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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

Commission file number 001-33013

FLUSHING FINANCIAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

​

Delaware | 11-3209278
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

​

220 RXR Plaza, Uniondale, New York 11556

(Address of principal executive offices)

(718) 961-5400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

​

​ | ​ | ​
Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value | FFIC | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

​

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes X No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes X No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. X Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). X Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

​

Large accelerated filer X | Accelerated filer
Non-accelerated filer | Smaller reporting company
​ | Emerging growth company

​

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes X No

As of June 28, 2019, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter; the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $595,468,000. This figure is based on the closing price on that date on the NASDAQ Global Select Market for a share of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.01 par value, which was $22.20.

The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 28, 2020 was 28,339,492 shares.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 26, 2020 are incorporated herein by reference in Part III.

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Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

​ | ​
​ | Page
Item 1. Business. | 1
GENERAL | ​
Overview | 1
Market Area and Competition | 3
Lending Activities | 3
Loan Portfolio Composition | 3
Loan Maturity and Repricing | 7
Multi-Family Residential Lending | 7
Commercial Real Estate Lending | 8
One-to-Four Family Mortgage Lending – Mixed-Use Properties | 8
One-to-Four Family Mortgage Lending – Residential Properties | 9
Construction Loans | 10
Small Business Administration Lending | 10
Taxi medallion | 10
Commercial Business and Other Lending | 11
Loan Extensions, Renewals, Modifications and Restructuring | 11
Loan Approval Procedures and Authority | 12
Loan Concentrations | 13
Loan Servicing | 13
Asset Quality | 13
Loan Collection | 13
Troubled Debt Restructured | 14
Delinquent Loans and Non-performing Assets | 15
Other Real Estate Owned | 17
Environmental Concerns Relating to Loans | 17
Classified Assets | 17
Allowance for Loan Losses | 18
Investment Activities | 21
General | 21
Mortgage-backed securities | 23
Sources of Funds | 25
General | 25
Deposits | 25
Borrowings | 29
Subsidiary Activities | 30
Personnel | 30
Omnibus Incentive Plan | 30
REGULATION | ​
The Dodd - Frank Act | 31
Basel III | 32
New York State Law | 33
FDIC Regulations | 34
Transactions with Affiliates | 37
Community Reinvestment Act | 38
Federal Reserve System | 38
Federal Home Loan Bank System | 38
Holding Company Regulations | 38
Acquisition of the Holding Company | 40
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau | 40
Mortgage Banking and Related Consumer Protection Regulations | 40
Available Information | 41

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​ | ​
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 42
Changes in Interest Rates May Significantly Impact Our Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 42
Our Lending Activities Involve Risks that May Be Exacerbated Depending on the Mix of Loan Types | 43
Failure to Effectively Manage Our Liquidity Could Significantly Impact Our Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 43
Our Ability to Obtain Brokered Deposits as an Additional Funding Source Could be Limited | 43
The Markets in Which We Operate Are Highly Competitive | 44
Our Results of Operations May Be Adversely Affected by Changes in National and/or Local Economic Conditions | 44
Changes in Laws and Regulations Could Adversely Affect Our Business | 45
Current Conditions in, and Regulation of, the Banking Industry May Have a Material Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations | 45
A Failure in or Breach of Our Operational or Security Systems or Infrastructure, or Those of Our Third Party Vendors and Other Service Providers, Including as a Result of Cyber Attacks, could Disrupt Our Business, Result in the Disclosure or Misuse of Confidential or Proprietary Information, Damage Our Reputation, Increase Our Costs and Cause Losses | 46
We May Experience Increased Delays in Foreclosure Proceedings | 47
Our Inability to Hire or Retain Key Personnel Could Adversely Affect Our Business. | 47
We Are Not Required to Pay Dividends on Our Common Stock. | 47
Goodwill Recorded as a Result of Acquisitions Could Become Impaired, Negatively Impacting Our Earnings and Capital | 48
We May Not Fully Realize the Expected Benefit of Our Deferred Tax Assets | 48
Uncertainty about the future of LIBOR may adversely affect our business | 48
Integrating Empire into the Company’s operations may be more difficult, costly or time consuming than expected, and the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the merger may not be realized | 48
The Company may be unable to retain the Company’s and/or Empire personnel after the merger is completed | 49
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments | 49
Item 2. Properties | 49
Item 3. Legal Proceedings | 49
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 49
PART II | ​
Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 49
Stock Performance Graph | 51
Item 6. Selected Financial Data | 52
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 53
General | 53
Overview | 54
Management Strategy | 54
Trends and Contingencies | 57
Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis | 58
Interest Rate Risk | 60
Analysis of Net Interest Income | 60
Rate/Volume Analysis | 62
Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 | 64
Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 | 64
Liquidity, Regulatory Capital and Capital Resources | 65
Critical Accounting Policies | 67
Contractual Obligations | 69
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 70
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 71
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 136

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Item 9A. Controls and Procedures | 136
Item 9B. Other Information | 136
​ | ​
PART III | ​
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 137
Item 11. Executive Compensation | 137
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 137
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 137
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 137
PART IV | ​
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 138
(a) 1. Financial Statements | 138
(a) 2. Financial Statement Schedules | 138
(a) 3. Exhibits Required by Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-K | 139
​ | ​
SIGNATURES | ​
​ | ​
POWER OF ATTORNEY | ​

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

Statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”) relating to plans, strategies, economic performance and trends, projections of results of specific activities or investments and other statements that are not descriptions of historical facts may be forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking information is inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, and actual results could differ materially from those currently anticipated due to a number of factors, which include, but are not limited to, factors discussed under the captions “Business — General — Allowance for Loan Losses” and “Business — General — Market Area and Competition” in Item 1 below, “Risk Factors” in Item 1A below, in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Overview” in Item 7 below, and elsewhere in this Annual Report and in other documents filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time. Forward-looking statements may be identified by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,”, “goals”, “forecasts,” “potential” or “continue” or similar terms or the negative of these terms. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. We have no obligation to update these forward-looking statements.

​

PART I

As used in this Report, the words “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” are used to refer to Flushing Financial Corporation (the “Holding Company”) and its direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries, Flushing Bank (the “Bank”), Flushing Preferred Funding Corporation, Flushing Service Corporation, and FSB Properties Inc.

Item 1. Business.

GENERAL

Overview

The Holding Company is a Delaware corporation organized in 1994. The Bank was organized in 1929 as a New York State-chartered mutual savings bank. Today the Bank operates as a full-service New York State commercial bank. Our primary business is the operation of the Bank. The Bank owns three subsidiaries: Flushing Preferred Funding Corporation, Flushing Service Corporation, and FSB Properties Inc. The Bank also operates an internet branch (the “Internet Branch”), which operates under the brands of iGObanking.com® and BankPurely®. The activities of the Holding Company are primarily funded by dividends, if any, received from the Bank, issuances of subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt, and issuances of equity securities. The Holding Company’s common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “FFIC.”

The Holding Company also owns Flushing Financial Capital Trust II, Flushing Financial Capital Trust III, and Flushing Financial Capital Trust IV (the “Trusts”), which are special purpose business trusts formed to issue a total of $60.0 million of capital securities and $1.9 million of common securities (which are the only voting securities). The Holding Company owns 100% of the common securities of the Trusts. The Trusts used the proceeds from the issuance of these securities to purchase junior subordinated debentures from the Holding Company. The Trusts are not included in our consolidated financial statements as we would not absorb the losses of the Trusts if losses were to occur.

Unless otherwise disclosed, the information presented in this Annual Report reflects the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Management views the Company as operating a single unit – a community bank. Therefore, segment information is not provided. At December 31, 2019, the Company had total assets of $7.0 billion, deposits of $5.1 billion and stockholders’ equity of $579.7 million.

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On October 24, 2019, the Company entered into a definitive merger agreement to acquire Empire Bancorp, Inc. (“Empire”), in a transaction valued at an estimated $111.6 million, based on the Company’s closing stock price on October 24, 2019. Under the terms of the merger agreement, each share of Empire common stock will be exchanged for either 0.6548 shares of the Company’s common stock or $14.04 in cash, based upon the election of each Empire shareholder, subject to the election and proration procedures specified in the merger agreement (which provides for an aggregate split of total consideration of 50% Company common stock and 50% cash). In connection with the transaction, Empire National Bank (“Empire Bank”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Empire, will merge with and into Flushing Bank, with Flushing Bank as the surviving entity.

Completion of the transaction is subject to customary closing conditions, including receipt of regulatory approvals and the approval of Empire’s shareholders. The combined company at close is expected to have approximately $8.0 billion in assets, $6.3 billion in loans, $5.8 billion in deposits, and 24 branches in Queens, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and on Long Island.

Our principal business is attracting retail deposits from the general public and investing those deposits together with funds generated from ongoing operations and borrowings, primarily in (1) originations and purchases of multi-family residential properties, commercial business loans, commercial real estate mortgage loans and, to a lesser extent, one-to-four family (focusing on mixed-use properties, which are properties that contain both residential dwelling units and commercial units); (2) construction loans; (3) Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans; (4) mortgage loan surrogates such as mortgage-backed securities; and (5) U.S. government securities, corporate fixed-income securities and other marketable securities. We also originate certain other consumer loans including overdraft lines of credit. At December 31, 2019, we had gross loans outstanding of $5,756.9 million (before the allowance for loan losses and net deferred costs), with gross mortgage loans totaling $4,677.7 million, or 81.3% of gross loans, and non-mortgage loans totaling $1,079.2 million, or 18.7% of gross loans. Mortgage loans are primarily multi-family, commercial and one-to-four family mixed-use properties, which totaled 76.7% of gross loans. Our revenues are derived principally from interest on our mortgage and other loans and mortgage-backed securities portfolio, and interest and dividends on other investments in our securities portfolio. Our primary sources of funds are deposits, Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLB-NY”) borrowings, principal and interest payments on loans, mortgage-backed, other securities and to a lesser extent proceeds from sales of securities and loans. The Bank’s primary regulator is the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”), and its primary federal regulator is the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). Deposits are insured to the maximum allowable amount by the FDIC. Additionally, the Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system.

Our operating results are significantly affected by changes in interest rates as well as national and local economic conditions, including the strength of the local economy. According to the New York Department of Labor, the unemployment rate for the New York City region improved to 3.2% at December 2019 from 4.0% at December 2018. In this economic environment, we continued to experience improvements in our non-performing loans. Non-performing loans totaled $13.3 million, $16.3 million and $18.1 million at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We had net charge-offs of impaired loans in 2019 totaling $2.0 million compared to net recoveries of $19,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018 and net charge-offs of $11.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Our operating results are also affected by extensions, renewals, modifications and restructuring of loans in our loan portfolio. All extensions, renewals, restructurings and modifications must be approved by either the Board of Directors of the Bank (the “Bank Board of Directors”) or its Loan Committee (the “Loan Committee”).

We obtain a reappraisal by an independent third party when a loan becomes twelve months delinquent. We generally obtain such a reappraisal for loans over 90 days delinquent when the outstanding loan balance is at least $1.0 million. We also obtain such a reappraisal when our internal valuation of a property indicates there has been a decline in value below the outstanding balance of the loan, or when a property inspection has indicated significant deterioration in the condition of the property. Such an internal valuation is prepared for a loan over 90 days delinquent.

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Market Area and Competition

We are a community oriented financial institution offering a wide variety of financial services to meet the needs of the communities we serve. The Bank’s main office is in Uniondale, New York, located in Nassau County. At December 31, 2019, the Bank operated 20 full-service offices and the Internet Branch. We have offices located in the New York City Boroughs of Queens, Brooklyn, and Manhattan, and in Nassau County, New York. We also maintain our executive offices in Uniondale in Nassau County, New York. Substantially all of our mortgage loans are secured by properties located in the New York City metropolitan area.

We face intense competition both in making loans and in attracting deposits. Our market area has a high density of financial institutions, many of which have greater financial resources, name recognition and market presence, and all of which are competitors to varying degrees. Particularly intense competition exists for deposits, as we compete with 116 banks and thrifts in the counties in which we have branch locations. Our market share of deposits, as of June 30, 2019, in these counties was approximately 0.36% of the total deposits of these FDIC insured competing financial institutions, and we are the 23rd largest financial institution. 1 In addition, we compete with credit unions, the stock market and mutual funds for customers’ funds. Competition for deposits in our market and for national brokered deposits is primarily based on the types of deposits offered and rate paid on the deposits. Particularly intense competition also exists in all of the lending activities we emphasize.

In addition to the financial institutions mentioned above, we compete against mortgage banks and insurance companies located both within our market and available on the internet. Competition for loans in our market is primarily based on the types of loans offered and the related terms for these loans, including fixed-rate versus adjustable-rate loans and the interest rate on the loan. For adjustable rate loans, competition is also based on the repricing period, the index to which the rate is referenced, and the spread over the index rate. Also, competition is influenced by the ability of a financial institution to respond to customer requests and to provide the borrower with a timely decision to approve or deny the loan application. The internet banking arena also has many larger financial institutions which have greater financial resources, name recognition and market presence. Our future earnings prospects will be affected by our ability to compete effectively with other financial institutions and to implement our business strategies. Our strategy for attracting deposits includes using various marketing techniques, delivering enhanced technology and customer friendly banking services, and focusing on the unique personal and small business banking needs of the multi-ethnic communities we serve. Our strategy for attracting new loans is primarily dependent on providing timely response to applicants and maintaining a network of quality brokers and other business sources. See “Risk Factors – The Markets in Which We Operate Are Highly Competitive” included in Item 1A of this Annual Report.

For a discussion of our business strategies, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview — Management Strategy” included in Item 7 of this Annual Report.

Lending Activities

Loan Portfolio Composition. Our loan portfolio consists primarily of mortgage loans secured by multi-family residential, commercial real estate, one-to-four family mixed-use property, one-to-four family residential property, and commercial business loans. In addition, we also offer construction loans, SBA loans and other consumer loans. Substantially all of our mortgage loans are secured by properties located within our market area. At December 31, 2019, we had gross loans outstanding of $5,756.9 million (before the allowance for loan losses and net deferred costs).

We have focused our loan origination efforts on multi-family residential mortgage loans, commercial real estate and commercial business loans with full banking relationships. All of these loan types generally have higher yields than one-to-four family residential properties, and include prepayment penalties that we collect if the loans pay in full prior to the contractual maturity. We expect to continue this emphasis through marketing and by maintaining competitive interest rates and origination fees. Our marketing efforts include frequent contact with mortgage brokers and other professionals who serve as referral sources.

1 Per June 2019 FDIC Summary of Deposits for the New York State Counties of New York, Kings, Queens and Nassau

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Fully underwritten one-to-four family residential mortgage loans generally are considered by the banking industry to have less risk than other types of loans. Multi-family residential, commercial real estate and one-to-four family mixed-use property mortgage loans generally have higher yields than one-to-four family residential property mortgage loans and shorter terms to maturity, but typically involve higher principal amounts and may expose the lender to a greater risk of credit loss than one-to-four family residential property mortgage loans. The greater risk associated with multi-family residential, commercial real estate and one-to-four family mixed-use property mortgage loans could require us to increase our provisions for loan losses and to maintain an allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans in excess of the allowance we currently maintain. We continually review the composition of our mortgage loan portfolio to manage the risk in the portfolio. See “General – Overview” in this Item 1 of this Annual Report..

Our loan portfolio consists of adjustable rate (“ARM”) and fixed-rate loans. Interest rates we charge on loans are affected primarily by the demand for such loans, the supply of money available for lending purposes, the rate offered by our competitors and the creditworthiness of the borrower. Many of those factors are, in turn, affected by local and national economic conditions, and the fiscal, monetary and tax policies of the federal, state and local governments.

In general, consumers show a preference for ARM loans in periods of high interest rates and for fixed-rate loans when interest rates are low. In periods of declining interest rates, we may experience refinancing activity in ARM loans, as borrowers show a preference to lock-in the lower rates available on fixed-rate loans. In the case of ARM loans we originated, volume and adjustment periods are affected by the interest rates and other market factors as discussed above as well as consumer preferences. We have not in the past, nor do we currently, originate ARM loans that provide for negative amortization.

The majority of our commercial business loans are generated by the Company’s business banking group which focuses on loan and deposit relationships to businesses located within our market area. These loans are generally personally guaranteed by the owners, and may be secured by the assets of the business, which at times may include real estate. The interest rate on these loans is generally an adjustable rate based on a published index. These loans, while providing us a higher rate of return, also present a higher level of risk. The greater risk associated with commercial business loans could require us to increase our provision for loan losses, and to maintain an allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans in excess of the allowance we currently maintain.

At times, we may purchase whole or participations in loans from banks, mortgage bankers and other financial institutions when the loans complement our loan portfolio strategy. Loans purchased must meet our underwriting standards when they were originated. Our lending activities are subject to federal and state laws and regulations. See “— Regulation.”

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The following table sets forth the composition of our loan portfolio at the dates indicated:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, |
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 | ​ | 2017 | ​ | 2016 | ​ | 2015 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent |
​ |  | Amount |  | of Total |  | Amount |  | of Total |  | Amount |  | of Total |  | Amount |  | of Total |  | Amount |  | of Total |
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) |
Mortgage Loans: | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 2,238,591 |  | 38.88 | % | $ | 2,269,048 |  | 41.00 | % | $ | 2,273,595 |  | 44.08 | % | $ | 2,178,504 |  | 45.21 | % | $ | 2,055,228 |  | 46.98 | %
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 1,582,008 |  | 27.48 | ​ |  | 1,542,547 |  | 27.86 | ​ |  | 1,368,112 |  | 26.51 | ​ |  | 1,246,132 |  | 25.86 | ​ |  | 1,001,236 |  | 22.90 | ​
One-to-four family - mixed-use property | ​ |  | 592,471 |  | 10.29 | ​ |  | 577,741 |  | 10.44 | ​ |  | 564,206 |  | 10.93 | ​ |  | 558,502 |  | 11.59 | ​ |  | 573,043 |  | 13.11 | ​
One-to-four family - residential (1) | ​ |  | 188,216 |  | 3.27 | ​ |  | 190,350 |  | 3.44 | ​ |  | 180,663 |  | 3.50 | ​ |  | 185,767 |  | 3.85 | ​ |  | 187,838 |  | 4.30 | ​
Co-operative apartment (2) | ​ |  | 8,663 |  | 0.15 |  |  | 8,498 |  | 0.15 | ​ |  | 6,895 |  | 0.13 | ​ |  | 7,418 |  | 0.15 | ​ |  | 8,285 |  | 0.19 | ​
Construction | ​ |  | 67,754 |  | 1.18 | ​ | ​ | 50,600 |  | 0.91 | ​ |  | 8,479 |  | 0.16 | ​ |  | 11,495 |  | 0.24 | ​ |  | 7,284 |  | 0.17 | ​
Gross mortgage loans | ​ |  | 4,677,703 |  | 81.25 | ​ |  | 4,638,784 |  | 83.80 | ​ |  | 4,401,950 |  | 85.31 | ​ |  | 4,187,818 |  | 86.90 | ​ |  | 3,832,914 |  | 87.65 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-mortgage loans: | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Small Business Administration | ​ |  | 14,445 |  | 0.25 | ​ |  | 15,210 |  | 0.27 | ​ |  | 18,479 |  | 0.36 | ​ |  | 15,198 |  | 0.32 | ​ |  | 12,194 |  | 0.28 | ​
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | 3,309 |  | 0.06 | ​ |  | 4,539 |  | 0.08 | ​ |  | 6,834 |  | 0.13 | ​ |  | 18,996 |  | 0.39 | ​ |  | 20,881 |  | 0.48 | ​
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 1,061,478 |  | 18.44 | ​ |  | 877,763 |  | 15.85 | ​ |  | 732,973 |  | 14.20 | ​ |  | 597,122 |  | 12.39 | ​ |  | 506,622 |  | 11.59 | ​
Gross non-mortgage loans | ​ |  | 1,079,232 |  | 18.75 | ​ |  | 897,512 |  | 16.20 | ​ |  | 758,286 |  | 14.69 | ​ |  | 631,316 |  | 13.10 | ​ |  | 539,697 |  | 12.35 | ​
Gross loans | ​ |  | 5,756,935 |  | 100.00 | % |  | 5,536,296 |  | 100.00 | % |  | 5,160,236 |  | 100.00 | % |  | 4,819,134 |  | 100.00 | % |  | 4,372,611 |  | 100.00 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Unearned loan fees and deferred costs, net | ​ |  | 15,271 |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | 15,188 |  | ​ | ​ |  | 16,763 |  |  | ​ | ​ | 16,559 |  |  | ​ |  | 15,368 |  |  | ​
Less: Allowance for loan losses | ​ |  | (21,751) |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | (20,945) |  | ​ | ​ |  | (20,351) |  |  | ​ | ​ | (22,229) |  |  | ​ |  | (21,535) |  |  | ​
Loans, net | ​ | $ | 5,750,455 | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 5,530,539 | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 5,156,648 |  |  | ​ | $ | 4,813,464 |  |  | ​ | $ | 4,366,444 |  |  | ​

(1) | One-to-four family residential mortgage loans also include home equity and condominium loans. At December 31, 2019, gross home equity loans totaled $35.4 million and condominium loans totaled $22.6 million.

(2) | Consists of loans secured by shares representing interests in individual co-operative units that are generally owner occupied.

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The following table sets forth our loan originations (including the net effect of refinancing) and the changes in our portfolio of loans, including purchases, sales and principal reductions for the years indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Mortgage Loans |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
At beginning of year | ​ | $ | 4,638,784 | ​ | $ | 4,401,950 |  | $ | 4,187,818
Mortgage loans originated: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Multi-family residential | ​ |  | 245,775 | ​ |  | 275,409 |  |  | 318,903
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 178,336 | ​ |  | 240,755 |  |  | 212,130
One-to-four family mixed-use property | ​ |  | 66,128 | ​ |  | 73,471 |  |  | 65,247
One-to-four family residential | ​ |  | 25,024 | ​ |  | 41,402 |  |  | 26,168
Co-operative apartment | ​ |  | 2,117 | ​ |  | 2,448 |  |  | 332
Construction | ​ |  | 16,153 | ​ |  | 36,155 |  |  | 7,847
Total mortgage loans originated | ​ |  | 533,533 | ​ |  | 669,640 |  |  | 630,627
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Mortgage loans purchased: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Multi-family residential | ​ |  | 1,832 | ​ |  | 64,323 |  |  | 54,609
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 30,030 |  |  | 25,927
One-to-four family mixed-use property | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 685 |  |  | —
One-to-four family residential | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,258 |  |  | —
Construction | ​ |  | 17,766 | ​ |  | 3,440 |  |  | —
Total mortgage loans purchased | ​ |  | 19,598 | ​ |  | 99,736 |  |  | 80,536
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Less: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Principal reductions | ​ |  | 505,099 | ​ |  | 523,064 |  |  | 445,561
Loans transferred to loans held for sale | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 30,565
Mortgage loan sales | ​ |  | 8,482 | ​ |  | 8,737 |  |  | 19,993
Charge-offs | ​ |  | 392 | ​ |  | 103 |  |  | 912
Loans transferred to OREO | ​ |  | 239 | ​ |  | 638 |  |  | —
At end of year | ​ | $ | 4,677,703 | ​ | $ | 4,638,784 |  | $ | 4,401,950
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-mortgage loans | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of year | ​ | $ | 897,512 | ​ | $ | 758,286 |  | $ | 631,316
Loans originated: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Small Business Administration | ​ |  | 3,426 | ​ |  | 3,843 |  |  | 11,559
Commercial business | ​ |  | 402,127 | ​ |  | 280,704 |  |  | 198,476
Other | ​ |  | 1,992 | ​ |  | 1,920 |  |  | 2,352
Total other loans originated | ​ |  | 407,545 | ​ |  | 286,467 |  |  | 212,387
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-mortgage loans purchased: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business | ​ |  | 201,624 | ​ |  | 194,948 |  |  | 115,920
Total non-mortgage loans purchased | ​ |  | 201,624 | ​ |  | 194,948 |  |  | 115,920
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Less: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Non-mortgage loan sales | ​ |  | 5,213 | ​ |  | 5,266 |  |  | 4,842
Principal reductions | ​ |  | 419,850 | ​ |  | 336,094 |  |  | 184,935
Charge-offs | ​ |  | 2,386 | ​ |  | 829 |  |  | 11,560
At end of year | ​ | $ | 1,079,232 | ​ | $ | 897,512 |  | $ | 758,286

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Loan Maturity and Repricing. The following table shows the maturity of our total loan portfolio at December 31, 2019. Scheduled repayments are shown in the maturity category in which the payments become due.

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Mortgage loans | ​ | Non-mortgage loans | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | One-to-four | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | family | ​ | One-to-four | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Commercial | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Multi-family | ​ | Commercial | ​ | mixed-use | ​ | family | ​ | Co-operative | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Small Business | ​ | Taxi | ​ | business | ​ | ​ |
(In thousands) |  | residential |  | real estate |  | property |  | residential |  | apartment |  | Construction |  | Administration |  | Medallion |  | and other |  | Total loans
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amounts due within one year | ​ | $ | 218,044 | ​ | $ | 232,764 | ​ | $ | 35,211 | ​ | $ | 7,161 | ​ | $ | 254 | ​ | $ | 23,512 | ​ | $ | 1,688 | ​ | $ | 3,243 | ​ | $ | 348,296 |  | $ | 870,173
Amounts due after one year: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
One to two years | ​ |  | 206,233 | ​ |  | 174,544 | ​ | ​ | 34,775 | ​ | ​ | 7,264 | ​ | ​ | 266 | ​ | ​ | 6,201 | ​ | ​ | 1,037 | ​ | ​ | 66 | ​ |  | 200,650 |  |  | 631,036
Two to three years | ​ |  | 205,552 | ​ |  | 161,739 | ​ | ​ | 35,470 | ​ | ​ | 7,497 | ​ | ​ | 273 | ​ | ​ | 6,528 | ​ | ​ | 1,063 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | 166,150 |  |  | 584,272
Three to five years | ​ |  | 182,402 | ​ |  | 146,435 | ​ | ​ | 35,252 | ​ | ​ | 7,833 | ​ | ​ | 285 | ​ | ​ | 6,872 | ​ | ​ | 1,104 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | 124,216 |  |  | 504,399
Over five years | ​ |  | 1,426,360 | ​ |  | 866,526 | ​ | ​ | 451,763 | ​ | ​ | 158,461 | ​ | ​ | 7,585 | ​ | ​ | 24,641 | ​ | ​ | 9,553 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | 222,166 |  |  | 3,167,055
Total due after one year | ​ |  | 2,020,547 | ​ |  | 1,349,244 | ​ |  | 557,260 | ​ |  | 181,055 | ​ |  | 8,409 | ​ | ​ | 44,242 | ​ |  | 12,757 | ​ |  | 66 | ​ |  | 713,182 |  |  | 4,886,762
Total amounts due | ​ | $ | 2,238,591 | ​ | $ | 1,582,008 | ​ | $ | 592,471 | ​ | $ | 188,216 | ​ | $ | 8,663 | ​ | $ | 67,754 | ​ | $ | 14,445 | ​ | $ | 3,309 | ​ | $ | 1,061,478 |  | $ | 5,756,935
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Sensitivity of loans to changes in interest rates - loans due after one year : | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fixed rate loans | ​ | $ | 295,821 | ​ | $ | 58,494 | ​ | $ | 148,818 | ​ | $ | 26,227 | ​ | $ | 603 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,239 | ​ | $ | 66 | ​ | $ | 326,080 |  | $ | 857,348
Adjustable rate loans | ​ |  | 1,724,726 | ​ | ​ | 1,290,750 | ​ | ​ | 408,442 | ​ | ​ | 154,828 | ​ | ​ | 7,806 | ​ | ​ | 44,242 | ​ | ​ | 11,518 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 387,102 |  |  | 4,029,414
Total loans due after one year | ​ | $ | 2,020,547 | ​ | $ | 1,349,244 | ​ | $ | 557,260 | ​ | $ | 181,055 | ​ | $ | 8,409 | ​ | $ | 44,242 | ​ | $ | 12,757 | ​ | $ | 66 | ​ | $ | 713,182 |  | $ | 4,886,762

​

Multi-Family Residential Lending. Loans secured by multi-family residential properties were $2,238.6 million, or 38.88% of gross loans at December 31, 2019. Our multi-family residential mortgage loans had an average principal balance of $1.0 million at December 31, 2019, and the largest multi-family residential mortgage loan held in our portfolio had a principal balance of $31.2 million. We offer both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate multi-family residential mortgage loans, with maturities of up to 30 years.

In underwriting multi-family residential mortgage loans, we review the expected net operating income generated by the real estate collateral securing the loan, the age and condition of the collateral, the financial resources and income level of the borrower and the borrower’s experience in owning or managing similar properties. We typically require debt service coverage of at least 125% of the monthly loan payment. We generally originate these loans up to only 75% of the appraised value or the purchase price of the property, whichever is less. Any loan with a final loan-to-value ratio in excess of 75% must be approved by the Bank’s Board of Directors or the Loan Committee as an exception to policy. We generally rely on the income generated by the property as the primary means by which the loan is repaid. However, personal guarantees may be obtained for additional security from these borrowers. We typically order an environmental report on our multi-family and commercial real estate loans.

Loans secured by multi-family residential property generally involve a greater degree of risk than residential mortgage loans and carry larger loan balances. The increased credit risk is the result of several factors, including the concentration of principal in a smaller number of loans and borrowers, the effects of general economic conditions on income producing properties and the increased difficulty in evaluating and monitoring these types of loans. Furthermore, the repayment of loans secured by multi-family residential property is typically dependent upon the successful operation of the related property, which is usually owned by a legal entity with the property being the entity’s only asset. If the cash flow from the property is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. If the borrower defaults, our only remedy may be to foreclose on the property, for which the market value may be less than the balance due on the related mortgage loan. Loans secured by multi-family residential property also may involve a greater degree of environmental risk. We seek to protect against this risk through obtaining an environmental report. See “—Asset Quality — Environmental Concerns Relating to Loans.”

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At December 31, 2019, $1,892.7 million, or 84.55%, of our multi-family mortgage loans consisted of ARM loans. We offer ARM loans with adjustment periods typically of five years and for terms of up to 30 years. Interest rates on ARM loans currently offered by us are adjusted at the beginning of each adjustment period based upon a fixed spread above the FHLB-NY corresponding Regular Advance Rate. From time to time, due to competitive forces, we may originate ARM loans at an initial rate lower than the fully indexed rate as a result of a discount on the spread for the initial adjustment period. Multi-family adjustable-rate mortgage loans generally are not subject to limitations on interest rate increases either on an adjustment period or aggregate basis over the life of the loan; however, the loans generally contain interest rate floors. We originated and purchased multi-family ARM loans totaling $206.2 million, $281.8 million and $298.5 million during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

At December 31, 2019, $345.9 million, or 15.45%, of our multi-family mortgage loans consisted of fixed rate loans. Our fixed-rate multi-family mortgage loans are generally originated for terms up to 15 years and are competitively priced based on market conditions and our cost of funds. We originated and purchased $41.4 million, $57.9 million and $75.0 million of fixed-rate multi-family mortgage loans in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Commercial Real Estate Lending. Loans secured by commercial real estate were $1,582.0 million, or 27.48% of gross loans, at December 31, 2019. Our commercial real estate mortgage loans are secured by properties such as office buildings, hotels/motels, nursing homes, small business facilities, strip shopping centers and warehouses. At December 31, 2019, our commercial real estate mortgage loans had an average principal balance of $2.1 million and the largest of such loans, which is secured by a multi-tenant shopping center, had a principal balance of $41.4 million. Commercial real estate mortgage loans are generally originated in a range of $100,000 to $10.0 million.

In underwriting commercial real estate mortgage loans, we employ the same underwriting standards and procedures as are employed in underwriting multi-family residential mortgage loans.

Commercial real estate mortgage loans generally carry larger loan balances than residential mortgage loans and involve a greater degree of credit risk for the same reasons applicable to multi-family residential mortgage loans.

At December 31, 2019, $1,444.2 million, or 91.29%, of our commercial mortgage loans consisted of ARM loans. We offer ARM loans with adjustment periods of one to five years and generally for terms of up to 15 years. Interest rates on ARM loans currently offered by us are adjusted at the beginning of each adjustment period based upon a fixed spread above the FHLB-NY corresponding Regular Advance Rate. From time to time, we may originate ARM loans at an initial rate lower than the index as a result of a discount on the spread for the initial adjustment period. Commercial adjustable-rate mortgage loans generally are not subject to limitations on interest rate increases either on an adjustment period or aggregate basis over the life of the loan; however, the loans generally contain interest rate floors. We originated and purchased commercial ARM loans totaling $158.0 million, $243.6 million and $219.6 million during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

At December 31, 2019, $137.8 million, or 8.71%, of our commercial mortgage loans consisted of fixed-rate loans. Our fixed-rate commercial mortgage loans are generally originated for terms up to 20 years and are competitively priced based on market conditions and our cost of funds. We originated and purchased $20.3 million, $27.2 million and $18.5 million of fixed-rate commercial mortgage loans in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

One-to-Four Family Mortgage Lending – Mixed-Use Properties. We offer mortgage loans secured by one-to-four family mixed-use properties. These properties contain up to four residential dwelling units and include a commercial component. We offer both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one-to-four family mixed-use property mortgage loans with maturities of up to 30 years and a general maximum loan amount of $1.0 million. One-to-four family mixed-use property mortgage loans were $592.5 million, or 10.29% of gross loans, at December 31, 2019.

In underwriting one-to-four family mixed-use property mortgage loans, we employ the same underwriting standards as are employed in underwriting multi-family residential mortgage loans.

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At December 31, 2019, $426.6 million, or 72.01%, of our one-to-four family mixed-use property mortgage loans consisted of ARM loans. We offer adjustable-rate one-to-four family mixed-use property mortgage loans with adjustment periods typically of five years and for terms of up to 30 years. Interest rates on ARM loans currently offered by the Bank are adjusted at the beginning of each adjustment period based upon a fixed spread above the FHLB-NY corresponding Regular Advance Rate. From time to time, we may originate ARM loans at an initial rate lower than the index as a result of a discount on the spread for the initial adjustment period. One-to-four family mixed-use property adjustable-rate mortgage loans generally are not subject to limitations on interest rate increases either on an adjustment period or aggregate basis over the life of the loan; however, the loans generally contain interest rate floors. We originated and purchased one-to-four family mixed-use property ARM loans totaling $22.4 million, $34.5 million and $47.9 million during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

At December 31, 2019, $165.8 million, or 27.99%, of our one-to-four family mixed-use property mortgage loans consisted of fixed-rate loans. Our fixed-rate one-to-four family mixed-use property mortgage loans are originated for terms of up to 15 years and are competitively priced based on market conditions and the Bank’s cost of funds. We originated and purchased $43.8 million, $39.7 million and $17.3 million of fixed-rate one-to-four family mixed-use property mortgage loans in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

One-to-Four Family Mortgage Lending – Residential Properties. We offer mortgage loans secured by one-to-four family residential properties, including townhouses and condominium units. For purposes of the description contained in this section, one-to-four family residential mortgage loans, co-operative apartment loans and home equity loans are collectively referred to herein as “residential mortgage loans.” We offer both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans with maturities of up to 30 years and a general maximum loan amount of $1.0 million. Residential mortgage loans were $188.2 million, or 3.27% of gross loans, at December 31, 2019.

We generally originate residential mortgage loans in amounts up to 80% of the appraised value or the sale price, whichever is less. Private mortgage insurance is required whenever loan-to-value ratios exceed 80% of the appraised value of the property securing the loan.

At December 31, 2019, $160.1 million, or 85.04%, of our residential mortgage loans consisted of ARM loans. We offer ARM loans with adjustment periods of one, three, five, seven or ten years. Interest rates on ARM loans currently offered by us are adjusted at the beginning of each adjustment period based upon a fixed spread above the FHLB-NY corresponding Regular Advance Rate. From time to time, we may originate ARM loans at an initial rate lower than the index as a result of a discount on the spread for the initial adjustment period. ARM loans generally are subject to limitations on interest rate increases of 2% per adjustment period and an aggregate adjustment of 6% over the life of the loan and have interest rate floors. We originated and purchased residential ARM loans totaling $22.6 million, $40.8 million and $24.4 million during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The retention of ARM loans in our portfolio helps us reduce our exposure to interest rate risks. However, in an environment of rapidly increasing interest rates, it is possible for the interest rate increase to exceed the maximum aggregate adjustment on one-to-four family residential ARM loans and negatively affect the spread between our interest income and our cost of funds.

ARM loans generally involve credit risks different from those inherent in fixed-rate loans, primarily because if interest rates rise, the underlying payments of the borrower rise, thereby increasing the potential for default. However, this potential risk is lessened by our policy of originating one-to-four family residential ARM loans with annual and lifetime interest rate caps that limit the increase of a borrower’s monthly payment.

At December 31, 2019, $28.2 million, or 14.96%, of our residential mortgage loans consisted of fixed-rate loans. Our fixed-rate residential mortgage loans typically are originated for terms of 15 and 30 years and are competitively priced based on market conditions and our cost of funds. We originated and purchased $2.4 million, $4.3 million and $2.1 million in 15-year fixed-rate residential mortgages in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We did not originate or purchase any 30-year fixed-rate residential mortgages in 2019, 2018 and 2017.

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At December 31, 2019, home equity loans totaled $35.4 million, or 0.62%, of gross loans. Home equity loans are included in our portfolio of residential mortgage loans. These loans are offered as adjustable-rate “home equity lines of credit” on which interest only is due for an initial term of 10 years and thereafter principal and interest payments sufficient to liquidate the loan are required for the remaining term, not to exceed 30 years. These adjustable “home equity lines of credit” may include a “floor” and/or a “ceiling” on the interest rate that we charge for these loans. These loans also may be offered as fully amortizing closed-end fixed-rate loans for terms up to 15 years. The majority of home equity loans originated are owner occupied one-to-four family residential properties and condominium units. To a lesser extent, home equity loans are also originated on one-to-four residential properties held for investment and second homes. All home equity loans are subject to an 80% loan-to-value ratio computed on the basis of the aggregate of the first mortgage loan amount outstanding and the proposed home equity loan. They are generally granted in amounts from $25,000 to $300,000.

Construction Loans. At December 31, 2019, construction loans totaled $67.8 million, or 1.18%, of gross loans. Our construction loans primarily are adjustable rate loans to finance the construction of one-to-four family residential properties, multi-family residential properties and owner-occupied commercial properties. We also, to a limited extent, finance the construction of commercial properties. Our policies provide that construction loans may be made in amounts up to 70% of the estimated value of the developed property and only if we obtain a first lien position on the underlying real estate. However, we generally limit construction loans to 60% of the estimated value of the developed property. In addition, we generally require personal guarantees on all construction loans. Construction loans are generally made with terms of two years or less. Advances are made as construction progresses and inspection warrants, subject to continued title searches to ensure that we maintain a first lien position. We made construction loans of $33.9 million, $39.6 million and $7.8 million during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Construction loans involve a greater degree of risk than other loans because, among other things, the underwriting of such loans is based on an estimated value of the developed property, which can be difficult to ascertain in light of uncertainties inherent in such estimations. In addition, construction lending entails the risk that the project may not be completed due to cost overruns or changes in market conditions.

Small Business Administration Lending. At December 31, 2019, SBA loans totaled $14.4 million, representing 0.25%, of gross loans. These loans are extended to small businesses and are guaranteed by the SBA up to a maximum of 85% of the loan balance for loans with balances of $150,000 or less, and to a maximum of 75% of the loan balance for loans with balances greater than $150,000. We also provide term loans and lines of credit up to $350,000 under the SBA Express Program, on which the SBA provides a 50% guaranty. The maximum loan size under the SBA guarantee program is $5.0 million, with a maximum loan guarantee of $3.75 million. All SBA loans are underwritten in accordance with SBA Standard Operating Procedures which requires collateral and the personal guarantee of the owners with more than 20% ownership from SBA borrowers. Typically, SBA loans are originated in the range of $25,000 to $2.0 million with terms ranging from one to seven years and up to 25 years for owner occupied commercial real estate mortgages. SBA loans are generally offered at adjustable rates tied to the prime rate (as published in the Wall Street Journal) with adjustment periods of one to three months. At times, we may sell the guaranteed portion of certain SBA term loans in the secondary market, realizing a gain at the time of sale, and retaining the servicing rights on these loans, collecting a servicing fee of approximately 1%. We originated and purchased $3.4 million, $3.8 million and $11.6 million of SBA loans during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Taxi Medallion. At December 31, 2019, taxi medallion loans consisted of loans made primarily to New York City taxi medallion owners and to a lesser extent Chicago taxi medallion owners, which are secured by liens on the taxi medallions, totaling $3.3 million, or 0.06%, of gross loans. In 2015, we decided to no longer originate or purchase taxi medallion loans.

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Commercial Business and Other Lending. At December 31, 2019, commercial business and other loans totaled $1,061.5 million, or 18.44%, of gross loans. We originate and purchase commercial business loans and other loans for business, personal, or household purposes. Commercial business loans are provided to businesses in the New York City metropolitan area with annual sales of up to $250.0 million. Our commercial business loans include lines of credit and term loans including owner occupied mortgages. These loans are secured by business assets, including accounts receivables, inventory, equipment and real estate and generally require personal guarantees. The Bank also enters into participations/syndications on senior secured commercial business loans, which are serviced by other banks. Commercial business loans are generally originated in a range of $100,000 to $10.0 million. We generally offer adjustable rate loans with adjustment periods of five years for owner occupied mortgages and for lines of credit the adjustment period is generally monthly. Interest rates on adjustable rate loans currently offered by us are adjusted at the beginning of each adjustment period based upon a fixed spread above the FHLB-NY corresponding Regular Advance Rate for owner occupied mortgages and a fixed spread above the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or Prime Rate for lines of credit. Commercial business adjustable-rate loans generally are not subject to limitations on interest rate increases either on an adjustment period or aggregate basis over the life of the loan, however they generally are subject to interest rate floors. Our fixed-rate commercial business loans are generally originated for terms up to 20 years and are competitively priced based on market conditions and our cost of funds. We originated and purchased $603.8 million, $475.7 million and $314.4 million of commercial business loans during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Other loans generally consist of overdraft lines of credit. Generally, unsecured consumer loans are limited to amounts of $5,000 or less for terms of up to five years. We originated and purchased $1.9 million, $1.9 million and $2.4 million of other loans during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The underwriting standards employed by us for consumer and other loans include a determination of the applicant’s payment history on other debts and assessment of the applicant’s ability to meet payments on all of his or her obligations. In addition to the creditworthiness of the applicant, the underwriting process also includes a comparison of the value of the collateral, if any, to the proposed loan amount. Unsecured loans tend to have higher risk, and therefore command a higher interest rate.

