on discounted cash flow models using observable discounting curves such as benchmark and government yield curves and spread differentials observed through independent dealers, brokers, and third-party multi-contributor consensus pricing sources. Asset-backed securities (ABS) and mortgage-backed securities (MBS) not issued or guaranteed by a government are valued using discounted cash flow models making maximum use of market observable inputs, such as broker quotes on identical or similar securities and other pricing information obtained from third-party pricing sources adjusted for the characteristics and the performance of the underlying collateral. Other key inputs used include prepayment and liquidation rates, credit spreads, and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. These assumptions factor in information that is derived from actual transactions, underlying reference asset performance, external market research, and market indices, where appropriate. Privately issued debt and equity securities are valued using recent market transactions, where available. Otherwise, fair values are derived from valuation models using a market or income approach. These models consider various factors, including projected cash flows, earnings, revenue and recovery assumptions or other third-party evidence as available. The fair value of limited partnership investments is based upon net asset values published by third-party fund managers and is adjusted for more recent information where available and appropriate. The carrying value of Community Reinvestment Act equity investments, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock approximates fair value. Loans The fair value of variable-rate loans and loans for which interest rates are repriced or reset frequently is assumed to be equal to their carrying value. The fair value for fixed-rate loans is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that uses market interest rates. The ultimate fair value of loans disclosed is net of the associated allowance for credit losses. The fair value of loans is not adjusted for the value of any credit derivatives used to manage the credit risk associated with them. The fair value of these credit derivatives is disclosed separately. Securities purchased under resale agreements or sold under repurchase agreements The fair values of these contracts are determined using valuation techniques such as the discounted cash flow method using interest rate curves as inputs. Other assets and other liabilities Other assets and other liabilities mainly comprise accrued interest receivable or payable, brokers’ client accounts receivable or payable, derivative collateral receivable or payable, precious metals, commodities and accounts receivable or payable. The fair values of other assets and other liabilities are primarily assumed to be at cost or amortized cost as we consider the carrying value to be a reasonable approximation of fair value, except for the fair value of certain precious metals, other commodities and related receivables, which are based upon prices quoted in an active market. Other assets also include investment in bank-owned life insurance carried at the cash surrender value, which is assumed to be a reasonable approximation of fair value. Deposits The fair values of floating-rate deposits and demand deposits are assumed to be equal to their amortized cost. The fair value of fixed-rate deposits is determined by discounting the contractual cash flows using either current market interest rates with similar remaining terms or rates estimated using internal models and broker quotes. The fair value of deposit liabilities with embedded optionality includes the fair value of those options. The fair value of equity- and commodity-linked notes includes the fair value of embedded equity and commodity derivatives. Certain deposits designated at FVTPL are structured notes that have coupons or repayment terms linked to the performance of commodities, debt or equity securities or specific market indices. The fair value of these structured notes is estimated using internally vetted valuation models for the debt and embedded derivative portions of the notes by incorporating market observable prices of the referenced securities or comparable securities, and other inputs such as interest rate yield curves, equity prices or indices, market volatility levels, foreign exchange rates and changes in our own credit risk, where appropriate. Where observable prices or inputs are not available, management judgment is required to determine fair values by assessing other relevant sources of information such as historical data, proxy information from similar transactions, and through extrapolation and interpolation techniques. Appropriate market risk valuation adjustments for such inputs are assessed in all such instances. The fair value of secured borrowings, which comprises liabilities issued by or as a result of activities associated with the securitization of residential mortgages, the Covered Bond Programme, and consolidated securitization vehicles, is based on identical or proxy market observable quoted bond prices or determined by discounting the contractual cash flows using maximum market observable inputs, such as market interest rates, or credit spreads implied by debt instruments of similar credit quality, as appropriate. Subordinated indebtedness The fair value of subordinated indebtedness is determined by reference to market prices for the same or similar debt instruments. Derivative instruments The fair value of exchange-traded derivatives such as options and futures is based on quoted market prices. OTC derivatives primarily consist of interest rate swaps, foreign exchange forwards, equity and commodity derivatives, interest rate and currency derivatives, and credit derivatives. For such instruments, where quoted market prices or third-party consensus pricing information are not available, valuation techniques are employed to estimate fair value on the basis of pricing models. Such vetted pricing models incorporate current market measures for interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity and commodity prices and indices, credit spreads, corresponding market volatility levels, and other market-based pricing factors. In order to reflect the observed market practice of pricing collateralized and uncollateralized derivatives, our valuation approach uses overnight indexed swap (OIS) curves as the discount rate for valuing collateralized derivatives and uses an estimated market cost of funds curve as the discount rate for valuing uncollateralized derivatives. The use of an estimated