Loan Extensions, Renewals, Modifications and Restructuring. Extensions, renewals, modifications or restructuring a loan, other than a loan that is classified as a troubled debt restructured (“TDR”), requires the loan to be fully underwritten in accordance with our policy. The borrower must be current to have a loan extended, renewed or restructured. Our policy for modifying a mortgage loan due to the borrower’s request for changes in the terms will depend on the changes requested. The borrower must be current and have a good payment history to have a loan modified. If the borrower is seeking additional funds, the loan is fully underwritten in accordance with our policy for new loans. If the borrower is seeking a reduction in the interest rate due to a decline in interest rates in the market, we generally limit our review as follows: (1) for income producing properties and commercial business loans, to a review of the operating results of the property/business and a satisfactory inspection of the property, and (2) for one-to-four residential properties, to a satisfactory inspection of the property. Our policy on restructuring a loan when the loan will be classified as a TDR requires the loan to be fully underwritten in accordance with Company policy. The borrower must demonstrate the ability to repay the loan under the new terms. When the restructuring results in a TDR, we may waive some requirements of Company policy provided the borrower has demonstrated the ability to meet the requirements of the restructured loan and repay the restructured loan. While our formal lending policies do not prohibit making additional loans to a borrower or any related interest of the borrower who is past due in principal or interest more than 90 days, it has been our practice not to make additional loans to a borrower or a related interest of the borrower if the borrower is past due more than 90 days as to principal or interest. During the most recent three fiscal years, we did not make any additional loans to a borrower or any related interest of the borrower who was past due in principal or interest more than 90 days. All extensions, renewals, restructurings and modifications must be approved by the appropriate Loan Committee.

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Loan Approval Procedures and Authority. The Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board of Directors”) approved lending policies establishing loan approval requirements for our various types of loan products. Our Residential Mortgage Lending Policy (which applies to all one-to-four family mortgage loans, including residential and mixed-use property) establishes authorized levels of approval. One-to-four family mortgage loans that do not exceed $750,000 require two signatures for approval, one of which must be from either the President, Senior Executive Vice President Chief of Real Estate Lending, the Executive Vice President of Residential, Mixed Use & Small Multifamily Lending or Executive Vice President Real Estate Credit Center (collectively, “Authorized Officers”) and the other from a Senior Underwriter, Manager, Underwriter or Junior Underwriter in the Residential Mortgage Loan Department (collectively, “Loan Officers”), and ratification by the Management Loan Committee. For one-to-four family mortgage loans in excess of $750,000 up to $2.0 million, three signatures are required for approval, at least two of which must be from Authorized Officers, and the other one may be a Loan Officer, and ratification by the Management Loan Committee and the Director’s Loan Committee. The Director’s Loan Committee or the Bank Board of Directors also must approve one-to-four family mortgage loans in excess of $2.0 million. Pursuant to our Commercial Real Estate Lending Policy, loans secured by commercial real estate and multi-family residential properties up to $2.0 million are approved by the Executive Vice President of Commercial Real Estate and the Senior Executive Vice President, Chief of Real Estate Lending or Executive Vice President Credit Center Manager and then ratified by the Management Loan Committee and/or the Director’s Loan Committee. Loans provided in excess of $2.0 million and up to and including $5.0 million must be submitted to the Management Loan Committee for final approval and then to the Director’s Loan Committee and/or Board of Directors for ratification. Loans in excess of $5.0 million and up to and including $25.0 million must be submitted to the Director’s Loan Committee and/ or the Board of Directors for approval. Loan amounts in excess of $25.0 million must be approved by the Board of Directors.

In accordance with our Business Credit Policy Commercial business and other loans require two signatures from the Business Loan Committee for approval. All commercial business loans and SBA loans up to $2.5 million must be approved by the Business Loan Committee and ratified by the Management Loan Committee. Commercial business loans and SBA loans in excess of $2.5 million up to $5.0 million must be approved by the Management Loan Committee and ratified by the Director’s Loan Committee. Loans in excess of $5.0 million must be submitted to the Director’s Loan Committee and/ or the Board of Directors for approval.

Our Construction Loan Policy requires construction loans up to and including $2.0 million must be approved by the Senior Executive Vice President, Chief of Real Estate Lending and the Executive Vice President of Commercial Real Estate, and ratified by the Management Loan Committee or the Director’s Loan Committee. Such loans in excess of $2.0 million up to and including $5.0 million require the same officer approvals, approval of the Management Loan Committee, and ratification of the Director’s Loan Committee or the Bank Board of Directors. Loan proposals in excess of $5.0 million up to and including $25.0 million that are approved by Management Loan Committee will subsequently be submitted to either the Directors Loan Committee and/or the Board of Directors for their approval. Construction loans in excess of $25.0 million require the subsequent approval of the Bank Board of Directors. Any loan, regardless of type, that deviates from our written credit policies must be approved by the Director’s Loan Committee or the Bank Board of Directors.

For all loans originated by us, upon receipt of a completed loan application, a credit report is ordered and certain other financial information is obtained. An appraisal of the real estate intended to secure the proposed loan is required to be received. An independent appraiser designated and approved by us currently performs such appraisals. Our staff appraisers review all appraisals. The Bank Board of Directors annually approves the independent appraisers used by the Bank and approves the Bank’s appraisal policy. It is our policy to require borrowers to obtain title insurance and hazard insurance on all real estate loans prior to closing. For certain borrowers, and/or as required by law, the Bank may require escrow funds on a monthly basis together with each payment of principal and interest to a mortgage escrow account from which we make disbursements for items such as real estate taxes and, in some cases, hazard insurance premiums.

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Loan Concentrations. The maximum amount of credit that the Bank can extend to any single borrower or related group of borrowers generally is limited to 15% of the Bank’s unimpaired capital and surplus, or $102.1 million at December 31, 2019. Applicable laws and regulations permit an additional amount of credit to be extended, equal to 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if the loan is secured by readily marketable collateral, which generally does not include real estate. See “-Regulation.” However, it is currently our policy not to extend such additional credit. At December 31, 2019, there were no loans in excess of the maximum dollar amount of loans to one borrower that the Bank was authorized to make. At that date, the three largest concentrations of loans to one borrower consisted of loans secured by commercial real estate, multi-family income producing properties and commercial business loans with an aggregate principal balance of $84.5 million, $81.3 million and $66.3 million for each of the three borrowers, respectively.

Loan Servicing. At December 31, 2019, we were servicing $32.5 million of mortgage loans and $15.8 million of SBA loans for others. Our policy is to retain the servicing rights to the mortgage and SBA loans that we sell in the secondary market, other than sales of delinquent loans, which are sold with servicing released to the buyer. On mortgage loans and commercial business loan participations purchased by us for whom the seller retains the servicing rights, we receive monthly reports with which we monitor the loan portfolio. Based upon servicing agreements with the servicers of the loans, we rely upon the servicer to contact delinquent borrowers, collect delinquent amounts and initiate foreclosure proceedings, when necessary, all in accordance with applicable laws, regulations and the terms of the servicing agreements between us and our servicing agents. The servicers are required to submit monthly reports on their collection efforts on delinquent loans. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we held $856.9 million and $856.8 million, respectively, of loans that were serviced by others.

Asset Quality

Loan Collection. When a borrower fails to make a required payment on a loan, except for serviced loans as described above, we take a number of steps to induce the borrower to cure the delinquency and restore the loan to current status. In the case of mortgage loans, personal contact is made with the borrower after the loan becomes 30 days delinquent. We take a proactive approach to managing delinquent loans, including conducting site examinations and encouraging borrowers to meet with one of our representatives. When deemed appropriate, we develop short-term payment plans that enable borrowers to bring their loans current, generally within six to nine months. We review delinquencies on a loan by loan basis, diligently exploring ways to help borrowers meet their obligations and return them back to current status.

In the case of commercial business or other loans, we generally send the borrower a written notice of non-payment when the loan is first past due. In the event payment is not then received, additional letters and phone calls generally are made in order to encourage the borrower to meet with one of our representatives to discuss the delinquency. If the loan still is not brought current and it becomes necessary for us to take legal action, which typically occurs after a loan is delinquent 90 days or more, we may attempt to repossess personal or business property that secures an SBA loan, commercial business loan or consumer loan.

When the borrower has indicated that they will be unable to bring the loan current, or due to other circumstances which, in our opinion, indicate the borrower will be unable to bring the loan current within a reasonable time, the loan is classified as non-performing. All loans classified as non-performing, which includes all loans past due 90 days or more, are on non-accrual status unless there is, in our opinion, compelling evidence the borrower will bring the loan current in the immediate future. At December 31, 2019, there was one loan for $0.4 million, which was past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest.

Upon classifying a loan as non-performing, we review available information and conditions that relate to the status of the loan, including the estimated value of the loan’s collateral and any legal considerations that may affect the borrower’s ability to continue to make payments. Based upon the available information, we will consider the sale of the loan or retention of the loan. If the loan is retained, we may continue to work with the borrower to collect the amounts due or start foreclosure proceedings. If a foreclosure action is initiated and the loan is not brought current, paid in full, or refinanced before the foreclosure sale, the real property securing the loan is sold at foreclosure or by us as soon thereafter as practicable.

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Once the decision to sell a loan is made, we determine what we would consider adequate consideration to be obtained when that loan is sold, based on the facts and circumstances related to that loan. Investors and brokers are then contacted to seek interest in purchasing the loan. We have been successful in finding buyers for some of our non-performing loans offered for sale that are willing to pay what we consider to be adequate consideration. Terms of the sale include cash due upon closing of the sale, no contingencies or recourse to us, servicing is released to the buyer and time is of the essence. These sales usually close within a reasonably short time period.

This strategy of selling non-performing loans has allowed us to optimize our return by quickly converting our non-performing loans to cash, which can then be reinvested in earning assets. This strategy also allows us to avoid lengthy and costly legal proceedings that may occur with non-performing loans. There can be no assurances that we will continue this strategy in future periods, or if continued, we will be able to find buyers to pay adequate consideration.

The following tables show delinquent and non-performing loans sold during the period indicated:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Count |  | ​ | 11 |  | ​ | 12 |  | ​ | 17
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Proceeds | ​ | $ | 13,048 | ​ | $ | 8,739 |  | $ | 6,217
Net (charge-offs) recoveries | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | 68 |  | ​ | (37)
Gross gains | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 38 |  | ​ | 415
Gross losses | ​ |  | 756 | ​ |  | 263 |  | ​ | —

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Troubled Debt Restructured . We have restructured certain problem loans for borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulties by either: reducing the interest rate until the next reset date, extending the amortization period thereby lowering the monthly payments, deferring a portion of the interest payment, or changing the loan to interest only payments for a limited time period. At times, certain problem loans have been restructured by combining more than one of these options. These restructurings have not included a reduction of principal balance. We believe that restructuring these loans in this manner will allow certain borrowers to become and remain current on their loans. These restructured loans are classified TDR. Loans which have been current for six consecutive months at the time they are restructured as TDR remain on accrual status. Loans which were delinquent at the time they are restructured as a TDR are placed on non-accrual status until they have made timely payments for six consecutive months.

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The following table shows our recorded investment in loans classified as TDR that are performing according to their restructured terms at the periods indicated:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Accrual Status: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 1,873 | ​ | $ | 1,916 | ​ | $ | 2,518 | ​ | $ | 2,572 | ​ | $ | 2,626
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,986 | ​ |  | 2,062 | ​ |  | 2,371
One-to-four family - mixed-use property | ​ |  | 1,481 | ​ |  | 1,692 | ​ |  | 1,753 | ​ |  | 1,800 | ​ |  | 2,052
One-to-four family - residential | ​ |  | 531 | ​ |  | 552 | ​ |  | 572 | ​ |  | 591 | ​ |  | 343
Small business administration | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 34
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 9,735 | ​ |  | —
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 279 | ​ |  | 462 | ​ |  | 420 | ​ |  | 2,083
Total | ​ |  | 3,885 | ​ |  | 4,439 | ​ |  | 7,291 | ​ |  | 17,180 | ​ |  | 9,509
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-Accrual Status: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | 1,668 | ​ |  | 3,926 | ​ |  | 5,916 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 941 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 255 | ​ |  | —
Total | ​ |  | 2,609 | ​ |  | 3,926 | ​ |  | 5,916 | ​ |  | 255 | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total performing troubled debt restructured | ​ | $ | 6,494 | ​ | $ | 8,365 | ​ | $ | 13,207 | ​ | $ | 17,435 | ​ | $ | 9,509

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Loans that are restructured as TDR but are not performing in accordance with the restructured terms are excluded from the TDR table above, as they are placed on non-accrual status and reported as non-performing loans. At December 31, 2019, there were five loans totaling $1.3 million which were restructured as TDR not performing in accordance with its restructured terms. At December 31, 2018, there were two loans totaling $1.8 million which were restructured as TDR not performing in accordance with its restructured terms.

Delinquent Loans and Non-performing Assets. We generally discontinue accruing interest on delinquent loans when a loan is 90 days past due. At that time, previously accrued but uncollected interest is reversed from income. Loans in default 90 days or more as to their maturity date but not their payments, however, continue to accrue interest as long as the borrower continues to remit monthly payments.

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The following table shows our non-performing assets at the dates indicated. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the amounts of additional interest income that would have been recorded on non-accrual loans, had they been current, totaled $1.1 million, $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively. These amounts were not included in our interest income for the respective periods.

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing: |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 445 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 233 | ​
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,424 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,183 | ​
One-to-four family mixed-use property | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 386 | ​ |  | 611 | ​
One-to-four family - residential | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 13 | ​
Construction | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,000 | ​
Commercial Business and other | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 220 | ​
Total | ​ |  | 445 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,424 | ​ |  | 386 | ​ |  | 3,260 | ​
Non-accrual mortgage loans: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Multi-family residential | ​ |  | 2,296 | ​ |  | 2,410 | ​ |  | 3,598 | ​ |  | 1,837 | ​ |  | 3,561 | ​
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 367 | ​ |  | 1,379 | ​ |  | 1,473 | ​ |  | 1,148 | ​ |  | 2,398 | ​
One-to-four family mixed-use property | ​ |  | 274 | ​ |  | 928 | ​ |  | 1,867 | ​ |  | 4,025 | ​ |  | 5,952 | ​
One-to-four family residential | ​ |  | 5,139 | ​ |  | 6,144 | ​ |  | 7,808 | ​ |  | 8,241 | ​ |  | 10,120 | ​
Total | ​ |  | 8,076 | ​ |  | 10,861 | ​ |  | 14,746 | ​ |  | 15,251 | ​ |  | 22,031 | ​
Non-accrual non-mortgage loans: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Small Business Administration | ​ |  | 1,151 | ​ |  | 1,267 | ​ |  | 46 | ​ |  | 1,886 | ​ |  | 218 | ​
Taxi medallion(1) | ​ |  | 1,641 | ​ |  | 613 | ​ |  | 918 | ​ |  | 3,825 | ​ |  | — | ​
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 1,945 | ​ |  | 3,512 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 68 | ​ |  | 568 | ​
Total | ​ |  | 4,737 | ​ |  | 5,392 | ​ |  | 964 | ​ |  | 5,779 | ​ |  | 786 | ​
Total non-accrual loans | ​ |  | 12,813 | ​ |  | 16,253 | ​ |  | 15,710 | ​ |  | 21,030 | ​ |  | 22,817 | ​
Total non-performing loans | ​ |  | 13,258 | ​ |  | 16,253 | ​ |  | 18,134 | ​ |  | 21,416 | ​ |  | 26,077 | ​
Other non-performing assets: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Real Estate Owned | ​ |  | 239 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 533 | ​ |  | 4,932 | ​
Other assets acquired through foreclosure | ​ |  | 35 | ​ |  | 35 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​
Total | ​ |  | 274 | ​ |  | 35 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 533 | ​ |  | 4,932 | ​
Total non-performing assets | ​ | $ | 13,532 | ​ | $ | 16,288 | ​ | $ | 18,134 | ​ | $ | 21,949 | ​ | $ | 31,009 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-performing loans to gross loans | ​ |  | 0.23 | % |  | 0.29 | % |  | 0.35 | % |  | 0.44 | % |  | 0.60 | %
Non-performing assets to total assets | ​ |  | 0.19 | % |  | 0.24 | % |  | 0.29 | % |  | 0.36 | % |  | 0.54 | %

(1) | Not included in the above analysis are non-accrual TDR taxi medallion loans that are performing according to their restructured terms totaling $1.7 million, $3.9 million and $5.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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The following table shows our delinquent loans that are less than 90 days past due and still accruing interest at the periods indicated:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2019 | ​ | December 31, 2018
​ | ​ | 60 - 89 | ​ | 30 - 59 | ​ | 60 - 89 | ​ | 30 - 59
​ |  | days |  | days |  | days |  | days
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 1,563 | ​ | $ | 4,042 | ​ | $ | 339 |  | $ | 1,887
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 4,941 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 379
One-to-four family - mixed-use property | ​ |  | 496 | ​ |  | 1,117 | ​ |  | 322 |  |  | 1,003
One-to-four family - residential | ​ |  | 1,022 | ​ |  | 720 | ​ |  | — |  |  | 1,564
Construction | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 730 |  |  | —
Small Business Administration | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 68 |  |  | 4
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 5 | ​ |  | 2,340 | ​ |  | 281 |  |  | 2,076
Total | ​ | $ | 8,027 | ​ | $ | 8,219 | ​ | $ | 1,740 |  | $ | 6,913

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Other Real Estate Owned. We aggressively market our Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”) properties. At December 31, 2019, we owned one OREO for $0.2 million. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not own any OREO properties.

We may obtain physical possession of residential real estate collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan via foreclosure through an in-substance repossession. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we foreclosed on one residential real estate property for $0.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we foreclosed on one residential real estate property for $0.6 million. At December 31, 2019, we held one foreclosed residential real estate totaling $0.2 million. At December 31, 2018, we did not hold any foreclosed residential real estate. Included within net loans as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, was a recorded investment of $6.6 million and $7.2 million, respectively, of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process according to local requirements of the applicable jurisdiction.

Environmental Concerns Relating to Loans. We currently obtain environmental reports in connection with the underwriting of commercial real estate loans, and typically obtain environmental reports in connection with the underwriting of multi-family loans. For all other loans, we obtain environmental reports only if the nature of the current or, to the extent known to us, prior use of the property securing the loan indicates a potential environmental risk. However, we may not be aware of such uses or risks in any particular case, and, accordingly, there is no assurance that real estate acquired by us in foreclosure is free from environmental contamination or that, if any such contamination or other violation exists, whether we will have any liability.

Classified Assets. Our policy is to review our assets, focusing primarily on the loan portfolio, OREO and the investment portfolios, to ensure that the credit quality is maintained at the highest levels. When weaknesses are identified, immediate action is taken to correct the problem through direct contact with the borrower or issuer. We then monitor these assets, and, in accordance with our policy and current regulatory guidelines, we designate them as “Special Mention,” which is considered a “Criticized Asset,” and “Substandard,” “Doubtful,” or “Loss” which are considered “Classified Assets,” as deemed necessary. These loan designations are updated quarterly. We designate an asset as Substandard when a well-defined weakness is identified that jeopardizes the orderly liquidation of the debt. We designate an asset as Doubtful when it displays the inherent weakness of a Substandard asset with the added provision that collection of the debt in full, on the basis of existing facts, is highly improbable. We designate an asset as Loss if it is deemed the debtor is incapable of repayment. We do not hold any loans designated as loss, as loans that are designated as Loss are charged to the Allowance for Loan Losses. Assets that are non-accrual are designated as Substandard, Doubtful or Loss. We designate an asset as Special Mention if the asset does not warrant designation within one of the other categories, but does contain a potential weakness that deserves closer attention. Our Criticized and Classified Assets totaled $38.0 million at December 31, 2019, a decrease of $15.0 million from $53.0 million at December 31, 2018.

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The following table sets forth the Bank’s Criticized and Classified assets at December 31, 2019:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
(In thousands) |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Loss |  | Total
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loans: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 1,563 | ​ | $ | 2,743 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — |  | $ | 4,306
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 5,525 | ​ |  | 367 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 5,892
One-to-four family - mixed-use property | ​ |  | 1,585 | ​ |  | 453 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 2,038
One-to-four family - residential | ​ |  | 1,095 | ​ |  | 5,787 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 6,882
Small Business Administration (1) | ​ |  | 55 | ​ |  | 85 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 140
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3,309 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 3,309
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 3,924 | ​ |  | 11,289 | ​ |  | 266 | ​ |  | — |  |  | 15,479
Total | ​ | $ | 13,747 | ​ | $ | 24,033 | ​ | $ | 266 | ​ | $ | — |  | $ | 38,046

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The following table sets forth the Bank’s Criticized and Classified assets at December 31, 2018:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
(In thousands) |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Loss |  | Total
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loans: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 2,498 | ​ | $ | 4,166 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — |  | $ | 6,664
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 381 | ​ |  | 4,051 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 4,432
One-to-four family - mixed-use property | ​ |  | 1,199 | ​ |  | 2,034 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 3,233
One-to-four family - residential | ​ |  | 557 | ​ |  | 6,665 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 7,222
Construction | ​ |  | 730 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 730
Small Business Administration (1) | ​ |  | 481 | ​ |  | 139 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 620
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,539 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  |  | 4,539
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 730 | ​ |  | 21,348 | ​ |  | 3,512 | ​ |  | — |  |  | 25,590
Total | ​ | $ | 6,576 | ​ | $ | 42,942 | ​ | $ | 3,512 | ​ | $ | — |  | $ | 53,030

(1) | Balance reported net of SBA Guaranteed portion.

​

​

Allowance for Loan Losses

We have established and maintain on our books an allowance for loan losses (“ALL”) that is designed to provide a reserve against estimated losses inherent in our overall loan portfolio. The allowance is established through a provision for loan losses based on management’s evaluation of the risk inherent in the various components of the loan portfolio and other factors, including historical loan loss experience (which is updated quarterly), current economic conditions, delinquency and non-accrual trends, classified loan levels, risk in the portfolio and volumes and trends in loan types, recent trends in charge-offs, changes in underwriting standards, experience, ability and depth of our lenders, collection policies and experience, internal loan review function and other external factors.

In prior years we segregated our loans into two portfolios based on year of origination. One portfolio was reviewed for loans originated after December 31, 2009 and a second portfolio for loans originated prior to January 1, 2010. That segregation was based on changes made in our underwriting standards during 2009. Beginning in 2018, the ALL calculation no longer segregates loans by origination year. Additionally, during 2018 we updated our methodology by expanding the look-back period of historical losses used in the calculation of the quantitative component of the allowance from three years to five years and incorporated recoveries into our loss history.

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The determination of the amount of the ALL includes estimates that are susceptible to significant changes due to changes in appraisal values of collateral, national and local economic conditions and other factors. Impaired loans are segregated and reviewed separately. All non-accrual loans are classified impaired. Impaired loans secured by collateral are reviewed based on the fair value of their collateral. For non-collateralized impaired loans, management estimates any recoveries that are anticipated for each loan. In connection with the determination of the allowance, the market value of collateral ordinarily is evaluated by our staff appraiser. On a quarterly basis, the estimated values of impaired mortgage loans are internally reviewed, based on updated cash flows for income producing properties, and at times an updated independent appraisal is obtained. The loan balances of collateral dependent impaired loans are then compared to the property’s updated fair value. We consider fair value of collateral dependent loans to be 85% of the appraised or internally estimated value of the property. The 85% is based on the actual net proceeds the Bank has received from the sale of OREO as a percentage of OREO’s appraised value. The fair value of the underlying collateral of taxi medallion loans is the value of the underlying medallion based upon the most recently reported arm’s length sales transaction. When there is no recent sale activity, the fair value is calculated using capitalization rates. All taxi medallion loans are classified as impaired at December 31, 2019. For collateral dependent mortgage loans and taxi medallion loans, the portion of the loan balance which exceeds fair value is generally charged-off. When evaluating a loan for impairment, we do not rely on guarantees, and the amount of impairment, if any, is based on the fair value of the collateral. We do not carry loans at a value in excess of the fair value due to a guarantee from the borrower. Our Board of Directors reviews and approves the adequacy of the ALL on a quarterly basis.

In assessing the adequacy of the allowance, we review our loan portfolio by separate categories which have similar risk and collateral characteristics, e.g., multi-family residential, commercial real estate, one-to-four family mixed-use property, one-to-four family residential, co-operative apartment, construction, SBA, commercial business, taxi medallion and consumer loans. General provisions are established against performing loans in our portfolio in amounts deemed prudent based on our qualitative analysis of the factors, including the historical loss experience, delinquency trends and local economic conditions. Non-performing loans totaled $13.3 million and $16.3 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Bank’s underwriting standards generally require a loan-to-value ratio of no more than 75% at the time the loan is originated. At December 31, 2019, the outstanding principal balance of our non-performing loans was 26.2% of the estimated current value of the supporting collateral, after considering the charge-offs that have been recorded. We incurred total net charge-offs of $2.0 million and net recoveries of $19,000 during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded a provision for loan losses totaling $2.8 million compared to $0.6 million provision recorded for the year ended December 31, 2018 and $9.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The provision for loan losses recorded in the year ended December 31, 2017, was primarily the result of a reduction in the fair value of the underlying collateral of our taxi medallion portfolio. Management has concluded, and the Board of Directors has concurred, that at December 31, 2019, the allowance was sufficient to absorb losses inherent in our loan portfolio.

During 2019, the portion of the ALL related to the loss history and qualitative factors increased, primarily due to the growth in the loan portfolio. The impact from the above resulted in the ALL totaling $21.8 million, an increase of $0.8 million, or 3.8% from December 31, 2018. Based upon management consistently applying the ALL methodology and review of the loan portfolio, management concluded a charge to earnings was warranted to maintain the balance of the ALL at the appropriate level. The ALL represented 0.38% of gross loans outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018. The ALL represented 164.1% of non-performing loans at December 31, 2019 compared to 128.9% at December 31, 2018.

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Many factors may require additions to the ALL in future periods beyond those currently revealed. As of January 1, 2020, the Company is required to adopt the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) standard which will require estimating loss over the estimated life of the loan as opposed to the current inherent risk methodology. Many of the factors used in the current inherent risk methodology will be part of the CECL methodology. These factors include further adverse changes in economic conditions, changes in interest rates and changes in the financial capacity of individual borrowers (any of which may affect the ability of borrowers to make repayments on loans), changes in the real estate market within our lending area and the value of collateral, or a review and evaluation of our loan portfolio in the future. The determination of the amount of the ALL includes estimates that are susceptible to significant changes due to changes in appraised values of collateral, national and local economic conditions, interest rates and other factors. In addition, our overall level of credit risk inherent in our loan portfolio can be affected by the loan portfolio’s composition. At December 31, 2019, multi-family residential, commercial real estate, construction and one-to-four family mixed-use property mortgage loans, totaled 77.8% of our gross loans. The greater risk associated with these loans, as well as commercial business loans, could require us to increase our provisions for loan losses and to maintain an ALL as a percentage of total loans that is in excess of the allowance we currently maintain. Provisions for loan losses are charged against net income. See “—Lending Activities” and “—Asset Quality.”

The following table sets forth changes in, and the balance of, our ALL.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At and for the years ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at beginning of year | ​ | $ | 20,945 | ​ | $ | 20,351 | ​ | $ | 22,229 |  | $ | 21,535 | ​ | $ | 25,096 | ​
Provision (benefit) for loan losses | ​ |  | 2,811 | ​ |  | 575 | ​ |  | 9,861 |  |  | — | ​ |  | (956) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loans charged-off: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Multi-family residential | ​ |  | (190) | ​ |  | (99) | ​ |  | (454) |  |  | (161) | ​ |  | (474) | ​
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (4) |  |  | — | ​ |  | (32) | ​
One-to-four family mixed-use property | ​ |  | (89) | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | (39) |  |  | (144) | ​ |  | (592) | ​
One-to-four family residential | ​ |  | (113) | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | (415) |  |  | (114) | ​ |  | (342) | ​
SBA | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (392) | ​ |  | (212) |  |  | (529) | ​ |  | (34) | ​
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (393) | ​ |  | (11,283) |  |  | (142) | ​ |  | — | ​
Commercial business and other loans | ​ |  | (2,386) | ​ |  | (44) | ​ |  | (65) |  |  | (69) | ​ |  | (2,371) | ​
Total loans charged-off | ​ |  | (2,778) | ​ |  | (932) | ​ |  | (12,472) |  |  | (1,159) | ​ |  | (3,845) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Recoveries: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Mortgage loans | ​ |  | 291 | ​ |  | 711 | ​ |  | 595 |  |  | 1,493 | ​ |  | 888 | ​
SBA, commercial business and other loans | ​ |  | 348 | ​ |  | 97 | ​ |  | 138 |  |  | 360 | ​ |  | 352 | ​
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | 134 | ​ |  | 143 | ​ |  | — |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​
Total recoveries | ​ |  | 773 | ​ |  | 951 | ​ |  | 733 |  |  | 1,853 | ​ |  | 1,240 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net (charge-offs) recoveries | ​ |  | (2,005) | ​ |  | 19 | ​ |  | (11,739) |  |  | 694 | ​ |  | (2,605) | ​
Balance at end of year | ​ | $ | 21,751 | ​ | $ | 20,945 | ​ | $ | 20,351 |  | $ | 22,229 | ​ | $ | 21,535 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Ratio of net charge-offs (recoveries) during the year to average loans outstanding during the year | ​ |  | 0.04 | % |  | 0.00 | % |  | 0.24 | % | ​ | (0.02) | % |  | 0.06 | %
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to gross loans at end of the year | ​ |  | 0.38 | % |  | 0.38 | % |  | 0.39 | % | ​ | 0.46 | % |  | 0.49 | %
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to non-performing loans at the end of the year | ​ |  | 164.05 | % |  | 128.87 | % |  | 112.23 | % | ​ | 103.80 | % |  | 82.58 | %
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to non-performing assets at the end of the year | ​ |  | 160.73 | % |  | 128.60 | % |  | 112.23 | % | ​ | 101.28 | % |  | 69.45 | %

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The following table sets forth our allocation of the ALL to the total amount of loans in each of the categories listed at the dates indicated. The numbers contained in the “Amount” column indicate the ALL allocated for each particular loan category. The numbers contained in the column entitled “Percentage of Loans in Category to Total Loans” indicate the total amount of loans in each particular category as a percentage of our loan portfolio.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, |
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 | ​ | 2017 | ​ | 2016 | ​ | 2015 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | of Loans in | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | of Loans in | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | of Loans in | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | of Loans in | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | of Loans in |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Category to | ​ | ​ | ​ | Category to | ​ | ​ | ​ | Category to | ​ | ​ | ​ | Category to | ​ | ​ | ​ | Category to |
Loan Category |  | Amount |  | Total loans |  | Amount |  | Total loans |  | Amount |  | Total loans |  | Amount |  | Total loans |  | Amount |  | Total loans | ​
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) |
Mortgage loans: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 5,391 |  | 38.88 | % | $ | 5,676 |  | 41.00 | % | $ | 5,823 |  | 44.08 | % | $ | 5,923 |  | 45.21 | % | $ | 6,718 |  | 46.98 | %
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 4,429 |  | 27.48 | ​ |  | 4,315 |  | 27.86 | ​ |  | 4,643 |  | 26.51 | ​ |  | 4,487 |  | 25.86 | ​ |  | 4,239 |  | 22.90 | ​
One-to-four family mixed-use property | ​ |  | 1,817 |  | 10.29 | ​ |  | 1,867 |  | 10.44 | ​ |  | 2,545 |  | 10.93 | ​ |  | 2,903 |  | 11.59 | ​ |  | 4,227 |  | 13.11 | ​
One-to-four family residential | ​ |  | 756 |  | 3.27 | ​ |  | 749 |  | 3.44 | ​ |  | 1,082 |  | 3.50 | ​ |  | 1,015 |  | 3.85 | ​ |  | 1,227 |  | 4.30 | ​
Co-operative apartment | ​ |  | — |  | 0.15 | ​ |  | — |  | 0.15 | ​ |  | — |  | 0.13 | ​ |  | — |  | 0.15 | ​ |  | — |  | 0.19 | ​
Construction | ​ |  | 441 |  | 1.18 | ​ |  | 329 |  | 0.91 | ​ |  | 68 |  | 0.16 | ​ |  | 92 |  | 0.24 | ​ |  | 50 |  | 0.17 | ​
Gross mortgage loans | ​ |  | 12,834 |  | 81.25 | ​ |  | 12,936 |  | 83.80 | ​ |  | 14,161 |  | 85.31 | ​ |  | 14,420 |  | 86.90 | ​ |  | 16,461 |  | 87.65 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-mortgage loans: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Small Business Administration | ​ |  | 363 |  | 0.25 | ​ |  | 418 |  | 0.27 | ​ |  | 669 |  | 0.36 | ​ |  | 481 |  | 0.32 | ​ |  | 262 |  | 0.28 | ​
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | — |  | 0.06 | ​ |  | — |  | 0.08 | ​ |  | — |  | 0.13 | ​ |  | 2,243 |  | 0.39 | ​ |  | 343 |  | 0.48 | ​
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 8,554 |  | 18.44 | ​ |  | 7,591 |  | 15.85 | ​ |  | 5,521 |  | 14.20 | ​ |  | 4,492 |  | 12.39 | ​ |  | 4,469 |  | 11.59 | ​
Gross non-mortgage loans | ​ |  | 8,917 |  | 18.75 | ​ |  | 8,009 |  | 16.20 | ​ |  | 6,190 |  | 14.69 | ​ |  | 7,216 |  | 13.10 | ​ |  | 5,074 |  | 12.35 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Unallocated | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 593 |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​
Total loans | ​ | $ | 21,751 |  | 100.00 | % | $ | 20,945 |  | 100.00 | % | $ | 20,351 |  | 100.00 | % | $ | 22,229 |  | 100.00 | % | $ | 21,535 |  | 100.00 | %

​

Investment Activities

Gen eral. Our investment policy, which is approved by the Board of Directors, is designed primarily to manage the interest rate sensitivity of our overall assets and liabilities, to generate a favorable return without incurring undue interest rate and credit risk, to complement our lending activities and to provide and maintain liquidity. In establishing our investment strategies, we consider our business and growth strategies, the economic environment, our interest rate risk exposure, our interest rate sensitivity “gap” position, the types of securities to be held, and other factors. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview—Management Strategy” in Item 7 of this Annual Report.

Although we have authority to invest in various types of assets, we primarily invest in mortgage-backed securities, securities issued by mutual or bond funds that invest in government and government agency securities, municipal bonds, corporate bonds and collateralized loan obligations (“CLO”). We did not hold any issues of foreign sovereign debt at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Our Investment Committee meets quarterly to monitor investment transactions and to establish investment strategy. The Board of Directors reviews the investment policy on an annual basis and investment activity on a monthly basis.

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We classify our investment securities as available for sale when management intends to hold the securities for an indefinite period of time or when the securities may be utilized for tactical asset/liability purposes and may be sold from time to time to effectively manage interest rate exposure and resultant prepayment risk and liquidity needs. Securities are classified as held-to-maturity when management intends to hold the securities until maturity. We carry some of our investments under the fair value option, totaling $14.3 million at December 31, 2019. Unrealized gains and losses for investments carried under the fair value option are included in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale, other than unrealized credit losses considered other than temporary, are excluded from earnings and included in accumulated other comprehensive loss (a separate component of equity), net of taxes. Securities held-to-maturity are carried at their cost basis. At December 31, 2019, we had $772.5 million in securities available for sale and $58.9 million in securities held-to-maturity, which together represented 11.84% of total assets. These securities had an aggregate market value at December 31, 2019 that was approximately 1.4 times the amount of our equity at that date.

There were no credit related other-than-temporary impairment charges recorded during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. As a result of our holdings of securities available for sale, changes in interest rates could produce significant changes in the value of such securities and could produce significant fluctuations in our operating results and equity. (See Notes 6 and 19 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.)

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The table below sets forth certain information regarding the amortized cost and market values of our securities portfolio, interest-earning deposits and federal funds sold, at the dates indicated. Securities available for sale are recorded at market value.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 | ​ | 2017
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Fair | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Fair | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Fair
​ |  | Cost |  | Value |  | Cost |  | Value |  | Cost |  | Value
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Securities held-to-maturity |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Bonds and other debt securities: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Municipal securities | ​ | $ | 50,954 | ​ | $ | 53,998 | ​ | $ | 24,065 | ​ | $ | 22,508 | ​ | $ | 22,913 |  | $ | 21,889
Total bonds and other debt securities | ​ |  | 50,954 | ​ |  | 53,998 | ​ |  | 24,065 | ​ |  | 22,508 | ​ |  | 22,913 |  |  | 21,889
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Mortgage-backed securities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
FNMA | ​ |  | 7,934 | ​ |  | 8,114 | ​ |  | 7,953 | ​ |  | 7,366 | ​ |  | 7,973 |  |  | 7,810
Total mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 7,934 | ​ |  | 8,114 | ​ |  | 7,953 | ​ |  | 7,366 | ​ |  | 7,973 |  |  | 7,810
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total securities held-to-maturity | ​ |  | 58,888 | ​ |  | 62,112 | ​ |  | 32,018 | ​ |  | 29,874 | ​ |  | 30,886 |  |  | 29,699
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Securities available for sale | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Bonds and other debt securities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Municipal securities | ​ |  | 12,797 | ​ |  | 12,916 | ​ |  | 46,231 | ​ |  | 46,574 | ​ |  | 101,680 |  |  | 103,199
Corporate debentures | ​ |  | 130,000 | ​ |  | 123,050 | ​ |  | 130,000 | ​ |  | 118,535 | ​ |  | 110,000 |  |  | 102,767
Collateralized loan obligations | ​ |  | 100,349 | ​ |  | 99,137 | ​ |  | 88,396 | ​ |  | 86,751 | ​ |  | 10,000 |  |  | 10,053
Total bonds and other debt securities | ​ |  | 243,146 | ​ |  | 235,103 | ​ |  | 264,627 | ​ |  | 251,860 | ​ |  | 221,680 |  |  | 216,019
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Mutual funds | ​ |  | 12,216 | ​ |  | 12,216 | ​ |  | 11,586 | ​ |  | 11,586 | ​ |  | 11,575 |  |  | 11,575
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity securities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Common stock | ​ |  | 1,332 | ​ |  | 1,332 | ​ |  | 1,256 | ​ |  | 1,256 | ​ |  | 1,110 |  |  | 1,110
Total equity securities | ​ |  | 1,332 | ​ |  | 1,332 | ​ |  | 1,256 | ​ |  | 1,256 | ​ |  | 1,110 |  |  | 1,110
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Mortgage-backed securities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
REMIC and CMO | ​ |  | 348,236 | ​ |  | 348,989 | ​ |  | 382,632 | ​ |  | 376,340 | ​ |  | 328,668 |  |  | 325,302
GNMA | ​ |  | 653 | ​ |  | 704 | ​ |  | 785 | ​ |  | 826 | ​ |  | 1,016 |  |  | 1,088
FNMA | ​ |  | 104,235 | ​ |  | 104,882 | ​ |  | 94,069 | ​ |  | 91,693 | ​ |  | 136,198 |  |  | 135,474
FHLMC | ​ |  | 68,476 | ​ |  | 69,274 | ​ |  | 90,377 | ​ |  | 89,094 | ​ |  | 48,103 |  |  | 47,786
Total mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 521,600 | ​ |  | 523,849 | ​ |  | 567,863 | ​ |  | 557,953 | ​ |  | 513,985 |  |  | 509,650
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total securities available for sale | ​ |  | 778,294 | ​ |  | 772,500 | ​ |  | 845,332 | ​ |  | 822,655 | ​ |  | 748,350 |  |  | 738,354
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest-earning deposits and Federal funds sold | ​ |  | 36,511 | ​ |  | 36,511 | ​ |  | 105,761 | ​ |  | 105,761 | ​ |  | 39,362 |  |  | 39,362
Total | ​ | $ | 873,693 | ​ | $ | 871,123 | ​ | $ | 983,111 | ​ | $ | 958,290 | ​ | $ | 818,598 |  | $ | 807,415

​

Mortgage-backed securities. At December 31, 2019, we had available for sale and held-to-maturity mortgage-backed securities with a market value totaling $532.0 million, of which $22.4 million was invested in adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities. The mortgage loans underlying these adjustable-rate securities generally are subject to limitations on annual and lifetime interest rate increases. We anticipate that investments in mortgage-backed securities may continue to be used in the future to supplement mortgage-lending activities. Mortgage-backed securities are more liquid than individual mortgage loans and may be used more easily to collateralize our obligations, including collateralizing of the governmental deposits of the Bank.

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The following table sets forth our available for sale mortgage-backed securities purchases, sales and principal repayments for the years indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at beginning of year | ​ | $ | 557,953 | ​ | $ | 509,650 |  | $ | 516,476
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Purchases of mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 128,001 | ​ |  | 196,405 |  | ​ | 151,692
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amortization of unearned premium, net of accretion of unearned discount | ​ |  | (3,145) | ​ |  | (1,419) |  | ​ | (1,593)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on mortgage-backed securities available for sale | ​ |  | 12,159 | ​ |  | (5,575) |  | ​ | (1,985)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net realized gains (losses) recorded on mortgage-backed securities carried at fair value | ​ |  | 2 | ​ |  | (89) |  | ​ | (25)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Sales of mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | (26,448) | ​ |  | (67,047) |  | ​ | (78,685)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Principal repayments received on mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | (144,673) | ​ |  | (73,972) |  | ​ | (76,230)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net increase (decrease) in mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | (34,104) | ​ |  | 48,303 |  | ​ | (6,826)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at end of year | ​ | $ | 523,849 | ​ | $ | 557,953 |  | $ | 509,650

​

While mortgage-backed securities carry a reduced credit risk as compared to whole loans, such securities remain subject to the risk that a fluctuating interest rate environment, along with other factors such as the geographic distribution of the underlying mortgage loans, may alter the prepayment rate of such mortgage loans and so affect both the prepayment speed and value of such securities.

24

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The table below sets forth certain information regarding the amortized cost, fair value, annualized weighted average yields and maturities of our investment in debt and equity securities and interest-earning deposits at December 31, 2019. The stratification of balances is based on stated maturities. Assumptions for repayments and prepayments are not reflected for mortgage-backed securities. Securities available for sale are carried at their fair value in the consolidated financial statements and securities held-to-maturity are carried at their amortized cost.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | One year or Less | ​ | One to Five Years | ​ | Five to Ten Years | ​ | More than Ten Years | ​ | Total Securities |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Average | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted | ​ | Remaining | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted |
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Average | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Average | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Average | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Average | ​ | Years to | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Fair | ​ | Average |
​ |  | Cost |  | Yield |  | Cost |  | Yield |  | Cost |  | Yield |  | Cost |  | Yield |  | Maturity |  | Cost |  | Value |  | Yield |
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Securities held-to-maturity | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Bonds and other debt securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Municipal securities | ​ | $ | 180 |  | 3.00 | % | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | 50,774 |  | 3.33 | % | 25.64 | ​ | $ | 50,954 | ​ | $ | 53,998 | ​ | 3.32 | %
Total bonds and other debt securities | ​ |  | 180 |  | 3.00 | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 50,774 |  | 3.33 |  | 25.64 | ​ |  | 50,954 | ​ |  | 53,998 | ​ | 3.32 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Mortgage-backed securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
FNMA | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 7,934 |  | 3.29 |  | 13.34 | ​ |  | 7,934 | ​ |  | 8,114 | ​ | 3.29 | ​
Total mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 7,934 |  | 3.29 |  | 13.34 | ​ |  | 7,934 | ​ |  | 8,114 | ​ | 3.29 | ​
Securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Bonds and other debt securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Municipal securities | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 12,797 |  | 4.96 |  | 18.61 | ​ |  | 12,797 | ​ |  | 12,916 | ​ | 4.96 | ​
Corporate debentures | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 10,000 |  | 2.00 | ​ |  | 120,000 |  | 2.21 | ​ |  | — |  | — |  | 6.90 | ​ |  | 130,000 | ​ |  | 123,050 | ​ | 2.19 | ​
CLO | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 17,918 |  | 3.72 | ​ |  | 82,431 |  | 3.67 |  | 10.67 | ​ |  | 100,349 | ​ |  | 99,137 | ​ | 3.68 | ​
Total bonds and other debt securities | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 10,000 |  | 2.00 | ​ |  | 137,918 |  | 2.40 | ​ |  | 95,228 |  | 3.85 |  | 9.08 | ​ |  | 243,146 | ​ |  | 235,103 | ​ | 2.95 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Mutual funds | ​ |  | 12,216 |  | 2.34 | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ | — | ​ |  | 12,216 | ​ |  | 12,216 | ​ | 2.34 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Common stock | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 1,332 |  | 4.65 |  | — | ​ |  | 1,332 | ​ |  | 1,332 | ​ | 4.65 | ​
Total equity securities | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 1,332 |  | 4.65 |  | — | ​ |  | 1,332 | ​ |  | 1,332 | ​ | 4.65 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Mortgage-backed securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
REMIC and CMO | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 33 |  | 4.08 | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 348,203 |  | 3.17 |  | 27.19 | ​ |  | 348,236 | ​ |  | 348,989 | ​ | 3.17 | ​
GNMA | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 213 |  | 7.49 | ​ |  | 440 |  | 5.26 |  | 14.70 | ​ |  | 653 | ​ |  | 704 | ​ | 5.99 | ​
FNMA | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 13,652 |  | 3.56 | ​ |  | 10,266 |  | 2.92 | ​ |  | 80,317 |  | 3.36 |  | 20.99 | ​ |  | 104,235 | ​ |  | 104,882 | ​ | 3.34 | ​
FHLMC | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 66 |  | 6.73 | ​ |  | 15 |  | 4.39 | ​ |  | 68,395 |  | 3.73 |  | 20.44 | ​ |  | 68,476 | ​ |  | 69,274 | ​ | 3.73 | ​
Total mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 13,751 |  | 3.58 | ​ |  | 10,494 |  | 3.01 | ​ |  | 497,355 |  | 3.28 |  | 25.05 | ​ |  | 521,600 | ​ |  | 523,849 | ​ | 3.28 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest-earning deposits | ​ |  | 36,511 |  | 1.55 | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ | — | ​ |  | 36,511 | ​ |  | 36,511 | ​ | 1.55 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 48,907 |  | 1.75 | % | $ | 23,751 |  | 2.91 | % | $ | 148,412 |  | 2.45 | % | $ | 652,623 |  | 3.37 | % | 19.93 | ​ | $ | 873,693 | ​ | $ | 871,123 | ​ | 3.11 | %

​

Sources of Funds

Gene ral. Deposits, FHLB-NY borrowings, other borrowings, repurchase agreements, principal and interest payments on loans, mortgage-backed and other securities, and proceeds from sales of loans and securities are our primary sources of funds for lending, investing and other general purposes.

De posits. We offer a variety of deposit accounts having a range of interest rates and terms. Our deposits primarily consist of savings accounts, money market accounts, demand accounts, NOW accounts and certificates of deposit. We have a relatively stable retail deposit base drawn from our market area through our 20 full-service offices. We seek to retain existing depositor relationships by offering quality service and competitive interest rates, while keeping deposit growth within reasonable limits. It is management’s intention to balance its goal to maintain competitive interest rates on deposits while seeking to manage its cost of funds to finance its strategies.

In addition to our full-service offices we operate the Internet Branch and a government banking unit. The Internet Branch currently offers savings accounts, money market accounts, checking accounts, and certificates of deposit. This allows us to compete on a national scale without the geographical constraints of physical locations. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, total deposits at our Internet Branch were $314.0 million and $450.9 million, respectively. The government banking unit provides banking services to public municipalities, including counties, cities, towns, villages, school districts, libraries, fire districts, and the various courts throughout the New York City metropolitan area. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, total deposits in our government banking unit totaled $1,265.1 million and $1,339.7 million, respectively.

​

25

Table of Contents

Our core deposits, consisting of savings accounts, NOW accounts, money market accounts, and non-interest bearing demand accounts, are typically more stable and lower costing than other sources of funding. However, the flow of deposits into a particular type of account is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in prevailing interest rates, and competition. We experienced an increase in our due to depositors’ during 2019 of $106.1 million. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the cost of our interest-bearing due to depositors’ accounts increased 44 basis points to 1.94% from 1.50% for the year ended December 31, 2018. This increase in the cost of deposits was due to increases in the cost of NOW, money market, certificate of deposits and savings accounts of 51 basis points, 42 basis points, 38 basis points and 10 basis points, respectively. The increase in the cost of deposits was primarily due to an increase in the rates we pay on some of our products to maintain competitive in our market. While we are unable to predict the direction of future interest rate changes, if interest rates would rise during 2020, the result could be an increase in our cost of deposits, which could reduce our net interest margin. Similarly, if interest rates remain at their current level or decline in 2020, we could see a decline in our cost of deposits, which could increase our net interest margin.

Included in deposits are certificates of deposit with balances of $100,000 or more (excluding brokered deposits issued in $1,000 amounts under a master certificate of deposit) totaling $807.1 million, $862.4 million and $681.2 million at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

We utilize brokered deposits as an additional funding source and to assist in the management of our interest rate risk. We have obtained brokered certificates of deposit when the interest rate on these deposits is below the prevailing interest rate for non-brokered certificates of deposit with similar maturities in our market, or when obtaining them allowed us to extend the maturities of our deposits at favorable rates compared to borrowing funds with similar maturities, when we are seeking to extend the maturities of our funding to assist in the management of our interest rate risk. Brokered certificates of deposit provide a large deposit for us at a lower operating cost as compared to non-brokered certificates of deposit since we only have one account to maintain versus several accounts with multiple interest and maturity checks. The Depository Trust Company is used as the clearing house, maintaining each deposit under the name of CEDE & Co. These deposits are transferable just like a stock or bond investment and the customer can open the account with only a phone call, just like buying a stock or bond. Unlike non-brokered certificates of deposit, where the deposit amount can be withdrawn with a penalty for any reason, including increasing interest rates, a brokered certificate of deposit can only be withdrawn in the event of the death, or court declared mental incompetence, of the depositor. This allows us to better manage the maturity of our deposits and our interest rate risk. At times, we also utilized brokers to obtain money market deposits. The rate we pay on brokered money market accounts is similar to the rate we pay on non-brokered money market accounts, and the rate is agreed to in a contract between the Bank and the broker. These accounts are similar to brokered certificates of deposit accounts in that we only maintain one account for the total deposit per broker, with the broker maintaining the detailed records of each depositor.

We also offer access to FDIC insurance coverage in excess of $250,000 through a Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (“CDARS®”) and through an Insured Cash Sweep service (“ICS”). CDARS® and ICS are deposit placement services. These networks arrange for placement of funds into certificate of deposit accounts, demand accounts or money market accounts issued by other member banks of the network in increments of less than $250,000 to ensure that both principal and interest are eligible for full FDIC deposit insurance. This allows us to accept deposits in excess of $250,000 from a depositor, and place the deposits through the network to other member banks to provide full FDIC deposit insurance coverage. During 2018, Section 29 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act was amended to no longer consider reciprocal deposits, such as CDARS and ICS, held by an FDIC-insured depository institution brokered deposits subject to certain limitations. We may receive deposits from other member banks in exchange for the deposits we place into the network. We may also obtain deposits from other network member banks without placing deposits into the network. We will obtain deposits in this manner primarily as a short-term funding source. We also can place deposits with other member banks without receiving deposits from other member banks. Depositors are allowed to withdraw funds, with a penalty, from these accounts at one or more of the member banks that hold the deposits. Additionally, we place a portion of our government deposits in ICS money market and demand accounts which does not require us to provide collateral. This allows us to invest our funds in higher yielding assets. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Bank held ICS deposits totaling $949.8 million and $684.0 million, respectively. At December 31, 2019, we had $388.8 million classified as brokered deposits.

26

Table of Contents

The following table sets forth the distribution of our deposit accounts at the dates indicated and the weighted average nominal interest rates on each category of deposits presented.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | At December 31, | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | Weighted |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | Weighted |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | Weighted | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | Percent |  | Average | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | Percent |  | Average | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | Percent |  | Average | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | of Total |  | Nominal | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | of Total |  | Nominal | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | of Total |  | Nominal | ​
​ |  | Amount |  | Deposits |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Deposits |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Deposits |  | Rate | ​
​ |  | (Dollars in thousands) | ​
Savings accounts | ​ | $ | 191,485 |  | 3.78 | % | 0.67 | % | $ | 210,022 |  | 4.23 | % | 0.72 | % | $ | 290,280 |  | 6.62 | % | 0.64 | %
NOW accounts | ​ |  | 1,365,591 |  | 26.95 |  | 1.47 | ​ |  | 1,300,852 |  | 26.22 |  | 1.53 | ​ |  | 1,333,232 |  | 30.42 |  | 0.83 | ​
Demand accounts (1) | ​ |  | 435,072 |  | 8.59 |  | 0.00 | ​ |  | 413,747 |  | 8.34 |  | — | ​ |  | 385,269 |  | 8.79 |  | — | ​
Mortgagors' escrow deposits | ​ |  | 44,375 |  | 0.88 |  | 0.28 | ​ |  | 44,861 |  | 0.90 |  | 0.23 | ​ |  | 42,606 |  | 0.97 |  | 0.25 | ​
Total | ​ |  | 2,036,523 |  | 40.20 |  | 1.05 | ​ |  | 1,969,482 |  | 39.70 |  | 1.10 | ​ |  | 2,051,387 |  | 46.80 |  | 0.65 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Money market accounts (2) | ​ |  | 1,592,011 |  | 31.42 |  | 1.87 | ​ |  | 1,427,992 |  | 28.79 |  | 1.93 | ​ |  | 979,958 |  | 22.36 |  | 1.05 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Certificate of deposit accounts with original maturities of: | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Less than 6 Months (3) | ​ |  | 140,939 |  | 2.78 |  | 1.86 | ​ |  | 67,472 |  | 1.36 |  | 2.05 | ​ |  | 113,306 |  | 2.59 |  | 1.30 | ​
6 to less than 12 Months | ​ |  | 257,408 |  | 5.08 |  | 1.85 | ​ |  | 72,928 |  | 1.47 |  | 2.25 | ​ |  | 8,201 |  | 0.19 |  | 0.14 | ​
12 to less than 30 Months (4) | ​ |  | 779,964 |  | 15.39 |  | 2.36 | ​ |  | 1,003,206 |  | 20.22 |  | 2.07 | ​ |  | 679,966 |  | 15.51 |  | 1.41 | ​
30 to less than 48 Months (5) | ​ |  | 117,028 |  | 2.31 |  | 2.24 | ​ |  | 126,041 |  | 2.54 |  | 2.16 | ​ |  | 163,739 |  | 3.74 |  | 1.51 | ​
48 to less than 72 Months (6) | ​ |  | 113,622 |  | 2.24 |  | 2.27 | ​ |  | 264,237 |  | 5.33 |  | 2.08 | ​ |  | 350,719 |  | 8.00 |  | 1.87 | ​
72 Months or more (7) | ​ |  | 28,929 |  | 0.57 |  | 3.13 | ​ |  | 29,426 |  | 0.59 |  | 3.07 | ​ |  | 36,002 |  | 0.82 |  | 2.92 | ​
Total certificate of deposit accounts | ​ |  | 1,437,890 |  | 28.38 |  | 2.22 | ​ |  | 1,563,310 |  | 31.51 |  | 2.10 | ​ |  | 1,351,933 |  | 30.84 |  | 1.57 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total deposits (8) | ​ | $ | 5,066,424 |  | 100.00 | % | 1.64 | % | $ | 4,960,784 |  | 100.00 | % | 1.65 | % | $ | 4,383,278 |  | 100.00 | % | 1.02 | %

(1) | Includes brokered deposits of $145.0 million and $4.7 million at December 31, 2019 and 2017. There were no brokered deposits in this category at December 31, 2018.

(2) | Includes brokered deposits of $704.9 million at December 31, 2017. There were no brokered deposits in this category at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

(3) | Includes brokered deposits of $138.3 million, $65.6 million and $111.9 million at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(4) | Includes brokered deposits of $31.1 million, $116.9 million and $74.3 million at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(5) | Includes brokered deposits of $49.7 million, $54.4 million and $88.6 million at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(6) | Includes brokered deposits of $24.6 million, $64.7 million and $103.1 million at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(7) | Includes brokered deposits of $0.1 million and $2.5 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. There were no brokered deposits in this category at December 31, 2019.

(8) | Include in the above balances are IRA and Keogh deposits totaling $68.8 million, $68.5 million and $65.5 million at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The following table presents by various rate categories, the amount of time deposit accounts outstanding at the dates indicated, and the years to maturity of the certificate accounts outstanding at the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | At December 31, 2019
​ |  | At December 31, |  | Within |  | One to | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | One Year |  | Three Years |  | Thereafter
​ |  | (In thousands)
Interest rate: | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
1.99% or less(1) | ​ | $ | 530,707 | ​ | $ | 535,127 | ​ | $ | 1,051,876 | ​ | $ | 490,440 | ​ | $ | 30,345 | ​ | $ | 9,922
2.00% to 2.99%(2) | ​ |  | 847,804 | ​ |  | 971,812 | ​ |  | 272,475 | ​ |  | 725,596 | ​ |  | 100,318 | ​ |  | 21,890
3.00% to 3.99% | ​ |  | 59,379 | ​ |  | 56,371 | ​ |  | 27,582 | ​ |  | 4,566 | ​ |  | 27,080 | ​ |  | 27,733
Total | ​ | $ | 1,437,890 | ​ | $ | 1,563,310 | ​ | $ | 1,351,933 | ​ | $ | 1,220,602 | ​ | $ | 157,743 | ​ | $ | 59,545

| (1) | Includes brokered deposits of $153.7 million, $76.8 million and $364.2 million at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

| (2) | Includes brokered deposits of $90.0 million, $224.9 million and $16.2 million at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

27

Table of Contents

The following table presents by remaining maturity categories the amount of certificate of deposit accounts with balances of $100,000 or more at December 31, 2019 and their annualized weighted average interest rates.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Weighted |
​ | ​ | Amount | ​ | Average Rate |
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) |
Maturity Period: |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Three months or less | ​ | $ | 341,959 |  | 2.42 | %
Over three through six months | ​ |  | 234,171 |  | 2.14 | ​
Over six through 12 months | ​ |  | 110,289 |  | 1.80 | ​
Over 12 months | ​ |  | 120,693 |  | 2.52 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 807,112 |  | 2.27 | %

​

The above table does not include brokered deposits issued in $1,000 amounts under a master certificate of deposit totaling $243.7 million with a weighted average rate of 2.14%.

The following table presents the deposit activity, including mortgagors’ escrow deposits, for the periods indicated.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ |  | (In thousands)
Net deposits | ​ | $ | 17,322 | ​ | $ | 512,558 | ​ | $ | 136,740
Amortization of premiums, net | ​ |  | 261 | ​ |  | 451 | ​ |  | 588
Interest on deposits | ​ |  | 88,057 | ​ |  | 64,497 | ​ |  | 40,319
Net increase in deposits | ​ | $ | 105,640 | ​ | $ | 577,506 | ​ | $ | 177,647

​

The following table sets forth the distribution of our average deposit accounts for the years indicated, the percentage of total deposit portfolio, and the average interest cost of each deposit category presented. Average balances for all years shown are derived from daily balances.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, |
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 | ​ | 2017 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Average | ​ | of Total | ​ | Average | ​ | Average | ​ | of Total | ​ | Average | ​ | Average | ​ | of Total | ​ | Average |
​ |  | Balance |  | Deposits |  | Cost |  | Balance |  | Deposits |  | Cost |  | Balance |  | Deposits |  | Cost |
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) |
Savings accounts | ​ | $ | 198,374 |  | 3.96 | % | 0.69 | % | $ | 233,392 |  | 4.93 | % | 0.59 | % | $ | 292,887 |  | 6.59 | % | 0.62 | %
NOW accounts | ​ |  | 1,434,440 |  | 28.61 |  | 1.64 | ​ |  | 1,407,945 |  | 29.73 |  | 1.13 | ​ |  | 1,444,944 |  | 32.49 |  | 0.67 | ​
Demand accounts | ​ |  | 407,450 |  | 8.13 |  | — | ​ |  | 380,889 |  | 8.04 |  | — | ​ |  | 348,518 |  | 7.84 |  | — | ​
Mortgagors' escrow deposits | ​ |  | 70,209 |  | 1.40 |  | 0.33 | ​ |  | 66,255 |  | 1.40 |  | 0.32 | ​ |  | 61,962 |  | 1.39 |  | 0.23 | ​
Total | ​ |  | 2,110,473 |  | 42.10 |  | 1.19 | ​ |  | 2,088,481 |  | 44.10 |  | 0.84 | ​ |  | 2,148,311 |  | 48.31 |  | 0.54 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Money market accounts | ​ |  | 1,370,038 |  | 27.33 |  | 2.03 | ​ |  | 1,164,505 |  | 24.59 |  | 1.61 | ​ |  | 908,025 |  | 20.42 |  | 0.90 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Certificate of deposit accounts | ​ |  | 1,532,440 |  | 30.57 |  | 2.29 | ​ |  | 1,483,026 |  | 31.31 |  | 1.91 | ​ |  | 1,390,491 |  | 31.27 |  | 1.48 | ​
Total deposits | ​ | $ | 5,012,951 |  | 100.00 | % | 1.76 | % | $ | 4,736,012 |  | 100.00 | % | 1.36 | % | $ | 4,446,827 |  | 100.00 | % | 0.91 | %

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Borrowings. Although deposits are our primary source of funds, we also use borrowings as an alternative and cost effective source of funds for lending, investing and other general purposes. The Bank is a member of, and is eligible to obtain advances from, the FHLB-NY. Such advances generally are secured by a blanket lien against the Bank’s mortgage portfolio and the Bank’s investment in the stock of the FHLB-NY. In addition, the Bank may pledge mortgage-backed securities to obtain advances from the FHLB-NY. See “— Regulation — Federal Home Loan Bank System.” The maximum amount that the FHLB-NY will advance fluctuates from time to time in accordance with the policies of the FHLB-NY. The Bank may also enter into repurchase agreements with broker-dealers and the FHLB-NY. These agreements are recorded as financing transactions and the obligations to repurchase are reflected as a liability in our consolidated financial statements. In addition, we issued junior subordinated debentures with a total par of $61.9 million in 2007. These junior subordinated debentures are carried at fair value in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition. In 2016, the Company issued subordinated debt with an aggregated principal amount of $75.0 million, receiving net proceeds totaling $73.4 million. The subordinated debt was issued at 5.25% fixed-to-floating rate maturing in 2026. The debt is callable at par quarterly through its maturity date beginning December 15, 2021.

The Company uses interest rate swaps on borrowings to help mitigate the impact interest rate increases have on our cost of funds. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had $541.5 million and $441.5 million, respectively, of interest rate swaps outstanding on borrowings. For the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the interest rate swaps on borrowings had an average cost of 2.21% and 2.15%, respectively.

The average cost of borrowings was 2.31%, 2.16% and 1.81% for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The average balances of borrowings were $1,251.5 million, $1,162.4 million and $1,169.8 million for the same years, respectively.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our borrowings at or for the periods ended on the dates indicated.

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At or for the years ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) |
FHLB-NY Advances | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average balance outstanding | ​ | $ | 1,133,025 | ​ | $ | 1,046,504 | ​ | $ | 1,058,466 | ​
Maximum amount outstanding at any month end during the period | ​ |  | 1,334,304 | ​ |  | 1,137,318 | ​ |  | 1,317,087 | ​
Balance outstanding at the end of period | ​ |  | 1,118,528 | ​ |  | 1,134,994 | ​ |  | 1,198,968 | ​
Weighted average interest rate during the period | ​ |  | 2.06 | % |  | 1.77 | % |  | 1.38 | %
Weighted average interest rate at end of period | ​ |  | 1.85 | ​ |  | 2.09 | ​ |  | 1.49 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other Borrowings | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Average balance outstanding | ​ | $ | 118,427 | ​ | $ | 115,925 | ​ | $ | 111,325 | ​
Maximum amount outstanding at any month end during the period | ​ |  | 152,224 | ​ |  | 115,849 | ​ |  | 110,685 | ​
Balance outstanding at the end of period | ​ |  | 118,703 | ​ |  | 115,849 | ​ |  | 110,685 | ​
Weighted average interest rate during the period | ​ |  | 4.74 | % |  | 5.66 | % |  | 5.86 | %
Weighted average interest rate at end of period | ​ |  | 5.06 | ​ |  | 5.59 | ​ |  | 5.18 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Borrowings | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Average balance outstanding | ​ | $ | 1,251,452 | ​ | $ | 1,162,429 | ​ | $ | 1,169,791 | ​
Maximum amount outstanding at any month end during the period | ​ |  | 1,452,490 | ​ |  | 1,250,843 | ​ |  | 1,427,772 | ​
Balance outstanding at the end of period | ​ |  | 1,237,231 | ​ |  | 1,250,843 | ​ |  | 1,309,653 | ​
Weighted average interest rate during the period | ​ |  | 2.31 | % |  | 2.16 | % |  | 1.81 | %
Weighted average interest rate at end of period | ​ |  | 2.16 | ​ |  | 2.41 | ​ |  | 1.80 | ​

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Subsidiary Activities

At December 31, 2019, the Holding Company had four wholly owned subsidiaries: the Bank and the Trusts. In addition, the Bank had three wholly owned subsidiaries: FSB Properties Inc., Flushing Preferred Funding Corporation (“FPFC”), and Flushing Service Corporation.

| ● | FSB Properties Inc., which is incorporated in the State of New York, was formed in 1976 with the original purpose of engaging in joint venture real estate equity investments. These activities were discontinued in 1986 and no joint venture property remains. FSB Properties Inc. is currently used solely to hold title to real estate owned that is obtained via foreclosure.

| ● | Flushing Preferred Funding Corporation, which is incorporated in the State of Delaware, was formed in 1997 as a real estate investment trust for the purpose of acquiring, holding and managing real estate mortgage assets. It also is available as an additional vehicle for access by the Company to the capital markets for future opportunities.

| ● | Flushing Service Corporation, which is incorporated in the State of New York, was formed in 1998 to market insurance products and mutual funds.

Personnel

At December 31, 2019, we had 453 full-time employees and 21 part-time employees. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining unit, and we consider our relationship with our employees to be good. At the present time, the Holding Company only employs certain officers of the Bank. These employees do not receive any extra compensation as officers of the Holding Company.

Omnibus Incentive Plan

The 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (“2014 Omnibus Plan”) became effective on May 20, 2014 after adoption by the Board of Directors and approval by the stockholders. The 2014 Omnibus Plan authorizes the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”) to grant a variety of equity compensation awards as well as long-term and annual cash incentive awards. The 2014 Omnibus Plan authorizes the issuance of 1,100,000 shares. To the extent that an award under the 2014 Omnibus Plan is cancelled, expired, forfeited, settled in cash, settled by issuance of fewer shares than the number underlying the award, or otherwise terminated without delivery of shares to a participant in payment of the exercise price or taxes relating to an award, the shares retained by or returned to the Company will be available for future issuance under the 2014 Omnibus Plan. On May 31, 2017, stockholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Omnibus Plan (the “Amendment”) authorizing an additional 672,000 shares available for future issuance. In addition, to increasing the number of shares for future grants, the Amendment eliminated, in the case of stock options and SARs, the ability to recycle shares used to satisfy the exercise price or taxes for such awards. No other amendments to the 2014 Omnibus Plan were made. Including the additional shares authorized from the Amendment, 497,860 shares are available for future issuance under the 2014 Omnibus Plan at December 31, 2019.

For additional information concerning this plan, see “Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

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REGULATION

General

The Bank is a New York State-chartered commercial bank and its deposit accounts are insured under the Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) up to applicable legal limits. The Bank is subject to extensive regulation and supervision by the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”), as its chartering agency, by the FDIC, as its insurer of deposits, and to a lesser extent by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”), which was created under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) in 2011 to implement and enforce consumer protection laws applying to banks. The Bank must file reports with the NYDFS, the FDIC, and the CFPB concerning its activities and financial condition, in addition to obtaining regulatory approvals prior to entering into certain transactions such as mergers with, or acquisitions of, other depository institutions. Furthermore, the Bank is periodically examined by the NYDFS and the FDIC to assess compliance with various regulatory requirements, including safety and soundness considerations. This regulation and supervision establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which a commercial bank can engage, and is intended primarily for the protection of the insurance fund and depositors. The regulatory structure also gives the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with its supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss allowances for regulatory purposes. Any change in such regulation, whether by the NYDFS, the FDIC, or through legislation, could have a material adverse impact on the Company, the Bank and its operations, and the Company’s shareholders. While the regulatory environment has entered a period of rebalancing of the post financial crisis framework, we expect that our business will remain subject to extensive regulation and supervision.

The Company is required to file certain reports under, and otherwise comply with, the rules and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors (the “FRB”), the FDIC, the NYDFS, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) under federal securities laws. In addition, the FRB periodically examines the Company. Certain of the regulatory requirements applicable to the Bank and the Company are referred to below or elsewhere herein. However, such discussion is not meant to be a complete explanation of all laws and regulations and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the actual laws and regulations.

The Dodd-Frank Act

The Dodd-Frank Act has significantly impacted the current bank regulatory structure and is expected to continue to affect, into the immediate future, the lending and investment activities and general operations of depository institutions and their holding companies. In addition to creating the CFPB, the Dodd-Frank Act requires the FRB to establish minimum consolidated capital requirements for bank holding companies that are as stringent as those required for insured depository institutions; the components of Tier 1 capital will be restricted to capital instruments that are currently considered to be Tier 1 capital for insured depository institutions. In addition, the proceeds of trust preferred securities will be excluded from Tier 1 capital unless (i) such securities are issued by bank holding companies with assets of less than $500 million, or (ii) such securities were issued prior to May 19, 2010 by bank or savings and loan holding companies with assets of less than $15 billion. The Dodd-Frank Act created a new supervisory structure for oversight of the U.S. financial system, including the establishment of a new council of regulators, the Financial Stability Oversight Council, to monitor and address systemic risks to the financial system. Non-bank financial companies that are deemed to be significant to the stability of the U.S. financial system and all bank holding companies with $50 billion or more in total consolidated assets will be subject to heightened supervision and regulation. The FRB will implement prudential requirements and prompt corrective action procedures for such companies.

The Dodd-Frank Act made many additional changes in banking regulation, including: authorizing depository institutions, for the first time, to pay interest on business checking accounts; requiring originators of securitized loans to retain a percentage of the risk for transferred loans; establishing regulatory rate-setting for certain debit card interchange fees; and establishing a number of reforms for mortgage lending and consumer protection.

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The Dodd-Frank Act also broadened the base for FDIC insurance assessments not to be based on deposits, but on the average consolidated total assets less the tangible equity capital of an insured institution. The Dodd-Frank Act also permanently increased the maximum amount of deposit insurance for banks, savings institutions, and credit unions to $250,000 per depositor.

Some of the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act are not yet in effect. The Dodd-Frank Act requires various federal agencies to promulgate numerous and extensive implementing regulations over the next several years.

Basel III

On January 1, 2015, the Company and the Bank became subject to a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations that was issued by the FDIC and FRB in July 2013 (the “Basel III Capital Rules”), subject to phase-in periods for certain components and other provisions. Under the Basel III Capital Rules, the minimum capital ratios effective as of January 1, 2015 are:

| ● | 4.5% Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) to risk-weighted assets;

| ● | 6.0% Tier 1 capital that is CET1 plus Additional Tier 1 capital) to risk-weighted assets;

| ● | 8.0% Total Capital that is, Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets; and

| ● | 4.0% Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets as reported on consolidated financial statements (known as the “leverage ratio”).

The Basel III Capital Rules also introduced a “capital conservation buffer,” composed entirely of CET1, on top of these minimum risk-weighted asset ratios. The implementation of the capital conservation buffer began on January 1, 2016 at the 0.625% level and increased by 0.625% on each subsequent January 1, until January 1, 2019, when it reached 2.5%. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets below the effective minimum (4.5% plus the capital conservation buffer) will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. As of December 31, 2019, the Company and the Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements under the fully phased-in Basel III Capital Rules.

Together with the FDIC, the Federal Reserve has issued proposed rules that would simplify the capital treatment of certain capital deductions and adjustments, and the final phase-in period for these capital deductions and adjustments has been indefinitely delayed. In addition, in December 2018, the federal banking agencies finalized rules that would permit bank holding companies and banks to phase-in, for regulatory capital purposes, the day-one impact of the new current expected credit loss accounting rule on retained earnings over a period of three years.

Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act

The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (The “Economic Growth Act”), which was signed into law on May 24, 2018, scales back certain requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act and provides other regulatory relief. Title II of the Economic Growth Act provides regulatory relief to community banks, which are generally characterized in the statute as banking organizations with less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets and with limited trading activities. The Economic Growth Act requires the federal banking agencies to develop a “community bank leverage ratio” (the ratio of a bank’s tangible equity capital to average total consolidated assets) for financial institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. A financial institution can elect to be subject to this new definition. The federal banking agencies must set the minimum capital for this ratio at not less than 8% and not more than 10%. A community bank that exceeds this ratio will be deemed to be in compliance with all other capital and leverage requirements, including the capital requirements to be considered “well capitalized” under the statutes that provide for prompt corrective action classifying insured depository institutions into five categories based on their relative capital levels. The federal banking agencies may consider a financial institution’s risk profile when evaluating whether it qualifies as a community bank for purposes of the capital ratio requirement. See “FDIC Regulations – Prompt Corrective Regulatory Action.”

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The Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”) is the commonly used name for Title I of the Consumer Credit Protection Act, passed by Congress in 1968, which is the consumer protection law specifying what information lenders must share with borrowers before giving them a loan or line of credit. This information includes the annual percentage rate, loan terms, and total cost of the loan. Section 101 of the Economic Growth Act amends the TILA to add a safe harbor for "plain vanilla" mortgage loans originated by banking organizations and credit unions with less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets under existing qualified mortgage and ability to pay rules. This amendment would allow community banks to exercise greater discretion in lending decisions.

Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act, commonly referred to as the “Volcker Rule,” generally prohibits insured depository institutions and any company affiliated with an insured depository institution from engaging in proprietary trading and from acquiring or retaining ownership interests in, sponsoring, or having certain relationships with a hedge fund or private equity fund. These prohibitions are subject to a number of statutory exemptions, restrictions, and definitions. Under the Economic Growth Act, community banks are now exempt from the Volcker Rule and its proprietary trading prohibitions.

New York State Law

The Bank derives its lending, investment, and other authority primarily from the applicable provisions of New York State Banking Law and the regulations of the NYDFS, as limited by FDIC regulations. Under these laws and regulations, banks, including the Bank, may invest in real estate mortgages, consumer and commercial loans, certain types of debt securities (including certain corporate debt securities, and obligations of federal, state, and local governments and agencies), certain types of corporate equity securities, and certain other assets. The lending powers of New York State-chartered commercial banks are not subject to percentage-of-assets or capital limitations, although there are limits applicable to loans to individual borrowers.

The exercise by an FDIC-insured commercial bank of the lending and investment powers under New York State Banking Law is limited by FDIC regulations and other federal laws and regulations. In particular, the applicable provisions of New York State Banking Law and regulations governing the investment authority and activities of an FDIC-insured state-chartered savings bank and commercial bank have been effectively limited by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”) and the FDIC regulations issued pursuant thereto.

With certain limited exceptions, a New York State-chartered commercial bank may not make loans or extend credit for commercial, corporate, or business purposes (including lease financing) to a single borrower, the aggregate amount of which would be in excess of 15% of the bank’s net worth or up to 25% for loans secured by collateral having an ascertainable market value at least equal to the excess of such loans over the bank’s net worth. The Bank currently complies with all applicable loans-to-one-borrower limitations. At December 31, 2019, the Bank’s largest aggregate amount of loans to one borrower was $84.5 million, all of which were performing according to their terms. See “— General — Lending Activities.”

Under New York State Banking Law, New York State-chartered stock-form commercial banks may declare and pay dividends out of its net profits, unless there is an impairment of capital, but approval of the NYDFS Superintendent (the “Superintendent”) is required if the total of all dividends declared by the bank in a calendar year would exceed the total of its net profits for that year combined with its retained net profits for the preceding two years less prior dividends paid.

New York State Banking Law gives the Superintendent authority to issue an order to a New York State-chartered banking institution to appear and explain an apparent violation of law, to discontinue unauthorized or unsafe practices, and to keep prescribed books and accounts. Upon a finding by the NYDFS that any director, trustee, or officer of any banking organization has violated any law, or has continued unauthorized or unsafe practices in conducting the business of the banking organization after having been notified by the Superintendent to discontinue such practices, such director, trustee, or officer may be removed from office after notice and opportunity to be heard. The Superintendent also has authority to appoint a conservator or a receiver for a savings or commercial bank under certain circumstances.

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On February 16, 2017, the NYDFS issued the final version of its cybersecurity regulation, which has an effective date of March 1, 2017. The regulation, which is detailed and broad in scope, covers five basic areas.

Governance: The regulation requires senior management and boards of directors must adopt a cybersecurity policy for protecting information systems and most sensitive information. Covered companies must also designate a Chief Information Security Officer, who must report to the board annually. The cybersecurity policy was required to be in place, and the security officer designated, by August 28, 2017. Commencing September 4, 2018, we were required to have commenced mandatory annual reporting to the board by the Chief Information Security Officer concerning critical aspects of our cybersecurity program.

Testing: The regulation requires the conduct of cybersecurity tests and analyses, including a “risk assessment” to “evaluate and categorize risks,” evaluate the integrity and confidentiality of information systems and non-public information, and develop a process to mitigate any identified risks. These tests and assessments were required to be conducted by March 1, 2018.

Ongoing Requirements: The regulation imposes substantial day-to-day and technical requirements. Among others, we must develop and/or maintain access controls for our information systems, ensure the physical security of our computer systems, encrypt or protect personally identifiable information, perform reviews of in-house and externally created applications, train employees, and build an audit trail system. The timeline to ensure compliance with these rules ranges from one year to eighteen months.

Vendors: The new regulation also regulates third-party vendors with access to our information technology or non-public information. We will be required to develop and implement written policies and procedures to ensure the security of our information technology systems or non-public information that can be accessed by our vendors, including identifying the risks from third-party access, imposing minimum cybersecurity practices for vendors, and creating a due-diligence process for evaluating those vendors. We will have two years to satisfy these extensive requirements.

Reports: The new regulation imposes a notification process for any material cybersecurity event. Within 72 hours, a cybersecurity event that has a “reasonable likelihood” of “materially harming” us or that must be reported to another government or self-regulating agency must be reported to the NYDFS. In addition, an annual compliance certification to the NYDFS from either the board or a senior officer is required.

FDIC Regulations

Capital Requirements. The FDIC has adopted risk-based capital guidelines to which the Bank is subject. The guidelines establish a systematic analytical framework that makes regulatory capital requirements sensitive to differences in risk profiles among banking organizations. The Bank is required to maintain certain levels of regulatory capital in relation to regulatory risk-weighted assets. The ratio of such regulatory capital to regulatory risk-weighted assets is referred to as a “risk-based capital ratio.” Risk-based capital ratios are determined by allocating assets and specified off-balance-sheet items to risk-weighted categories ranging from 0% to 1,250%, with higher levels of capital being required for the categories perceived as representing greater risk.

These guidelines divide an institution’s capital into two tiers. The first tier (“Tier 1”) includes common equity, retained earnings, certain non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock (excluding auction rate issues), and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries, less goodwill and other intangible assets (except mortgage servicing rights and purchased credit card relationships subject to certain limitations). Supplementary (“Tier 2”) capital includes, among other items, cumulative perpetual and long-term limited-life preferred stock, mandatorily convertible securities, certain hybrid capital instruments, term subordinated debt, and the ALL, subject to certain limitations, and up to 45% of pre-tax net unrealized gains on equity securities with readily determinable fair market values, less required deductions. See “Prompt Corrective Regulatory Action” below.

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The regulatory capital regulations of the FDIC and other federal banking agencies provide that the agencies will take into account the exposure of an institution’s capital and economic value to changes in interest rate risk in assessing capital adequacy. According to such agencies, applicable considerations include the quality of the institution’s interest rate risk management process, overall financial condition, and the level of other risks at the institution for which capital is needed. Institutions with significant interest rate risk may be required to hold additional capital. The agencies have issued a joint policy statement providing guidance on interest rate risk management, including a discussion of the critical factors affecting the agencies’ evaluation of interest rate risk in connection with capital adequacy. Institutions that engage in specified amounts of trading activity may be subject to adjustments in the calculation of the risk-based capital requirement to assure sufficient additional capital to support market risk.

Standards for Safety and Soundness. Federal law requires each federal banking agency to prescribe, for the depository institutions under its jurisdiction, standards that relate to, among other things, internal controls; information and audit systems; loan documentation; credit underwriting; the monitoring of interest rate risk; asset growth; compensation; fees and benefits; and such other operational and managerial standards as the agency deems appropriate. The federal banking agencies adopted final regulations and Interagency Guidelines Establishing Standards for Safety and Soundness (the “Guidelines”) to implement these safety and soundness standards. The Guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the Guidelines, the agency may require the institution to provide it with an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard, as required by the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended, (the “FDI Act”). The final regulations establish deadlines for the submission and review of such safety and soundness compliance plans.

Real Estate Lending Standards. The FDIC and the other federal banking agencies have adopted regulations that prescribe standards for extensions of credit that are (i) secured by real estate, or (ii) made for the purpose of financing construction or improvements on real estate. The FDIC regulations require each institution to establish and maintain written internal real estate lending standards that are consistent with safe and sound banking practices, and appropriate to the size of the institution and the nature and scope of its real estate lending activities. The standards also must be consistent with accompanying FDIC guidelines, which include loan-to-value limitations for the different types of real estate loans. Institutions are also permitted to make a limited amount of loans that do not conform to the proposed loan-to-value limitations so long as such exceptions are reviewed and justified appropriately. The FDIC guidelines also list a number of lending situations in which exceptions to the loan-to-value standard are justified.

Dividend Limitations. The FDIC has authority to use its enforcement powers to prohibit a commercial bank from paying dividends if, in its opinion, the payment of dividends would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice. Federal law prohibits the payment of dividends that will result in the institution failing to meet applicable capital requirements on a pro forma basis. The Bank is also subject to dividend declaration restrictions imposed by New York State law as previously discussed under “New York State Law.”

Investment Activities. Since the enactment of FDICIA, all state-chartered financial institutions, including commercial banks and their subsidiaries, have generally been limited to such activities as principal and equity investments of the type, and in the amount, authorized for national banks. State law, FDICIA, and FDIC regulations permit certain exceptions to these limitations. In addition, the FDIC is authorized to permit institutions to engage in state-authorized activities or investments not permitted for national banks (other than non-subsidiary equity investments) for institutions that meet all applicable capital requirements if it is determined that such activities or investments do not pose a significant risk to the insurance fund. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 and FDIC regulations impose certain quantitative and qualitative restrictions on such activities and on a bank’s dealings with a subsidiary that engages in specified activities.

Prompt Corrective Regulatory Action. Federal law requires, among other things, that federal bank regulatory authorities take “prompt corrective action” with respect to institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For such purposes, the law establishes five capital tiers: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized.

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The FDIC has adopted regulations to implement prompt corrective action. Among other things, the regulations define the relevant capital measures for the five capital categories. An institution is deemed to be “well capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8% or greater, a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.5% and a leverage capital ratio of 5% or greater, and is not subject to a regulatory order, agreement, or directive to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure. An institution is deemed to be “adequately capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6% or greater, a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5% or greater and a leverage capital ratio of 4% or greater. An institution is deemed to be “undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6%, a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.5% or a leverage capital ratio of less than 4%. An institution is deemed to be “significantly undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4% a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 3%, or a leverage capital ratio of less than 3%. An institution is deemed to be “critically undercapitalized” if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2%. For a summary of the regulatory capital ratios of the Bank at December 31, 2019, see “Note 14 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in Item 8 of this Annual Report. An institution may be downgraded to, or deemed to be in, a capital category that is lower than indicated by its capital ratios if it is determined to be in an unsafe or unsound condition or if it receives an unsatisfactory examination rating with respect to certain matters. A bank’s capital category is determined solely for the purpose of applying prompt corrective action regulations, and the capital category may not constitute an accurate representation of the bank’s overall financial condition or prospects for other purposes.

Insurance of Deposit Accounts. The Dodd-Frank Act made permanent the standard maximum amount of FDIC deposit insurance at $250,000 per depositor. In addition, the deposits of the Bank are insured up to applicable limits by the DIF. In this regard, insured depository institutions are required to pay quarterly deposit insurance assessments to the DIF. Assessments are based on average total assets minus average tangible equity. Through the second quarter of 2016, the assessment rate was determined through a risk-based system. For depository institutions with less than $10 billion in assets, such as the Bank, under the FDIC’s risk-based assessment system, insured institutions were assigned to one of four risk categories based upon supervisory evaluations, regulatory capital level, and certain other factors, with less risky institutions paying lower assessments. Through the second quarter of 2016, an institution’s assessment rate depended upon the category to which it was assigned and certain other factors. The initial base assessment rate ranged from five to 35 basis points on an annualized basis. The initial base assessment rate decreased depending on the institution’s ratio of long-term unsecured debt to its assessment base (with such decrease not to exceed the lesser of five basis points or 50% of the initial base assessment rate) and, for institutions not in the highest risk category, increased if the institution’s brokered deposits are more than ten percent of its domestic deposits (with such increase not to exceed ten basis points). Through the second quarter of 2016, the total base assessment rate was therefore from 2.5 to 45 basis points on an annualized basis.

Under a final rule adopted in April 2016, effective in the third quarter of 2016, the risk based system was amended for banks with less than $10 billion in assets that have been FDIC-insured for at least five years. The final rule replaced the four risk categories for determining such a bank’s assessment rate with a financial ratios method based on a statistical model estimating the bank’s probability of failure over three years utilizing seven financial ratios (leverage ratio; net income before taxes/total assets; nonperforming loans and leases/gross assets; other real estate owned/gross assets; brokered deposit ratio; one year asset growth; and loan mix index) and a weighted average of supervisory ratings components. The final rule also eliminated the brokered deposit downward adjustment factor for such banks’ assessment rates, providing a new brokered deposit ratio applicable to all small banks, whereby brokered deposits in excess of 10% of total assets (inclusive of reciprocal deposits if a bank is not well capitalized or has a composite supervisory rating other than a 1 or 2) as a result of which assessment rates may be increased for banks which experience rapid growth; lowers the range of assessment rates authorized to 1.5 basis points for an institution posing the least risk, to 40 basis points for an institution posing the most risk; and will further lower the range of assessment rates if the reserve ratio of the DIF increases to 2% or more. Banks with over $10 billion in assets are required to pay a surcharge of 4.5 basis points on their assessment basis, subject to certain adjustments. The FDIC may also impose special assessments from time to time. At December 31, 2019, the Bank had $388.8 million in brokered deposit accounts.