market cost of funds curve reduces the fair value of uncollateralized derivative assets incremental to the reduction in fair value for credit risk already reflected through the credit valuation adjustment (CVA). In contrast, the use of a market cost of funds curve reduces the fair value of uncollateralized derivative liabilities in a manner that generally includes adjustments for our own credit. As market practices continue to evolve in regard to derivative valuation, further adjustments may be required in the future. In addition to reflecting estimated market funding costs in our valuation of uncollateralized derivative receivables, we also consider whether a CVA is required to recognize the risk that any given derivative counterparty may not ultimately be able to fulfill its obligations. The CVA is driven off market-observed credit spreads or proxy credit spreads and our assessment of the net counterparty credit risk (CCR) exposure. In assessing this exposure, we also take into account credit mitigants such as collateral, master netting arrangements, and settlements through clearing houses. As noted above, the fair value of uncollateralized derivative liabilities based on market cost of funding generally includes adjustments for our own credit. In determining the fair value of complex and customized derivatives, such as equity, credit, and commodity derivatives written in reference to indices or baskets of reference, we consider all reasonably available information including any relevant observable market inputs, third-party consensus pricing inputs, indicative dealer and broker quotations, and our own internal model-based estimates, which are vetted and approved in accordance with our model risk policy, and are regularly and periodically calibrated. The model calculates fair value based on inputs specific to the type of contract, which may include stock prices, correlation for multiple assets, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, yield curves, volatility surfaces, and the probability of early termination. Where observable prices or inputs are not available, management judgment is required to determine fair values by assessing other relevant sources of information such as historical data, proxy information from similar transactions, and through extrapolation and interpolation techniques. Appropriate parameter uncertainty and market risk valuation adjustments for such inputs and other model risk valuation adjustments are assessed in all such instances. Mortgage commitments The fair value of mortgage commitments designated at FVTPL is for fixed-rate residential mortgage commitments and is based on changes in market interest rates for the loans between the commitment and the consolidated balance sheet dates. The valuation model takes into account the expected probability that outstanding commitments will be exercised as well as the length of time the commitment is offered. Fair value of financial instruments
|  |  |  | Carrying value |  |  |  |  |  |  |
$ millions, as at October 31 |  | Amortized cost |  |  | Mandatorily measured at FVTPL |  |  | Designated at FVTPL |  |  | Fair value through OCI |  |  | Total |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Fair value over (under) carrying value |
2025 |  | Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Cash and deposits with banks |  | $ | 44,003 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 44,003 |  |  | $ | 44,003 |  |  | $ | – |
|  | Securities |  |  | 65,471 |  |  |  | 128,859 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 88,905 |  |  |  | 283,235 |  |  |  | 283,173 |  |  |  | (62 | )
|  | Cash collateral on securities borrowed |  |  | 21,697 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 21,697 |  |  |  | 21,697 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Securities purchased under resale agreements |  |  | 69,044 |  |  |  | 17,651 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 86,695 |  |  |  | 86,695 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Residential mortgages |  |  | 286,456 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 286,459 |  |  |  | 287,328 |  |  |  | 869 |
|  | Personal |  |  | 46,710 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 46,710 |  |  |  | 46,774 |  |  |  | 64 |
|  | Credit card |  |  | 20,639 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 20,639 |  |  |  | 20,651 |  |  |  | 12 |
|  | Business and government (1) |  |  | 235,136 |  |  |  | 485 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 235,696 |  |  |  | 235,802 |  |  |  | 106 |
|  | Derivative instruments |  |  | – |  |  |  | 38,352 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 38,352 |  |  |  | 38,352 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Other assets |  |  | 25,069 |  |  |  | 674 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 25,743 |  |  |  | 25,743 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Personal |  | $ | 238,211 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 19,928 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 258,139 |  |  | $ | 258,629 |  |  | $ | 490 |
|  | Business and government |  |  | 434,003 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 23,281 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 457,284 |  |  |  | 458,321 |  |  |  | 1,037 |
|  | Bank |  |  | 26,723 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 26,723 |  |  |  | 26,723 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Secured borrowings |  |  | 65,151 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 827 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 65,978 |  |  |  | 66,210 |  |  |  | 232 |
|  | Derivative instruments |  |  | – |  |  |  | 41,411 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 41,411 |  |  |  | 41,411 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Obligations related to securities sold short |  |  | – |  |  |  | 24,244 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 24,244 |  |  |  | 24,244 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Cash collateral on securities lent |  |  | 6,031 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,031 |  |  |  | 6,031 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | 121,907 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 8,135 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 130,042 |  |  |  | 130,042 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Other liabilities (1) |  |  | 22,357 |  |  |  | 220 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 22,585 |  |  |  | 22,585 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Subordinated indebtedness |  |  | 7,819 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 7,819 |  |  |  | 8,091 |  |  |  | 272 |