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FDIC deposit insurance expense includes deposit insurance assessments and Financing Corporation (“FICO”) assessments related to outstanding bonds issued by FICO in the late 1980s to recapitalize the now defunct Federal Savings & Loan Insurance Corporation. The Bank paid $18,000, $175,000 and $289,000 for their share of the interest due on FICO bonds in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which is included in FDIC insurance expense. On March, 29, 2019, the FDIC collected the last FICO assessment. In 2019, small banks (total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion) were awarded assessment credits for the portion of their assessments that contributed to the growth in the Reserve Ratio from 1.15% to 1.35%. The Bank’s assessment credit totaled $1.6 million, all of which was recorded in 2019, as a reduction to FDIC deposit insurance expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Transactions with Affiliates

Under current federal law, transactions between depository institutions and their affiliates are governed by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and the FRB’s Regulation W promulgated thereunder. An affiliate of a commercial bank is any company or entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, the institution, other than a subsidiary. Generally, an institution’s subsidiaries are not treated as affiliates unless they are engaged in activities as principal that are not permissible for national banks. In a holding company context, at a minimum, the parent holding company of an institution, and any companies that are controlled by such parent holding company, are affiliates of the institution. Generally, Section 23A limits the extent to which the institution or its subsidiaries may engage in “covered transactions” with any one affiliate to an amount equal to 10% of the institution’s capital stock and surplus, and contains an aggregate limit on all such transactions with all affiliates to an amount equal to 20% of such capital stock and surplus. The term “covered transaction” includes the making of loans or other extensions of credit to an affiliate; the purchase of assets from an affiliate; the purchase of, or an investment in, the securities of an affiliate; the acceptance of securities of an affiliate as collateral for a loan or extension of credit to any person; or issuance of a guarantee, acceptance, or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate. Section 23A also establishes specific collateral requirements for loans or extensions of credit to, or guarantees or acceptances on letters of credit issued on behalf of, an affiliate. Section 23B requires that covered transactions and a broad list of other specified transactions be on terms substantially the same as, or at least as favorable to, the institution or its subsidiary as similar transactions with non-affiliates.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 generally prohibits loans by the Company to its executive officers and directors. However, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act contains a specific exemption for loans by an institution to its executive officers and directors in compliance with federal banking laws. Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act, and FRB Regulation O adopted thereunder, governs loans by a savings bank or commercial bank to directors, executive officers, and principal shareholders. Under Section 22(h), loans to directors, executive officers, and shareholders who control, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of voting securities of an institution, and certain related interests of any of the foregoing, may not exceed, together with all other outstanding loans to such persons and affiliated entities, the institution’s total capital and surplus. Section 22(h) also prohibits loans above amounts prescribed by the appropriate federal banking agency to directors, executive officers, and shareholders who control 10% or more of the voting securities of an institution, and its respective related interests, unless such loan is approved in advance by a majority of the board of the institution’s directors. Any “interested” director may not participate in the voting. The loan amount (which includes all other outstanding loans to such person) as to which such prior board of director approval is required, is the greater of $25,000 or 5% of capital and surplus or any loans aggregating over $500,000. Further, pursuant to Section 22(h), loans to directors, executive officers, and principal shareholders must be made on terms substantially the same as those offered in comparable transactions to other persons. There is an exception for loans made pursuant to a benefit or compensation program that is widely available to all employees of the institution and does not give preference to executive officers over other employees. Section 22(g) of the Federal Reserve Act places additional limitations on loans to executive officers.

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Community Reinvestment Act

Federal Regulation. Under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”), as implemented by FDIC regulations, an institution has a continuing and affirmative obligation consistent with its safe and sound operation to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low and moderate income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions, nor does it limit an institution’s discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community, consistent with the CRA. The CRA requires the FDIC, in connection with its examinations, to assess the institution’s record of meeting the credit needs of its community and to take such record into account in its evaluation of certain applications by such institution. The CRA requires public disclosure of an institution’s CRA rating and further requires the FDIC to provide a written evaluation of an institution’s CRA performance utilizing a four-tiered descriptive rating system. The Bank received a CRA rating of “Outstanding” in its most recent completed CRA examination, which was completed as of June 25, 2018. Institutions that receive less than a satisfactory rating may face difficulties in securing approval for new activities or acquisitions. The CRA requires all institutions to make public disclosures of their CRA ratings.

New York State Regulation. The Bank is also subject to provisions of the New York State Banking Law that impose continuing and affirmative obligations upon a banking institution organized in New York State to serve the credit needs of its local community (the “NYCRA”). Such obligations are substantially similar to those imposed by the CRA. The NYCRA requires the NYDFS to make a periodic written assessment of an institution’s compliance with the NYCRA, utilizing a four-tiered rating system, and to make such assessment available to the public. The NYCRA also requires the Superintendent to consider the NYCRA rating when reviewing an application to engage in certain transactions, including mergers, asset purchases, and the establishment of branch offices or ATMs, and provides that such assessment may serve as a basis for the denial of any such application.

Federal Reserve System

Under FRB regulations, the Bank is required to maintain cash reserves against its transaction accounts (primarily interest-bearing demand deposit accounts and demand deposit accounts). The FRB regulations generally require that reserves be maintained against aggregate transaction accounts as follows: for that portion of transaction accounts aggregating between $16.3 million and $124.2 million (subject to adjustment by the FRB), the reserve requirement is 3%; for amounts greater than $124.2 million, the reserve requirement is 10% (subject to adjustment by the FRB between 8% and 14%). The first $16.3 million of otherwise reservable balances (subject to adjustments by the FRB) are exempted from the reserve requirements. The Bank is in compliance with the foregoing requirements.

Federal Home Loan Bank System

The Bank is a member of the FHLB-NY, one of 11 regional FHLBs comprising the FHLB system. Each regional FHLB manages its customer relationships, while the 11 FHLBs use its combined size and strength to obtain its necessary funding at the lowest possible cost. As a member of the FHLB-NY, the Bank is required to acquire and hold shares of FHLB-NY capital stock. Pursuant to this requirement, at December 31, 2019, the Bank was required to maintain $56.9 million of FHLB-NY stock.

Holding Company Regulations

The Company is subject to examination, regulation, and periodic reporting under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”), as administered by the FRB. The Company is required to obtain the prior approval of the FRB to acquire all, or substantially all, of the assets of any bank or bank holding company. Prior FRB approval would be required for the Company to acquire direct or indirect ownership or control of any voting securities of any bank or bank holding company if, after giving effect to such acquisition, it would, directly or indirectly, own or control more than 5% of any class of voting shares of such bank or bank holding company. In addition before any bank acquisition can be completed, prior approval thereof may also be required to be obtained from other agencies having supervisory jurisdiction over the bank to be acquired, including the NYDFS.

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FRB regulations generally prohibit a bank holding company from engaging in, or acquiring, direct or indirect control of more than 5% of the voting securities of any company engaged in non-banking activities. One of the principal exceptions to this prohibition is for activities found by the FRB to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling Bank as to be a proper incident thereto. Some of the principal activities that the FRB has determined by regulation to be so closely related to banking are: (i) making or servicing loans; (ii) performing certain data processing services; (iii) providing discount brokerage services; (iv) acting as fiduciary, investment, or financial advisor; (v) leasing personal or real property; (vi) making investments in corporations or projects designed primarily to promote community welfare; and (vii) acquiring a savings and loan association.

The FRB has adopted capital adequacy guidelines for bank holding companies (on a consolidated basis). At December 31, 2019, the Company’s consolidated capital exceeded these requirements. The Dodd-Frank Act required the FRB to issue consolidated regulatory capital requirements for bank holding companies that are at least as stringent as those applicable to insured depository institutions. Such regulations eliminated the use of certain instruments, such as cumulative preferred stock and trust preferred securities, as Tier 1 holding company capital.

Bank holding companies are generally required to give the FRB prior written notice of any purchase or redemption of its outstanding equity securities if the gross consideration for the purchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such purchases or redemptions during the preceding twelve months, is equal to 10% or more of the Company’s consolidated net worth. The FRB may disapprove such a purchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice, or would violate any law, regulation, FRB order or directive, or any condition imposed by, or written agreement with, the FRB. The FRB has adopted an exception to this approval requirement for well-capitalized bank holding companies that meet certain other conditions.

The FRB has issued a policy statement regarding the payment of dividends by bank holding companies. In general, the FRB’s policies provide that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the bank holding company appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality, and overall financial condition. The FRB’s policies also require that a bank holding company serve as a source of financial strength to its subsidiary banks by standing ready to use available resources to provide adequate capital funds to those banks during periods of financial stress or adversity, and by maintaining the financial flexibility and capital-raising capacity to obtain additional resources for assisting its subsidiary banks where necessary. The Dodd-Frank Act codifies the source of financial strength policy and requires regulations to facilitate its application. Under the prompt corrective action laws, the ability of a bank holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. These regulatory policies could affect the ability of the Company to pay dividends or otherwise engage in capital distributions.

Under the FDI Act, a depository institution may be liable to the FDIC for losses caused the DIF if a commonly controlled depository institution were to fail. The Bank is commonly controlled within the meaning of that law.

The status of the Company as a registered bank holding company under the BHCA does not exempt it from certain federal and state laws and regulations applicable to corporations generally, including, without limitation, certain provisions of the federal securities laws.

The Company, the Bank, and their respective affiliates will be affected by the monetary and fiscal policies of various agencies of the United States Government, including the Federal Reserve System. In view of changing conditions in the national economy and in the money markets, it is difficult for management to accurately predict future changes in monetary policy or the effect of such changes on the business or financial condition of the Company or the Bank.

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Acquisition of the Holding Company

Under the Federal Change in Bank Control Act (“CIBCA”), a notice must be submitted to the FRB if any person (including a company), or group acting in concert, seeks to acquire 10% or more of the Company’s shares of outstanding common stock, unless the FRB has found that the acquisition will not result in a change in control of the Company. Under the CIBCA, the FRB generally has 60 days within which to act on such notices, taking into consideration certain factors, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer; the convenience and needs of the communities served by the Company and the Bank; and the anti-trust effects of the acquisition. Under the BHCA, any company would be required to obtain approval from the FRB before it may obtain “control” of the Company within the meaning of the BHCA. Control generally is defined to mean the ownership or power to vote 25% or more of any class of voting securities of the Company or the ability to control in any manner the election of a majority of the Company’s directors. An existing bank holding company would, under the BHCA, be required to obtain the FRB’s approval before acquiring more than 5% of the Company’s voting stock. In addition to the CIBCA and the BHCA, New York State Banking Law generally requires prior approval of the New York State Banking Board before any action is taken that causes any company to acquire direct or indirect control of a banking institution that is organized in New York.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

Created under the Dodd-Frank Act, and given extensive implementation and enforcement powers, the CFPB has broad rulemaking authority for a wide range of consumer financial laws that apply to all banks, including, among other things, the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive, or abusive” acts and practices. Abusive acts or practices are defined as those that (1) materially interfere with a consumer’s ability to understand a term or condition of a consumer financial product or service, or (2) take unreasonable advantage of a consumer’s (a) lack of financial savvy, (b) inability to protect himself in the selection or use of consumer financial products or services, or (c) reasonable reliance on a covered entity to act in the consumer’s interests. The CFPB has the authority to investigate possible violations of federal consumer financial law, hold hearings and commence civil litigation. The CFPB can issue cease-and-desist orders against banks and other entities that violate consumer financial laws. The CFPB may also institute a civil action against an entity in violation of federal consumer financial law in order to impose a civil penalty or an injunction.

Mortgage Banking and Related Consumer Protection Regulations

The retail activities of the Bank, including lending and the acceptance of deposits, are subject to a variety of statutes and regulations designed to protect consumers. Interest and other charges collected or contracted for by the Bank are subject to state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates. Loan operations are also subject to federal laws applicable to credit transactions, such as:

| ● | The federal Truth-In-Lending Act and Regulation Z issued by the FRB, governing disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers;

| ● | The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and Regulation C issued by the FRB, requiring financial institutions to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether a financial institution is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the community it serves;

| ● | The Equal Credit Opportunity Act and Regulation B issued by the FRB, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors in extending credit;

| ● | The Fair Credit Reporting Act and Regulation V issued by the FRB, governing the use and provision of information to consumer reporting agencies;

| ● | The Fair Debt Collection Act, governing the manner in which consumer debts may be collected by collection agencies; and

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| ● | The guidance of the various federal agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing such federal laws.

Deposit operations also are subject to:

| ● | The Truth in Savings Act and Regulation DD issued by the FRB, which requires disclosure of deposit terms to consumers;

| ● | Regulation CC issued by the FRB, which relates to the availability of deposit funds to consumers;

| ● | The Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain the confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records; and

| ● | The Electronic Funds Transfer Act and Regulation E issued by the FRB, which governs automatic deposits to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and customers’ rights and liabilities arising from the use of automated teller machines and other electronic banking services.

In addition, the Bank and its subsidiaries may also be subject to certain state laws and regulations designed to protect consumers.

Many of the foregoing laws and regulations are subject to change resulting from the provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act, which in many cases calls for revisions to implementing regulations. In addition, oversight responsibilities of these and other consumer protection laws and regulations will, in large measure, transfer from the Bank’s primary regulators to the CFPB. We cannot predict the effect that being regulated by a new, additional regulatory authority focused on consumer financial protection, or any new implementing regulations or revisions to existing regulations that may result from the establishment of this new authority, will have on our businesses.

Available Information

We are a reporting company and file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. We make available free of charge on or through our web site at www.flushingbank.com our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Our SEC filings are also available to the public free of charge over the Internet at the SEC’s web site at http://www.sec.gov.

You may also read and copy any document we file at the SEC’s public reference room located at 100 F. Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information about the operation of the public reference room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. You may request copies of these documents by writing to the SEC and paying a fee for the copying cost.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors.

In addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report, the following factors and other considerations should be considered carefully in evaluating us and our business.

Changes in Interest Rates May Significantly Impact Our Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Our primary source of income is net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income generated by our interest-earning assets (consisting primarily of multi-family residential loans, commercial business loans and commercial real estate mortgage loans) and the interest expense generated by our interest-bearing liabilities (consisting primarily of deposits). The level of net interest income is primarily a function of the average balance of our interest-earning assets, the average balance of our interest-bearing liabilities, and the spread between the yield on such assets and the cost of such liabilities. These factors are influenced by both the pricing and mix of our interest-earning assets and our interest-bearing liabilities which, in turn, are impacted by such external factors as the local economy, competition for loans and deposits, the monetary policy of the Federal Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve Board (the “FOMC”), and market interest rates. The FOMC lowered the federal funds rate three times in 2019. A sustained increase in market interest rates could adversely affect our earnings. A significant portion of our loans have fixed interest rates (or, if adjustable, are initially fixed for periods of five to 10 years) and longer terms than our deposits and borrowings. Our net interest income could be adversely affected if the rates we pay on deposits and borrowings increase more rapidly than the rates we earn on loans. As a result of our historical focus on the origination of multifamily residential mortgage loans, commercial business loans and commercial real estate mortgage loans, the majority of our loans are adjustable rate, however, many adjust at periods of five to 10 years. In addition, a large percentage of our investment securities and mortgage-backed securities have fixed interest rates and are classified as available for sale. As is the case with many financial institutions, our emphasis on increasing the development of core deposits, those with no stated maturity date, has resulted in our interest-bearing liabilities having a shorter duration than our assets. This imbalance can create significant earnings volatility because interest rates change over time and are currently at historical low levels. As interest rates increase, our cost of funds will increase more rapidly than the yields on the bulk of our interest-earning assets. In addition, the market value of our fixed-rate assets for example, our investment and mortgage-backed securities portfolios, would decline if interest rates increase. In line with the foregoing, we have experienced and may continue to experience an increase in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities primarily due to raising the rates we pay on some of our deposit products to stay competitive within our market and an increase in borrowing costs from increases in the federal funds rate.

Prevailing interest rates also affect the extent to which borrowers repay and refinance loans. In a declining interest rate environment, the number of loan prepayments and loan refinancing may increase, as well as prepayments of mortgage-backed securities. Call provisions associated with our investment in U.S. government agency and corporate securities may also adversely affect yield in a declining interest rate environment. Such prepayments and calls may adversely affect the yield of our loan portfolio and mortgage-backed and other securities as we reinvest the prepaid funds in a lower interest rate environment. However, we typically receive additional loan fees when existing loans are refinanced, which partially offset the reduced yield on our loan portfolio resulting from prepayments. In periods of low interest rates, our level of core deposits also may decline if depositors seek higher-yielding instruments or other investments not offered by us, which in turn may increase our cost of funds and decrease our net interest margin to the extent alternative funding sources are utilized. An increasing interest rate environment would tend to extend the average lives of lower yielding fixed rate mortgages and mortgage-backed securities, which could adversely affect net interest income. In addition, depositors tend to open longer term, higher costing certificate of deposit accounts which could adversely affect our net interest income if rates were to subsequently decline. Additionally, adjustable rate mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities generally contain interim and lifetime caps that limit the amount the interest rate can increase or decrease at repricing dates. Significant increases in prevailing interest rates may significantly affect demand for loans and the value of bank collateral. See “— Local Economic Conditions.”

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Our Lending Activities Involve Risks that May Be Exacerbated Depending on the Mix of Loan Types

At December 31, 2019, our gross loan portfolio was $5,756.9 million, of which 81.3% was mortgage loans secured by real estate. The majority of these real estate loans were secured by multi-family residential property ($2,238.6 million), commercial real estate ($1,582.0 million) and one-to-four family mixed-use property ($592.5 million), which combined represent 76.7% of our loan portfolio. Our loan portfolio is concentrated in the New York City metropolitan area. Multi-family residential, one-to-four family mixed-use property, commercial real estate mortgage loans, commercial business loans and construction loans, are generally viewed as exposing the lender to a greater risk of loss than fully underwritten one-to-four family residential mortgage loans and typically involve higher principal amounts per loan. Multi-family residential, one-to-four family mixed-use property and commercial real estate mortgage loans are typically dependent upon the successful operation of the related property, which is usually owned by a legal entity with the property being the entity’s only asset. If the cash flow from the property is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. If the borrower defaults, our only remedy may be to foreclose on the property, for which the market value may be less than the balance due on the related mortgage loan. We attempt to mitigate this risk by generally requiring a loan-to-value ratio of no more than 75% at a time the loan is originated, except for one-to-four family residential mortgage loans, where we require a loan-to value ratio of no more than 80%. Repayment of construction loans is contingent upon the successful completion and operation of the project. The repayment of commercial business loans (the increased origination of which is part of management’s strategy), is contingent on the successful operation of the related business. Changes in local economic conditions and government regulations, which are outside the control of the borrower or lender, also could affect the value of the security for the loan or the future cash flow of the affected properties. We continually review the composition of our mortgage loan portfolio to manage the risk in the portfolio.

In assessing our future earnings prospects, investors should consider, among other things, our level of origination of one-to-four family residential, multi-family residential, commercial real estate and one-to-four family mixed-use property mortgage loans, and commercial business and construction loans, and the greater risks associated with such loans. See “Business — Lending Activities” in Item 1 of this Annual Report.

Failure to Effectively Manage Our Liquidity Could Significantly Impact Our Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Our liquidity is critical to our ability to operate our business. Our primary sources of liquidity are deposits, both retail deposits from our branch network including our Internet Branch, brokered deposits, and borrowed funds, primarily wholesale borrowing from the FHLB-NY. Funds are also provided by the repayment and sale of securities and loans. Our ability to obtain funds are influenced by many external factors, including but not limited to, local and national economic conditions, the direction of interest rates and competition for deposits in the markets we serve. Additionally, changes in the FHLB-NY underwriting guidelines may limit or restrict our ability to borrow. A decline in available funding caused by any of the above factors could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses, or fulfill our obligations such as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands.

Our Ability to Obtain Brokered Deposits as an Additional Funding Source Could be Limited

We utilize brokered deposits as an additional funding source and to assist in the management of our interest rate risk. The Bank had $388.8 million, or 7.7% of total deposits, and $301.7 million, or 6.1% of total deposits, in brokered deposit accounts at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. During 2018, Section 29 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act was amended to no longer consider reciprocal deposits held by an FDIC-insured depository institution brokered deposits. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, reciprocal deposits totaled $805.6 million and $685.3 million, respectively. We have obtained brokered certificates of deposit when the interest rate on these deposits is below the prevailing interest rate for non-brokered certificates of deposit with similar maturities in our market, or when obtaining them allowed us to extend the maturities of our deposits at favorable rates compared to borrowing funds with similar maturities, when we are seeking to extend the maturities of our funding to assist in the management of our interest rate risk. Brokered certificates of deposit provide a large deposit for us at a lower operating cost as compared to non-brokered certificates of deposit since we only have one account to maintain versus several accounts with multiple interest and maturity checks. Unlike non-brokered certificates of deposit where the deposit amount can be withdrawn with a penalty for any reason, including increasing interest rates, a brokered certificate of deposit can only be withdrawn in the event of the death or court declared mental

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incompetence of the depositor. This allows us to better manage the maturity of our deposits and our interest rate risk. We also at times utilize brokers to obtain money market account deposits. The rate we pay on brokered money market accounts is similar to the rate we pay on non-brokered money market accounts, and the rate is agreed to in a contract between the Bank and the broker. These accounts are similar to brokered certificates of deposit accounts in that we only maintain one account for the total deposit per broker, with the broker maintaining the detailed records of each depositor. Additionally, we place a portion of our government deposits in an ICS money market or ICS demand product, which prior to 2018 was considered a brokered deposit, does not require us to provide collateral. This allows us to invest our funds in higher yielding assets. The Bank had $145.0 million in brokered demand accounts and no brokered money market accounts at December 31, 2019. The Bank had no brokered money market or brokered demand accounts at December 31, 2018.

The FDIC has promulgated regulations implementing limitations on brokered deposits. Under the regulations, well-capitalized institutions, such as the Bank, are not subject to brokered deposit limitations, while adequately capitalized institutions are able to accept, renew or roll over brokered deposits only with a waiver from the FDIC and subject to restrictions on the interest rate that can be paid on such deposits. Undercapitalized institutions are not permitted to accept brokered deposits. Pursuant to the regulation, the Bank, as a well-capitalized institution, may accept brokered deposits. Should our capital ratios decline, this could limit our ability to replace brokered deposits when they mature.

The maturity of brokered certificates of deposit could result in a significant funding source maturing at one time. Should this occur, it might be difficult to replace the maturing certificates with new brokered certificates of deposit. We have used brokers to obtain these deposits which results in depositors with whom we have no other relationships since these depositors are outside of our market, and there may not be a sufficient source of new brokered certificates of deposit at the time of maturity. In addition, upon maturity, brokers could require us to offer some of the highest interest rates in the country to retain these deposits, which would negatively impact our earnings. The Bank mitigates this risk by obtaining brokered certificates of deposit with various maturities ranging up to six years, and attempts to avoid having a significant amount maturing in any one year.

The Markets in Which We Operate Are Highly Competitive

We face intense and increasing competition both in making loans and in attracting deposits. Our market area has a high density of financial institutions, many of which have greater financial resources, name recognition and market presence than us, and all of which are our competitors to varying degrees. Particularly intense competition exists for deposits and in all of the lending activities we emphasize. Our competition for loans comes principally from commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, mortgage banking companies, insurance companies, finance companies and credit unions. Management anticipates that competition for mortgage loans will continue to increase in the future. Our most direct competition for deposits historically has come from savings banks, commercial banks, savings and loan associations and credit unions. In addition, we face competition for deposits from products offered by brokerage firms, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries, such as money market and other mutual funds and annuities. Consolidation in the banking industry and the lifting of interstate banking and branching restrictions have made it more difficult for smaller, community-oriented banks, such as us, to compete effectively with large, national, regional and super-regional banking institutions. Our Internet Branch provides us access to consumers in markets outside our geographic locations. The internet banking arena exposes us to competition with many larger financial institutions that have greater financial resources, name recognition and market presence than we do.

Our Results of Operations May Be Adversely Affected by Changes in National and/or Local Economic Conditions

Our operating results are affected by national and local economic and competitive conditions, including changes in market interest rates, the strength of the local economy, government policies and actions of regulatory authorities. During the Great Recession, for example, unemployment increased, the housing market in the United States experienced a significant slowdown, and foreclosures rose. Adverse economic conditions can result in borrowers defaulting on their loans, or withdrawing their funds on deposit at the Bank to meet their financial obligations. A decline in the local or national economy or the New York City metropolitan area real estate market could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, including through decreased demand for loans or increased competition for good loans, increased non-performing loans and loan losses and resulting additional provisions for loan losses and for losses on real estate owned. Many factors could require additions to the ALL in future periods above those currently maintained. These factors include:

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(1) adverse changes in economic conditions and changes in interest rates that may affect the ability of borrowers to make payments on loans, (2) changes in the financial capacity of individual borrowers, (3) changes in the local real estate market and the value of our loan collateral, and (4) future review and evaluation of our loan portfolio, internally or by regulators. The amount of the ALL at any time represents good faith estimates that are susceptible to significant changes due to changes in appraisal values of collateral, national and local economic conditions, prevailing interest rates and other factors. See “Business — General — Allowance for Loan Losses” in Item 1 of this Annual Report.

These same factors could cause delinquencies to increase for the mortgages which are the collateral for the mortgage-backed securities we hold in our investment portfolio. Combining increased delinquencies with liquidity problems in the market could result in a decline in the market value of our investments in privately issued mortgage-backed securities. There can be no assurance that a decline in the market value of these investments will not result in other-than-temporary impairment charges in our financial statements.

Changes in Laws and Regulations Could Adversely Affect Our Business

From time to time, legislation, such as the Dodd-Frank Act, is enacted or regulations are promulgated that have the effect of increasing the cost of doing business, limiting or expanding permissible activities or affecting the competitive balance between banks and other financial institutions. Proposals to change the laws and regulations governing the operations and taxation of banks and other financial institutions are frequently made in Congress, in the New York legislature and before various bank regulatory agencies. In particular, on February 3, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order requiring a comprehensive review of financial system regulations, including the Dodd-Frank Act. President Trump has promised other significant changes to financial system regulations. Nonetheless, changes to these regulations are expected to be politically controversial and may be slow and unpredictable in enactment and effect. It is too early to predict when or what, if any, existing regulations affecting us will be repealed or amended and what if any new regulations affecting us will be adopted, leaving the bank regulatory environment particularly uncertain at present. Further, there can be no assurance as to the impact that any laws, regulations or governmental programs that may be introduced or implemented in the future will have on the financial markets and the economy. For a discussion of regulations affecting us, see “Business —Regulation” and “Business—Federal, State and Local Taxation” in Item 1 of this Annual Report.

Current Conditions in, and Regulation of, the Banking Industry May Have a Material Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations

Financial institutions have been the subject of significant legislative and regulatory changes, including the adoption of The Dodd Frank Act, which imposes a wide variety of regulations affecting us, and may be the subject of further significant legislation or regulation in the future, none of which is within our control. Significant new laws or regulations or changes in, or repeals of, existing laws or regulations, including those with respect to federal and state taxation, may cause our results of operations to differ materially. In addition, the cost and burden of compliance, over time, have significantly increased and could adversely affect our ability to operate profitably.

The Bank faces several minimum capital requirements imposed by federal regulation. Failure to adhere to these minimums could limit the dividends the Bank is allowed to pay, including the payment of dividends to the Holding Company, and could limit the annual growth of the Bank. Under the Dodd Frank Act, banks with assets greater than $10.0 billion in total assets are required to complete stress tests, which predict capital levels under certain stress levels. Although, our total assets are currently $7.0 billion, as a best practice, we completed these tests. As of December 31, 2019, under all stress scenarios, we remained well capitalized per current regulations. See “Regulation.” At the New York State level, the Company and the Bank are subject to extensive supervision, regulation and examination by the NYDFS and the FDIC. Such regulation limits the manner in which the Company and Bank conduct business, undertake new investments and activities and obtain financing. This regulation is designed primarily for the protection of the deposit insurance funds and the Bank’s depositors, and not to benefit the Bank or its creditors. The regulatory structure also provides the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to capital levels, the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could subject the Company and

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Bank to regulatory enforcement action that could result in the assessment of significant civil money penalties against the Company and Bank.

The fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. The Federal Reserve regulates the supply of money and credit in the United States. Its policies determine in significant part the cost of funds for lending and investing and the return earned on those loans and investments, both of which affect the Company’s net interest margin. Governmental policies can also adversely affect borrowers, potentially increasing the risk that they may fail to repay their loans. Changes in Federal Reserve or governmental policies are beyond the Company’s control and difficult to predict; consequently, the impact of these changes on the Company’s activities and results of operations is difficult to predict.

As noted above, financial institution regulation has been the subject of significant legislation in recent years, and may be the subject of further significant legislation in the future, especially in light of the uncertainty of initiatives suggested by the Trump administration in the context of a Republican-controlled Congress, none of which is within the control of the Company or the Bank. Significant new laws or changes in, or repeals of, existing laws, may cause the Company’s results of operations to differ materially. Further, federal monetary policy significantly affects credit conditions for the Company, primarily through open market operations in United States government securities, the discount rate for bank borrowings and reserve requirements for liquid assets. A material change in any of these conditions could have a material adverse impact on the Bank, and therefore, on the Company’s results of operations.

A Failure in or Breach of Our Operational or Security Systems or Infrastructure, or Those of Our Third Party Vendors and Other Service Providers, Including as a Result of Cyber Attacks, Could Disrupt Our Business, Result in the Disclosure or Misuse of Confidential or Proprietary Information, Damage Our Reputation, Increase Our Costs and Cause Losses

We depend upon our ability to process, record and monitor our client transactions on a continuous basis. As client, public and regulatory expectations regarding operational and information security have increased, our operational systems and infrastructure must continue to be safeguarded and monitored for potential failures, disruptions and breakdowns. Our business, financial, accounting and data processing systems, or other operating systems and facilities, may stop operating properly or become disabled or damaged as a result of a number of factors, including events that are wholly or partially beyond our control. For example, there could be electrical or telecommunications outages; natural disasters such as earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes; disease pandemics; events arising from local or larger scale political or social matters, including terrorist acts; and, as described below, cyber-attacks. Although we have business continuity plans and other safeguards in place, our business operations may be adversely affected by significant and widespread disruption to our physical infrastructure or operating systems that support our business and clients.

Information security risks for financial institutions such as ours have generally increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists, activists and other external parties. As noted above, our operations rely on the secure processing, transmission and storage of confidential information in our computer systems and networks. Our business relies on our digital technologies, computer and email systems, software and networks to conduct its operations. In addition, to access our products and services, our clients may use personal smartphones, tablet PC’s, personal computers and other mobile devices that are beyond our control systems. Although we have information security procedures and controls in place, our technologies, systems, networks and our clients’ devices may become the target of cyber-attacks or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of our or our clients’ confidential, proprietary and other information, or otherwise disrupt our or our clients’ or other third parties’ business operations. We may be subject to increasingly more risk related to security systems for our Internet Branch as we expand our suite of online direct banking products, acquire new or outsource some of our business operations, expand our internal usage of web-based products and applications, and otherwise attempt to keep pace with rapid technological changes in the financial services industry.

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Third parties with whom we do business or that facilitate our business activities, including financial intermediaries or vendors that provide services or security solutions for our operations, could also be sources of operational and information security risk to us, including from breakdowns or failures of their own systems or capacity constraints.

Although to date we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer such losses in the future. Our risk and exposure to these matters remains heightened because of the evolving nature of these threats. As a result, cyber security and the continued development and enhancement of our controls, processes and practices designed to protect our systems, computers, software, data and networks from attack, damage or unauthorized access remain a focus for us. As threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate information security vulnerabilities.

Disruptions or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support our business and clients, or cyber-attacks or security breaches of the networks, systems or devices that our clients use to access our products and services could result in significant legal and financial exposure, client attrition, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs and/or additional compliance costs, a loss of confidence in the security of our systems, any of which may not be covered by insurance and could materially and adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

In addition, in 2017, the NYDFS established comprehensive cybersecurity requirements for financial services companies, including us. See Regulation – New York State Law.

In light of the newness of the cybersecurity regulation, it is impossible to determine the cost and other effects on us of full and timely compliance. In addition to resources that may be required, in the event that we do not timely and fully comply, we would be subject to enforcement and other consequences in addition to any other claims that might arise. There can be no assurance that we will achieve full and timely compliance with the regulation, in which event our business mat be materially adversely affected.

We May Experience Increased Delays in Foreclosure Proceedings

Foreclosure proceedings face increasing delays. While we cannot predict the ultimate impact of any delay in foreclosure sales, we may be subject to additional borrower and non-borrower litigation and governmental and regulatory scrutiny related to our past and current foreclosure activities. Delays in foreclosure sales, including any delays beyond those currently anticipated could increase the costs associated with our mortgage operations and make it more difficult for us to prevent losses in our loan portfolio.

Our Inability to Hire or Retain Key Personnel Could Adversely Affect Our Business

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to retain and attract key personnel. We face intense competition from commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, mortgage banking companies, insurance companies, finance companies and credit unions. As a result, it could prove difficult to retain and attract key personnel. The inability to hire or retain key personnel may result in the loss of customer relationships and may adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

We Are Not Required to Pay Dividends on Our Common Stock

Holders of shares of our common stock are only entitled to receive such dividends as our Board of Directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. Although we have historically declared cash dividends on our common stock, we are not required to do so and may reduce or eliminate our common stock dividend in the future. A reduction or elimination of our common stock dividend could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

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Goodwill Recorded as a Result of Acquisitions Could Become Impaired, Negatively Impacting Our Earnings and Capital

Goodwill is presumed to have an indefinite life and is tested annually, or when certain conditions are met, for impairment. If the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than the goodwill amount, no further evaluation is required and no impairment is recorded. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the goodwill amount, further evaluation would be required to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to the goodwill amount and determine if a write down is required. Management views the Company as operating as a single unit - a community bank. At December 31, 2019, we had goodwill with a carrying amount of $16.1 million. Declines in the fair value of the reporting unit may result in a future impairment charge. Any such impairment charge could have a material effect on our earnings and capital.

We May Not Fully Realize the Expected Benefit of Our Deferred Tax Assets

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had deferred tax assets totaling $29.4 million and $30.2 million, respectively. This represents the anticipated federal, state and local tax benefits expected to be realized in future years upon the utilization of the underlying tax attributes comprising this balance. In order to use the future benefit of these deferred tax assets, we will need to report taxable income for federal, state and local tax purposes. Although we have reported taxable income in each of the past three years, there can be no assurance that this will continue in the future.

Uncertainty surrounding the elimination of LIBOR and the proposed transition to SOFR may adversely affect our business

The U.S. dollar-denominated London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") is used to calculate interest rates for numerous types of debt obligations, including personal and commercial loans, interest rate swaps, and other derivative products, making it a primary metric in the global banking system. The U.K. Financial Conduct Authority ("FCA") has determined that LIBOR should no longer be used as a benchmark rate. In anticipation of the elimination of LIBOR, the U.S. Federal Reserve established the Alternative Reference Rates Committee ("ARRC") to select a replacement index for U.S. Dollar LIBOR. ARRC, comprised of a group of large domestic banks and regulators, has voted to use a benchmark, known as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). SOFR is based on short-term loans backed by Treasury securities, known as repurchase agreements or "repo" trades. ARRC has announced a paced transition plan for this new rate, including specific steps and timelines designed to encourage adoption of SOFR. As of December 31, 2019, we have exposure to approximately $1.8 billion of financial assets and liabilities, including off-balance sheet instruments, which are LIBOR-based. We do not yet know whether, and if so the extent to which, the elimination of LIBOR and the transition to SOFR will have any material impact on these instruments.

Integrating Empire into the Company’s operations may be more difficult, costly or time consuming than expected, and the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the merger may not be realized

The success of the merger will depend, in part, on the Company’s ability to successfully integrate the businesses of the Company and Empire in a manner that permits growth opportunities and cost savings to be realized without materially disrupting the Company’s existing customer and employee relationships or decreasing revenues due to loss of customers. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of either company’s ongoing businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect the Company’s ability to maintain relationships with clients, customers, depositors and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the merger. The loss of key employees could adversely affect the Company’s ability to successfully conduct its business, which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial results and the value of the Company’s common stock. If the Company experiences difficulties with the integration process, the anticipated benefits of the merger may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected. As with any merger of financial institutions, there also may be business disruptions that cause the Company to lose customers or cause customers to withdraw their deposits, remove their accounts from the Company and move their business to competing financial institutions. Integration efforts between the two companies will also divert management attention and resources. These integration matters could have an adverse effect on the Company during this transition period and on the Company for an undetermined period after completion of the merger as the Company continues to integrate Empire’s legacy business into the Company’s business. In addition, the actual cost savings of the merger could be less than anticipated.

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​

The Company may be unable to retain the Company’s and/or Empire personnel after the merger is completed

The success of the merger will depend in part on the Company’s ability to retain the talents and dedication of key employees currently employed by the Company and Empire. It is possible that these employees may decide not to remain with the Company or Empire, as applicable, while the merger is pending or with the Company after the merger is consummated. If key employees terminate their employment, or if an insufficient number of employees is retained to maintain effective operations, the Company’s business activities may be adversely affected, and management’s attention may be diverted from successfully integrating Empire to hiring suitable replacements, all of which may cause the Company’s business to suffer. In addition, the Company may not be able to locate suitable replacements for any key employees who leave the Company or to offer employment to potential replacements on reasonable terms.

​

​

​

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

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Item 2. Properties.

At December 31, 2019, the Bank conducted its business through 20 full-service offices and its Internet Branch. The Holding Company neither owns nor leases any property but instead uses the premises and equipment of the Bank.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

We are involved in various legal actions arising in the ordinary course of our business which, in the aggregate, involve amounts which are believed by management to be immaterial to our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

The Holding Company’s Common Stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market® under the symbol “FFIC.” As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately 653 shareholders of record, not including the number of persons or entities holding stock in nominee or street name through various brokers and banks.

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The following table sets forth information regarding the shares of common stock repurchased by us during the quarter ended December 31, 2019:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  |  |  | ​ | ​ |  |  |  | Maximum
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Total Number of | ​ | Number of
​ | ​ | Total | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Shares Purchased | ​ | Shares That May
​ | ​ | Number | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | as Part of Publicly | ​ | Yet Be Purchased
​ | ​ | of Shares | ​ | Average Price | ​ | Announced Plans | ​ | Under the Plans
Period | ​ | Purchased | ​ | Paid per Share | ​ | or Programs | ​ | or Programs
October 1 to October 31, 2019 |  | — | ​ | $ | — |  | — |  | 427,211
November 1 to November 30, 2019 |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — |  | 427,211
December 1 to December 31, 2019 |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — |  | 427,211
Total |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |

​

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company completed the common stock repurchase program that was approved by the Company’s Board of Directors on June 16, 2015. On February 27, 2018, the Company announced the authorization by the Board of Directors of a common stock repurchase program, which authorizes the purchase of up to 1,000,000 shares of its common stock. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company repurchased 40,000 shares and 787,069 shares, respectively, of the Company’s common stock at an average cost of $19.28 per share and $25.97 per share, respectively. At December 31, 2019, 427,211 shares remain to be repurchased under the current stock repurchase program. Stock will be purchased under the current stock repurchase program from time to time, in the open market or through private transactions subject to market conditions and at the discretion of the management of the Company. There is no expiration or maximum dollar amount under this authorization.

The following table sets forth securities authorized for issuance under all equity compensation plans of the Company at December 31, 2019:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  |  |  | ​ | ​ |  | (c)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Number of securities
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | remaining available for
​ | ​ | (a) | ​ | (b) | ​ | future issuance under
​ | ​ | Number of securities to | ​ | Weighted-average | ​ | equity compensation
​ | ​ | be issued upon exercise | ​ | exercise price of | ​ | plans (excluding
​ | ​ | of outstanding options, | ​ | outstanding options, | ​ | securities reflected in
​ | ​ | warrants and rights | ​ | warrants and rights | ​ | column (a)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | — | ​ | $ | — |  | 497,860
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | — | ​ | $ | — |  | 497,860

​

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Stock Performance Graph

The following graph shows a comparison of cumulative total stockholder return on the Company’s common stock since December 31, 2014 with the cumulative total returns of a broad equity market index as well as comparative published industry indices. The broad equity market index chosen was the Nasdaq Composite. The comparative published industry indices chosen were the SNL Bank $5 Billion to $10 Billion in Assets Index and the SNL Mid-Atlantic Bank Index. The SNL Mid-Atlantic Bank Index was chosen for inclusion in the Company’s Stock Performance Graph because the Company believes it provides valuable comparative information reflecting the Company’s geographic peer group. The SNL Bank $5 Billion to $10 Billion in Assets Index was chosen for inclusion in the Company’s Stock Performance Graph because it uses a broader group of banks and therefore more closely reflects the Company’s size. The Company believes that both geographic area and size are important factors in analyzing the Company’s performance against its peers. The graph below reflects historical performance only, which is not indicative of possible future performance of the common stock.

​

The total return assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2014 and all dividends reinvested through the end of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. The performance graph above is based upon closing prices on the trading date specified.