2024 |  | Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Cash and deposits with banks |  | $ | 48,064 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 48,064 |  |  | $ | 48,064 |  |  | $ | – |
|  | Securities |  |  | 71,610 |  |  |  | 106,042 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 76,693 |  |  |  | 254,345 |  |  |  | 253,437 |  |  |  | (908 | )
|  | Cash collateral on securities borrowed |  |  | 17,028 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 17,028 |  |  |  | 17,028 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Securities purchased under resale agreements |  |  | 58,744 |  |  |  | 24,977 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 83,721 |  |  |  | 83,721 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Residential mortgages |  |  | 280,220 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 280,223 |  |  |  | 279,805 |  |  |  | (418 | )
|  | Personal |  |  | 45,739 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 45,739 |  |  |  | 45,750 |  |  |  | 11 |
|  | Credit card |  |  | 19,649 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 19,649 |  |  |  | 19,682 |  |  |  | 33 |
|  | Business and government (1) |  |  | 212,460 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 212,681 |  |  |  | 212,750 |  |  |  | 69 |
|  | Derivative instruments |  |  | – |  |  |  | 36,435 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 36,435 |  |  |  | 36,435 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Other assets |  |  | 20,121 |  |  |  | 364 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 20,485 |  |  |  | 20,485 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Personal |  | $ | 235,593 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 17,301 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 252,894 |  |  | $ | 253,378 |  |  | $ | 484 |
|  | Business and government |  |  | 414,441 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 21,058 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 435,499 |  |  |  | 436,528 |  |  |  | 1,029 |
|  | Bank |  |  | 20,009 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 20,009 |  |  |  | 20,009 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Secured borrowings |  |  | 55,285 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,170 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 56,455 |  |  |  | 56,588 |  |  |  | 133 |
|  | Derivative instruments |  |  | – |  |  |  | 40,654 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 40,654 |  |  |  | 40,654 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Obligations related to securities sold short |  |  | – |  |  |  | 21,642 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 21,642 |  |  |  | 21,642 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Cash collateral on securities lent |  |  | 7,997 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 7,997 |  |  |  | 7,997 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | 100,407 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 9,746 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 110,153 |  |  |  | 110,153 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Other liabilities (1) |  |  | 20,657 |  |  |  | 158 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 20,834 |  |  |  | 20,834 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Subordinated indebtedness |  |  | 7,465 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 7,465 |  |  |  | 7,698 |  |  |  | 233 |
(1) | Includes customers’ liability under acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million) in business and government loans and acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million) in other liabilities. Prior year amounts have been revised to conform to the presentation adopted in 2025.
Fair value of derivative instruments
$ millions, as at October 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |
|  |  |  | Positive |  |  | Negative |  |  | Net |  |  | Positive |  |  | Negative |  |  | Net |
Held for trading |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Over-the-counter |  | – Forward rate agreements |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | (96 | ) |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | $ | (104 | )
|  | – Swap contracts |  |  | 5,106 |  |  |  | 5,307 |  |  |  | (201 | ) |  |  | 6,149 |  |  |  | 9,124 |  |  |  | (2,975 | )
|  | – Purchased options |  |  | 809 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 809 |  |  |  | 358 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 358 |
|  | – Written options |  |  | – |  |  |  | 609 |  |  |  | (609 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 309 |  |  |  | (309 | )
|  |  |  |  | 6,001 |  |  |  | 6,098 |  |  |  | (97 | ) |  |  | 6,642 |  |  |  | 9,672 |  |  |  | (3,030 | )
Exchange-traded |  | – Futures contracts |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
|  | – Purchased options |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2 |
|  | – Written options |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (2 | )
|  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | – |
Total interest rate derivatives |  |  | 6,003 |  |  |  | 6,101 |  |  |  | (98 | ) |  |  | 6,644 |  |  |  | 9,674 |  |  |  | (3,030 | )
Foreign exchange derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Over-the-counter |  | – Forward contracts |  |  | 7,173 |  |  |  | 6,243 |  |  |  | 930 |  |  |  | 7,378 |  |  |  | 6,379 |  |  |  | 999 |
|  | – Swap contracts |  |  | 4,979 |  |  |  | 7,174 |  |  |  | (2,195 | ) |  |  | 5,056 |  |  |  | 7,944 |  |  |  | (2,888 | )
|  | – Purchased options |  |  | 640 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 640 |  |  |  | 443 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 443 |
|  | – Written options |  |  | – |  |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | (578 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 535 |  |  |  | (535 | )
Total foreign exchange derivatives |  |  | 12,792 |  |  |  | 13,995 |  |  |  | (1,203 | ) |  |  | 12,877 |  |  |  | 14,858 |  |  |  | (1,981 | )
Credit derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Over-the-counter |  | – Credit default swap contracts – protection purchased |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 43 |
|  | – Credit default swap contracts – protection sold |  |  | – |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | (85 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | (52 | )
Total credit derivatives |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 86 |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | (9 | )
Equity derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Over-the-counter |  |  | 5,618 |  |  |  | 9,239 |  |  |  | (3,621 | ) |  |  | 4,989 |  |  |  | 6,401 |  |  |  | (1,412 | )
Exchange-traded |  |  | 5,761 |  |  |  | 5,213 |  |  |  | 548 |  |  |  | 5,821 |  |  |  | 4,712 |  |  |  | 1,109 |
Total equity derivatives |  |  | 11,379 |  |  |  | 14,452 |  |  |  | (3,073 | ) |  |  | 10,810 |  |  |  | 11,113 |  |  |  | (303 | )
Precious metal and other commodity derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Over-the-counter |  |  | 3,513 |  |  |  | 4,414 |  |  |  | (901 | ) |  |  | 2,692 |  |  |  | 3,906 |  |  |  | (1,214 | )
Exchange-traded |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | 189 |  |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | 416 |  |  |  | 241 |  |  |  | 175 |
Total precious metal and other commodity derivatives |  |  | 3,781 |  |  |  | 4,603 |  |  |  | (822 | ) |  |  | 3,108 |  |  |  | 4,147 |  |  |  | (1,039 | )
Total held for trading |  |  | 34,032 |  |  |  | 39,237 |  |  |  | (5,205 | ) |  |  | 33,485 |  |  |  | 39,847 |  |  |  | (6,362 | )
Held for ALM |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Over-the-counter |  | – Forward rate agreements |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
|  | – Swap contracts |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 1,171 |  |  |  | (1,070 | ) |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | (410 | ) |  |  | 534 |
|  | – Purchased options |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3 |
|  | – Written options |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (2 | )
Total interest rate derivatives |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 1,172 |  |  |  | (1,067 | ) |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | (408 | ) |  |  | 535 |
Foreign exchange derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Over-the-counter |  | – Forward contracts |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | (54 | )
|  | – Swap contracts |  |  | 4,026 |  |  |  | 937 |  |  |  | 3,089 |  |  |  | 2,620 |  |  |  | 1,129 |  |  |  | 1,491 |
Total foreign exchange derivatives |  |  | 4,053 |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | 3,053 |  |  |  | 2,648 |  |  |  | 1,211 |  |  |  | 1,437 |
Equity derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Over-the-counter |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 170 |
Total equity derivatives |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 170 |
Precious metal and other commodity derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Over-the-counter |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |
Total precious metal and other commodity derivatives |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |
Total held for ALM |  |  | 4,320 |  |  |  | 2,174 |  |  |  | 2,146 |  |  |  | 2,950 |  |  |  | 807 |  |  |  | 2,143 |
Total fair value |  |  | 38,352 |  |  |  | 41,411 |  |  |  | (3,059 | ) |  |  | 36,435 |  |  |  | 40,654 |  |  |  | (4,219 | )
Less: effect of netting |  |  | (24,469 | ) |  |  | (24,469 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (21,777 | ) |  |  | (21,777 | ) |  |  | – |
Total fair value of derivative instruments |  | $ | 13,883 |  |  | $ | 16,942 |  |  | $ | (3,059 | ) |  | $ | 14,658 |  |  | $ | 18,877 |  |  | $ | (4,219 | )
Financial assets and liabilities not carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value The table below presents the fair values by level within the fair value hierarchy for those financial instruments in which fair value is not assumed to equal the carrying value:
|  | Level 1 |  |  |  |  |  | Level 2 |  |  |  |  |  | Level 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Quoted market price |  |  |  |  |  | Valuation technique – observable market inputs |  |  |  |  |  | Valuation technique – non-observable market inputs |  |  |  |  |  | Total 2025 |  |  | Total 2024 |
$ millions, as at October 31 |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortized cost securities |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 64,642 |  |  | $ | 69,961 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 767 |  |  | $ | 741 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 65,409 |  |  | $ | 70,702 |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgages |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 287,325 |  |  |  | 279,802 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 287,325 |  |  |  | 279,802 |
Personal |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 46,774 |  |  |  | 45,750 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 46,774 |  |  |  | 45,750 |
Credit card |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,651 |  |  |  | 19,682 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,651 |  |  |  | 19,682 |
Business and government |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 235,232 |  |  |  | 212,523 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 235,232 |  |  |  | 212,523 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 73,757 |  |  | $ | 82,620 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,167 |  |  | $ | 5,232 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 77,924 |  |  | $ | 87,852 |
Business and government |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 193,978 |  |  |  | 191,616 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,596 |  |  |  | 4,681 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 197,574 |  |  |  | 196,297 |
Bank |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,737 |  |  |  | 9,420 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,737 |  |  |  | 9,420 |
Secured borrowings |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 62,356 |  |  |  | 50,546 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,027 |  |  |  | 4,872 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 65,383 |  |  |  | 55,418 |
Subordinated indebtedness |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,091 |  |  |  | 7,698 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,091 |  |  |  | 7,698 |
Financial instruments carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value The table below presents the fair values of financial instruments by level within the fair value hierarchy:
|  | Level 1 |  |  |  |  |  | Level 2 |  |  |  |  |  | Level 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Quoted market price |  |  |  |  |  | Valuation technique – observable market inputs |  |  |  |  |  | Valuation technique – non-observable market inputs |  |  |  |  |  | Total 2025 |  |  | Total 2024 |