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Period Ending
Index |  | 12/31/14 |  | 12/31/15 |  | 12/31/16 |  | 12/31/17 |  | 12/31/18 |  | 12/31/19
Flushing Financial Corporation |  | 100.00 |  | 110.21 |  | 154.13 |  | 148.05 |  | 119.59 |  | 124.81
NASDAQ Composite Index |  | 100.00 |  | 106.96 |  | 116.45 |  | 150.96 |  | 146.67 |  | 200.49
SNL Bank $5B-$10B Index |  | 100.00 |  | 113.92 |  | 163.20 |  | 162.59 |  | 147.15 |  | 182.34
SNL Mid-Atlantic Bank Index |  | 100.00 |  | 103.75 |  | 131.87 |  | 161.62 |  | 138.10 |  | 196.39

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At or for the years ended December 31, |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 | ​
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | ​
Selected Financial Condition Data |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​
Total assets | ​ | $ | 7,017,776 | ​ | $ | 6,834,176 | ​ | $ | 6,299,274 | ​ | $ | 6,058,487 | ​ | $ | 5,704,634 | ​
Loans, net | ​ |  | 5,750,455 | ​ |  | 5,530,539 | ​ |  | 5,156,648 | ​ |  | 4,813,464 | ​ |  | 4,366,444 | ​
Securities held to maturity | ​ |  | 58,888 | ​ |  | 32,018 | ​ |  | 30,886 | ​ |  | 37,735 | ​ |  | 6,180 | ​
Securities available for sale | ​ |  | 772,500 | ​ |  | 822,655 | ​ |  | 738,354 | ​ |  | 861,381 | ​ |  | 993,397 | ​
Deposits | ​ |  | 5,066,424 | ​ |  | 4,960,784 | ​ |  | 4,383,278 | ​ |  | 4,205,631 | ​ |  | 3,892,547 | ​
Borrowed funds | ​ |  | 1,237,231 | ​ |  | 1,250,843 | ​ |  | 1,309,653 | ​ |  | 1,266,563 | ​ |  | 1,271,676 | ​
Total stockholders' equity | ​ |  | 579,672 | ​ |  | 549,464 | ​ |  | 532,608 | ​ |  | 513,853 | ​ |  | 473,067 | ​
Book value per common share (1) | ​ | $ | 20.59 | ​ | $ | 19.64 | ​ | $ | 18.63 | ​ | $ | 17.95 | ​ | $ | 16.41 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Selected Operating Data | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Interest and dividend income | ​ | $ | 278,956 | ​ | $ | 256,998 | ​ | $ | 234,585 | ​ | $ | 220,997 | ​ | $ | 204,146 | ​
Interest expense | ​ |  | 117,016 | ​ |  | 89,592 | ​ |  | 61,478 | ​ |  | 53,911 | ​ |  | 49,726 | ​
Net interest income | ​ |  | 161,940 | ​ |  | 167,406 | ​ |  | 173,107 | ​ |  | 167,086 | ​ |  | 154,420 | ​
Provision (benefit) for loan losses | ​ |  | 2,811 | ​ |  | 575 | ​ |  | 9,861 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (956) | ​
Net interest income after provision (benefit) for loan losses | ​ |  | 159,129 | ​ |  | 166,831 | ​ |  | 163,246 | ​ |  | 167,086 | ​ |  | 155,376 | ​
Non-interest income: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Net (losses) gains on sales of securities and loans | ​ |  | 855 | ​ |  | (1,752) | ​ |  | 417 | ​ |  | 2,108 | ​ |  | 589 | ​
Net gains on sales of building | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 48,018 | ​ |  | 6,537 | ​
Net gains on sales of assets | ​ |  | 770 | ​ |  | 1,141 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​
Net loss from fair value adjustments | ​ |  | (5,353) | ​ |  | (4,122) | ​ |  | (3,465) | ​ |  | (3,434) | ​ |  | (1,841) | ​
Other income | ​ |  | 13,199 | ​ |  | 15,070 | ​ |  | 13,410 | ​ |  | 10,844 | ​ |  | 10,434 | ​
Total non-interest income | ​ |  | 9,471 | ​ |  | 10,337 | ​ |  | 10,362 | ​ |  | 57,536 | ​ |  | 15,719 | ​
Non-interest expense | ​ |  | 115,269 | ​ |  | 111,683 | ​ |  | 107,474 | ​ |  | 118,603 | ​ |  | 97,719 | ​
Income before income tax provision | ​ |  | 53,331 | ​ |  | 65,485 | ​ |  | 66,134 | ​ |  | 106,019 | ​ |  | 73,376 | ​
Income tax provision | ​ |  | 12,052 | ​ |  | 10,395 | ​ |  | 25,013 | ​ |  | 41,103 | ​ |  | 27,167 | ​
Net income | ​ | $ | 41,279 | ​ | $ | 55,090 | ​ | $ | 41,121 | ​ | $ | 64,916 | ​ | $ | 46,209 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic earnings per common share (2) | ​ | $ | 1.44 | ​ | $ | 1.92 | ​ | $ | 1.41 | ​ | $ | 2.24 | ​ | $ | 1.59 | ​
Diluted earnings per common share (2) | ​ | $ | 1.44 | ​ | $ | 1.92 | ​ | $ | 1.41 | ​ | $ | 2.24 | ​ | $ | 1.59 | ​
Dividends declared per common share | ​ | $ | 0.84 | ​ | $ | 0.80 | ​ | $ | 0.72 | ​ | $ | 0.68 | ​ | $ | 0.64 | ​
Dividend payout ratio | ​ |  | 58.3 | % |  | 41.7 | % |  | 51.1 | % |  | 30.4 | % |  | 40.3 | %

​

(Footnotes on the following page)

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At or for the years ended December 31, |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Selected Financial Ratios and Other Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Performance ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Return on average assets |  | 0.59 | % | 0.85 | % | 0.66 | % | 1.10 | % | 0.86 | %
Return on average equity |  | 7.35 |  | 10.30 |  | 7.75 |  | 13.07 |  | 9.93 | ​
Average equity to average assets |  | 8.08 |  | 8.22 |  | 8.53 |  | 8.40 |  | 8.68 | ​
Equity to total assets |  | 8.26 |  | 8.04 |  | 8.46 |  | 8.48 |  | 8.29 | ​
Interest rate spread |  | 2.25 |  | 2.54 |  | 2.81 |  | 2.86 |  | 2.94 | ​
Net interest margin |  | 2.47 |  | 2.72 |  | 2.94 |  | 2.97 |  | 3.04 | ​
Non-interest expense to average assets |  | 1.66 |  | 1.72 |  | 1.73 |  | 2.01 |  | 1.82 | ​
Efficiency ratio |  | 63.89 |  | 62.12 |  | 57.90 |  | 59.64 |  | 58.57 | ​
Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities |  | 1.12 | x | 1.12 | x | 1.12 | x | 1.12 | x | 1.11 | x
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Regulatory capital ratios: (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Tier 1 leverage capital (well capitalized = 5%) |  | 9.65 | % | 9.85 | % | 10.11 | % | 10.12 | % | 8.89 | %
Common equity tier 1 risk-based capital (well capitalized = 6.5%) |  | 13.02 |  | 13.28 |  | 13.87 |  | 14.12 |  | 12.62 | ​
Tier 1 risk-based capital (well capitalized =8%) |  | 13.02 |  | 13.28 |  | 13.87 |  | 14.12 |  | 12.62 | ​
Total risk-based capital (well capitalized =10%) |  | 13.43 |  | 13.70 |  | 14.31 |  | 14.64 |  | 13.17 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Asset quality ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Non-performing loans to gross loans (4) |  | 0.23 | % | 0.29 | % | 0.35 | % | 0.44 | % | 0.60 | %
Non-performing assets to total assets (5) |  | 0.19 |  | 0.24 |  | 0.29 |  | 0.36 |  | 0.54 | ​
Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans |  | 0.04 |  | — |  | 0.24 |  | (0.02) |  | 0.06 | ​
Allowance for loan losses to gross loans |  | 0.38 |  | 0.38 |  | 0.39 |  | 0.46 |  | 0.49 | ​
Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing assets (5) |  | 160.73 |  | 128.60 |  | 112.23 |  | 101.28 |  | 69.45 | ​
Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing loans (4) |  | 164.05 |  | 128.87 |  | 112.23 |  | 103.80 |  | 82.58 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Full-service customer facilities |  | 20 |  | 19 |  | 18 |  | 19 |  | 19 | ​

(1) | Calculated by dividing stockholders’ equity by shares outstanding.

(2) | The shares held in the Company’s Employee Benefit Trust are not included in shares outstanding for purposes of calculating earnings per share.

(3) | Represents the Bank’s capital ratios, which exceeded all minimum regulatory capital requirements during the periods presented.

(4) | Non-performing loans consist of non-accrual loans and loans delinquent 90 days or more that are still accruing.

(5) | Non-performing assets consist of non-performing loans, real estate owned and non-performing investment securities.

​

​

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

As used in this discussion and analysis, the words “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” are used to refer to Flushing Financial Corporation (the “Holding Company”) and its direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries, Flushing Bank (the “Bank”), Flushing Preferred Funding Corporation, Flushing Service Corporation, and FSB Properties Inc.

General

We are a Delaware corporation organized in 1994. The Bank was organized in 1929 as a New York State-chartered mutual savings bank. Today the Bank operates as a full-service New York State commercial bank. The primary business of the Holding Company has been the operation of the Bank. The Bank owns three subsidiaries: Flushing Preferred Funding Corporation, Flushing Service Corporation, and FSB Properties Inc. The Bank also operates an internet branch, which operates under the brands of iGObanking.com® and BankPurely® (the “Internet Branch”). The Bank’s primary regulator is the New York State Department of Financial Services, and its primary federal regulator is the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). The Bank’s deposits are insured to the maximum allowable amount by the FDIC.

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The Holding Company also owns Flushing Financial Capital Trust II, Flushing Financial Capital Trust III, and Flushing Financial Capital Trust IV (the “Trusts”), which are special purpose business trusts formed during 2007 to issue a total of $60.0 million of capital securities, and $1.9 million of common securities (which are the only voting securities). The Holding Company owns 100% of the common securities of the Trusts. The Trusts used the proceeds from the issuance of these securities to purchase junior subordinated debentures from the Holding Company. The Trusts are not included in our consolidated financial statements, as we would not absorb the losses of the Trusts if losses were to occur.

The following discussion of financial condition and results of operations includes the collective results of the Holding Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”), but reflects principally the Bank’s activities. Management views the Company as operating as a single unit - a community bank. Therefore, segment information is not provided.

Overview

Our principal business is attracting retail deposits from the general public and investing those deposits together with funds generated from ongoing operations and borrowings, primarily in (1) originations and purchases of multi-family residential properties, commercial business loans, commercial real estate mortgage loans and, to a lesser extent, one-to-four family (focusing on mixed-use properties, which are properties that contain both residential dwelling units and commercial units); (2) construction loans; (3) Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans; (4) mortgage loan surrogates such as mortgage-backed securities; and (5) U.S. government securities, corporate fixed-income securities and other marketable securities. We also originate certain other consumer loans including overdraft lines of credit. Our results of operations depend primarily on net interest income, which is the difference between the income earned on its interest-earning assets and the cost of our interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is the result of our interest rate margin, which is the difference between the average yield earned on interest-earning assets and the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities, adjusted for the difference in the average balance of interest-earning assets as compared to the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities. We also generate non-interest income from loan fees, service charges on deposit accounts, mortgage servicing fees, and other fees, income earned on Bank Owned Life Insurance (“BOLI”), dividends on Federal Home Bank of New York (“FHLB-NY”) stock and net gains and losses on sales of securities and loans. Our operating expenses consist principally of employee compensation and benefits, occupancy and equipment costs, other general and administrative expenses and income tax expense. Our results of operations also can be significantly affected by our periodic provision for loan losses and specific provision for losses on real estate owned.

Management Strategy. Our strategy is to continue our focus on being an institution serving consumers, businesses, and governmental units in our local markets. In furtherance of this objective, we intend to:

| ● | manage cost of funds and continue to improve funding mix;

| ● | increase interest income by leveraging loan pricing opportunities and portfolio mix;

| ● | enhance earnings power by improving scalability and efficiency;

| ● | manage credit risk;

| ● | remain well capitalized;

| ● | increase our commitment to the multi-cultural marketplace, with a particular focus on the Asian community;

| ● | manage enterprise-wide risk.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively implement this strategy. Our strategy is subject to change by the Board of Directors.

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Manage cost of funds and continue to improve funding mix. We have a relatively stable retail deposit base drawn from our market area through our full-service offices. Although we seek to retain existing deposits and maintain depositor relationships by offering quality service and competitive interest rates to our customers, we also seek to keep deposit growth within reasonable limits and our strategic plan. In order to implement our strategic plan, we have built multi-channel deposit gathering capabilities. In addition to our full-service branches we gather deposits through our Internet Branch and a government banking unit. The Internet Branch currently offers savings accounts, money market accounts, checking accounts, and certificates of deposit. This allows us to compete on a national scale without the geographical constraints of physical locations. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, total deposits at our Internet Branch were $314.0 million and $450.9 million, respectively. The government banking unit provides banking services to public municipalities, including counties, cities, towns, villages, school districts, libraries, fire districts, and the various courts throughout the New York City metropolitan area. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, total deposits in our government banking unit totaled $1,265.1 million and $1,339.7 million, respectively. Additionally, we have a business banking group which was designed specifically to develop full business relationships thereby bringing in lower-costing checking and money market deposits. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, deposits balances in the business banking group were $281.7 million and $174.5 million, respectively. We also obtain deposits through brokers and the CDARS® and ICS network. Management intends to balance its goal to maintain competitive interest rates on deposits while seeking to manage its overall cost of funds to finance its strategies. We generally rely on our deposit base as our principal source of funding. During 2019, we realized an increase in due to depositors of $106.1 million, as core deposits increased $231.5 million and certificates of deposit decreased $125.4 million.

A growing portion of our lending and deposit customers have both their loans and deposits with us. We intend to continue to focus on obtaining additional deposits from our lending customers and originating additional loans to our deposit customers. Product offerings were expanded and are expected to be further expanded to accommodate perceived customer demands. In addition, specific employees are assigned responsibilities of generating these additional deposits and loans by coordinating efforts between lending and deposit gathering departments.

Increase interest income by leveraging loan pricing opportunities and portfolio mix. During 2019, yields on originations increased by two basis points to 4.58% from 4.56% for 2018. Additionally for the third consecutive year the yield of originations for the full year, exceeded the average yield on total interest-earning assets for the same period.

We have emphasized the strategic growth of multi-family residential mortgage loans, non-owner occupied commercial mortgage loans and floating rate commercial business loans. The commercial business and other loans have increased to 18.44% of the entire loan portfolio as of December 31, 2019 compared to 15.85% at December 31, 2018. In the multi-family portfolio we allowed loans to prepay rather than refinance at a rate below our criteria. We no longer originate taxi medallion loans.

The following table shows loan originations and purchases during 2019, and loan balances as of December 31, 2019.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Loan |  | Loan Balances |  |  |
​ | ​ | Originations and | ​ | December 31, | ​ | Percent of |
​ | ​ | Purchases | ​ | 2019 | ​ | Gross Loans |
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) |
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 247,607 | ​ | $ | 2,238,591 |  | 38.88 | %
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 178,336 | ​ |  | 1,582,008 |  | 27.48 | ​
One-to-four family ― mixed-use property | ​ |  | 66,128 | ​ |  | 592,471 |  | 10.29 | ​
One-to-four family ― residential | ​ |  | 25,024 | ​ |  | 188,216 |  | 3.27 | ​
Co-operative apartment | ​ |  | 2,117 | ​ |  | 8,663 |  | 0.15 | ​
Construction | ​ |  | 33,919 | ​ |  | 67,754 |  | 1.18 | ​
Small Business Administration | ​ |  | 3,426 | ​ |  | 14,445 |  | 0.25 | ​
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3,309 |  | 0.06 | ​
Commercial business and Other | ​ |  | 605,743 | ​ |  | 1,061,478 |  | 18.44 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 1,162,300 | ​ | $ | 5,756,935 |  | 100.00 | %

​

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At December 31, 2019, multi-family residential, commercial business and other loans and commercial real estate loans, totaled 84.8% of our gross loans. We have repositioned our loan growth to reduce credit risk; however, our concentration in these types of loans could require us to increase our provisions for loan losses and to maintain an allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans in excess of the allowance currently maintained.

Enhance earnings power by improving scalability and efficiency. We are improving scalability and efficiency by converting our branches to the Universal Banker model with our unique video banker service that gives customers face-to-face video chat access from 7am to 11pm daily via at our ATM terminals. The Universal Banker model provides customers with cutting-edge technology, including state-of-the-art ATMs and a higher-quality service experience, all while further reducing overall costs. We have been rolling this model out across our network as branches are renovated and new branches are opened. As of December 31, 2019, all locations were operating under the Universal banker model. In the branches that have been converted to the Universal Banker model, almost 50% of customer transactions were completed at our high powered ATMs.

Manage credit risk. By adherence to our conservative underwriting standards, we have been able to minimize net losses from impaired loans. We recorded net charge-offs of $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to net recoveries of $19,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The net charge-offs recorded in 2019 were primarily due to charge-offs on one commercial business loan. We seek to minimize losses by adhering to our defined underwriting standards, which among other things generally requires a debt service coverage ratio of at least 125% and loan to value ratio of 75% or less. The loan to value for the real estate dependent loan portfolio was 38.2% and the average loan to value for non-performing loans collateralized by real estate was 26.2% at December 31, 2019. We seek to maintain our loans in performing status through, among other things, disciplined collection efforts, and consistently monitoring non-performing assets in an effort to return them to performing status. To this end, we review the quality of our loans and report to the Loan Committee of the Board of Directors of the Bank on a monthly basis. We sold 11 delinquent loans totaling $13.0 million, 12 delinquent loans totaling $8.7 million, and 17 delinquent loans totaling $6.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. There can be no assurances that we will continue this strategy in future periods, or if continued, we will be able to find buyers to pay adequate consideration. Non-performing loans totaled $13.3 million and $16.3 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets were 0.19% and 0.24% at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Remain well capitalized. The Bank faces several minimum capital requirements imposed by federal regulation. Failure to adhere to these minimums could limit the dividends the Bank is allowed to pay, including the payment of dividends to the Holding Company, and could limit the annual growth of the Bank. Under the Dodd Frank Act, banks with assets greater than $10 billion in total assets are required to complete stress tests, which predict capital levels under certain stress levels. Although, our total assets are currently $7.0 billion, as a best practice, we completed these tests. As of December 31, 2019, under all stress scenarios, we remained well capitalized per current regulations.

Increase Our Commitment to the Multi-Cultural Marketplace, with a Particular Focus on the Asian Community. Our branches are all located in the New York City metropolitan area with particular concentration in the borough of Queens. Queens is characterized with a high level of ethnic diversity. An important element of our strategy is to service multi-ethnic consumers and businesses. We have a particular presence and concentration in Asian communities, including in particular the Chinese and Korean populations. Both groups are noted for high levels of savings, education and entrepreneurship. In order to service these and other important ethnic groups in our market, our staff speaks more than 20 languages. We have an Asian advisory board to help broaden our links to the community by providing guidance and fostering awareness of our active role in the local community. In the fourth quarter of 2019, we opened a branch in Hicksville, NY, expanding our branch footprint in Asian communities outside of the borough of Queens. We also relocated our Bell Boulevard branch to better serve our Asian market. As of December 31, 2019, we had seven branches which have a particular focus on the Asian community, of which five are in the borough of Queens, one is in the borough of Manhattan and one on Long Island, with deposits totaling in excess of $800 million in these locations.

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Manage Enterprise-Wide Risk. We identify, measure and attempt to mitigate risks that affect, or have the potential to affect, our business. Due to past economic crises and recent increases in government regulation, we devote significant resources to risk management. We have a seasoned risk officer to provide executive risk leadership, and an enterprise-wide risk management program. Several enterprise risk management analytical products are in use which include key risk indicators. We also have had a chief information security officer even before one will be required by recent NYDFS rulemaking. Our management of enterprise-wide risk enables us to recognize and monitor risks and establish procedures to disseminate the risk information across our organization and to our Board of Directors. The objective is to have a robust and focused risk management process capable of identifying and mitigating emerging threats to the Bank’s safety and soundness.

Trends and Contingencies. Our operating results are significantly affected by national and local economic and competitive conditions, including changes in market interest rates, the strength of the local economy, government policies and actions of regulatory authorities. We have remained strategically focused on the origination of multi-family residential mortgages, commercial mortgages and commercial business loans with a full banking relationship. Because of this strategy, we were able to continue to achieve a higher yield on our mortgage portfolio than we would have otherwise experienced.

​

Loan originations and purchases were $1,162.3 million, $1,250.8 million and $1,039.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. While we primarily rely on originating our own loans, we purchased $221.2 million, $294.7 million and $196.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We purchase loans when the loans complement our loan portfolio strategy. Loans purchased must meet our underwriting standards when they were originated.

During the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, the allocation of our loan portfolio has remained fairly consistent with a steady increase in non-mortgage loans. The majority of our loans are collateralized by real estate, which comprised 81.3% of our portfolio at December 31, 2019 compared to 83.8% at December 31, 2018 and 85.3% at December 31, 2017, while non-mortgage loans comprised 18.7% of our portfolio at December 31, 2019, compared to 16.2% at December 31, 2018 and 14.7% at December 31, 2016.

Due to depositors increased $106.1 million, $575.3 million and $175.3 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Lower-costing core deposits increased $231.5 million, $363.9 million and $195.4 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Higher-costing certificates of deposit decreased $125.4 million during 2019 compared to an increase of $211.4 million in 2018 and a decrease of $20.2 million during 2017. Brokered deposits represented 7.7%, 6.1% and 24.9% of total deposits at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During 2018, Section 29 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act was amended to no longer consider reciprocal deposits held by an FDIC-insured depository institution brokered deposits. At December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, reciprocal deposits totaled $805.6 million, $685.3 million and $682.4 million, respectively.

Prevailing interest rates affect the extent to which borrowers repay and refinance loans. In a declining interest rate environment, the number of loan prepayments and loan refinancing tends to increase, as do prepayments of mortgage-backed securities. Call provisions associated with our investments in U.S. government agency and corporate securities may also adversely affect yield in a declining interest rate environment. Such prepayments and calls may adversely affect the yield of our loan portfolio and mortgage-backed and other securities as we reinvest the prepaid funds in a lower interest rate environment. However, we typically receive additional loan fees when existing loans are refinanced, which partially offsets the reduced yield on our loan portfolio resulting from prepayments. In periods of low interest rates, our level of core deposits also may decline if depositors seek higher-yielding instruments or other investments not offered by us, which in turn may increase our cost of funds and decrease our net interest margin to the extent alternative funding sources, are utilized. By contrast, an increasing interest rate environment would tend to extend the average lives of lower yielding fixed rate mortgages and mortgage-backed securities, which could adversely affect net interest income. In addition, depositors tend to open longer term, higher costing certificate of deposit accounts which could adversely affect our net interest income if rates were to subsequently decline. Additionally, adjustable rate residential mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities generally contain interim and lifetime caps that limit the amount the interest rate can increase at re-pricing dates.

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Net interest income decreased $5.5 million, or 3.3%, to $161.9 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 from $167.4 million for the prior year, as a 25 basis points decrease in the net interest margin to 2.47% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 was partially offset by balance sheet growth. The decrease in the net interest margin for 2019 was primarily due to an increase in our funding costs, partially offset by an increase in the yield of our interest-earning assets. The increase in the yield of our interest earning assets was primarily due to an increase of $388.2 million in the average balance of total interest-earning assets to $6,582.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, combined with increases in the yield of new originations. During 2019, the cost of borrowed funds increased 15 basis points to 2.31% from 2.16% in the comparable period while the cost of interest-bearing deposits increased 43 basis points to 1.91% from 1.48% for the prior year. The cost of money market, NOW and certificates of deposits accounts increased 42 basis points, 51 basis points and 38 basis points, respectively, for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 from the prior year. The cost of deposits increased as we increased the rates we pay on certain accounts to attract additional deposits.

We are unable to predict the direction or timing of future interest rate changes. Approximately 74% of our certificates of deposit accounts and borrowings will reprice or mature during the next year. Also, in an increasing interest rate environment, mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities may prepay at slower rates than experienced in the past, which could result in a reduction of prepayment penalty income.

On October 24, 2019, the Company entered into a definitive merger agreement to acquire Empire Bancorp, Inc. (“Empire”), in a transaction valued at an estimated $111.6 million, based on the Company’s closing stock price on October 24, 2019. Under the terms of the merger agreement, each share of Empire common stock will be exchanged for either 0.6548 shares of the Company’s common stock or $14.04 in cash, based upon the election of each Empire shareholder, subject to the election and proration procedures specified in the merger agreement (which provides for an aggregate split of total consideration of 50% Company common stock and 50% cash). In connection with the transaction, Empire National Bank will merge with and into Flushing Bank, with Flushing Bank as the surviving entity.

Completion of the transaction is subject to customary closing conditions, including receipt of regulatory approvals and the approval of Empire’s shareholders. The combined company at close is expected to have approximately $8.0 billion in assets, $6.3 billion in loans, $5.8 billion in deposits, and 24 branches in Queens, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and on Long Island.

Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis

A financial institution’s exposure to the risks of changing interest rates may be analyzed, in part, by examining the extent to which its assets and liabilities are “interest rate sensitive” and by monitoring the institution’s interest rate sensitivity “gap.” An asset or liability is said to be interest rate sensitive within a specific time period if it will mature or reprice within that time period. The interest rate sensitivity gap is defined as the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets maturing or repricing within a specific time period and the amount of interest-bearing liabilities maturing or repricing within that time period. A gap is considered positive when the amount of interest-earning assets maturing or repricing exceeds the amount of interest-bearing liabilities maturing or repricing within the same period. A gap is considered negative when the amount of interest-bearing liabilities maturing or repricing exceeds the amount of interest-earning assets maturing or repricing within the same period. Accordingly, a positive gap may enhance net interest income in a rising rate environment and reduce net interest income in a falling rate environment. Conversely, a negative gap may enhance net interest income in a falling rate environment and reduce net interest income in a rising rate environment.

The table below sets forth the amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities outstanding at December 31, 2019 which are anticipated by the Company, based upon certain assumptions, to reprice or mature in each of the future time periods shown. Except as stated below, the amount of assets and liabilities shown that reprice or mature during a particular period was determined in accordance with the earlier of the term to repricing or the contractual terms of the asset or liability. Prepayment assumptions for mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities are based on our experience and industry averages, which generally range from 7% to 38%, depending on the contractual rate of interest and the underlying collateral. NOW Accounts, money market accounts and savings accounts were assumed to have withdrawal or “run-off” rates of 8%, 13% and 15%, respectively, based on our experience. While management bases these

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assumptions on actual prepayments and withdrawals experienced by us, there is no guarantee that these trends will continue in the future.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Interest Rate Sensitivity Gap Analysis at December 31, 2019
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | More Than | ​ | More Than | ​ | More Than | ​ | More Than | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three | ​ | Three | ​ | One Year | ​ | Three Years | ​ | Five Years | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Months | ​ | Months To | ​ | To Three | ​ | To Five | ​ | To Ten | ​ | More Than | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | And Less |  | One Year |  | Years |  | Years |  | Years |  | Ten Years |  | Total
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands)
Interest-Earning Assets |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Mortgage loans | ​ | $ | 333,514 | ​ | $ | 758,538 | ​ | $ | 1,654,625 | ​ | $ | 1,333,020 | ​ | $ | 496,628 | ​ | $ | 101,378 | ​ | $ | 4,677,703
Other loans | ​ |  | 636,687 | ​ |  | 38,822 | ​ |  | 98,843 | ​ |  | 142,343 | ​ |  | 162,537 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,079,232
Short-term securities (1) | ​ |  | 36,511 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 36,511
Securities held-to-maturity: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 180 | ​ |  | 982 | ​ |  | 3,927 | ​ |  | 2,698 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,787
Other | ​ |  | 327 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 50,774 | ​ |  | 51,101
Securities available for sale: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 43,288 | ​ |  | 64,332 | ​ |  | 134,170 | ​ |  | 97,595 | ​ |  | 132,028 | ​ |  | 52,436 | ​ |  | 523,849
Other | ​ |  | 222,960 | ​ |  | 25,691 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 248,651
Total interest-earning assets | ​ |  | 1,273,467 | ​ |  | 888,365 | ​ |  | 1,891,565 | ​ |  | 1,575,656 | ​ |  | 791,193 | ​ |  | 204,588 | ​ |  | 6,624,834
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest-Bearing Liabilities | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Savings accounts | ​ |  | 7,146 | ​ |  | 21,437 | ​ |  | 48,395 | ​ |  | 62,771 | ​ |  | 51,736 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 191,485
NOW accounts | ​ |  | 132,623 | ​ |  | 55,518 | ​ |  | 180,366 | ​ |  | 460,529 | ​ |  | 536,555 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,365,591
Money market accounts | ​ |  | 162,779 | ​ |  | 145,988 | ​ |  | 380,247 | ​ |  | 884,368 | ​ |  | 18,629 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,592,011
Certificate of deposit accounts | ​ |  | 682,307 | ​ |  | 538,294 | ​ |  | 157,743 | ​ |  | 59,400 | ​ |  | 146 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,437,890
Mortgagors' escrow deposits | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 44,375 | ​ |  | 44,375
Borrowings | ​ |  | 666,352 | ​ |  | 105,547 | ​ |  | 391,012 | ​ |  | 74,320 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,237,231
Total interest-bearing liabilities (2) | ​ | $ | 1,651,207 | ​ | $ | 866,784 | ​ | $ | 1,157,763 | ​ | $ | 1,541,388 | ​ | $ | 607,066 | ​ | $ | 44,375 | ​ | $ | 5,868,583
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate sensitivity gap | ​ | $ | (377,740) | ​ | $ | 21,581 | ​ | $ | 733,802 | ​ | $ | 34,268 | ​ | $ | 184,127 | ​ | $ | 160,213 | ​ | $ | 756,251
Cumulative interest-rate sensitivity gap | ​ | $ | (377,740) | ​ | $ | (356,159) | ​ | $ | 377,643 | ​ | $ | 411,911 | ​ | $ | 596,038 | ​ | $ | 756,251 | ​ |  |
Cumulative interest-rate sensitivity gap as a percentage of total assets | ​ |  | (5.38) | % |  | (5.08) | % |  | 5.38 | % |  | 5.87 | % |  | 8.49 | % |  | 10.78 | % |  |
Cumulative net interest-earning assets as a percentage of interest-bearing liabilities | ​ |  | 77.12 | % |  | 85.86 | % |  | 110.27 | % |  | 107.90 | % |  | 110.23 | % |  | 112.89 | % |  |

(1) | Consists of interest-earning deposits.

(2) | Does not include non-interest bearing demand accounts totaling $435.1 million at December 31, 2019.

Certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the foregoing table. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar estimated maturities or periods to repricing, they may react in differing degrees to changes in market interest rates and may bear rates that differ in varying degrees from the rates that would apply upon maturity and reinvestment or upon repricing. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in market rates. Additionally, certain assets, such as ARM loans, have features that restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Further, in the event of a significant change in the level of interest rates, prepayments on loans and mortgage-backed securities, and deposit withdrawal or “run-off” levels, would likely deviate materially from those assumed in calculating the above table. In the event of an interest rate increase, some borrowers may be unable to meet the increased payments on their adjustable-rate debt. The interest rate sensitivity analysis assumes that the nature of the Company’s assets and liabilities remains static. Interest rates may have an effect on customer preferences for deposits and loan products. Finally, the maturity and repricing characteristics of many assets and liabilities as set forth in the above table are not governed by contract but rather by management’s best judgment based on current market conditions and anticipated business strategies.

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Interest Rate Risk

Our Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, which requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the changes in fair value of certain investments due to changes in interest rates. Generally, the fair value of financial investments such as loans and securities fluctuates inversely with changes in interest rates. As a result, increases in interest rates could result in decreases in the fair value of our interest-earning assets which could adversely affect our results of operations if such assets were sold, or, in the case of securities classified as available for sale, decreases in our stockholders’ equity if such securities were retained.

We manage the mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities on a continuous basis to maximize return and adjust our exposure to interest rate risk. On a quarterly basis, management prepares the “Earnings and Economic Exposure to Changes in Interest Rate” report for review by the Board of Directors, as summarized below. This report quantifies the potential changes in net interest income and net portfolio value should interest rates go up or down (shocked) 200 basis points, assuming the yield curves of the rate shocks will be parallel to each other. Net portfolio value is defined as the market value of assets net of the market value of liabilities. The market value of assets and liabilities is determined using a discounted cash flow calculation. The net portfolio value ratio is the ratio of the net portfolio value to the market value of assets. All changes in income and value are measured as percentage changes from the projected net interest income and net portfolio value at the base interest rate scenario. The base interest rate scenario assumes interest rates at December 31, 2019. Various estimates regarding prepayment assumptions are made at each level of rate shock. Actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. At December 31, 2019, we were within the guidelines established by the Board of Directors for each interest rate level.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Projected Percentage Change In |  | Net Portfolio |
​ | ​ | Net Interest Income | ​ | Net Portfolio Value | ​ | Value Ratio |
Change in Interest Rate | ​ | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
-200 basis points |  | 12.94 | % | 6.35 | % | 35.61 | % | 14.20 | % | 12.93 | % | 12.15 | %
-100 basis points |  | 6.08 |  | 3.85 |  | 14.10 |  | 4.41 |  | 11.30 |  | 11.45 | ​
Base interest rate |  | — |  | ― |  | — |  | ― |  | 10.22 |  | 11.22 | ​
+100 basis points |  | (6.63) |  | (4.82) |  | (9.28) |  | (5.98) |  | 9.52 |  | 10.80 | ​
+200 basis points |  | (13.58) |  | (9.86) |  | (18.12) |  | (11.89) |  | 8.82 |  | 10.36 | ​

​

Analysis of Net Interest Income

Net interest income represents the difference between income on interest-earning assets and expense on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income depends upon the relative amount of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the interest rate earned or paid on them.

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The following table sets forth certain information relating to our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and reflects the average yield on assets and average cost of liabilities for the periods indicated. Such yields and costs are derived by dividing income or expense by the average balance of assets or liabilities, respectively, for the periods shown. Average balances are derived from average daily balances. The yields include amortization of fees that are considered adjustments to yields.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended December 31, |
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 | ​ | 2017 |
​ | ​ | Average | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Yield/ | ​ | Average | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Yield/ | ​ | Average | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Yield/ | ​
​ |  | Balance |  | Interest |  | Cost |  | Balance |  | Interest |  | Cost |  | Balance |  | Interest |  | Cost |
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) |
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest-earning assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Mortgage loans, net (1)(2) | ​ | $ | 4,609,439 | ​ | $ | 203,440 |  | ​ | 4.41 | % | $ | 4,494,210 | ​ | $ | 193,186 |  | 4.30 | % | $ | 4,304,889 | ​ | $ | 181,006 |  | 4.20 | %
Other loans, net (1)(2) | ​ |  | 1,011,594 | ​ |  | 48,304 |  | ​ | 4.78 | ​ |  | 822,758 | ​ |  | 39,533 |  | 4.80 | ​ |  | 683,724 | ​ |  | 28,277 |  | 4.14 | ​
Total loans, net | ​ |  | 5,621,033 | ​ |  | 251,744 |  | ​ | 4.48 | ​ |  | 5,316,968 | ​ |  | 232,719 |  | 4.38 | ​ |  | 4,988,613 | ​ |  | 209,283 |  | 4.20 | ​
Taxable securities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 572,223 | ​ |  | 15,468 |  | ​ | 2.70 | ​ |  | 539,771 | ​ |  | 15,065 |  | 2.79 | ​ |  | 526,934 | ​ |  | 13,686 |  | 2.60 | ​
Other securities | ​ |  | 243,324 | ​ |  | 8,102 |  | ​ | 3.33 | ​ |  | 140,461 | ​ |  | 4,658 |  | 3.32 | ​ |  | 199,350 | ​ |  | 7,349 |  | 3.69 | ​
Total taxable securities | ​ |  | 815,547 | ​ |  | 23,570 |  | ​ | 2.89 | ​ |  | 680,232 | ​ |  | 19,723 |  | 2.90 | ​ |  | 726,284 | ​ |  | 21,035 |  | 2.90 | ​
Tax-exempt securities: (3) | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Other securities | ​ |  | 60,971 | ​ |  | 2,580 |  | ​ | 4.23 | ​ |  | 121,412 | ​ |  | 4,261 |  | 3.51 | ​ |  | 139,704 | ​ |  | 4,735 |  | 3.39 | ​
Total tax-exempt securities | ​ |  | 60,971 | ​ |  | 2,580 |  | ​ | 4.23 | ​ |  | 121,412 | ​ |  | 4,261 |  | 3.51 | ​ |  | 139,704 | ​ |  | 4,735 |  | 3.39 | ​
Interest-earning deposits and federal funds sold | ​ |  | 84,922 | ​ |  | 1,604 |  | ​ | 1.89 | ​ |  | 75,636 | ​ |  | 1,190 |  | 1.57 | ​ |  | 61,472 | ​ |  | 526 |  | 0.86 | ​
Total interest-earning assets | ​ |  | 6,582,473 | ​ |  | 279,498 |  | ​ | 4.25 | ​ |  | 6,194,248 | ​ |  | 257,893 |  | 4.16 | ​ |  | 5,916,073 | ​ |  | 235,579 |  | 3.98 | ​
Other assets | ​ |  | 365,408 | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 310,350 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  | 301,673 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Total assets | ​ | $ | 6,947,881 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 6,504,598 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | $ | 6,217,746 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities and Equity | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest-bearing liabilities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Deposits: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Savings accounts | ​ | $ | 198,374 | ​ |  | 1,378 | ​ |  | 0.69 | ​ | $ | 233,392 | ​ |  | 1,370 |  | 0.59 | ​ | $ | 292,887 | ​ |  | 1,808 |  | 0.62 | ​
NOW accounts | ​ |  | 1,434,440 | ​ |  | 23,553 | ​ |  | 1.64 | ​ |  | 1,407,945 | ​ |  | 15,896 |  | 1.13 | ​ |  | 1,444,944 | ​ |  | 9,640 |  | 0.67 | ​
Money market accounts | ​ |  | 1,370,038 | ​ |  | 27,819 | ​ |  | 2.03 | ​ |  | 1,164,505 | ​ |  | 18,707 |  | 1.61 | ​ |  | 908,025 | ​ |  | 8,151 |  | 0.90 | ​
Certificate of deposit accounts | ​ |  | 1,532,440 | ​ |  | 35,078 | ​ |  | 2.29 | ​ |  | 1,483,026 | ​ |  | 28,310 |  | 1.91 | ​ |  | 1,390,491 | ​ |  | 20,579 |  | 1.48 | ​
Total due to depositors | ​ |  | 4,535,292 | ​ |  | 87,828 | ​ |  | 1.94 | ​ |  | 4,288,868 | ​ |  | 64,283 |  | 1.50 | ​ |  | 4,036,347 | ​ |  | 40,178 |  | 1.00 | ​
Mortgagors' escrow accounts | ​ |  | 70,209 | ​ |  | 229 | ​ |  | 0.33 | ​ |  | 66,255 | ​ |  | 214 |  | 0.32 | ​ |  | 61,962 | ​ |  | 141 |  | 0.23 | ​
Total interest-bearing deposits | ​ |  | 4,605,501 | ​ |  | 88,057 | ​ |  | 1.91 | ​ |  | 4,355,123 | ​ |  | 64,497 |  | 1.48 | ​ |  | 4,098,309 | ​ |  | 40,319 |  | 0.98 | ​
Borrowings | ​ |  | 1,251,452 | ​ |  | 28,959 | ​ |  | 2.31 | ​ |  | 1,162,429 | ​ |  | 25,095 |  | 2.16 | ​ |  | 1,169,791 | ​ |  | 21,159 |  | 1.81 | ​
Total interest-bearing liabilities | ​ |  | 5,856,953 | ​ |  | 117,016 | ​ |  | 2.00 | ​ |  | 5,517,552 | ​ |  | 89,592 |  | 1.62 | ​ |  | 5,268,100 | ​ |  | 61,478 |  | 1.17 | ​
Non interest-bearing demand deposits | ​ |  | 407,450 | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | 380,889 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  | 348,518 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Other liabilities | ​ |  | 122,189 | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | 71,422 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  | 70,828 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Total liabilities | ​ |  | 6,386,592 | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | 5,969,863 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  | 5,687,446 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Equity | ​ |  | 561,289 | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | 534,735 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  | 530,300 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Total liabilities and equity | ​ | $ | 6,947,881 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 6,504,598 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | $ | 6,217,746 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net interest income / net interest rate spread (4) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 162,482 | ​ |  | 2.25 | % | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 168,301 | ​ | 2.54 | % |  |  | ​ | $ | 174,101 |  | 2.81 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net interest-earning assets / net interest margin (5) | ​ | $ | 725,520 | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2.47 | % | $ | 676,696 | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 2.72 | % | $ | 647,973 | ​ |  |  |  | 2.94 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Ratio of interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | 1.12 | X |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | 1.12 | X |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | 1.12 | X

(1) | Average balances include non-accrual loans.

(2) | Loan interest income includes loan fee income (which includes net amortization of deferred fees and costs, late charges, and prepayment penalties) of approximately $2.0 million, $2.1 million and $2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In addition, it includes net losses from fair value adjustments in qualifying hedges of $1.7 million for December 31, 2019 and none for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

(3) | Interest and yields are calculated on the tax equivalent basis using statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

(4) | Interest rate spread represents the difference between the average rate on interest-earning assets and the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.

(5) | Net interest margin represents net interest income before the provision for loan losses divided by average interest-earning assets.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table presents the impact of changes in interest rates and in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities on the Company’s interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to (1) changes attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by the prior rate), (2) changes attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by the prior volume) and (3) the net change. The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Increase (Decrease) in Net Interest Income
​ | ​ | Year ended December 31, 2019 | ​ | Year ended December 31, 2018
​ | ​ | Compared to | ​ | Compared to
​ | ​ | Year ended December 31, 2018 | ​ | Year ended December 31, 2017
​ | ​ | Due to | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Due to | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Net |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Net
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands)
Interest-Earning Assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Mortgage loans, net | ​ | $ | 5,133 | ​ | $ | 5,121 | ​ | $ | 10,254 | ​ | $ | 7,902 | ​ | $ | 4,278 | ​ | $ | 12,180
Other loans, net | ​ |  | 8,938 | ​ |  | (167) | ​ |  | 8,771 | ​ |  | 6,309 | ​ |  | 4,947 | ​ |  | 11,256
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 895 | ​ |  | (492) | ​ |  | 403 | ​ |  | 345 | ​ |  | 1,034 | ​ |  | 1,379
Other securities | ​ |  | 3,430 | ​ |  | 14 | ​ |  | 3,444 | ​ |  | (2,009) | ​ |  | (682) | ​ |  | (2,691)
Tax-Exempt securities | ​ | ​ | (2,428) | ​ | ​ | 747 | ​ | ​ | (1,681) | ​ | ​ | (637) | ​ | ​ | 163 | ​ | ​ | (474)
Interest-earning deposits and federal funds sold | ​ |  | 156 | ​ |  | 258 | ​ |  | 414 | ​ |  | 145 | ​ |  | 519 | ​ |  | 664
Total interest-earning assets | ​ |  | 16,124 | ​ |  | 5,481 | ​ |  | 21,605 | ​ |  | 12,055 | ​ |  | 10,259 | ​ |  | 22,314
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest-Bearing Liabilities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Deposits: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Savings accounts | ​ |  | (215) | ​ |  | 223 | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | (354) | ​ |  | (84) | ​ |  | (438)
NOW accounts | ​ |  | 306 | ​ |  | 7,351 | ​ |  | 7,657 | ​ |  | (253) | ​ |  | 6,509 | ​ |  | 6,256
Money market accounts | ​ |  | 3,677 | ​ |  | 5,435 | ​ |  | 9,112 | ​ |  | 2,783 | ​ |  | 7,773 | ​ |  | 10,556
Certificate of deposit accounts | ​ |  | 971 | ​ |  | 5,797 | ​ |  | 6,768 | ​ |  | 1,441 | ​ |  | 6,290 | ​ |  | 7,731
Mortgagors' escrow accounts | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | 5 | ​ |  | 15 | ​ |  | 11 | ​ |  | 62 | ​ |  | 73
Borrowings | ​ |  | 2,026 | ​ |  | 1,838 | ​ |  | 3,864 | ​ |  | (134) | ​ |  | 4,070 | ​ |  | 3,936
Total interest-bearing liabilities | ​ |  | 6,775 | ​ |  | 20,649 | ​ |  | 27,424 | ​ |  | 3,494 | ​ |  | 24,620 | ​ |  | 28,114
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net change in net interest income | ​ | $ | 9,349 | ​ | $ | (15,168) | ​ | $ | (5,819) | ​ | $ | 8,561 | ​ | $ | (14,361) | ​ | $ | (5,800)

​

Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

General. Net income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 was $41.3 million, a decrease of $13.8 million, or 25.07%, compared to $55.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018. Diluted earnings per common share were $1.44 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of $0.48, or 25.00%, from $1.92 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018. Return on average equity decreased to 7.35% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, from 10.30% for the prior year. Return on average assets increased to 0.59% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 from 0.85% for the prior year.

Interest Income. Interest income increased $22.0 million, or 8.54%, to $279.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $257.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in interest income was primarily due to an increase of $388.2 million in the average balance of interest-earning assets to $6,582.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $6,194.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, combined with an increase of nine basis points in the yield of interest-earning assets to 4.25% for the year ended December 31, 2019 from 4.16% for the year ended December 31, 2018. The nine basis point increase in the yield of interest-earning assets was primarily due to an increase of $304.1 million in the average balance of higher yielding total loans, net to $5,621.0 million

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for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $5,317.0 million and a 10 basis point increase in the yield on total loans to 4.48% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 from 4.38% from December 31, 2018. The yield on the loan portfolio, excluding prepayment penalty income, increased 15 basis points to 4.43% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 from 4.28 % for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased $27.4 million, or 30.61%, to $117.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $89.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to an increase of 38 basis points in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities to 2.00% for the year ended December 31, 2019 from 1.62% for the year ended December 31, 2018, combined with an increase of $339.4 million in the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities to $5,857.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, from $5,517.6 million for the prior year. The 38 basis point increase in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities was primarily due to the Bank raising the rates we pay on some of our deposit products to stay competitive within our market and an increase in borrowing costs.

Net Interest Income. Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2019 totaled $161.9 million, a decrease of $5.5 million, or 3.27%, from $167.4 million for 2018. The decrease in net interest income was primarily due to a 29 basis point decrease in the net interest spread to 2.25% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 from 2.54% for the prior year. The yield on interest-earning assets increased nine basis points to 4.25% for the year ended December 31, 2019, from 4.16% for the year ended December 31, 2018, and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 38 basis point to 2.00% for the year ended December 31, 2019 from 1.62% for the prior year. The net interest margin decreased 25 basis points to 2.47% for the year ended December 31, 2019 from 2.72% for the year ended December 31, 2018. Excluding prepayment penalty income, the net interest margin would have been 2.42% and 2.63% for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Provision for Loan Losses. Provision for loan losses of $2.8 million was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $0.6 million during the prior year. The $2.8 million provision was recorded due to the analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses indicating that the provision was necessary to maintain the reserve at an appropriate level. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, non-accrual loans decreased $3.4 million to $12.8 million from $16.3 million at December 31, 2018. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, the Bank recorded net charge-offs totaling $2.0 million primarily due to one business loan relationship. The current average loan-to-value ratio for our non-performing loans collateralized by real estate was 26.2% at December 31, 2019. The Bank continues to maintain conservative underwriting standards. We anticipate that we will continue to see low loss content in our loan portfolio.

Non-Interest Income. Non-interest income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 was $9.5 million, a decrease of $0.9 million, or 8.4%, from $10.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018. Non-interest income decreased primarily due to an increase in net losses from fair value adjustments of $1.2 million.

Non-Interest Expense. Non-interest expense was $115.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $3.6 million, or 3.21%, from $111.7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018. The increase in non-interest expense was primarily due to increases in salaries and employee benefits and occupancy and equipment expense due to the growth of the Bank.

Income Tax Provisions. Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $1.7 million, or 15.94%, to $12.1 million, compared to $10.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease was primarily due to an increase in the effective tax rate to 22.6% for the year ended December 31, 2019 from 15.9% in the prior year partially offset by the $12.2 million decrease in income before income taxes. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to the prior year including the release of previously accrued liability of $3.8 million.

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Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

General. Net income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 was $55.1 million, an increase of $14.0 million, or 33.97%, compared to $41.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017. Diluted earnings per common share were $1.92 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, an increase of $0.51, or 36.17%, from $1.41 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017. Return on average equity increased to 10.30% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, from 7.75% for the prior year. Return on average assets increased to 0.85% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, from 0.66% for the prior year.

Interest Income. Interest income increased $22.4 million, or 9.55%, to $257.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $234.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in interest income was primarily due to an increase of $278.2 million in the average balance of interest-earning assets to $6,194.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $5,916.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, combined with an increase of 18 basis points in the yield of interest-earning assets to 4.15% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 3.97% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The 18 basis point increase in the yield of interest-earning assets was primarily due to an increase of $328.4 million in the average balance of higher yielding total loans, net to $5,317.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, combined with a decrease of $64.3 million in the average balance of lower yielding total securities to $801.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Additionally, the 18 basis point improvement in the yield of interest-earning assets was aided by an 18 basis point increase in the yield on total loans to 4.38% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 from 4.20% from December 31, 2017, coupled with a two basis point increase in the yield on total securities to 2.88% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 2.86% for the prior year. The 18 basis point increase in the yield on the loan portfolio was primarily due to loan yields repricing upwards. The yield on the loan portfolio, excluding prepayment penalty income, increased 19 basis points to 4.28% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 from 4.09 % for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased $28.1 million, or 45.73%, to $89.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $61.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to an increase of 45 basis points in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities to 1.62% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 1.17% for the year ended December 31, 2017, combined with an increase of $249.5 million in the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities to $5,517.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, from $5,268.1 million for the prior year. The 45 basis point increase in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities was primarily due to the Bank raising the rates we pay on some of our deposit products to stay competitive within our market and an increase in borrowing costs from increases in the federal funds rate.

Net Interest Income. Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2018 totaled $167.4 million, a decrease of $5.7 million, or 3.29%, from $173.1 million for 2017. The decrease in net interest income was primarily due to a 27 basis point decrease in the net interest spread to 2.53% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 from 2.80% for the prior year. The yield on interest-earning assets increased 18 basis points to 4.15% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 3.97% for the year ended December 31, 2017, and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 45 basis point to 1.62% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 1.17% for the prior year. The net interest margin decreased 23 basis points to 2.70% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 2.93% for the year ended December 31, 2017. Excluding prepayment penalty income, the net interest margin would have been 2.62% and 2.84% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Provision for Loan Losses. Provision for loan losses of $0.6 million was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $9.9 million during the prior year. The $0.6 million provision was recorded due to the analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses indicating that the provision was necessary to maintain the reserve at an appropriate level. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, non-accrual loans increased $0.5 million to $16.3 million from $15.7 million at December 31, 2017. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, the Bank recorded net recoveries totaling $19,000. The current average loan-to-value ratio for our non-performing loans collateralized by real estate was 34.9% at December 31, 2018. The Bank continues to maintain conservative underwriting standards. We anticipate that we will continue to see low loss content in our loan portfolio.

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Non-Interest Income. Non-interest income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 was $10.3 million, a decrease of $25,000, or 0.24%, from $10.4 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017. Non-interest income decreased due to an increase in net losses from the sale of securities of $1.7 million, partially offset by an increase in gains from life insurance proceeds of $1.6 million.

Non-Interest Expense. Non-interest expense was $111.7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, an increase of $4.2 million, or 3.92%, from $107.5 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017. The increase in non-interest expense was primarily due to increases in salaries and employee benefits, professional services and depreciation and amortization expense due to the growth of the Bank.

Income Tax Provisions. Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased $14.6 million, or 58.4%, to $10.4 million, compared to $25.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in the effective tax rate to 15.9% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 37.8% in the prior year and the $0.6 million decrease in income before income taxes. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily due to the release of a previously accrued tax liability totaling $3.5 million and the impact of the top federal tax rate declining to 21% in 2018 from 35% in 2017, as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”). Additionally, the year ended December 31, 2017 included $3.8 million in additional tax expense from the revaluation of our net deferred tax assets, resulting from the TCJA.

Liquidity, Regulatory Capital and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of funds are deposits, borrowings, principal and interest payments on loans, mortgage-backed and other securities, and proceeds from sales of securities and loans. Deposit flows and mortgage prepayments, however, are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. At December 31, 2019, the Bank was able to borrow up to $3,200.0 million from the FHLB-NY in Federal Home Loan Bank advances and letters of credit. As of December 31, 2019, the Bank had $1,612.5 million outstanding in combined balances of FHLB-NY advances and letters of credit. At December 31, 2019, the Bank also has unsecured lines of credit with other commercial banks totaling $100.0 million, with no outstanding amount. In addition, the Holding Company has subordinated debentures with a principal balance totaling $75.0 million and junior subordinated debentures with a face amount of $61.9 million and a carrying amount of $44.4 million (which are both included in Borrowed Funds). (See Note 9 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.) Management believes its available sources of funds are sufficient to fund current operations.

Our most liquid assets are cash and cash equivalents, which include cash and due from banks, overnight interest-earning deposits and federal funds sold with original maturities of 90 days or less. The level of these assets is dependent on our operating, financing, lending and investing activities during any given period. At December 31, 2019, cash and cash equivalents totaled $49.8 million, a decrease of $68.8 million from December 31, 2018. We also held marketable securities available for sale with a market value of $772.5 million at December 31, 2019.

At December 31, 2019, we had commitments to extend credit (principally real estate mortgage loans) of $44.8 million and open lines of credit for borrowers (principally business lines of credit and home equity loan lines of credit) of $262.3 million. Since generally all of the loan commitments are expected to be drawn upon, the total loan commitments approximate future cash requirements, whereas the amounts of lines of credit may not be indicative of our future cash requirements. The loan commitments generally expire in 90 days, while construction loan lines of credit mature within 18 months and home equity loan lines of credit mature within 10 years. We use the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as we do for on-balance-sheet instruments.

Our total interest expense and non-interest expense in 2019 were $117.0 million and $115.3 million, respectively.

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We maintain three postretirement defined benefit plans for our employees: a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan which was frozen as of September 30, 2006, a contributory medical plan, and a noncontributory life insurance plan. The life insurance plan was amended to discontinue providing life insurance benefits to future retirees after January 1, 2010 and the medical plan was frozen to future retirees as of January 1, 2011. We also maintain a noncontributory defined benefit plan for certain of our non-employee directors, which was frozen as of January 1, 2004. The employee pension plan is the only plan that we have funded. During 2019, we incurred cash expenditures of $0.1 million for each of the medical and life insurance plans and the non-employee director plan. We did not make a contribution to the employee pension plan in 2019. We expect to pay similar amounts for these plans in 2020. (See Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.)

The amounts reported in our financial statements are obtained from reports prepared by independent actuaries, and are based on significant assumptions. The most significant assumption is the discount rate used to determine the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (“APBO”) for these plans. The APBO is the present value of projected benefits that employees and retirees have earned to date. The discount rate is a single rate at which the liabilities of the plans are discounted into today’s dollars and could be effectively settled or eliminated. The discount rate used is based on the FTSE Pension Discount Curve (formerly the Citigroup Pension Liability Index), and reflects a rate that could be earned on bonds over a similar period that we anticipate the plans’ liabilities will be paid. An increase in the discount rate would reduce the APBO, while a reduction in the discount rate would increase the APBO. During the past several years, when interest rates have been at historically low levels, the discount rate used for our plans has declined from 7.25% for 2001 to 3.00% for 2019. This decline in the discount rate has resulted in an increase in our APBO.

The Company’s actuaries use several other assumptions that could have a significant impact on our APBO and periodic expense for these plans. These assumptions include, but are not limited to, expected rate of return on plan assets, future increases in medical and life insurance premiums, turnover rates of employees, and life expectancy. The accounting standards for postretirement plans involve mechanisms that serve to limit the volatility of earnings by allowing changes in the value of plan assets and benefit obligations to be amortized over time when actual results differ from the assumptions used, there are changes in the assumptions used, or there are plan amendments. At December 31, 2019, our employee pension plan had an unrecognized loss of $2.3 million. At December 31, 2019, the non-employee director plan and the medical and life insurance plan had unrecognized gains of $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively, due to experience different from what had been estimated and changes in actuarial assumptions. The employee pension plan’s unrecognized loss is primarily attributed to the reduction in the discount rate and change in the Plan’s mortality table. In addition, the non-employee director pension plan has no unrecognized past service liability due to plan amendments in prior years and the medical and life insurance plan have a $0.2 million past service credit due to plan amendments. The net after tax effect of the unrecognized gains and losses associated with these plans has been recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity, resulting in a reduction of stockholders’ equity of $1.0 million as of December 31, 2019.

The change in the discount rate, the pension plan’s mortality table and the reduction in medical premiums are the only significant changes made to the assumptions used for these plans for each of the three years ended December 31, 2019. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the actual return on the employee pension plan assets was approximately 372%, 94% and 255%, respectively, of the assumed return used to determine the periodic pension expense for that respective year.

The market value of the assets of our employee pension plan is $25.5 million at December 31, 2019, which is $3.1 million more than the projected benefit obligation. We do not anticipate a change in the market value of these assets which would have a significant effect on liquidity, capital resources, or results of operations.

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During 2019, funds provided by the Company’s operating activities amounted to $63.8 million. These funds combined with $62.2 million provided from financing activities and $118.6 million in cash and cash equivalents available at the beginning of the period were utilized to fund net investing activities of $194.8 million. The Company’s primary business objective is the origination and purchase of multi-family residential loans, commercial business loans and commercial real estate mortgage loans and to a lesser extent one-to-four family (including mixed-use properties). During the year ended December 31, 2019, the net total of loan originations and purchases less loan repayments and sales was $206.9 million. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company also purchased $176.2 million in securities. During 2019, funds were provided by net increases of $105.4 million and $15.8 million in total deposits and short-term borrowed funds, respectively, and $225.0 million in long-term borrowings. Additionally, funds were provided by $213.3 million in proceeds from maturities, sales, calls and prepayments of securities. The Company also used funds of $257.1 million, $24.1 million, $25.0 million and $2.7 million for the repayment of long-term borrowed funds, dividend payments, purchases of BOLI and treasury stock, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2019.

At the time of the Bank’s conversion from a federally chartered mutual savings bank to a federally chartered stock savings bank, the Bank was required by its primary regulator to establish a liquidation account which is reduced as and to the extent that eligible account holders reduce their qualifying deposits. Upon completion of the merger, the liquidation account was assumed by the Bank. The balance of the liquidation account at December 31, 2019 was $0.5 million. In the unlikely event of a complete liquidation of the Bank, each eligible account holder will be entitled to receive a distribution from the liquidation account. The Bank is not permitted to declare or pay a dividend or to repurchase any of its capital stock if the effect would be to cause the Bank’s regulatory capital to be reduced below the amount required for the liquidation account but approval of the NYDFS Superintendent is required if the total of all dividends declared by the Bank in a calendar year would exceed the total of its net profits for that year combined with its retained net profits for the preceding two years less prior dividends paid. The Holding Company is subject to the same regulatory restrictions on the declaration of dividends as the Bank.

Regulatory Capital Position. Under applicable regulatory capital regulations, the Bank and the Company are required to comply with each of four separate capital adequacy standards: leverage capital, common equity Tier I risk-based capital, Tier I risk-based capital and total risk-based capital. Such classifications are used by the FDIC and other bank regulatory agencies to determine matters ranging from each institution’s quarterly FDIC deposit insurance premium assessments, to approvals of applications authorizing institutions to grow their asset size or otherwise expand business activities. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Bank and the Company exceeded each of their four regulatory capital requirements. (See Note 14 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.)

Critical Accounting Policies

The Company’s accounting policies are integral to understanding the results of operations and statement of financial condition. These policies are described in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Several of these policies require management’s judgment to determine the value of the Company’s assets and liabilities. The Company has established detailed written policies and control procedures to ensure consistent application of these policies. The Company has identified four accounting policies that require significant management valuation judgment: the allowance for loan losses, fair value of financial instruments, including other-than-temporary impairment assessment, goodwill impairment and income taxes.

Allowance for Loan Losses. An allowance for loan losses (“ALL”) is provided to absorb probable estimated losses inherent in the loan portfolio. Management reviews the adequacy of the ALL by reviewing all impaired loans on an individual basis. The remaining portfolio is evaluated based on the Company’s historical loss experience, recent trends in losses, collection policies and collection experience, trends in the volume of non-performing loans, changes in the composition and volume of the gross loan portfolio, and local and national economic conditions. Judgment is required to determine how many years of historical loss experience are to be included when reviewing historical loss experience. A full credit cycle must be used, or loss estimates may be inaccurate. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revisions as more information becomes available.

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Notwithstanding the judgment required in assessing the components of the ALL, the Company believes that the ALL is adequate to cover losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The policy has been applied on a consistent basis for all periods presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments. The Company carries certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value under the fair value option. Fair value is considered the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Management selected the fair value option for certain investment securities, primarily mortgage-backed securities, and certain borrowings. Changes in the fair value of financial instruments for which the fair value election is made are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income. At December 31, 2019, financial assets and financial liabilities with fair values of $14.3 million and $44.4 million, respectively, are carried at fair value under the fair value option.

The securities portfolio also consists of mortgage-backed and other securities for which the fair value election was not selected. These securities are classified as available for sale or held-to-maturity. Securities classified as available for sale are carried at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, with changes in fair value recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Securities held-to-maturity are carried at their amortized cost in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. If any decline in fair value for securities classified available for sale or held-to-maturity is deemed other-than-temporary, the security is written down to a new cost basis with the resulting loss recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income. During 2019 and 2018, no other-than-temporary impairment charges were recorded.

Financial assets and financial liabilities reported at fair value are required to be measured based on the following alternatives: (1) quoted prices in active markets for identical financial instruments (Level 1), (2) significant other observable inputs (Level 2), or (3) significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). Judgment is required in selecting the appropriate level to be used to determine fair value. The majority of financial assets and financial liabilities for which the fair value election was made, and the majority of investments classified as available for sale and held-to-maturity, were measured using Level 2 inputs, which require judgment to determine the fair value. The trust preferred securities held in the investment portfolio, and the Company’s junior subordinated debentures, were measured using Level 3 inputs due to the inactive market for these securities.

Goodwill Impairment. Goodwill is presumed to have an indefinite life and is tested for impairment, rather than amortized, on at least an annual basis. For the purpose of goodwill impairment testing, management has concluded that Company has one reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, there is no impairment of goodwill. However, if the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, further evaluation is required to determine if a write down of goodwill is required.

Quoted market prices in active markets are the best evidence of fair value and are to be used as the basis for measurement, when available. Other acceptable valuation methods include an asset approach, which determines a fair value based upon the value of assets net of liabilities, an income approach, which determines fair value using one or more methods that convert anticipated economic benefits into a present single amount, and a market approach, which determines a fair value based on the similar businesses that have been sold.

The Company conducts its annual qualitative impairment testing of goodwill as of December 31. The impairment testing as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 did not show an impairment of goodwill based on the fair value of the Company.

As of December 31, 2019, the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying amount by approximately 5%. Volatility in the Company’s stock price can result in the net book value of our reporting unit approximating, or even temporarily exceeding market capitalization, however, the fair value of our reporting unit is not driven solely by the market price of our stock. As described above, fair value of our reporting unit is derived using a combination of an asset approach, an income approach and a market approach. These valuation techniques consider several other factors beyond our market capitalization, such as the estimated future cash flows of our reporting unit, the discount rate used to present value such cash flows and the market multiples of comparable companies. Changes to input assumptions used in the analysis could result in materially different evaluations of goodwill impairment. We qualitatively assess whether the carrying value of our reporting unit exceeds fair value. If this qualitative assessment determines that it is more likely than not that the

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carrying value exceeds fair value, further qualitative evaluation for impairment would be required to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying value and determine if impairment is required.

Income Taxes. The Company estimates its income taxes payable based on the amounts it expects to owe to the various taxing authorizes (i.e. federal, state and local). In estimating income taxes, management assesses the relative merits and risks of the tax treatment of transactions, taking into account statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance in the context of the Company’s tax position. Management also relies on tax opinions, recent audits, and historical experience.

The Company also recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences of differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. A valuation allowance is required for deferred tax assets that the Company estimates are more likely than not to be unrealizable, based on evidence available at the time the estimate is made. These estimates can be affected by changes to tax laws, statutory tax rates, and future income levels.

Contractual Obligations

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Payments Due By Period
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | More
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Less Than | ​ | 1 - 3 | ​ | 3 - 5 | ​ | Than
​ |  | Total |  | 1 Year |  | Years |  | Years |  | 5 Years
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Borrowings | ​ | $ | 1,237,231 | ​ | $ | 727,515 | ​ | $ | 449,336 | ​ | $ | 15,996 | ​ | $ | 44,384
Deposits | ​ |  | 5,066,424 | ​ |  | 4,849,135 | ​ |  | 157,743 | ​ |  | 59,400 | ​ |  | 146
Loan commitments | ​ |  | 307,080 | ​ |  | 307,080 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Operating lease obligations | ​ |  | 57,018 | ​ |  | 8,113 | ​ |  | 14,935 | ​ |  | 14,822 | ​ |  | 19,148
Purchase obligations | ​ |  | 21,951 | ​ |  | 7,023 | ​ |  | 10,554 | ​ |  | 3,897 | ​ |  | 477
Pension and other postretirement benefits | ​ |  | 11,052 | ​ |  | 540 | ​ |  | 1,157 | ​ |  | 1,182 | ​ |  | 8,173
Deferred compensation plans | ​ |  | 17,684 | ​ |  | 466 | ​ |  | 932 | ​ |  | 932 | ​ |  | 15,354
Total | ​ | $ | 6,718,440 | ​ | $ | 5,899,872 | ​ | $ | 634,657 | ​ | $ | 96,229 | ​ | $ | 87,682

​

We have significant obligations that arise in the normal course of business. We finance our assets with deposits and borrowings. We also use borrowings to manage our interest-rate risk. Borrowings with call provisions are included in the period of the next call date. We have the means to refinance these borrowings as they mature or are called through financing arrangements with the FHLB-NY and our ability to arrange repurchase agreements with broker-dealers and the FHLB-NY. (See Notes 8 and 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.)

We focus our balance sheet growth on the origination of mortgage loans. At December 31, 2019, we had commitments to extend credit and lines of credit of $307.1 million for mortgage and other loans. These loans will be funded through principal and interest payments received on existing mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities, growth in customer deposits, and, when necessary, additional borrowings. (See Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.)

At December 31, 2019, the Bank had 20 branches, which were all leased. In addition, we lease our executive offices. We currently outsource our data processing, loan servicing and check processing functions. We believe that this is the most cost effective method for obtaining these services. These arrangements are usually volume dependent and have varying terms. The contracts for these services usually include annual increases based on the increase in the consumer price index. The amounts shown above for purchase obligations represent the current term and volume of activity of these contracts. We expect to renew these contracts as they expire.

The amounts shown for pension and other postretirement benefits reflect our directors’ pension plan and amounts due under our plan for medical and life insurance benefits for retired employees. The amount shown in the “Less Than 1 Year” column represents our current estimate for these benefits, some of which are based on information supplied by actuaries. The amounts shown in columns reflecting periods over one year represent our current estimate based on the

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past year’s actual disbursements and information supplied by actuaries. The amounts do not include an increase for possible future retirees or increases in health plan costs. The amount shown in the “More Than 5 Years” column represents the amount required to increase the total amount to the projected benefit obligation of the directors’ plan and the medical and life insurance benefit plans, since these are unfunded plans and the underfunded portion of the employee pension plan. (See Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.)

We currently provide a non-qualified deferred compensation plan for officers who have achieved the designated level and completed one year of service. However, certain officers who have not reached the designated level but were already participants remain eligible to participate in the Plan. In addition to the amounts deferred by the officers, we match 50% of their contributions, generally up to a maximum of 5% of the officer’s salary. These plans generally require the deferred balance to be credited with earnings at a rate earned by certain mutual funds. The amounts shown in the columns for less than five years represent the estimate of the amounts we will contribute to a rabbi trust with respect to matching contributions under these plans. The amount shown in the “More Than 5 Years” column represents the current accrued liability for these plans, adjusted for the activity in the columns for less than five years. This expense is provided in the Consolidated Statements of Income, and the liability has been provided in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

This information is contained in the section captioned “Interest Rate Risk” on page 62 and in Notes 19 and 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

FLUSHING FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Assets |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Cash and due from banks | ​ | $ | 49,787 | ​ | $ | 118,561
Securities held-to-maturity: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Mortgage-backed securities (include assets pledged of $5,283 and $4,796 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively; fair value of $8,114 and $7,366 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively) | ​ |  | 7,934 | ​ |  | 7,953
Other securities (none pledged; fair value of $53,998 and $22,508 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively) | ​ |  | 50,954 | ​ |  | 24,065
Securities available for sale, at fair value: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Mortgage-backed securities (including assets pledged of $212,038 and $152,670 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively; $772 and $967 at fair value pursuant to the fair value option at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively) | ​ |  | 523,849 | ​ |  | 557,953
Other securities (including assets pledged of none and $28,871 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively; $13,548 and $12,843 at fair value pursuant to the fair value option at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively) | ​ |  | 248,651 | ​ |  | 264,702
Loans, net of fees and costs | ​ |  | 5,772,206 | ​ |  | 5,551,484
Less: Allowance for loan losses | ​ |  | (21,751) | ​ |  | (20,945)
Net loans | ​ |  | 5,750,455 | ​ |  | 5,530,539
Interest and dividends receivable | ​ |  | 25,722 | ​ |  | 25,485
Bank premises and equipment, net | ​ |  | 28,676 | ​ |  | 30,418
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York stock, at cost | ​ |  | 56,921 | ​ |  | 57,282
Bank owned life insurance | ​ |  | 157,713 | ​ |  | 131,788
Goodwill | ​ |  | 16,127 | ​ |  | 16,127
Other real estate owned, net | ​ | ​ | 239 | ​ |  | —
Right of Use Asset | ​ | ​ | 41,254 | ​ |  | —
Other assets | ​ |  | 59,494 | ​ |  | 69,303
Total assets | ​ | $ | 7,017,776 | ​ | $ | 6,834,176
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Due to depositors: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Non-interest bearing | ​ | $ | 435,072 | ​ | $ | 413,747
Interest-bearing | ​ |  | 4,586,977 | ​ |  | 4,502,176
Total Due to depositors | ​ | ​ | 5,022,049 | ​ | ​ | 4,915,923
Mortgagors' escrow deposits | ​ |  | 44,375 | ​ |  | 44,861
Borrowed funds: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | ​ |  | 1,118,528 | ​ |  | 1,134,993
Subordinated debentures | ​ |  | 74,319 | ​ |  | 74,001
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value | ​ |  | 44,384 | ​ |  | 41,849
Total borrowed funds | ​ |  | 1,237,231 | ​ |  | 1,250,843
Operating lease liability | ​ | ​ | 49,367 | ​ | ​ | —
Other liabilities | ​ |  | 85,082 | ​ |  | 73,085
Total liabilities | ​ |  | 6,438,104 | ​ |  | 6,284,712
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16) | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stockholders' Equity | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Preferred stock ($0.01 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; none issued) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Common stock ($0.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 31,530,595 shares issued at December 31, 2019 and 2018; 28,157,206 shares and 27,983,637 shares outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively) | ​ |  | 315 | ​ |  | 315
Additional paid-in capital | ​ |  | 226,691 | ​ |  | 222,720
Treasury stock, at average cost (3,373,389 shares and 3,546,958 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively) | ​ |  | (71,487) | ​ |  | (75,146)
Retained earnings | ​ |  | 433,960 | ​ |  | 414,327
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes | ​ |  | (9,807) | ​ |  | (12,752)
Total stockholders' equity | ​ |  | 579,672 | ​ |  | 549,464
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | ​ | $ | 7,017,776 | ​ | $ | 6,834,176

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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FLUSHING FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Income

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands, except per share data)
Interest and dividend income | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest and fees on loans | ​ | $ | 251,744 | ​ | $ | 232,719 |  | $ | 209,283
Interest and dividends on securities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​ |
Interest | ​ |  | 25,535 | ​ | ​ | 23,022 |  | ​ | 24,489
Dividends | ​ |  | 73 | ​ |  | 67 |  | ​ | 287
Other interest income | ​ | ​ | 1,604 | ​ |  | 1,190 |  | ​ | 526
Total interest and dividend income | ​ |  | 278,956 | ​ |  | 256,998 |  | ​ | 234,585
Interest expense | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​ |
Deposits | ​ |  | 88,057 | ​ |  | 64,497 |  | ​ | 40,319
Other interest expense | ​ |  | 28,959 | ​ |  | 25,095 |  | ​ | 21,159
Total interest expense | ​ |  | 117,016 | ​ |  | 89,592 |  | ​ | 61,478
Net interest income | ​ |  | 161,940 | ​ |  | 167,406 |  | ​ | 173,107
Provision for loan losses | ​ |  | 2,811 | ​ |  | 575 |  | ​ | 9,861
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | ​ |  | 159,129 | ​ |  | 166,831 |  | ​ | 163,246
Non-interest income | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​ |
Banking services fee income | ​ |  | 3,723 | ​ |  | 4,030 |  | ​ | 4,156
Net gain on sale of loans | ​ |  | 870 | ​ |  | 168 |  | ​ | 603
Net loss on sale of securities | ​ |  | (15) | ​ |  | (1,920) |  | ​ | (186)
Net gain on sale of assets | ​ |  | 770 | ​ |  | 1,141 |  | ​ | —
Net loss from fair value adjustments | ​ |  | (5,353) | ​ |  | (4,122) |  | ​ | (3,465)
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York stock dividends | ​ |  | 3,589 | ​ |  | 3,576 |  | ​ | 3,081
Life insurance proceeds | ​ |  | 462 | ​ |  | 2,998 |  | ​ | 1,405
Bank owned life insurance | ​ |  | 3,534 | ​ |  | 3,099 |  | ​ | 3,227
Other income | ​ |  | 1,891 | ​ |  | 1,367 |  | ​ | 1,541
Total non-interest income | ​ |  | 9,471 | ​ |  | 10,337 |  | ​ | 10,362
Non-interest expense | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Salaries and employee benefits | ​ |  | 67,765 | ​ |  | 64,560 |  | ​ | 62,087
Occupancy and equipment | ​ |  | 11,328 | ​ |  | 10,079 |  | ​ | 10,409
Professional services | ​ |  | 8,358 | ​ |  | 8,360 |  | ​ | 7,500
FDIC deposit insurance | ​ |  | 869 | ​ |  | 2,115 |  | ​ | 1,815
Data processing | ​ |  | 5,878 | ​ |  | 5,663 |  | ​ | 5,238
Depreciation and amortization of bank premises and equipment | ​ |  | 5,930 | ​ |  | 5,792 |  | ​ | 4,832
Other real estate owned / foreclosure expense (benefit) | ​ |  | 204 | ​ |  | (94) |  | ​ | 404
Net gain from sales of real estate owned | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (27) |  | ​ | (50)
Other operating expenses | ​ |  | 14,937 | ​ |  | 15,235 |  | ​ | 15,239
Total non-interest expense | ​ |  | 115,269 | ​ |  | 111,683 |  | ​ | 107,474
Income before income taxes | ​ |  | 53,331 | ​ |  | 65,485 |  | ​ | 66,134
Provision for income taxes | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Federal | ​ |  | 10,439 | ​ |  | 8,574 |  | ​ | 22,844
State and local | ​ |  | 1,613 | ​ |  | 1,821 |  | ​ | 2,169
Total provision for income taxes | ​ |  | 12,052 | ​ |  | 10,395 |  | ​ | 25,013
Net income | ​ | $ | 41,279 | ​ | $ | 55,090 |  | $ | 41,121
Basic earnings per common share | ​ | $ | 1.44 | ​ | $ | 1.92 | ​ | $ | 1.41
Diluted earnings per common share | ​ | $ | 1.44 | ​ | $ | 1.92 | ​ | $ | 1.41

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (in thousands)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income | ​ | $ | 41,279 | ​ | $ | 55,090 | ​ | $ | 41,121
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Amortization of prior service credits, net of taxes of $26, $12 and $12 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively | ​ |  | (59) | ​ |  | (27) | ​ |  | (33)
Amortization of net actuarial losses, net of taxes of ($40), ($167) and ($249) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively | ​ |  | 88 | ​ |  | 363 | ​ |  | 356
Unrecognized actuarial gains (losses), net of taxes of ($290), ($1,162) and ($146) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively | ​ |  | 661 | ​ |  | 2,484 | ​ |  | 485
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale, net of taxes of ($5,211), $4,473 and $1,783 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively | ​ |  | 11,657 | ​ |  | (10,127) | ​ |  | (1,771)
Reclassification adjustment for net losses included in net income, net of taxes of ($5), ($595) and ($78) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | 1,325 | ​ |  | 108
Net unrealized (loss) gain on cash flow hedges, net of taxes of $4,353, ($1,538) and ($179) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively | ​ |  | (9,567) | ​ |  | 3,423 | ​ |  | 231
Change in fair value of liabilities related to instrument-specific credit risk, net of taxes of ($74) and ($35) for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively | ​ |  | 155 | ​ |  | 87 | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | ​ |  | 2,945 | ​ |  | (2,472) | ​ |  | (624)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Comprehensive net income | ​ | $ | 44,224 | ​ | $ | 52,618 | ​ | $ | 40,497

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Additional | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Common | ​ | Paid-in | ​ | Treasury | ​ | Retained | ​ | Accumulated Other
​ |  | Total |  | Stock |  | Capital |  | Stock |  | Earnings |  | Comprehensive Loss
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at December 31, 2016 | ​ | $ | 513,853 | ​ | $ | 315 | ​ | $ | 214,462 | ​ | $ | (53,754) | ​ | $ | 361,192 | ​ | $ | (8,362)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net Income | ​ |  | 41,121 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 41,121 | ​ |  | —
Award of common shares released from Employee Benefit Trust (118,371 shares) | ​ |  | 2,512 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,512 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Vesting of restricted stock unit awards (284,595 shares) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (5,052) | ​ |  | 5,323 | ​ |  | (271) | ​ |  | —
Exercise of stock options (4,400 shares) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (6) | ​ |  | 46 | ​ |  | (40) | ​ |  | —
Stock-based compensation expense | ​ |  | 5,990 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 5,990 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Purchase of treasury shares (241,625 shares) | ​ |  | (6,666) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (6,666) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Repurchase of shares to satisfy tax obligation (90,779 shares) | ​ |  | (2,624) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2,624) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Dividends on common stock ($0.72 per share) | ​ |  | (20,954) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (20,954) | ​ |  | —
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | ​ |  | (624) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (624)
Balance at December 31, 2017 | ​ |  | 532,608 | ​ |  | 315 | ​ |  | 217,906 | ​ |  | (57,675) | ​ |  | 381,048 | ​ |  | (8,986)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Reclassification of the Income Tax Effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) to Retained Earnings | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,073 | ​ |  | (2,073)
Impact of adoption of Accounting Standard Update 2016-01 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (779) | ​ |  | 779
Net income | ​ |  | 55,090 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 55,090 | ​ |  | —
Award of common shares released from Employee Benefit Trust (129,601 shares) | ​ |  | 2,728 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,728 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Vesting of restricted stock unit awards (258,567 shares) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (4,929) | ​ |  | 5,104 | ​ |  | (175) | ​ |  | —
Exercise of stock options (900 shares) | ​ |  | 6 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | —
Stock-based compensation expense | ​ |  | 7,016 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,016 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Purchase of treasury shares (787,069 shares) | ​ |  | (20,438) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (20,438) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Repurchase of shares to satisfy tax obligation (76,698 shares) | ​ |  | (2,147) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2,147) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Dividends on common stock ($0.80 per share) | ​ |  | (22,927) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (22,927) | ​ |  | —
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | ​ |  | (2,472) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2,472)
Balance at December 31, 2018 | ​ |  | 549,464 | ​ |  | 315 | ​ |  | 222,720 | ​ |  | (75,146) | ​ |  | 414,327 | ​ |  | (12,752)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impact of adoption of ASC 842 - Leases | ​ |  | 2,716 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,716 | ​ |  | —
Net income | ​ |  | 41,279 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 41,279 | ​ |  | —
Award of shares released from Employee Benefit Trust (154,746 shares) | ​ |  | 2,307 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,307 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Vesting of restricted stock unit awards (297,559 shares) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (6,099) | ​ |  | 6,309 | ​ |  | (210) | ​ |  | —
Exercise of stock options (300 shares) | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 6 | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | —
Stock-based compensation expense | ​ |  | 7,763 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,763 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Purchase of treasury shares (40,000 shares) | ​ |  | (771) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (771) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Repurchase of shares to satisfy tax obligation (84,290 shares) | ​ |  | (1,885) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1,885) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Dividends on common stock ($0.84 per share) | ​ |  | (24,149) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (24,149) | ​ |  | —
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | ​ |  | 2,945 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,945
Balance at December 31, 2019 | ​ | $ | 579,672 | ​ | $ | 315 | ​ | $ | 226,691 | ​ | $ | (71,487) | ​ | $ | 433,960 | ​ | $ | (9,807)

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Operating Activities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income | ​ | $ | 41,279 | ​ | $ | 55,090 | ​ | $ | 41,121
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Provision for loan losses | ​ |  | 2,811 | ​ |  | 575 | ​ |  | 9,861
Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment | ​ |  | 5,930 | ​ |  | 5,792 | ​ |  | 4,832
Net gain on sales of loans | ​ |  | (870) | ​ |  | (168) | ​ |  | (603)
Net loss on sales of securities | ​ |  | 15 | ​ |  | 1,920 | ​ |  | 186
Net gain on sales of OREO | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (27) | ​ |  | (50)
Net gain on sales of assets | ​ |  | (770) | ​ |  | (1,141) | ​ |  | —
Amortization of premium, net of accretion of discount | ​ |  | 7,110 | ​ |  | 8,146 | ​ |  | 7,509
Fair value adjustments for financial assets and financial liabilities | ​ |  | 5,353 | ​ |  | 4,122 | ​ |  | 3,465
Net loss from fair value adjustments of qualifying hedges | ​ |  | 1,677 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Income from bank owned life insurance | ​ |  | (3,534) | ​ |  | (3,099) | ​ |  | (3,227)
Life insurance proceeds | ​ |  | (462) | ​ |  | (2,998) | ​ |  | (1,405)
Stock-based compensation expense | ​ |  | 7,763 | ​ |  | 7,016 | ​ |  | 5,990
Deferred compensation | ​ |  | (3,078) | ​ |  | (3,061) | ​ |  | (4,154)
Deferred income tax (benefit) provision | ​ |  | (3,895) | ​ |  | (2,664) | ​ |  | 8,735
Decrease in other assets | ​ |  | 706 | ​ |  | 824 | ​ |  | 5,205
Increase in other liabilities | ​ |  | 3,735 | ​ |  | 6,976 | ​ |  | 6,061
Net cash provided by operating activities | ​ |  | 63,770 | ​ |  | 77,303 | ​ |  | 83,526
Investing Activities | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Purchases of premises and equipment | ​ |  | (4,213) | ​ |  | (5,409) | ​ |  | (9,434)
Net purchases (redemptions) of Federal Home Loan Bank-NY shares | ​ |  | 361 | ​ |  | 2,807 | ​ |  | (916)
Purchases of securities held-to-maturity | ​ |  | (30,030) | ​ |  | (2,653) | ​ |  | (9,030)
Proceeds from calls of securities held-to-maturity | ​ |  | 2,568 | ​ |  | 1,130 | ​ |  | 15,870
Proceeds from prepayments of securities held-to-maturity | ​ |  | 583 | ​ |  | 377 | ​ |  | —
Purchases of securities available for sale | ​ |  | (146,183) | ​ |  | (305,059) | ​ |  | (161,939)
Proceeds from sales and calls of securities available for sale | ​ |  | 65,493 | ​ |  | 128,474 | ​ |  | 194,799
Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of securities available for sale | ​ |  | 144,673 | ​ |  | 73,968 | ​ |  | 76,230
Proceeds from sale of assets | ​ |  | 813 | ​ |  | 1,184 | ​ |  | —
Purchase of bank owned life insurance | ​ |  | (25,000) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Proceeds from life insurance | ​ |  | 3,071 | ​ |  | 6,165 | ​ |  | 5,284
Net originations of loans | ​ |  | (800) | ​ |  | (111,351) | ​ |  | (225,449)
Purchases of loans | ​ |  | (221,222) | ​ |  | (282,703) | ​ |  | (196,456)
Proceeds from sale of loans | ​ |  | 15,117 | ​ |  | 14,410 | ​ |  | 56,344
Proceeds from sale of OREO, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 665 | ​ |  | 583
Net cash used in investing activities | ​ |  | (194,769) | ​ |  | (477,995) | ​ |  | (254,114)

​

Continued

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Financing Activities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net increase in non interest-bearing deposits | ​ | $ | 21,325 | ​ | $ | 28,478 | ​ | $ | 52,106
Net increase in interest-bearing deposits | ​ |  | 84,540 | ​ |  | 546,322 | ​ |  | 122,563
Net (decrease) increase in mortgagors' escrow deposits | ​ |  | (486) | ​ |  | 2,255 | ​ |  | 2,390
Net proceeds from short-term borrowed funds | ​ |  | 15,750 | ​ |  | 165,250 | ​ |  | 92,000
Proceeds from long-term borrowings | ​ |  | 225,000 | ​ |  | 40,996 | ​ |  | 230,000
Repayment of long-term borrowings | ​ |  | (257,102) | ​ |  | (270,088) | ​ |  | (282,538)
Purchases of treasury stock | ​ |  | (2,656) | ​ |  | (22,585) | ​ |  | (9,290)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | 6 | ​ |  | —
Cash dividends paid | ​ |  | (24,149) | ​ |  | (22,927) | ​ |  | (20,954)
Net cash provided by financing activities | ​ |  | 62,225 | ​ |  | 467,707 | ​ |  | 186,277
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | ​ |  | (68,774) | ​ |  | 67,015 | ​ |  | 15,689
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | ​ |  | 118,561 | ​ |  | 51,546 | ​ |  | 35,857
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | ​ | $ | 49,787 | ​ | $ | 118,561 | ​ | $ | 51,546
Supplemental Cash Flow Disclosure | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Interest paid | ​ | $ | 115,616 | ​ | $ | 85,112 | ​ | $ | 59,868
Income taxes paid | ​ |  | 15,369 | ​ |  | 6,616 | ​ |  | 23,899
Taxes paid if excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation were not tax deductible | ​ |  | 15,403 | ​ |  | 7,245 | ​ |  | 25,450
Non-cash activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Loans transferred to other real estate owned | ​ |  | 239 | ​ |  | 673 | ​ |  | —
Loans held for investment transferred to loans held for sale | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 30,565
Securities transferred to other assets | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,000
Right-of-use assets | ​ | ​ | 42,869 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 51,780 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Reclassification of the income tax effects of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,073 | ​ |  | —

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017

1. Nature of Operations

Flushing Financial Corporation (the “Holding Company”), a Delaware business corporation, is the bank holding company of its wholly-owned subsidiary Flushing Bank (the “Bank”). The Holding Company and its direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries, including the Bank, Flushing Preferred Funding Corporation (“FPFC”), Flushing Service Corporation (“FSC”), and FSB Properties Inc. (“Properties”), are collectively herein referred to as the “Company.”