$ millions, as at October 31 |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities measured at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government issued or guaranteed |  | $ | 6,222 |  |  | $ | 4,258 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,635 |  |  | $ | 32,328 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 40,857 |  |  | $ | 36,586 |
Corporate and other debt |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,537 |  |  |  | 4,385 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,640 |  |  |  | 4,385 |
Mortgage- and asset-backed |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,193 |  |  |  | 4,213 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 392 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,585 |  |  |  | 4,283 |
|  |  | 6,222 |  |  |  | 4,258 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 46,365 |  |  |  | 40,926 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 495 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 53,082 |  |  |  | 45,254 |
Loans measured at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Business and government |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 485 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 75 | (1) |  |  | 105 | (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 560 |  |  |  | 221 |
Residential mortgages |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |
|  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 563 |  |  |  | 224 |
Debt securities measured at FVOCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government issued or guaranteed |  |  | 9,206 |  |  |  | 2,760 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 63,917 |  |  |  | 60,051 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 73,123 |  |  |  | 62,811 |
Corporate and other debt |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,106 |  |  |  | 9,083 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,106 |  |  |  | 9,083 |
Mortgage- and asset-backed |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,656 |  |  |  | 4,127 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,656 |  |  |  | 4,127 |
|  |  | 9,206 |  |  |  | 2,760 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 78,679 |  |  |  | 73,261 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,885 |  |  |  | 76,021 |
Corporate equity mandatorily measured at FVTPL and designated at FVOCI |  |  | 74,686 |  |  |  | 59,904 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,048 |  |  |  | 916 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,063 |  |  |  | 640 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 76,797 |  |  |  | 61,460 |
Securities purchased under resale agreements measured at FVTPL |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,651 |  |  |  | 24,977 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,651 |  |  |  | 24,977 |
Other assets |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 674 |  |  |  | 364 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 674 |  |  |  | 364 |
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,027 |  |  |  | 6,718 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | 51 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,108 |  |  |  | 6,771 |
Foreign exchange |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,845 |  |  |  | 15,525 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,845 |  |  |  | 15,525 |
Credit |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 46 |
Equity |  |  | 5,761 |  |  |  | 5,821 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,729 |  |  |  | 5,157 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,541 |  |  |  | 10,984 |
Precious metal and other commodity |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,726 |  |  |  | 3,077 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,781 |  |  |  | 3,109 |
|  |  | 5,818 |  |  |  | 5,855 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32,368 |  |  |  | 30,479 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | 101 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 38,352 |  |  |  | 36,435 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 95,932 |  |  | $ | 72,777 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 177,273 |  |  | $ | 171,042 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,799 |  |  | $ | 916 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 275,004 |  |  | $ | 244,735 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits and other liabilities (2) |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (43,788 | ) |  | $ | (39,290 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (476 | ) |  | $ | (416 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (44,264 | ) |  | $ | (39,706 | )
Obligations related to securities sold short |  |  | (6,150 | ) |  |  | (9,199 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (18,094 | ) |  |  | (12,443 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (24,244 | ) |  |  | (21,642 | )
Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8,135 | ) |  |  | (9,746 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8,135 | ) |  |  | (9,746 | )
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,215 | ) |  |  | (8,236 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,055 | ) |  |  | (1,028 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,273 | ) |  |  | (9,266 | )
Foreign exchange |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,977 | ) |  |  | (16,065 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,995 | ) |  |  | (16,069 | )
Credit |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (86 | ) |  |  | (55 | )
Equity |  |  | (5,212 | ) |  |  | (4,712 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9,213 | ) |  |  | (6,404 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,454 | ) |  |  | (11,117 | )
Precious metal and other commodity |  |  | (48 | ) |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,555 | ) |  |  | (4,108 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,603 | ) |  |  | (4,147 | )
|  |  | (5,263 | ) |  |  | (4,753 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (35,005 | ) |  |  | (34,818 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,143 | ) |  |  | (1,083 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (41,411 | ) |  |  | (40,654 | )
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | (11,413 | ) |  | $ | (13,952 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (105,022 | ) |  | $ | (96,297 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,619 | ) |  | $ | (1,499 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (118,054 | ) |  | $ | (111,748 | )
(1) | Includes loans designated at FVTPL.