The Company’s principal business is attracting retail deposits from the general public and investing those deposits together with funds generated from ongoing operations and borrowings, primarily in (1) originations and purchases of multi-family residential properties, commercial business loans, commercial real estate mortgage loans and, to a lesser extent, one-to-four family (focusing on mixed-use properties, which are properties that contain both residential dwelling units and commercial units); (2) construction loans, primarily for residential properties; (3) Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans and other small business loans; (4) mortgage loan surrogates such as mortgage-backed securities; and (5) U.S. government securities, corporate fixed-income securities and other marketable securities. The Bank also originates certain other consumer loans including overdraft lines of credit. The Bank primarily conducts its business through twenty full-service banking offices, eight of which are located in Queens County, four in Nassau County, five in Kings County (Brooklyn), and three in New York County (Manhattan), New York. The Bank also operates an internet branch, which operates under the brands of iGObanking.com® and BankPurely® (the “Internet Branch”), offering checking, savings, money market and certificates of deposit accounts.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company follow accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and general practices within the banking industry. The policies which materially affect the determination of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows are summarized below.

Principles of Consolidation:

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Holding Company and the following direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Holding Company: the Bank, FPFC, FSC, and Properties. FPFC is a real estate investment trust formed to hold a portion of the Bank’s mortgage loans to facilitate access to capital markets. FSC was formed to market insurance products and mutual funds. Properties is currently used to hold title to real estate owned acquired via foreclosure. Amounts held in a rabbi trust for certain non-qualified deferred compensation plans are included in the consolidated financial statements. All intercompany transactions and accounts are eliminated in consolidation.

The Holding Company also owns Flushing Financial Capital Trust II, Flushing Financial Capital Trust III, and Flushing Financial Capital Trust IV (the “Trusts”), which are special purpose business trusts formed to issue a total of $60.0 million of capital securities and $1.9 million of common securities (which are the only voting securities). The Holding Company owns 100% of the common securities of the Trusts. The Trusts used the proceeds from the issuance of these securities to purchase junior subordinated debentures from the Holding Company. The Trusts are not included in our consolidated financial statements as we would not absorb the losses of the Trusts if losses were to occur. See Note 9, “Borrowed Funds,” for additional information regarding these trusts.

When necessary, certain reclassifications were made to prior-year amounts to conform to the current-year presentation.

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Use of Estimates:

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates that are particularly susceptible to change in the near term are used in connection with the determination of the allowance for loan losses (“ALL”), the evaluation of goodwill for impairment, the review of the need for a valuation allowance of the Company’s deferred tax assets, the fair value of financial instruments including the evaluation of other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) on securities. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents:

For the purpose of reporting cash flows, the Company defines cash and due from banks, overnight interest-earning deposits and federal funds sold with original maturities of 90 days or less as cash and cash equivalents. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents totaled $49.8 million and $118.6 million, respectively. Included in cash and cash equivalents at those dates were $36.5 million and $105.8 million, respectively, in interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions, primarily due from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLB-NY”). The Bank is required to maintain cash reserves equal to a percentage of certain deposits. The reserve requirement is included in cash and cash equivalents and totaled $14.4 million and $4.4 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Securities:

Securities are classified as held-to-maturity when management intends to hold the securities until maturity. Securities are classified as available for sale when management intends to hold the securities for an indefinite period of time or when the securities may be utilized for tactical asset/liability purposes and may be sold from time to time to effectively manage interest rate exposure and resultant prepayment risk and liquidity needs. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted, respectively, using the level-yield method. Realized gains and losses on the sales of securities are determined using the specific identification method. Unrealized gains and losses (other than OTTI which are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income) on securities available for sale are excluded from earnings and reported as part of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes. In estimating OTTI management considers (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost, (2) the current interest rate environment, (3) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, if applicable, and (4) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. OTTI losses for debt securities are measured using a discounted cash flow model. See Note 6, “Securities,” for additional information regarding OTTI for debt securities. The Company recorded tax exempt interest income totaling $2.0 million, $3.4 million and $3.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Goodwill:

Goodwill is presumed to have an indefinite life and is tested annually for impairment, or more frequently when certain conditions are met. If the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than the carrying value, no further evaluation is required. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, further evaluation would be required to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying value and determine if impairment is required.

In performing the goodwill impairment testing, the Company has identified a single reporting unit. The Company performed the qualitative assessment in reviewing the carrying value of goodwill as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, concluding that there was no goodwill impairment. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the carrying amount of goodwill totaled $16.1 million. The identification of additional reporting units, the use of other valuation techniques and/or changes to input assumptions used in the analysis could result in materially different evaluations of goodwill impairment.

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Loans:

Loans are reported at their outstanding principal balance net of any unearned income, charge-offs, deferred loan fees and costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans. Loan fees and certain loan origination costs are deferred. Net loan origination costs and premiums or discounts on loans purchased are amortized into interest income over the contractual life of the loans using the level-yield method. Prepayment penalties received on loans which pay in full prior to their scheduled maturity are included in interest income in the period they are collected.

Interest on loans is recognized on the accrual basis. The accrual of income on loans is generally discontinued when certain factors, such as contractual delinquency of 90 days or more, indicate reasonable doubt as to the timely collectability of such income. Uncollected interest previously recognized on non-accrual loans is reversed from interest income at the time the loan is placed on non-accrual status. A non-accrual loan can be returned to accrual status when contractual delinquency returns to less than 90 days delinquent. Payments received on non-accrual loans that do not bring the loan to less than 90 days delinquent are recorded on a cash basis. Payments can also be applied first as a reduction of principal until all principal is recovered and then subsequently to interest, if in management’s opinion, it is evident that recovery of all principal due is not likely to occur.

The Company may purchase loans to supplement originations. Loan purchases are evaluated at the time of purchase to determine the appropriate accounting treatment. Performing loans purchased at a premium/discount are recorded at the purchase price with the premium/discount being amortized/accreted into interest income over the life of the loan. All loans purchased during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were performing loans that did not display credit deterioration from origination at the time of purchase and therefore were not considered impaired when purchased.

Allowance for Loan Losses:

The Company recognizes a loan as non-performing when the borrower has demonstrated the inability to bring the loan current, or due to other circumstances which, in management’s opinion, indicate the borrower will be unable to bring the loan current within a reasonable time. All loans classified as non-performing, which includes all loans past due 90 days or more, are classified as non-accrual unless the loan is well secured and there is, in our opinion, compelling evidence the borrower will bring the loan current in the immediate future. Prior to a real estate secured loan becoming 90 days delinquent, an updated appraisal is ordered and/or an internal evaluation is prepared.

A loan is considered impaired when, based upon current information, the Company believes it is probable that it will be unable to collect all amounts due, both principal and interest, in accordance with the original terms of the loan. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or at the loan’s observable market price or, as a practical expedient, the fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell, if the loan is collateral dependent. All non-accrual loans are considered impaired.

The Company maintains an allowance for loan losses at an amount, which, in management’s judgment, is adequate to absorb probable estimated losses inherent in the loan portfolio. Management’s judgment in determining the adequacy of the allowance is based on evaluations of the collectability of loans. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revisions as more information becomes available. The allowance for loan losses consists of specific reserve and general reserve components. The specific component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. An unallocated component may at times be maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. When necessary an unallocated component of the allowance will reflect the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating specific and general losses in the portfolio. The allowance is established through charges to earnings in the form of a provision for loan losses. When a loan or a portion of a loan is determined to be uncollectible, the portion deemed uncollectible is charged against the allowance, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

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In calculating the general reserve, management considers quantitative loss factors and qualitative loss factors, including historical loan loss experience, current economic conditions, delinquency and non-accrual trends, classified loan levels, risk in the portfolio and volumes and trends in loan types, recent trends in charge-offs, changes in underwriting standards, experience, ability and depth of the Company’s lenders, collection policies and experience, internal loan review function and other external factors. The determination of the qualitative loss factors involves significant estimates and subjective assumptions which require a high degree of management’s judgment.

The determination of the amount of the allowance for loan losses includes estimates that are susceptible to significant changes due to changes in appraisal values of collateral, national and local economic conditions and other factors. We review our loan portfolio by separate categories with similar risk and collateral characteristics. Impaired loans are segregated and reviewed separately. The Company reviews each impaired loan on an individual basis to determine if either a charge-off or a valuation allowance needs to be allocated to the loan. The Company does not charge-off or allocate a valuation allowance to loans for which management has concluded the current value of the underlying collateral will allow for recovery of the loan balance either through the sale of the loan or by foreclosure and sale of the property.

In prior years we segregated our loans into two portfolios based on year of origination. One portfolio was reviewed for loans originated after December 31, 2009 and a second portfolio for loans originated prior to January 1, 2010. That segregation was based on changes made in our underwriting standards during 2009. Beginning in 2018, the ALL calculation no longer segregates loans by origination year. Additionally, during 2018 we updated our methodology by expanding the look-back period of historical losses used in the calculation of the quantitative component of the allowance from three years to five years and incorporated recoveries into our loss history. The Company’s Board of Directors reviews and approves management’s evaluation of the adequacy of the ALL on a quarterly basis.

The Company considers fair value of collateral dependent mortgage loans to be 85% of the appraised or internally estimated value. The 85% is based on the actual net proceeds the Company has received from the sale of other real estate owned (“OREO”) as a percentage of OREO’s appraised value. For collateral dependent taxi medallion loans, the Company considers fair value to be the value of the underlying medallion based upon the most recently reported arm’s length sales transaction. When there is no recent sale activity, the fair value is calculated using capitalization rates. For both collateral dependent mortgage loans and taxi medallion loans, the amount by which the loan’s book value exceeds fair value is charged-off.

The Company evaluates the underlying collateral through a third party appraisal, or when a third party appraisal is not available, the Company will use an internal evaluation. The internal evaluations are prepared using an income approach or a sales approach. The income approach is used for income producing properties and uses current revenues less operating expenses to determine the net cash flow of the property. Once the net cash flow is determined, the value of the property is calculated using an appropriate capitalization rate for the property. The sales approach uses comparable sales prices in the market. When an internal evaluation is used, we place greater reliance on the income approach to value the collateral.

In preparing internal evaluations of property values, the Company seeks to obtain current data on the subject property from various sources, including: (1) the borrower; (2) copies of existing leases; (3) local real estate brokers and appraisers; (4) public records (such as for real estate taxes and water and sewer charges); (5) comparable sales and rental data in the market; (6) an inspection of the property and (7) interviews with tenants. These internal evaluations primarily focus on the income approach and comparable sales data to value the property.

The Company may restructure a loan to enable a borrower experiencing financial difficulties to continue making payments when it is deemed to be in the Company’s best long-term interest. This restructure may include reducing the interest rate or amount of the monthly payment for a specified period of time, after which the interest rate and repayment terms revert to the original terms of the loan. We classify these loans as Troubled Debt Restructured (“TDR”).

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These restructurings have not included a reduction of principal balance. The Company believes that restructuring these loans in this manner will allow certain borrowers to become and remain current on their loans. All loans classified as TDR are considered impaired. TDRs which have been current for six consecutive months at the time they are restructured as TDR remain on accrual status and are not included as part of non-performing loans. Loans which were delinquent at the time they are restructured as a TDR are placed on non-accrual status and reported as non-accrual performing TDR loans until they have made timely payments for six consecutive months. Loans that are restructured as TDR but are not performing in accordance with the restructured terms are placed on non-accrual status and reported as non-performing loans.

The allocation of a portion of the ALL for a performing TDR loan is based upon the present value of the future expected cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective rate, or for a non-performing TDR which is collateral dependent, the fair value of the collateral. At December 31, 2019, there were no commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loans were modified to a TDR. The modification of loans to a TDR did not have a significant effect on our operating results, nor did it require a significant allocation of the ALL.

Loans Held for Sale:

Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no loans classified as held for sale.

Bank Owned Life Insurance:

Bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) represents life insurance on the lives of certain current and past employees who have provided positive consent allowing the Company to be the beneficiary of such policies. BOLI is carried in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at its cash surrender value. Increases in the cash value of the policies, as well as proceeds received, are recorded in other non-interest income, and are not subject to income taxes.

Other Real Estate Owned:

OREO consists of property acquired through foreclosure. At the time of foreclosure these properties are acquired at fair value and subsequently carried at the lower of cost or fair value, less estimated selling costs. The fair value is based on appraised value through a current appraisal, or at times through an internal review, additionally adjusted by the estimated costs to sell the property. This determination is made on an individual asset basis. If the fair value of a property is less than the carrying amount, the difference is recognized as a charge to the ALL. Further decreases to the estimated value will be recorded directly to the Consolidated Statements of Income. Included within net loans as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, was a recorded investment of $6.6 million and $7.2 million, respectively, of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process according to local requirements of the applicable jurisdiction. There was no OREO at December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2019, the company held one OREO for $0.2 million.

Bank Premises and Equipment:

Bank premises and equipment are stated at cost, less depreciation accumulated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. For equipment and furniture the useful life is between 3 to 10 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the related leases or the lives of the assets, whichever is shorter. Maintenance, repairs and minor improvements are charged to non-interest expense in the period incurred.

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Federal Home Loan Bank Stock:

The FHLB-NY has assigned to the Company a mandated membership stock ownership requirement, based on its asset size. In addition, for all borrowing activity, the Company is required to purchase shares of FHLB-NY non-marketable capital stock at par. Such shares are redeemed by FHLB-NY at par with reductions in the Company’s borrowing levels. The Company carries its investment in FHLB-NY stock at historical cost. The Company periodically reviews its FHLB-NY stock to determine if impairment exists. At December 31, 2019, the Company considered among other things the earnings performance, credit rating and asset quality of the FHLB-NY. Based on this review, the Company did not consider the value of our investment in FHLB-NY stock to be impaired at December 31, 2019.

Income Taxes:

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the asset and liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the tax effects of the temporary differences between book and tax basis of the various balance sheet assets and liabilities. A deferred tax liability is recognized on all taxable temporary differences and a deferred tax asset is recognized on all deductible temporary differences and operating losses and tax credit carry-forwards. A valuation allowance is recognized to reduce the potential deferred tax asset, if it is “more likely than not” that all or some portion of that potential deferred tax asset will not be realized. Uncertain tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold are measured to determine the amount to recognize. An uncertain tax position is measured at the amount that management believes has a greater than 50% likelihood of realization upon settlement. The Company must also take into account changes in tax laws or rates when valuing the deferred income tax amounts it carries on its Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

Stock Compensation Plans:

The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation using a fair-value-based measurement method for share-based payment transactions with employees and directors. The Company measures the cost of employee and directors services received in exchange for an award of an equity instrument based on the grant date fair value of the award. That cost is recognized over the period during which the employee and directors are required to provide services in exchange for the award. The requisite service period is usually the vesting period.

Benefit Plans:

The Company sponsors a qualified pension, 401(k), and profit sharing plan for its employees. The Company also sponsors postretirement health care and life insurance benefits plans for its employees, a non-qualified deferred compensation plan for officers who have achieved the level of at least senior vice president, and a non-qualified pension plan for its outside directors.

The Company recognizes the funded status of a benefit plan – measured as the difference between plan assets at fair value and the benefit obligation – in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, with the unrecognized credits and charges recognized, net of taxes, as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. These credits or charges arose as a result of gains or losses and prior service costs or credits that arose during prior periods but were not recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost.

Treasury Stock:

The Company records treasury stock at cost. Treasury stock is reissued at average cost.

Derivatives:

Derivatives are recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at fair value on a gross basis in “Other assets” and/or “Other liabilities”. The accounting for changes in value of a derivative depends on the type of hedge and on whether or not the transaction has been designated and qualifies for hedge accounting. Derivatives that are not

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designated as hedges are reported and measured at fair value through earnings and included in Net loss from fair value adjustments on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

To qualify for hedge accounting, a derivative must be highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged. In addition, for a derivative to be designated as a hedge, the risk management objective and strategy must be documented. Hedge documentation must identify the derivative hedging instrument, the asset or liability or forecasted transaction and type of risk to be hedged, and how the effectiveness of the derivative is assessed prospectively and retrospectively. The extent to which a derivative has been, and is expected to continue to be, effective at offsetting changes in the fair value of the hedged item must be assessed at least quarterly. For cash flow hedges, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, net of tax, and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the hedged transaction effects earnings. For fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, is recognized in earnings on the same line as hedged item. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective at hedging the designated exposure, hedge accounting is discontinued. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are disclosed in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows within operating activities in the line items Fair Value Adjustment for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities and net loss from fair value adjustments on qualifying hedges.

Leases:

The Company has 21 operating leases for branches (including headquarters) and office spaces, nine operating leases for vehicles, and one operating lease for equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms ranging from two months to approximately 12 years, none of which has a renewal option reasonably certain of exercise, which has been reflected in the Company’s calculation of lease term.

​

The Company has elected the short-term lease recognition exemption such that the Company will not recognize Right of Use assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of less than 12 months from the commencement date. The Company’s operating lease expense totaled $7.6 million and was recorded in Occupancy and equipment on the Consolidated Statements of Income, for the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company has one agreement that qualifies as a short-term lease with expense totaling $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, included in Professional services on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company has $1.0 million in variable lease payments, which include insurance and real estate tax expenses and was recorded in Occupancy and equipment on the Consolidated Statements of Income, for the year ended December 31, 2019. At December 31, 2019, the weighted-average remaining lease term for our operating leases is approximately eight years and the weighted average discount rate is 3.8%. Our lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees. At December 31, 2019, the Company is evaluating the lease portfolio to assess present and future contracts, including but not limited to, real estate, vehicles and equipment.

​

Certain leases have escalation clauses for operating expenses and real estate taxes. The Company’s non-cancelable operating lease agreements expire through 2032.

​

Comprehensive Income:

Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) includes (i) unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale and reclassification adjustments for realized gains and losses on securities available for sale; (ii) unrealized gains and losses on derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships and reclassifications of deferred gains and losses when the hedge item impacts earnings; (iii) adjustments to net periodic pension costs; and (iv) changes in the fair value of instrument-specific credit risk from the Company’s liabilities carried at fair value pursuant to the fair value option.

Segment Reporting:

Management views the Company as operating as a single unit, a community bank. Therefore, segment information is not provided.

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Advertising Expense:

Costs associated with advertising are expensed as incurred. The Company recorded advertising expenses of $2.2 million, $2.2 million and $2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Earnings per Common Share:

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the total weighted average number of common shares outstanding, which includes unvested participating securities. Unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and as such are included in the calculation of earnings per share. The Company’s unvested restricted stock unit awards are considered participating securities. Therefore, weighted average common shares outstanding used for computing basic earnings per common share includes common shares outstanding plus unvested restricted stock unit awards. The computation of diluted earnings per share includes the additional dilutive effect of stock options outstanding and other common stock equivalents during the period. Common stock equivalents that are anti-dilutive are not included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share. The numerator for calculating basic and diluted earnings per common share is net income available to common shareholders. The shares held in the Company’s Employee Benefit Trust are not included in shares outstanding for purposes of calculating earnings per common share.

Earnings per common share have been computed based on the following, for the years ended December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
​ | ​ | (In thousands, except per share data) |
Net income, as reported | ​ | $ | 41,279 | ​ | $ | 55,090 | ​ | $ | 41,121 | ​
Divided by: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Weighted average common shares outstanding | ​ |  | 28,709 | ​ |  | 28,709 | ​ |  | 29,080 | ​
Weighted average common stock equivalents | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | 2 | ​
Total weighted average common shares outstanding and common stock equivalents | ​ |  | 28,709 | ​ |  | 28,710 | ​ |  | 29,082 | ​
Basic earnings per common share | ​ | $ | 1.44 | ​ | $ | 1.92 | ​ | $ | 1.41 | ​
Diluted earnings per common share | ​ | $ | 1.44 | ​ | $ | 1.92 | ​ | $ | 1.41 | ​
Dividend Payout ratio | ​ |  | 58.3 | % |  | 41.7 | % |  | 51.1 | %

​

There were no options that were anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

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3. Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

The composition of loans is as follows at December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 2,238,591 | ​ | $ | 2,269,048
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 1,582,008 | ​ |  | 1,542,547
One-to-four family ― mixed-use property | ​ |  | 592,471 | ​ |  | 577,741
One-to-four family ― residential | ​ |  | 188,216 | ​ |  | 190,350
Co-operative apartments | ​ |  | 8,663 | ​ |  | 8,498
Construction | ​ |  | 67,754 | ​ |  | 50,600
Small Business Administration | ​ |  | 14,445 | ​ |  | 15,210
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | 3,309 | ​ |  | 4,539
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 1,061,478 | ​ |  | 877,763
Gross loans | ​ |  | 5,756,935 | ​ |  | 5,536,296
Net unamortized premiums and unearned loan fees | ​ |  | 15,271 | ​ |  | 15,188
Total loans, net of fees and costs | ​ | $ | 5,772,206 | ​ | $ | 5,551,484

​

The majority of our loan portfolio is invested in multi-family residential, commercial real estate and commercial business and other loans, which totaled 84.8% and 84.7% of our gross loans at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Our concentration in these types of loans increases the overall level of credit risk inherent in our loan portfolio. The greater risk associated with these types of loans could require us to increase our provision for loan losses and to maintain an ALL as a percentage of total loans in excess of the allowance currently maintained. At December 31, 2019, we were servicing $32.5 million of mortgage loans and $15.8 million of SBA loans for others.

Loans secured by multi-family residential property and commercial real estate generally involve a greater degree of risk than residential mortgage loans and generally carry larger loan balances. The increased credit risk is the result of several factors, including the concentration of principal in a smaller number of loans and borrowers, the effects of general economic conditions on income producing properties and the increased difficulty in evaluating and monitoring these types of loans. Furthermore, the repayments of loans secured by these types of properties are typically dependent upon the successful operation of the related property, which is usually owned by a legal entity with the property being the entity’s only asset. If the cash flow from the property is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. If the borrower defaults, our only remedy may be to foreclose on the property, for which the market value may be less than the balance due on the related mortgage loan.

Loans secured by commercial business and other loans involve a greater degree of risk for the same reasons as for multi-family residential and commercial real estate loans with the added risk that many of the loans are not secured by improved properties.

To minimize the risks involved in the origination of multi-family residential, commercial real estate and commercial business and other loans, the Company adheres to defined underwriting standards, which include reviewing the expected net operating income generated by the real estate collateral securing the loan, the age and condition of the collateral, the financial resources and income level of the borrower and the borrower’s experience in owning or managing similar properties. We typically require debt service coverage of at least 125% of the monthly loan payment. We generally originate these loans up to a maximum of 75% of the appraised value or the purchase price of the property, whichever is less. Any loan with a final loan-to-value ratio in excess of 75% must be approved by the Bank’s Board of Directors or the Loan Committee as an exception to policy. We generally rely on the income generated by the property as the primary means by which the loan is repaid. However, personal guarantees may be obtained for additional security from these borrowers. Additionally, for commercial business and other loans which are not secured by improved properties, the Bank will secure these loans with business assets, including accounts receivables, inventory and real estate and generally require personal guarantees.

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The following tables show loans modified and classified as TDR during the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2019 | ​
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Number |  | Balance |  | Modification description |
Commercial business and other |  | 3 | ​ | $ | 951 |  | Loan amortization extension. |
Total |  | 3 | ​ | $ | 951 |  |  |

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2018 | ​
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Number |  | Balance |  | Modification description |
Commercial business and other |  | 1 | ​ | $ | 1,620 |  | Loan amortization extension. |
Total |  | 1 | ​ | $ | 1,620 |  |  |

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2017 | ​
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Number |  | Balance |  | Modification description |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Taxi medallion |  | 10 | ​ | $ | 6,741 |  | Four loans received a below market interest rate and the loan amortization was extended. Six loans had loan amortization extensions. |
Total |  | 10 | ​ | $ | 6,741 |  |  |

​

The recorded investment of the loans modified and classified as TDR, presented in the tables above, were unchanged as there was no principal forgiven in these modifications.

The following table shows our recorded investment for loans classified as TDR that are performing according to their restructured terms at the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2019 | ​ | December 31, 2018
​ | ​ | Number | ​ | Recorded | ​ | Number | ​ | Recorded
(Dollars in thousands) |  | of contracts |  | investment |  | of contracts |  | investment
Multi-family residential |  | 7 | ​ | $ | 1,873 |  | 7 | ​ | $ | 1,916
One-to-four family - mixed-use property |  | 4 | ​ |  | 1,481 |  | 5 | ​ |  | 1,692
One-to-four family - residential |  | 3 | ​ |  | 531 |  | 3 | ​ |  | 552
Taxi medallion |  | 7 | ​ |  | 1,668 |  | 15 | ​ |  | 3,926
Commercial business and other |  | 3 | ​ |  | 941 |  | 1 | ​ |  | 279
Total performing |  | 24 | ​ | $ | 6,494 |  | 31 | ​ | $ | 8,365

​

During the year ended December 31, 2019, there were no defaults of TDR loans within 12 months of their modification date. During the year ended December 31, 2018, one commercial business and other loan which was modified as a TDR in 2018 was transferred to non-performing status, as it was no longer performing according to its modified terms. During the year ended December 31, 2019, four taxi medallion loans totaling $1.1 million were transferred to non-performing status, four taxi medallion loans totaling $0.9 million were paid-off, recording a recovery of $0.1 million and one commercial business loan for $0.3 million was transferred to non-performing status. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold one commercial real estate TDR loan totaling $1.8 million, for a loss of $0.3 million, four taxi medallion TDR loan’s paid-off totaling $1.4 million and one taxi medallion loan for $0.1 million was foreclosed and is included in other assets. Taxi medallion loans in the table above continue to pay as agreed, however the Company records interest received on a cash basis.

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The following table shows our recorded investment for loans classified as TDR that are not performing according to their restructured terms at the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2019 | ​ | December 31, 2018
​ | ​ | Number | ​ | Recorded | ​ | Number | ​ | Recorded
(Dollars in thousands) |  | of contracts |  | investment |  | of contracts |  | investment
Multi-family residential |  | — | ​ | $ | — |  | 1 | ​ | $ | 388
Taxi medallion |  | 4 | ​ |  | 1,065 |  | — | ​ |  | —
Commercial business and other |  | 1 | ​ |  | 279 |  | 1 | ​ |  | 1,397
Total TDR's that subsequently defaulted |  | 5 | ​ | $ | 1,344 |  | 2 | ​ | $ | 1,785

​

The following table shows our non-performing loans at the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Loans ninety days or more past due and still accruing: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 445 | ​ | $ | —
Total | ​ |  | 445 | ​ |  | —
Non-accrual mortgage loans: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Multi-family residential | ​ |  | 2,296 | ​ |  | 2,410
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 367 | ​ |  | 1,379
One-to-four family mixed-use property | ​ |  | 274 | ​ |  | 928
One-to-four family residential | ​ |  | 5,139 | ​ |  | 6,144
Total | ​ |  | 8,076 | ​ |  | 10,861
Non-accrual non-mortgage loans: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Small Business Administration | ​ |  | 1,151 | ​ |  | 1,267
Taxi medallion (1) | ​ |  | 1,641 | ​ |  | 613
Commercial business and other (1) | ​ |  | 1,945 | ​ |  | 3,512
Total | ​ |  | 4,737 | ​ |  | 5,392
Total non-accrual loans | ​ |  | 12,813 | ​ |  | 16,253
Total non-performing loans | ​ | $ | 13,258 | ​ | $ | 16,253

​

| (1) | Not included in the above analysis are non-accrual performing TDR taxi medallions loans totaling $1.7 million in 2019 and $3.9 million in 2018 and non-accrual performing TDR commercial business loans totaling $0.9 million in 2019.

​

The following is a summary of interest foregone on non-accrual loans and loans classified as TDR for the years ended December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Interest income that would have been recognized had the loans performed in accordance with their original terms | ​ | $ | 1,546 | ​ | $ | 1,604 | ​ | $ | 1,705
Less: Interest income included in the results of operations | ​ |  | 418 | ​ |  | 623 | ​ |  | 619
Total foregone interest | ​ | $ | 1,128 | ​ | $ | 981 | ​ | $ | 1,086

​

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The following table shows by delinquency an analysis of our recorded investment in loans at December 31, 2019:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Greater | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 30 - 59 Days | ​ | 60 - 89 Days | ​ | than | ​ | Total Past | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
(in thousands) |  | Past Due |  | Past Due |  | 90 Days |  | Due |  | Current |  | Total Loans
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 4,042 | ​ | $ | 1,563 | ​ | $ | 2,741 | ​ | $ | 8,346 | ​ | $ | 2,230,245 | ​ | $ | 2,238,591
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,941 | ​ |  | 367 | ​ |  | 5,308 | ​ |  | 1,576,700 | ​ |  | 1,582,008
One-to-four family - mixed-use property | ​ |  | 1,117 | ​ |  | 496 | ​ |  | 274 | ​ |  | 1,887 | ​ |  | 590,584 | ​ |  | 592,471
One-to-four family - residential | ​ |  | 720 | ​ |  | 1,022 | ​ |  | 5,139 | ​ |  | 6,881 | ​ |  | 181,335 | ​ |  | 188,216
Co-operative apartments | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 8,663 | ​ |  | 8,663
Construction loans | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 67,754 | ​ |  | 67,754
Small Business Administration | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,151 | ​ |  | 1,151 | ​ |  | 13,294 | ​ |  | 14,445
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,065 | ​ |  | 1,065 | ​ |  | 2,244 | ​ |  | 3,309
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 2,340 | ​ |  | 5 | ​ |  | 1,945 | ​ |  | 4,290 | ​ |  | 1,057,188 | ​ |  | 1,061,478
Total | ​ | $ | 8,219 | ​ | $ | 8,027 | ​ | $ | 12,682 | ​ | $ | 28,928 | ​ | $ | 5,728,007 | ​ | $ | 5,756,935

​

The following table shows by delinquency an analysis of our recorded investment in loans at December 31, 2018:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Greater | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 30 - 59 Days | ​ | 60 - 89 Days | ​ | than | ​ | Total Past | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
(in thousands) |  | Past Due |  | Past Due |  | 90 Days |  | Due |  | Current |  | Total Loans
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 1,887 | ​ | $ | 339 | ​ | $ | 2,410 | ​ | $ | 4,636 | ​ | $ | 2,264,412 | ​ | $ | 2,269,048
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 379 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,379 | ​ |  | 1,758 | ​ |  | 1,540,789 | ​ |  | 1,542,547
One-to-four family - mixed-use property | ​ |  | 1,003 | ​ |  | 322 | ​ |  | 928 | ​ |  | 2,253 | ​ |  | 575,488 | ​ |  | 577,741
One-to-four family - residential | ​ |  | 1,564 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 6,144 | ​ |  | 7,708 | ​ |  | 182,642 | ​ |  | 190,350
Co-operative apartments | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 8,498 | ​ |  | 8,498
Construction loans | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 730 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 730 | ​ |  | 49,870 | ​ |  | 50,600
Small Business Administration | ​ |  | 774 | ​ |  | 68 | ​ |  | 1,267 | ​ |  | 2,109 | ​ |  | 13,101 | ​ |  | 15,210
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,539 | ​ |  | 4,539
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 1,306 | ​ |  | 281 | ​ |  | 2,216 | ​ |  | 3,803 | ​ |  | 873,960 | ​ |  | 877,763
Total | ​ | $ | 6,913 | ​ | $ | 1,740 | ​ | $ | 14,344 | ​ | $ | 22,997 | ​ | $ | 5,513,299 | ​ | $ | 5,536,296

​

The following tables show the activity in the allowance for loan losses for the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended December 31, 2019
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | One-to-four |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | family - | ​ | One-to-four | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Commercial | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Multi-family | ​ | Commercial | ​ | mixed-use | ​ | family - | ​ | Co-operative | ​ | Construction | ​ | Small Business | ​ | Taxi | ​ | business and | ​ | ​ | ​
(in thousands) | ​ | residential | ​ | real estate | ​ | property | ​ | residential | ​ | apartments | ​ | loans | ​ | Administration | ​ | medallion | ​ | other | ​ | Total
Allowance for credit losses: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Beginning balance | ​ | $ | 5,676 | ​ | $ | 4,315 | ​ | $ | 1,867 | ​ | $ | 749 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 329 | ​ | $ | 418 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 7,591 | ​ | $ | 20,945
Charge-off's | ​ |  | (190) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (89) | ​ |  | (113) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2,386) | ​ |  | (2,778)
Recoveries | ​ |  | 44 | ​ |  | 37 | ​ |  | 197 | ​ |  | 13 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 60 | ​ |  | 134 | ​ |  | 288 | ​ |  | 773
Provision (benefit) | ​ |  | (139) | ​ |  | 77 | ​ |  | (158) | ​ |  | 107 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 112 | ​ |  | (115) | ​ |  | (134) | ​ |  | 3,061 | ​ |  | 2,811
Ending balance | ​ | $ | 5,391 | ​ | $ | 4,429 | ​ | $ | 1,817 | ​ | $ | 756 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 441 | ​ | $ | 363 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 8,554 | ​ | $ | 21,751

​

88

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended December 31, 2018
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | One-to-four |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | family - | ​ | One-to-four | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Commercial | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Multi-family | ​ | Commercial | ​ | mixed-use | ​ | family - | ​ | Co-operative | ​ | Construction | ​ | Small Business | ​ | Taxi | ​ | business and | ​ | ​ | ​
(in thousands) | ​ | residential | ​ | real estate | ​ | property | ​ | residential | ​ | apartments | ​ | loans | ​ | Administration | ​ | medallion | ​ | other | ​ | Total
Allowance for credit losses: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Beginning balance | ​ | $ | 5,823 | ​ | $ | 4,643 | ​ | $ | 2,545 | ​ | $ | 1,082 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 68 | ​ | $ | 669 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 5,521 | ​ | $ | 20,351
Charge-off's | ​ |  | (99) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (392) | ​ |  | (393) | ​ |  | (44) | ​ |  | (932)
Recoveries | ​ |  | 6 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 136 | ​ |  | 569 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 51 | ​ |  | 143 | ​ |  | 46 | ​ |  | 951
Provision (benefit) | ​ |  | (54) | ​ |  | (328) | ​ |  | (811) | ​ |  | (901) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 261 | ​ |  | 90 | ​ |  | 250 | ​ |  | 2,068 | ​ |  | 575
Ending balance | ​ | $ | 5,676 | ​ | $ | 4,315 | ​ | $ | 1,867 | ​ | $ | 749 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 329 | ​ | $ | 418 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 7,591 | ​ | $ | 20,945

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended December 31, 2017
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | One-to-four | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | family - |  | One-to-four |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Commercial |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Multi-family | ​ | Commercial | ​ | mixed-use | ​ | family - | ​ | Co-operative | ​ | Construction | ​ | Small Business | ​ | medallion | ​ | business and | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
(in thousands) | ​ | residential | ​ | real estate | ​ | property | ​ | residential | ​ | apartments | ​ | loans | ​ | Administration | ​ | Taxi | ​ | other | ​ | Unallocated | ​ | Total
Allowance for credit losses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Beginning balance | ​ | $ | 5,923 | ​ | $ | 4,487 | ​ | $ | 2,903 | ​ | $ | 1,015 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 92 | ​ | $ | 481 | ​ | $ | 2,243 | ​ | $ | 4,492 | ​ | $ | 593 | ​ | $ | 22,229
Charge-off's | ​ |  | (454) | ​ |  | (4) | ​ |  | (39) | ​ |  | (415) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (212) | ​ |  | (11,283) | ​ |  | (65) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (12,472)
Recoveries | ​ |  | 300 | ​ |  | 96 | ​ |  | 108 | ​ |  | 91 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 80 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 58 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 733
Provision (benefit) | ​ |  | 54 | ​ |  | 64 | ​ |  | (427) | ​ |  | 391 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (24) | ​ |  | 320 | ​ |  | 9,040 | ​ |  | 1,036 | ​ |  | (593) | ​ |  | 9,861
Ending balance | ​ | $ | 5,823 | ​ | $ | 4,643 | ​ | $ | 2,545 | ​ | $ | 1,082 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 68 | ​ | $ | 669 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 5,521 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 20,351

​

The following tables show the manner in which loans were evaluated for impairment at the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, 2019
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | One-to-four | ​ | One-to-four | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Commercial | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Multi-family | ​ | Commercial | ​ | family - mixed - | ​ | family - | ​ | Co-operative | ​ | Construction | ​ | Small Business | ​ | ​ | ​ | business and | ​ | ​ | ​
(in thousands) | ​ | residential | ​ | real estate | ​ | use property | ​ | residential | ​ | apartments | ​ | loans | ​ | Administration | ​ | Taxi medallion | ​ | other | ​ | Total
Financing Receivables: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Ending Balance | ​ | $ | 2,238,591 | ​ | $ | 1,582,008 | ​ | $ | 592,471 | ​ | $ | 188,216 | ​ | $ | 8,663 | ​ | $ | 67,754 | ​ | $ | 14,445 | ​ | $ | 3,309 | ​ | $ | 1,061,478 | ​ | $ | 5,756,935
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | ​ | $ | 4,169 | ​ | $ | 367 | ​ | $ | 1,761 | ​ | $ | 5,941 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,151 | ​ | $ | 3,309 | ​ | $ | 2,886 | ​ | $ | 19,584
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | ​ | $ | 2,234,422 | ​ | $ | 1,581,641 | ​ | $ | 590,710 | ​ | $ | 182,275 | ​ | $ | 8,663 | ​ | $ | 67,754 | ​ | $ | 13,294 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,058,592 | ​ | $ | 5,737,351
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Allowance for credit losses: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | ​ | $ | 92 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 45 | ​ | $ | 46 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 132 | ​ | $ | 315
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | ​ | $ | 5,299 | ​ | $ | 4,429 | ​ | $ | 1,772 | ​ | $ | 710 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 441 | ​ | $ | 363 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 8,422 | ​ | $ | 21,436

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, 2018
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | One-to-four |  | One-to-four | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | Commercial |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Multi-family | ​ | Commercial | ​ | family - mixed | ​ | family - | ​ | ​ | Co-operative | ​ | Construction | ​ | ​ | Small Business | ​ | ​ | ​ | business and | ​ | ​ | ​
(in thousands) | ​ | residential | ​ | real estate | ​ | use property | ​ | residential | ​ | ​ | apartments | ​ | loans | ​ | ​ | Administration | ​ | Taxi medallion | ​ | other | ​ | Total
Financing Receivables: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Ending Balance | ​ | $ | 2,269,048 | ​ | $ | 1,542,547 | ​ | $ | 577,741 | ​ | $ | 190,350 | ​ | $ | 8,498 | ​ | $ | 50,600 | ​ | $ | 15,210 | ​ | $ | 4,539 | ​ | $ | 877,763 | ​ | $ | 5,536,296
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | ​ | $ | 4,500 | ​ | $ | 1,435 | ​ | $ | 3,098 | ​ | $ | 6,889 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,267 | ​ | $ | 4,539 | ​ | $ | 3,791 | ​ | $ | 25,519
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | ​ | $ | 2,264,548 | ​ | $ | 1,541,112 | ​ | $ | 574,643 | ​ | $ | 183,461 | ​ | $ | 8,498 | ​ | $ | 50,600 | ​ | $ | 13,943 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 873,972 | ​ | $ | 5,510,777
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Allowance for credit losses: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | ​ | $ | 100 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 143 | ​ | $ | 51 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 866 | ​ | $ | 1,160
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | ​ | $ | 5,576 | ​ | $ | 4,315 | ​ | $ | 1,724 | ​ | $ | 698 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 329 | ​ | $ | 418 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 6,725 | ​ | $ | 19,785

​

89

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The following table shows our recorded investment, unpaid principal balance and allocated allowance for loan losses for loans that were considered impaired at:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2019 | ​ | December 31, 2018
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unpaid | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unpaid | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Recorded | ​ | Principal | ​ | Related | ​ | Recorded | ​ | Principal | ​ | Related
​ |  | Investment |  | Balance |  | Allowance |  | Investment |  | Balance |  | Allowance
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
With no related allowance recorded: | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Mortgage loans: | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 2,919 | ​ | $ | 2,919 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3,225 | ​ | $ | 3,568 | ​ | $ | —
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 367 | ​ |  | 367 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,435 | ​ |  | 1,435 | ​ |  | —
One-to-four family mixed-use property | ​ |  | 921 | ​ |  | 924 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,913 | ​ |  | 2,113 | ​ |  | —
One-to-four family residential | ​ |  | 5,558 | ​ |  | 5,615 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 6,490 | ​ |  | 6,643 | ​ |  | —
Non-mortgage loans: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Small Business Administration | ​ |  | 1,151 | ​ |  | 1,421 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,267 | ​ |  | 1,609 | ​ |  | —
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | 3,309 | ​ |  | 9,527 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,539 | ​ |  | 12,788 | ​ |  | —
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 1,945 | ​ |  | 1,945 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total loans with no related allowance recorded | ​ |  | 16,170 | ​ |  | 22,718 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 18,869 | ​ |  | 28,156 | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
With an allowance recorded: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Mortgage loans: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Multi-family residential | ​ |  | 1,250 | ​ |  | 1,250 | ​ |  | 92 | ​ |  | 1,275 | ​ |  | 1,275 | ​ |  | 100
One-to-four family mixed-use property | ​ |  | 840 | ​ |  | 840 | ​ |  | 45 | ​ |  | 1,185 | ​ |  | 1,185 | ​ |  | 143
One-to-four family residential | ​ |  | 383 | ​ |  | 383 | ​ |  | 46 | ​ |  | 399 | ​ |  | 399 | ​ |  | 51
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 941 | ​ |  | 941 | ​ |  | 132 | ​ |  | 3,791 | ​ |  | 3,791 | ​ |  | 866
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total loans with an allowance recorded | ​ |  | 3,414 | ​ |  | 3,414 | ​ |  | 315 | ​ |  | 6,650 | ​ |  | 6,650 | ​ |  | 1,160
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Impaired Loans: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Total mortgage loans | ​ | $ | 12,238 | ​ | $ | 12,298 | ​ | $ | 183 | ​ | $ | 15,922 | ​ | $ | 16,618 | ​ | $ | 294
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total non-mortgage loans | ​ | $ | 7,346 | ​ | $ | 13,834 | ​ | $ | 132 | ​ | $ | 9,597 | ​ | $ | 18,188 | ​ | $ | 866

​

90

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The following table shows our average recorded investment and interest income recognized for loans that were considered impaired for the years ended:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2019 | ​ | December 31, 2018 | ​ | December 31, 2017
​ | ​ | Average | ​ | Interest | ​ | Average | ​ | Interest | ​ | Average | ​ | Interest
​ | ​ | Recorded | ​ | Income | ​ | Recorded | ​ | Income | ​ | Recorded | ​ | Income
​ |  | Investment |  | Recognized |  | Investment |  | Recognized |  | Investment |  | Recognized
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
With no related allowance recorded: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Mortgage loans: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 3,155 | ​ | $ | 36 | ​ | $ | 3,957 | ​ | $ | 76 | ​ | $ | 3,260 |  | $ | 80
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 1,081 | ​ |  | 15 | ​ |  | 4,334 | ​ |  | 176 | ​ |  | 6,187 |  | ​ | 300
One-to-four family mixed-use property | ​ |  | 1,719 | ​ |  | 67 | ​ |  | 3,298 | ​ |  | 125 | ​ |  | 5,104 |  | ​ | 168
One-to-four family residential | ​ |  | 5,866 | ​ |  | 7 | ​ |  | 7,603 | ​ |  | 33 | ​ |  | 9,865 |  | ​ | 108
Construction | ​ |  | 190 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 183 | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | 596 |  | ​ | 22
Non-mortgage loans: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Small Business Administration | ​ |  | 1,204 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 711 | ​ |  | 33 | ​ |  | 207 |  | ​ | 11
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | 3,761 | ​ |  | 171 | ​ |  | 5,865 | ​ |  | 313 | ​ |  | 4,537 |  | ​ | 161
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 1,398 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 10,170 | ​ |  | 792 | ​ |  | 1,267 |  | ​ | 98
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total loans with no related allowance recorded | ​ |  | 18,374 | ​ |  | 296 | ​ |  | 36,121 | ​ |  | 1,558 | ​ |  | 31,023 |  | ​ | 948
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
With an allowance recorded: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​ |
Mortgage loans: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Multi-family residential | ​ |  | 1,263 | ​ |  | 72 | ​ |  | 1,741 | ​ |  | 96 | ​ |  | 2,348 |  | ​ | 136
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,026 |  | ​ | 95
One-to-four family mixed-use property | ​ |  | 975 | ​ |  | 34 | ​ |  | 1,201 | ​ |  | 54 | ​ |  | 1,341 |  | ​ | 65
One-to-four family residential | ​ |  | 391 | ​ |  | 16 | ​ |  | 405 | ​ |  | 16 | ​ |  | 420 |  | ​ | 16
Non-mortgage loans: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 10,997 |  | ​ | 166
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 1,446 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,178 | ​ |  | 25 | ​ |  | 375 |  | ​ | 22
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total loans with an allowance recorded | ​ |  | 4,075 | ​ |  | 122 | ​ |  | 4,525 | ​ |  | 191 | ​ |  | 17,507 |  | ​ | 500
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Impaired Loans: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​ |
Total mortgage loans | ​ | $ | 14,640 | ​ | $ | 247 | ​ | $ | 22,722 | ​ | $ | 586 | ​ | $ | 31,147 |  | $ | 990
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total non-mortgage loans | ​ | $ | 7,809 | ​ | $ | 171 | ​ | $ | 17,924 | ​ | $ | 1,163 | ​ | $ | 17,383 |  | $ | 458

​

In accordance with our policy and the current regulatory guidelines, we designate loans as “Special Mention,” which are considered “Criticized Loans,” and “Substandard,” “Doubtful,” or “Loss,” which are considered “Classified Loans”. If a loan does not fall within one of the previously mentioned categories then the loan would be considered “Pass.” These loan designations are updated quarterly. We designate a loan as Substandard when a well-defined weakness is identified that jeopardizes the orderly liquidation of the debt. We designate a loan Doubtful when it displays the inherent weakness of a Substandard loan with the added provision that collection of the debt in full, on the basis of existing facts, is highly improbable. We designate a loan as Loss if it is deemed the debtor is incapable of repayment. The Company does not hold any loans designated as loss, as loans that are designated as Loss are charged to the ALL. Loans that are non-accrual are designated as Substandard, Doubtful or Loss. We designate a loan as Special Mention if the asset does not warrant classification within one of the other classifications, but does contain a potential weakness that deserves closer attention.