(2) | Comprises deposits designated at FVTPL of $43,723 million (2024: $39,008 million), net bifurcated embedded derivative liabilities of $313 million (2024: $521 million), other liabilities designated at FVTPL of $8 million (2024: $ 19 million), and other financial liabilities measured at fair value of $220 million (2024: $158 million).
Transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy are deemed to have occurred at the beginning of the year in which the transfer occurred. Transfers between levels can occur as a result of additional or new information regarding valuation inputs and changes in their observability. During the year, we transferred $285 million of securities measured at FVTPL or FVOCI (2024: $ 922 million) from Level 1 to Level 2 and $ 2,111 million of securities sold short (2024: $ 2,068 million) from Level 1 to Level 2 due to changes in observability in the inputs used to value these securities. Transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 were not significant. In addition, transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 were made during 2025 and 2024, primarily due to changes in the assessment of the observability of certain correlation, market volatility and probability inputs that were used in measuring the fair value of our FVO liabilities and derivatives. The following table presents the changes in fair value of financial assets and liabilities in Level 3. These instruments are measured at fair value utilizing non-observable market inputs. We often hedge positions with offsetting positions that may be classified in a different level. As a result, the gains and losses for assets and liabilities in the Level 3 category presented in the table below do not reflect the effect of offsetting gains and losses on the related hedging instruments that are classified in Level 1 and Level 2.
|  |  |  |  | Net gains (losses) included in income (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
$ millions, for the year ended October 31 |  | Opening balance |  |  | Realized |  |  | Unrealized (2) |  |  | Net unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI (3) |  |  | Transfer in to Level 3 |  |  | Transfer out of Level 3 |  |  | Purchases/ Issuances |  |  | Sales/ Settlements |  |  | Closing balance |
2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities measured at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and other debt |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | (78 | ) |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 183 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 103 |
Mortgage- and asset-backed |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 386 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | (169 | ) |  |  | 392 |
Loans measured at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Business and government |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | (209 | ) |  |  | 75 |
Corporate equity mandatorily measured at FVTPL and designated at FVOCI |  |  | 640 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | (61 | ) |  |  | 1,063 |
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 79 |
Foreign exchange |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Credit |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 36 |
Equity |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 51 |
Total assets |  | $ | 916 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 426 |  |  | $ | (28 | ) |  | $ | 878 |  |  | $ | (439 | ) |  | $ | 1,799 |
Deposits and other liabilities (4) |  | $ | (416 | ) |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (127 | ) |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (120 | ) |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | (476 | )
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | (1,028 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (263 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | (1,055 | )
Foreign exchange |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (49 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (18 | )
Credit |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (41 | )
Equity |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (29 | )
Total liabilities |  | $ | (1,499 | ) |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (427 | ) |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | (160 | ) |  | $ | 227 |  |  | $ | (1,619 | )
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities measured at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and other debt |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |
Mortgage- and asset-backed |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | (162 | ) |  |  | 70 |
Loans measured at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Business and government |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (44 | ) |  |  | 105 |
Corporate equity mandatorily measured at FVTPL and designated at FVOCI |  |  | 587 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | (76 | ) |  |  | 640 |
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 51 |
Foreign exchange |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Credit |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 44 |
Equity |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 6 |
Total assets |  | $ | 953 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | (17 | ) |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (73 | ) |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | (283 | ) |  | $ | 916 |
Deposits and other liabilities (4) |  | $ | (242 | ) |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | (156 | ) |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | (120 | ) |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | (416 | )
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | (1,817 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 297 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 425 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | (1,028 | )
Foreign exchange |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (4 | )
Credit |  |  | (52 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (50 | )
Equity |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (1 | )
Total liabilities |  | $ | (2,116 | ) |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | (128 | ) |  | $ | 183 |  |  | $ | (1,499 | )
(1) | Cumulative AOCI gains or losses related to equity securities designated at FVOCI are reclassified from AOCI to retained earnings at the time of disposal or derecognition.
(2) | Comprises unrealized gains and losses relating to the assets and liabilities held at the end of the reporting year.
(3) | Foreign exchange translation on debt securities and loans measured at FVTPL held by foreign operations and denominated in the same currency as the foreign operations is included in OCI.
(4) | Includes deposits designated at FVTPL of $263 million (2024: $211 million), net bifurcated embedded derivative liabilities of $205 million (2024: $186 million) and other liabilities designated at FVTPL of $8 million (2024: $19 million).
Quantitative information about significant non-observable inputs Valuation techniques using one or more non-observable inputs are used for a number of financial instruments. The following table discloses the valuation techniques and quantitative information about the significant non-observable inputs used in Level 3 financial instruments:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Range of inputs |
$ millions, as at October 31 |  | 2025 |  |  | Valuation techniques |  |  | Key non-observable inputs |  |  |  |  |  | Low |  |  | High |
Debt securities measured at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate and other debt |  | $ | 103 |  |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  |  |  | Recovery r ate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 50.5 | % |  |  | 75.7 | %
Mortgage- and asset-backed |  |  | 392 |  |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  |  |  | Credit spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.4 | % |  |  | 3.5 | %
Corporate equity mandatorily measured at FVTPL and designated at FVOCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Limited partnerships and private companies |  |  | 1,063 |  |  |  | Adjusted net asset value | (1) |  |  | Net asset value | (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Valuation multiple |  |  |  | Earnings multiple |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14.9 | x |  |  | 29.4 | x
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Proxy share price |  |  |  | Proxy share price | (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |
Loans measured at FVTPL Business and government |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  |  |  | Credit spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.1 | % |  |  | 2.1 | %
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | Proprietary model | (3) |  |  | n/a |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Option model |  |  |  | Market volatility |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 59.7 | % |  |  | 84.7 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Probability of contingent settlement |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 80.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
Credit |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | Market proxy or direct broker quote |  |  |  | Market proxy or direct broker quote |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 36.2 | % |  |  | 36.2 | %
Equity |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | Option model |  |  |  | Market correlation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9.5 | % |  |  | 96.4 | %
Total assets |  | $ | 1,799 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits and other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits designated at FVTPL and net bifurcated embedded derivative liabilities |  | $ | (468 | ) |  |  | Option model |  |  |  | Market volatility |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.3 | % |  |  | 84.7 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Market correlation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (100.0 | )% |  |  | 100.0 | %
Other liabilities designated at FVTPL |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | Option model |  |  |  | Funding ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 49.0 | % |  |  | 49.0 | %
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  |  | (1,055 | ) |  |  | Proprietary model | (3) |  |  | n/a |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Option model |  |  |  | Market volatility |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 59.7 | % |  |  | 84.7 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Probability of contingent settlement |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
Foreign exchange |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | Option model |  |  |  | Probability of contingent settlement |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
Credit |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | Market proxy or direct broker quote |  |  |  | Market proxy or direct broker quote |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 36.2 | % |  |  | 36.2 | %
Equity |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | Option model |  |  |  | Market correlation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10.9 | % |  |  | 96.4 | %
Total liabilities |  | $ | (1,619 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) | Adjusted net asset value is determined using reported net asset values obtained from the fund manager or general partner of the limited partnership or the limited liability company and may be adjusted for current market levels where appropriate.
(2) | The range of net asset value price or proxy share price has not been disclosed due to the wide range and diverse nature of the investments.
(3) | Using valuation techniques that we consider to be non-observable.
n/a | Not applicable.
Sensitivity of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities The following section describes the significant non-observable inputs identified in the table above, the interrelationships between those inputs, where applicable, and the change in fair value if changing one or more of the non-observable inputs within a reasonably possible range would impact the fair value significantly. The fair value of certain of our corporate and other debt instruments is determined based upon recovery assumptions. By adjusting the non-observable inputs by reasonably alternative amounts, the fair value of our corporate and other debt would increase by $ 35 million or decrease by $ 27 million (2024: increase or decrease by nil ). The fair value of our limited partnerships is determined based on the net asset value provided by the fund managers, adjusted as appropriate. The fair value of limited partnerships is sensitive to changes in the net asset value, and by adjusting the net asset value within a reasonably possible range, the aggregate fair value of our limited partnerships would increase or decrease by $182 million (2024: $145 million). While our stand-alone derivatives are recorded as derivative assets or derivative liabilities, our derivatives embedded in our structured note deposit liabilities or deposit liabilities designated at FVTPL are recorded within deposits and other liabilities. The determination of the fair value of certain Level 3 embedded derivatives and certain stand-alone derivatives requires significant assumptions and judgment to be applied to both the inputs and the valuation techniques employed. These deposit liabilities designated at FVTPL and derivatives are sensitive to long-dated market volatility and correlation inputs, which we consider to be non-observable. Market volatility is a measure of the anticipated future variability of a market price and is an important input for pricing options, which are inherent in many of our Level 3 derivatives. A higher market volatility generally results in a higher option price, with all else held constant, due to the higher probability of obtaining a greater return from the option, and results in an increase in the fair value of our Level 3 derivatives. Correlation inputs are used to value those derivatives where the payout is dependent upon more than one market price. For example, the payout of an equity basket option is based upon the performance of a basket of stocks, and the interrelationships between the price movements of those stocks. A positive correlation implies that two inputs tend to change the fair value in the same direction, while a negative correlation implies that two inputs tend to change the fair value in the opposite direction. Changes in market volatility and market correlation could result in an increase or a decrease in the fair value of our Level 3 derivatives, embedded derivatives and deposit liabilities designated at FVTPL. By adjusting the non-observable inputs by reasonably alternative amounts, the fair value of our net Level 3 stand-alone derivatives, embedded derivatives and deposit liabilities designated at FVTPL would increase by $ 143 million or decrease by $122 million (2024: increase by $149 million or decrease by $142 million). For certain interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives, the probability of contingent settlement not occurring was a significant Level 3 valuation input. By increasing the probability of contingent settlement not occurring by 10%, the fair value of those derivatives in an asset position would decrease by less than $6 million, while the fair value of those derivatives in a liability position would decrease by up to $8 million. If the probability of contingent settlement decreased by 100% for our largest derivative asset position, the fair value of the corresponding derivative would decrease by $10 million. Financial instruments designated at FVTPL Financial assets designated at FVTPL include loans that were designated at FVTPL on the basis of being managed together with derivatives to eliminate or significantly reduce financial risks. Deposits and other liabilities designated at FVTPL include:
• |  | Certain business and government deposit liabilities, certain secured borrowings and certain obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements that are economically hedged with derivatives and other financial instruments, and certain financial liabilities that have one or more embedded derivatives that significantly modify the cash flows of the host liability but are not bifurcated from the host instrument; and
• |  | Our mortgage commitments to retail clients to provide mortgages at fixed rates that are economically hedged with derivatives and other financial instruments.
The carrying value of our loans designated at FVTPL represents our maximum exposure to credit risk related to these assets designated at FVTPL. The change in fair value attributable to change in credit risk of these assets designated at FVTPL during the year is insignificant (2024: insignificant). The fair value of a liability designated at FVTPL reflects the credit risk relating to that liability. For those liabilities designated at FVTPL for which we believe changes in our credit risk would impact the fair value from the note holders’ perspective, the related fair value changes were recognized in OCI. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in our own credit are measured as the difference between: (i) the period-over-period change in the present value of the expected cash flows using a discount curve adjusted for our own credit; and (ii) the period-over-period change in the present value of the same expected cash flows using a discount curve based on the benchmark curve adjusted for our own credit as implied at inception of the liability designated at FVTPL. The pre-tax impact of changes in CIBC’s own credit risk on our liabilities designated at FVTPL was losses of $47 million for the year and losses of $172 million cumulatively (2024: losses of $299 million for the year and losses of $125 million cumulatively). A net gain of $63 million, net of hedges (2024: a net gain of $34 million), was realized for assets designated at FVTPL and liabilities designated at FVTPL, which is included in the consolidated statement of income under Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net. The estimated contractual amount payable at maturity of deposits designated at FVTPL, which for certain notes is based on the par value and the intrinsic value of the applicable embedded derivatives, is $505 million higher (2024: $3,859 million higher) than its fair value. The intrinsic value of the embedded derivatives reflects the structured payoff of certain FVO deposit liabilities, which we hedge economically with derivatives and other FVTPL financial instruments.

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