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The following table sets forth the recorded investment in loans designated as Criticized or Classified at December 31, 2019:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
(In thousands) |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Loss |  | Total
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 1,563 | ​ | $ | 2,743 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 4,306
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 5,525 | ​ |  | 367 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 5,892
One-to-four family - mixed-use property | ​ |  | 1,585 | ​ |  | 453 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,038
One-to-four family - residential | ​ |  | 1,095 | ​ |  | 5,787 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 6,882
Small Business Administration (1) | ​ |  | 55 | ​ |  | 85 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 140
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3,309 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3,309
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 3,924 | ​ |  | 11,289 | ​ |  | 266 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 15,479
Total loans | ​ | $ | 13,747 | ​ | $ | 24,033 | ​ | $ | 266 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 38,046

​

The following table sets forth the recorded investment in loans designated as Criticized or Classified at December 31, 2018:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
(In thousands) |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Loss |  | Total
Multi-family residential | ​ | $ | 2,498 | ​ | $ | 4,166 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 6,664
Commercial real estate | ​ |  | 381 | ​ |  | 4,051 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,432
One-to-four family - mixed-use property | ​ |  | 1,199 | ​ |  | 2,034 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3,233
One-to-four family - residential | ​ |  | 557 | ​ |  | 6,665 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,222
Construction loans | ​ |  | 730 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 730
Small Business Administration (1) | ​ |  | 481 | ​ |  | 139 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 620
Taxi medallion | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,539 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,539
Commercial business and other | ​ |  | 730 | ​ |  | 21,348 | ​ |  | 3,512 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 25,590
Total loans | ​ | $ | 6,576 | ​ | $ | 42,942 | ​ | $ | 3,512 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 53,030

(1) | Balance reported net of SBA Guaranteed portion.

​

​

​

4. Loans held for sale

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company did not have any loans held for sale.

The Company has implemented a strategy of selling certain delinquent and non-performing loans. Once the Company has decided to sell a loan, the sale usually closes in a short period of time, generally within the same quarter. Loans designated held for sale are reclassified from loans held for investment to loans held for sale. Terms of sale include cash due upon the closing of the sale, no contingencies or recourse to the Company and servicing is released to the buyer. Additionally, at times the Company may sell participating interests in performing loans.

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The following tables show loans sold during the period indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended December 31, 2019
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Loans sold |  | Proceeds |  | Net charge-offs |  | Net gain (loss)
Delinquent and non-performing loans |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Multi-family residential |  | 5 | ​ | $ | 2,115 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 367
Commercial real estate |  | 2 | ​ |  | 6,800 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 383
One-to-four family - mixed-use property |  | 3 | ​ |  | 885 | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | 6
Commercial business and other |  | 1 | ​ |  | 3,248 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Total |  | 11 | ​ | $ | 13,048 | ​ | $ | (1) | ​ | $ | 756
Performing loans |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Small Business Administration |  | 3 | ​ | $ | 2,069 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 114
Total |  | 3 | ​ | $ | 2,069 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 114

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended December 31, 2018
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Net (charge-offs) | ​ | ​ | ​
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Loans sold |  | Proceeds |  | recoveries |  | Net gain (loss)
Delinquent and non-performing loans |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Multi-family residential |  | 4 | ​ | $ | 1,559 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
Commercial real estate |  | 4 | ​ |  | 6,065 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (235)
One-to-four family - mixed-use property |  | 2 | ​ |  | 725 | ​ |  | (4) | ​ |  | —
One-to-four family - residential |  | 2 | ​ |  | 390 | ​ |  | 72 | ​ |  | 10
Total |  | 12 | ​ | $ | 8,739 | ​ | $ | 68 | ​ | $ | (225)
Performing loans |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Small Business Administration |  | 9 | ​ | $ | 5,671 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 393
Total |  | 9 | ​ | $ | 5,671 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 393

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Loans sold |  | Proceeds |  | Net charge-offs |  | Net gain (loss)
Delinquent and non-performing loans |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Multi-family residential |  | 3 | ​ | $ | 872 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 38
Commercial real estate |  | 5 | ​ |  | 1,821 | ​ |  | (4) | ​ |  | 34
One-to-four family - mixed-use property |  | 9 | ​ |  | 3,523 | ​ |  | (33) | ​ |  | 343
Total |  | 17 | ​ | $ | 6,216 | ​ | $ | (37) | ​ | $ | 415
Performing loans |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Multi-family residential |  | 12 | ​ | $ | 18,784 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (36)
Commercial real estate |  | 7 | ​ |  | 26,283 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (28)
Small Business Administration |  | 8 | ​ |  | 5,061 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 252
Total |  | 27 | ​ | $ | 50,128 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 188

​

​

5. Other Real Estate Owned

The following table shows the activity in OREO during the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Balance at beginning of year | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 533
Additions | ​ |  | 239 | ​ |  | 638 | ​ |  | —
Sales | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (638) | ​ |  | (533)
Balance at end of year | ​ | $ | 239 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —

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​

​

The following table shows the gross gains, gross losses and write-downs of OREO reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income during the periods presented:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Gross gains | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 27 | ​ | $ | 50
Gross losses | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Write-down of carrying value | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Total income | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 27 | ​ | $ | 50

​

​

​

6. Securities

The Company did not hold any trading securities at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Securities available for sale are recorded at fair value. Securities held-to-maturity are recorded at amortized cost.

The following table summarizes the Company’s portfolio of securities held-to-maturity at December 31, 2019:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | Gross
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Unrealized
​ |  | Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Gains |  | Losses
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Securities held-to-maturity: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Municipals | ​ | $ | 50,954 | ​ | $ | 53,998 | ​ | $ | 3,044 | ​ | $ | —
Total municipals | ​ |  | 50,954 | ​ |  | 53,998 | ​ |  | 3,044 | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
FNMA | ​ |  | 7,934 | ​ |  | 8,114 | ​ |  | 180 | ​ |  | —
Total mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 7,934 | ​ |  | 8,114 | ​ |  | 180 | ​ |  | —
Total | ​ | $ | 58,888 | ​ | $ | 62,112 | ​ | $ | 3,224 | ​ | $ | —

​

The following table summarizes the Company’s portfolio of securities held-to-maturity at December 31, 2018:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | Gross
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Unrealized
​ |  | Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Gains |  | Losses
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Securities held-to-maturity: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Municipals | ​ | $ | 24,065 | ​ | $ | 22,508 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,557
Total municipals | ​ |  | 24,065 | ​ |  | 22,508 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,557
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
FNMA | ​ |  | 7,953 | ​ |  | 7,366 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 587
Total mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 7,953 | ​ |  | 7,366 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 587
Total | ​ | $ | 32,018 | ​ | $ | 29,874 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,144

​

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The following table summarizes the Company’s portfolio of securities available for sale at December 31, 2019:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | Gross
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Unrealized
​ |  | Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Gains |  | Losses
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Corporate | ​ | $ | 130,000 | ​ | $ | 123,050 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 6,950
Municipals | ​ |  | 12,797 | ​ |  | 12,916 | ​ |  | 119 | ​ |  | —
Mutual funds | ​ |  | 12,216 | ​ |  | 12,216 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Collateralized loan obligations | ​ |  | 100,349 | ​ |  | 99,137 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,212
Other | ​ |  | 1,332 | ​ |  | 1,332 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Total other securities | ​ |  | 256,694 | ​ |  | 248,651 | ​ |  | 119 | ​ |  | 8,162
REMIC and CMO | ​ |  | 348,236 | ​ |  | 348,989 | ​ |  | 2,193 | ​ |  | 1,440
GNMA | ​ |  | 653 | ​ |  | 704 | ​ |  | 51 | ​ |  | —
FNMA | ​ |  | 104,235 | ​ |  | 104,882 | ​ |  | 1,073 | ​ |  | 426
FHLMC | ​ |  | 68,476 | ​ |  | 69,274 | ​ |  | 871 | ​ |  | 73
Total mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 521,600 | ​ |  | 523,849 | ​ |  | 4,188 | ​ |  | 1,939
Total securities available for sale | ​ | $ | 778,294 | ​ | $ | 772,500 | ​ | $ | 4,307 | ​ | $ | 10,101

​

The following table summarizes the Company’s portfolio of securities available for sale at December 31, 2018:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | Gross
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Unrealized
​ |  | Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Gains |  | Losses
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Corporate | ​ | $ | 130,000 | ​ | $ | 118,535 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 11,465
Municipals | ​ |  | 46,231 | ​ |  | 46,574 | ​ |  | 343 | ​ |  | —
Mutual funds | ​ |  | 11,586 | ​ |  | 11,586 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Collateralized loan obligations | ​ |  | 88,396 | ​ |  | 86,751 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,645
Other | ​ |  | 1,256 | ​ |  | 1,256 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Total other securities | ​ |  | 277,469 | ​ |  | 264,702 | ​ |  | 343 | ​ |  | 13,110
REMIC and CMO | ​ |  | 382,632 | ​ |  | 376,340 | ​ |  | 885 | ​ |  | 7,177
GNMA | ​ |  | 785 | ​ |  | 826 | ​ |  | 41 | ​ |  | —
FNMA | ​ |  | 94,069 | ​ |  | 91,693 | ​ |  | 72 | ​ |  | 2,448
FHLMC | ​ |  | 90,377 | ​ |  | 89,094 | ​ |  | 113 | ​ |  | 1,396
Total mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 567,863 | ​ |  | 557,953 | ​ |  | 1,111 | ​ |  | 11,021
Total securities available for sale | ​ | $ | 845,332 | ​ | $ | 822,655 | ​ | $ | 1,454 | ​ | $ | 24,131

​

We did not hold any private issue CMO’s that are collateralized by commercial real estate mortgages at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The corporate securities held by the Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are issued by U.S. banking institutions.

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The following table details the amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s securities classified as held-to-maturity at December 31, 2019, by contractual maturity. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Amortized | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Cost |  | Fair Value
​ |  | (In thousands)
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 180 |  | $ | 180
Due after ten years | ​ | ​ | 50,774 | ​ | ​ | 53,818
Total other securities | ​ | ​ | 50,954 | ​ | ​ | 53,998
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ | ​ | 7,934 | ​ | ​ | 8,114
Total securities held-to-maturity |  | $ | 58,888 |  | $ | 62,112

​

The amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s securities, classified as available for sale at December 31, 2019, by contractual maturity, are shown below.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Cost |  | Fair Value
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Due after one year through five years | ​ | $ | 10,000 | ​ | $ | 9,820
Due after five years through ten years | ​ |  | 137,918 | ​ |  | 131,051
Due after ten years | ​ | ​ | 96,560 | ​ | ​ | 95,564
Total other securities | ​ |  | 244,478 | ​ |  | 236,435
Mutual funds | ​ |  | 12,216 | ​ |  | 12,216
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 521,600 | ​ |  | 523,849
Total securities available for sale | ​ | $ | 778,294 | ​ | $ | 772,500

​

​

​

​

The following table shows the Company’s securities with gross unrealized losses and their fair value, aggregated by category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2019.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Total | ​ | Less than 12 months | ​ | 12 months or more
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized
​ |  | Count |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands)
Available for sale securities |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Corporate |  | 16 | ​ | $ | 123,050 | ​ | $ | 6,950 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 123,050 | ​ | $ | 6,950
CLO |  | 13 | ​ |  | 99,137 | ​ |  | 1,212 | ​ |  | 25,451 | ​ |  | 108 | ​ |  | 73,686 | ​ |  | 1,104
Total other securities |  | 29 | ​ |  | 222,187 | ​ |  | 8,162 | ​ |  | 25,451 | ​ |  | 108 | ​ |  | 196,736 | ​ |  | 8,054
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
REMIC and CMO |  | 23 | ​ |  | 120,989 | ​ |  | 1,440 | ​ |  | 102,384 | ​ |  | 1,117 | ​ |  | 18,605 | ​ |  | 323
GNMA |  | 1 | ​ |  | 49 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 49 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
FNMA |  | 8 | ​ |  | 67,618 | ​ |  | 426 | ​ |  | 19,073 | ​ |  | 138 | ​ |  | 48,545 | ​ |  | 288
FHLMC |  | 1 | ​ |  | 30,200 | ​ |  | 73 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 30,200 | ​ |  | 73
Total mortgage-backed securities |  | 33 | ​ |  | 218,856 | ​ |  | 1,939 | ​ |  | 121,506 | ​ |  | 1,255 | ​ |  | 97,350 | ​ |  | 684
Total securities available for sale |  | 62 | ​ | $ | 441,043 | ​ | $ | 10,101 | ​ | $ | 146,957 | ​ | $ | 1,363 | ​ | $ | 294,086 | ​ | $ | 8,738

​

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​

The following table shows the Company’s available for sale securities with gross unrealized losses and their fair value, aggregated by category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2018.

​

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Total | ​ | Less than 12 months | ​ | 12 months or more
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized
​ |  | Count |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands)
Held-to-maturity securities |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Municipals |  | 1 | ​ | $ | 19,940 | ​ | $ | 1,557 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 19,940 | ​ | $ | 1,557
Total other securities |  | 1 | ​ |  | 19,940 | ​ |  | 1,557 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 19,940 | ​ |  | 1,557
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
FNMA |  | 1 | ​ |  | 7,366 | ​ |  | 587 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,366 | ​ |  | 587
Total mortgage-backed securities |  | 1 | ​ |  | 7,366 | ​ |  | 587 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,366 | ​ |  | 587
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total securities held-to-maturity |  | 2 | ​ | $ | 27,306 | ​ | $ | 2,144 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 27,306 | ​ | $ | 2,144
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Available for sale securities |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Corporate |  | 16 | ​ | $ | 118,535 | ​ | $ | 11,465 | ​ | $ | 19,113 | ​ | $ | 888 | ​ | $ | 99,422 | ​ | $ | 10,577
Municipals |  | 3 | ​ |  | 4,220 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,220 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
CLO |  | 11 | ​ |  | 86,752 | ​ |  | 1,645 | ​ |  | 86,752 | ​ |  | 1,645 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Total other securities |  | 30 | ​ |  | 209,507 | ​ |  | 13,110 | ​ |  | 110,085 | ​ |  | 2,533 | ​ |  | 99,422 | ​ |  | 10,577
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
REMIC and CMO |  | 39 | ​ |  | 243,756 | ​ |  | 7,177 | ​ |  | 17,308 | ​ |  | 200 | ​ |  | 226,448 | ​ |  | 6,977
GNMA |  | 1 | ​ |  | 51 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 51 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
FNMA |  | 14 | ​ |  | 85,046 | ​ |  | 2,448 | ​ |  | 6,372 | ​ |  | 17 | ​ |  | 78,674 | ​ |  | 2,431
FHLMC |  | 3 | ​ |  | 51,288 | ​ |  | 1,396 | ​ |  | 10,116 | ​ |  | 95 | ​ |  | 41,172 | ​ |  | 1,301
Total mortgage-backed securities |  | 57 | ​ |  | 380,141 | ​ |  | 11,021 | ​ |  | 33,847 | ​ |  | 312 | ​ |  | 346,294 | ​ |  | 10,709
Total securities available for sale |  | 87 | ​ | $ | 589,648 | ​ | $ | 24,131 | ​ | $ | 143,932 | ​ | $ | 2,845 | ​ | $ | 445,716 | ​ | $ | 21,286

​

We recognize OTTI losses on impaired securities in earnings when we have the intent to sell the debt security or if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost. However, even if we do not expect to sell a debt security in an unrealized loss position, we must evaluate the expected cash flows to be received and determine if a credit loss has occurred. In the event that a credit loss has occurred, only the amount of impairment associated with the credit loss is recognized in earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Amounts relating to factors other than credit losses are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Unrealized losses on available for sale securities, that are deemed to be temporary, are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax.

The Company reviewed each investment that had an unrealized loss at December 31, 2019 and 2018. The unrealized losses in held-to-maturity municipal securities at December 31, 2018 were caused by illiquidity in the market and movements in interest rates. The unrealized losses in held-to-maturity FNMA securities at December 31, 2018 were caused by movements in interest rates. The unrealized losses in securities available for sale at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were caused by movements in interest rates.

It is not anticipated that these securities would be settled at a price that is less than the amortized cost of the Company’s investment. Each of these securities is performing according to its terms and, in the opinion of management, will continue to perform according to its terms. The Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is more likely than not the Company will not be required to sell the securities before recovery of the securities’ amortized cost basis. This conclusion is based upon considering the Company’s cash and working capital requirements and contractual and regulatory obligations, none of which the Company believes would cause the sale of the securities. Therefore, the Company did not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The Company did not record any credit related OTTI charges during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

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The Company sold available for sale securities with carrying values at the time of sale totaling $26.4 million, $120.3 million and $112.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The following table represents the gross gains and gross losses realized from the sale of securities available for sale for the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended
​ | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Gross gains from the sale of securities | ​ | $ | 423 | ​ | $ | 105 | ​ | $ | 401
Gross losses from the sale of securities | ​ |  | (438) | ​ |  | (2,025) | ​ |  | (587)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net (losses) gains from the sale of securities | ​ | $ | (15) | ​ | $ | (1,920) | ​ | $ | (186)

​

Included in “Other assets” within our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition are amounts held in a rabbi trust for certain non-qualified deferred compensation plans totaling $20.0 million and $17.3 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

7. Bank Premises and Equipment, Net

Bank premises and equipment are as follows at December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Leasehold improvements | ​ | $ | 41,304 | ​ | $ | 39,703
Equipment and furniture | ​ |  | 27,166 | ​ |  | 24,582
Total | ​ |  | 68,470 | ​ |  | 64,285
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 39,794 | ​ |  | 33,867
Bank premises and equipment, net | ​ | $ | 28,676 | ​ | $ | 30,418

​

​

8. Deposits

Total deposits at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the weighted average rate on deposits at December 31, 2019, are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Average |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Rate |
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) | ​ | ​ |
Interest-bearing deposits: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Certificate of deposit accounts | ​ | $ | 1,437,890 | ​ | $ | 1,563,310 |  | 2.22 | %
Savings accounts | ​ |  | 191,485 | ​ |  | 210,022 |  | 0.67 | ​
Money market accounts | ​ |  | 1,592,011 | ​ |  | 1,427,992 |  | 1.87 | ​
NOW accounts | ​ |  | 1,365,591 | ​ |  | 1,300,852 |  | 1.47 | ​
Total interest-bearing deposits | ​ |  | 4,586,977 | ​ |  | 4,502,176 |  |  | ​
Non-interest bearing demand deposits | ​ |  | 435,072 | ​ |  | 413,747 |  |  | ​
Total due to depositors | ​ |  | 5,022,049 | ​ |  | 4,915,923 |  |  | ​
Mortgagors' escrow deposits | ​ |  | 44,375 | ​ |  | 44,861 |  |  | ​
Total deposits | ​ | $ | 5,066,424 | ​ | $ | 4,960,784 |  |  | ​

​

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The aggregate amount of time deposits with denominations of $250,000 or more (excluding brokered deposits issued in $1,000 amounts under a master certificate of deposit) was $351.0 million and $366.7 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The aggregate amount of brokered deposits was $388.8 million and $301.7 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

During 2018, Section 29 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act was amended to no longer consider reciprocal deposits held by an FDIC-insured depository institution brokered deposits. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, reciprocal deposits subject to certain limitations, totaled $805.6 million and $685.3 million, respectively.

Government deposits are collateralized by either securities, letters of credit issued by FHLB-NY or are placed in an Insured Cash Sweep service (“ICS”). The letters of credit are collateralized by mortgage loans pledged by the Company.

At December 31, 2019, government deposits totaled $1,265.1 million, of which $685.0 million were ICS deposits and $580.1 million were collateralized by $181.0 million in securities and $494.0 million of letters of credit. At December 31, 2018, government deposits totaled $1,339.7 million, of which $661.5 million were ICS deposits and $678.2 million were collateralized by $178.9 million in securities and $659.6 million of letters of credit.

Interest expense on deposits is summarized as follows for the years ended December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Certificate of deposit accounts | ​ | $ | 35,078 | ​ | $ | 28,310 | ​ | $ | 20,579
Savings accounts | ​ |  | 1,378 | ​ |  | 1,370 | ​ |  | 1,808
Money market accounts | ​ |  | 27,819 | ​ |  | 18,707 | ​ |  | 8,151
NOW accounts | ​ |  | 23,553 | ​ |  | 15,896 | ​ |  | 9,640
Total due to depositors | ​ |  | 87,828 | ​ |  | 64,283 | ​ |  | 40,178
Mortgagors' escrow deposits | ​ |  | 229 | ​ |  | 214 | ​ |  | 141
Total interest expense on deposits | ​ | $ | 88,057 | ​ | $ | 64,497 | ​ | $ | 40,319

​

Scheduled remaining maturities of certificate of deposit accounts are summarized as follows for the years ended December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Within 12 months | ​ | $ | 1,220,601 | ​ | $ | 1,017,177
More than 12 months to 24 months | ​ |  | 143,520 | ​ |  | 404,930
More than 24 months to 36 months | ​ |  | 14,223 | ​ |  | 78,427
More than 36 months to 48 months | ​ |  | 48,318 | ​ |  | 10,915
More than 48 months to 60 months | ​ |  | 11,082 | ​ |  | 51,365
More than 60 months | ​ |  | 146 | ​ |  | 496
Total certificate of deposit accounts | ​ | $ | 1,437,890 | ​ | $ | 1,563,310

​

​

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9. Borrowed Funds

Borrowed funds are summarized as follows at December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Average | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Average |
​ |  | Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate |
​ |  | (Dollars in thousands) | ​
FHLB-NY advances - fixed rate: |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Due in 2019 | ​ | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | 782,899 |  | 2.23 | %
Due in 2020 | ​ |  | 727,516 |  | 1.86 | ​ |  | 186,082 |  | 1.64 | ​
Due in 2021 | ​ |  | 200,016 |  | 1.65 | ​ |  | 125,016 |  | 1.57 | ​
Due in 2022 | ​ |  | 175,000 |  | 1.93 | ​ |  | 25,000 |  | 2.83 | ​
Due in 2023 | ​ |  | 15,996 |  | 3.14 | ​ |  | 15,996 |  | 3.14 | ​
Total FHLB-NY advances | ​ |  | 1,118,528 |  | 1.85 | ​ |  | 1,134,993 |  | 2.09 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Subordinated debentures - fixed rate through 2021 Due in 2026 | ​ |  | 74,319 |  | 5.30 | ​ |  | 74,001 |  | 5.32 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Junior subordinated debentures - adjustable rate Due in 2037 | ​ |  | 44,384 |  | 4.65 | ​ |  | 41,849 |  | 6.07 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total borrowings | ​ | $ | 1,237,231 |  | 2.16 | % | $ | 1,250,843 |  | 2.41 | %

​

The FHLB-NY advances are fixed rate borrowings with no call provisions. The borrowings terms range from one day to five years.

At December 31, 2019, the Company was able to borrow up to $3,200.0 million from the FHLB-NY in Federal Home Loan Bank advances and letters of credit. As of December 31, 2019, the Bank had $1,612.5 million outstanding in combined balances of FHLB-NY advances and letters of credit. At December 31, 2019, the Bank also has unsecured lines of credit with other commercial banks totaling $100.0 million, with no outstanding balance.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Holding Company issued subordinated debt with an aggregated principal amount of $75.0 million. The subordinated debt was issued at 5.25% fixed-to-floating rate maturing in 2026. The debt is fixed-rate for the first five years, after which it resets quarterly. Additionally, the debt is callable at par quarterly through its maturity date beginning December 15, 2021. The subordinated debentures were structured to qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

The following table shows the terms of the subordinated debt issued by the Holding Company:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Subordinated |
​ |  | Debentures |
Issue Date | ​ | December 12, 2016 | ​
Initial Rate |  | 5.25 | %
First Reset Date | ​ | December 15, 2021 | ​
First Call Date | ​ | December 15, 2021 | ​
Spread over 3-month LIBOR |  | 3.44 | %
Maturity Date | ​ | December 15, 2026 | ​

​

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We may not redeem the subordinated debt prior to December 15, 2021, except that the Company may redeem the subordinated debt at any time, at its option, in whole but not in part, subject to obtaining any required regulatory approvals, if (i) a change or prospective change in law occurs that could prevent the Company from deducting interest payable on the subordinated debt for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (ii) a subsequent event occurs that precludes the subordinated debt from being recognized as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes, or (iii) the Company is required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, in each case, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the subordinated debt plus any accrued and unpaid interest through, but excluding, the redemption date.

The Holding Company has three trusts formed under the laws of the State of Delaware for the purpose of issuing capital and common securities, and investing the proceeds thereof in junior subordinated debentures of the Holding Company. Each of these trusts issued $20.6 million of securities which had a fixed-rate for the first five years, after which they reset quarterly based on a spread over 3-month LIBOR. The securities were first callable at par after five years, and pay cumulative dividends. The Holding Company has guaranteed the payment of these trusts’ obligations under their capital securities. The terms of the junior subordinated debentures are the same as those of the capital securities issued by the trusts. The junior subordinated debentures issued by the Holding Company are carried at fair value in the consolidated financial statements.

The table below shows the terms of the securities issued by the trusts.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Flushing Financial |  | Flushing Financial |  | Flushing Financial |
​ |  | Capital Trust II |  | Capital Trust III |  | Capital Trust IV |
Issue Date | ​ | June 20, 2007 | ​ | June 21, 2007 | ​ | July 3, 2007 | ​
Initial Rate | ​ | 7.14 | % | 6.89 | % | 6.85 | %
First Reset Date | ​ | September 01, 2012 | ​ | June 15, 2012 | ​ | July 30, 2012 | ​
Spread over 3-month LIBOR | ​ | 1.41 | % | 1.44 | % | 1.42 | %
Maturity Date | ​ | September 01, 2037 | ​ | September 15, 2037 | ​ | July 30, 2037 | ​

​

The consolidated financial statements do not include the securities issued by the trusts, but rather include the junior subordinated debentures of the Holding Company.

10. Income Taxes

Flushing Financial Corporation files consolidated Federal and combined New York State and New York City income tax returns with its subsidiaries, with the exception of the trusts, which file separate Federal income tax returns as trusts, and FPFC, which files a separate Federal income tax return as a real estate investment trust. The Bank also files New Jersey State tax returns. The Company is undergoing examinations of New York State income tax returns for 2014, 2015 and 2016. Additionally, the Company remains subject to examination for its New York City income tax returns for years ending on or after December 31, 2015 and for its Federal, New York State and New Jersey income tax returns for the years ending on or after December 31, 2016. The Company believes it has accrued for all potential amounts that may be due to all taxing authorities.

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Income tax provisions are summarized as follows for the years ended December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Federal: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Current | ​ | $ | 12,404 | ​ | $ | 9,183 | ​ | $ | 14,859
Deferred | ​ |  | (1,965) | ​ |  | (609) | ​ |  | 7,985
Total federal tax provision | ​ |  | 10,439 | ​ |  | 8,574 | ​ |  | 22,844
State and Local: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Current | ​ |  | 3,543 | ​ |  | 3,876 | ​ |  | 1,419
Deferred | ​ |  | (1,930) | ​ |  | (2,055) | ​ |  | 750
Total state and local tax provision | ​ |  | 1,613 | ​ |  | 1,821 | ​ |  | 2,169
Total income tax provision | ​ | $ | 12,052 | ​ | $ | 10,395 | ​ | $ | 25,013

​

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) was enacted, which among other things, reduced the federal income tax rate for corporations from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. We recorded $3.8 million in additional tax expense during 2017 from the revaluation of our net deferred tax assets, resulting from the TCJA.

The income tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Income has been provided at effective rates of 22.7%, 15.9% and 37.8% for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The effective rates differ from the statutory federal income tax rate as follows for the years ended December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) |
Taxes at federal statutory rate | ​ | $ | 11,200 |  | 21.0 | % | $ | 13,752 |  | 21.0 | % | $ | 23,147 |  | 35.0 | %
Increase (reduction) in taxes resulting from: | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
State and local income tax, net of Federal income tax benefit | ​ |  | 1,274 |  | 2.4 | ​ |  | 1,439 |  | 2.2 | ​ |  | 1,410 |  | 2.1 | ​
TCJA | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 3,770 |  | 5.7 | ​
Tax exempt | ​ |  | (878) |  | (1.6) | ​ |  | (1,961) |  | (3.0) | ​ |  | (2,429) |  | (3.7) | ​
Other | ​ |  | 456 |  | 0.9 | ​ |  | (2,835) |  | (4.3) | ​ |  | (885) |  | (1.3) | ​
Taxes at effective rate | ​ | $ | 12,052 |  | 22.7 | % | $ | 10,395 |  | 15.9 | % | $ | 25,013 |  | 37.8 | %

​

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The components of the net deferred tax assets are as follows at December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Deferred tax assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Postretirement benefits | ​ | $ | 7,188 | ​ | $ | 6,489
Allowance for loan losses | ​ |  | 6,782 | ​ |  | 6,490
Operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 12,863 | ​ | ​ | —
Stock based compensation | ​ |  | 2,950 | ​ |  | 2,717
Depreciation | ​ |  | 1,875 | ​ |  | 615
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale | ​ |  | 1,812 | ​ |  | 7,028
Fair value adjustment on financial assets carried at fair value | ​ |  | 95 | ​ |  | 227
Fair value hedges | ​ |  | 1,669 | ​ |  | 638
Adjustment required to recognize funded status of postretirement pension plans | ​ |  | 447 | ​ |  | 751
Gain on sale of buildings | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,220
Cashflow hedges | ​ | ​ | 2,668 | ​ | ​ | —
Other | ​ |  | 3,057 | ​ |  | 3,113
Net operating loss (NYC) | ​ |  | 880 | ​ |  | 928
Deferred tax assets | ​ |  | 42,286 | ​ |  | 30,216
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred tax liabilities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
FPFC deferred income | ​ |  | 2,256 | ​ |  | 2,263
Right of Use Asset | ​ | ​ | 12,863 | ​ | ​ | —
Cashflow hedges | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,664
Fair value adjustment on financial liabilities carried at fair value | ​ |  | 5,003 | ​ |  | 5,815
Entity specific fair value | ​ |  | 456 | ​ |  | 382
Other | ​ |  | 6,335 | ​ |  | 6,132
Deferred tax liabilities | ​ |  | 26,913 | ​ |  | 16,256
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net deferred tax asset included in other assets | ​ | $ | 15,373 | ​ | $ | 13,960

​

The deferred tax asset represents the anticipated net federal, state and local tax benefits expected to be realized in future years upon the utilization of the underlying tax attributes comprising this balance. The Company has reported taxable income for each of the past three years. In management’s opinion, in view of the Company’s previous, current and projected future earnings trend, the probability that some of the Company’s $26.9 million deferred tax liability can be used to offset a portion of the deferred tax asset it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will be fully realized. Accordingly, no valuation allowance was deemed necessary for the deferred tax asset at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The Company does not have uncertain tax positions that are deemed material. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties on income taxes in tax expense. During the three years ended December 31, 2019, the Company did not recognize any material amounts of interest or penalties on income taxes.

11. Stock-Based Compensation

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 the Company’s net income, as reported, includes $7.9 million, $6.5 million and $5.9 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation costs, including the benefit or expense of phantom stock awards, and $1.8 million, $1.4 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of income tax benefits related to the stock-based compensation plans.

No stock options have been granted by the Company since 2009. At December 31, 2019, there are no stock options outstanding.

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The 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (“2014 Omnibus Plan”) became effective on May 20, 2014 after adoption by the Board of Directors and approval by the stockholders. The 2014 Omnibus Plan authorizes the issuance of 1,100,000 shares. To the extent that an award under the 2014 Omnibus Plan is cancelled, expired, forfeited, settled in cash, settled by issuance of fewer shares than the number underlying the award, or otherwise terminated without delivery of shares to a participant in payment of the exercise price or taxes relating to an award, the shares retained by or returned to the Company will be available for future issuance under the 2014 Omnibus Plan. On May 31, 2017, stockholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Omnibus Plan (the “Amendment”) authorizing an additional 672,000 shares available for future issuance. In addition, to increasing the number of shares for future grants, the Amendment eliminated, in the case of stock options and SARs, the ability to recycle shares used to satisfy the exercise price or taxes for such awards. No other amendments to the 2014 Omnibus Plan were made. Including the additional shares authorized from the Amendment, 497,860 shares are available for future issuance under the 2014 Omnibus Plan at December 31, 2019. To fund restricted stock unit awards or option exercises, shares are issued from treasury stock, if available; otherwise new shares are issued. Options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards granted under the 2014 Omnibus Plan are generally subject to a minimum vesting period of three years with stock options having a 10-year maximum contractual term. Other awards do not have a contractual term of expiration. The Compensation Committee is authorized to grant awards that vest upon a participant’s retirement. These amounts are included in stock-based compensation expense at the time of the participant’s retirement eligibility.

On January 31, 2019, the Board of Directors approved a 2019 long-term incentive compensation program for certain Company executive officers that includes grants of performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”) in addition to time-based restricted stock units (“RSU”). Under the terms of the PRSU Agreement, the number of PRSUs that may be earned depends on the extent to which performance goals for the award are achieved over a three-year performance period, as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board. The number of PRSUs that may be earned ranges from 0% to 150% of the target award, with no PRSUs earned for below threshold-level performance, 50% of PRSUs earned for threshold-level performance, 100% of PRSUs earned for target-level performance, and 150% of PRSUs earned for maximum-level performance. As of December 31, 2019, PRSU’s granted in 2019 are being accrued at slightly above target, as projected performance is above target.

The Company uses the fair value of the common stock on the date of award to measure compensation cost for restricted stock unit awards. Compensation cost is recognized over the vesting period of the award using the straight line method. There were 263,574, 280,590 and 276,900 RSU’s granted for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively and 67,352 PRSU’s granted for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The following table summarizes the Company’s RSU and PRSU awards under the 2014 Omnibus Plan for the year ended December 31, 2019:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | RSU Awards | ​ | ​ | PRSU Awards
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted-Average | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted-Average
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Grant-Date | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Grant-Date
​ |  | Shares |  | Fair Value | ​ | ​ | Shares |  | Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2018 |  | 502,658 | ​ | $ | 24.93 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | $ | —
Granted |  | 263,574 | ​ |  | 22.38 | ​ | ​ | 67,352 | ​ |  | 22.38
Vested |  | (307,207) | ​ |  | 23.47 | ​ | ​ | (33,166) | ​ |  | 22.38
Forfeited |  | (30,730) | ​ |  | 24.76 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | —
Non-vested at December 31, 2019 |  | 428,295 | ​ | $ | 24.42 | ​ | ​ | 34,186 | ​ | $ | 22.38
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Vested but unissued at December 31, 2019 |  | 257,372 | ​ | $ | 24.62 | ​ | ​ | 27,366 | ​ | $ | 22.38

​

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As of December 31, 2019, there was $7.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to RSU and PRSU awards granted under the 2014 Omnibus Plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years. The total fair value of awards vested for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $7.4 million, $7.1 million and $7.0 million, respectively. The vested but unissued RSU awards consist of awards made to employees and directors who are eligible for retirement. The vested but unissued PRSU awards consist of awards made to employees who are eligible for retirement. According to the terms of these awards, which provide for vesting upon retirement, these employees and directors have no risk of forfeiture. These shares will be issued at the original contractual vesting and settlement dates. As of December 31, 2019, there is no remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options granted.

Phantom Stock Plan: The Company maintains a non-qualified phantom stock plan as a supplement to its profit sharing plan for officers who have achieved the designated level and completed one year of service. Awards are made under this plan on certain compensation not eligible for contributions made under the profit sharing plan, due to the terms of the profit sharing plan and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”). Employees receive awards under this plan proportionate to the amount they would have received under the profit sharing plan, but for limits imposed by the profit sharing plan and the Internal Revenue Code. The awards are made as cash awards, and then converted to common stock equivalents (phantom shares) at the then current fair value of the Company’s common stock. Dividends are credited to each employee’s account in the form of additional phantom shares each time the Company pays a dividend on its common stock. In the event of a change of control (as defined in this plan), an employee’s interest is converted to a fixed dollar amount and deemed to be invested in the same manner as their interest in the Bank’s non-qualified deferred compensation plan. Employees vest under this plan 20% per year for the first 5 years of employment and are 100% vested thereafter. Employees also become 100% vested upon a change of control. Employees receive their vested interest in this plan in the form of a cash lump sum payment or installments, as elected by the employee, after termination of employment. The Company adjusts its liability under this plan to the fair value of the shares at the end of each period.

The following table summarizes the Company’s Phantom Stock Plan at or for the year ended December 31, 2019:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Phantom Stock Plan |  | Shares |  | Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 |  | 99,313 | ​ | $ | 21.53
Granted |  | 11,336 | ​ |  | 21.93
Distributions |  | (1,423) | ​ |  | 21.92
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 |  | 109,226 | ​ | $ | 21.61
Vested at December 31, 2019 |  | 108,974 | ​ | $ | 21.61

​

The Company recorded stock-based compensation (benefit) expense for the phantom stock plan of $0.1 million, ($0.5) million and ($0.1) million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The total fair value of distributions from the phantom stock plan were $31,000, $12,000 and $247,000 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

12. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

The amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, on a pre-tax basis, consist of the following, as of December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Net Actuarial | ​ | Prior Service | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Loss (Gain) | ​ | Cost (Credit) | ​ | Total
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Employee Retirement Plan | ​ | $ | 2,273 | ​ | $ | 3,238 | ​ | $ | 6,166 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,273 | ​ | $ | 3,238 | ​ | $ | 6,166
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans | ​ |  | (265) | ​ |  | 35 | ​ |  | 1,223 | ​ |  | (198) | ​ |  | (283) | ​ |  | (368) | ​ |  | (463) | ​ |  | (248) | ​ |  | 855
Outside Directors Plan | ​ |  | (380) | ​ |  | (566) | ​ |  | (472) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 12 | ​ |  | (380) | ​ |  | (566) | ​ |  | (460)
Total | ​ | $ | 1,628 | ​ | $ | 2,707 | ​ | $ | 6,917 | ​ | $ | (198) | ​ | $ | (283) | ​ | $ | (356) | ​ | $ | 1,430 | ​ | $ | 2,424 | ​ | $ | 6,561

​

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Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss to be recognized as components of net periodic expense for these plans in 2020 are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Net Actuarial |  | Prior Service |  | Expense
​ | ​ | Loss (Gain) | ​ | Cost (Credit) | ​ | (Benefit)
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Employee Retirement Plan | ​ | $ | 444 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 444
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (85) | ​ |  | (85)
Outside Directors Plan | ​ |  | (55) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (55)
Total | ​ | $ | 389 | ​ | $ | (85) | ​ | $ | 304

​

Employee Retirement Plan:

The Company has a funded noncontributory defined benefit retirement plan covering substantially all of its salaried employees who were hired before September 1, 2005 (the “Retirement Plan”). The benefits are based on years of service and the employee’s compensation during the three consecutive years out of the final ten years of service, which was completed prior to September 30, 2006, the date the Retirement Plan was frozen, that produces the highest average. The Bank’s funding policy is to contribute annually the amount recommended by the Retirement Plan’s actuary. The Bank’s Retirement Plan historically invested in diversified equity and fixed-income funds, which are independently managed by a third party. In 2018, the Company repositioned its investments out of a mix of equity and fixed-income funds into 100% fixed-income funds. The Company did not make a contribution to the Retirement Plan during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for the Retirement Plan.

The following table sets forth, for the Retirement Plan, the change in benefit obligation and assets, and for the Company, the amounts recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Change in benefit obligation: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year | ​ | $ | 20,344 | ​ | $ | 23,605
Interest cost | ​ |  | 797 | ​ |  | 781
Actuarial loss (gain) | ​ |  | 2,265 | ​ |  | (2,389)
Benefits paid | ​ |  | (963) | ​ |  | (1,653)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year | ​ |  | 22,443 | ​ |  | 20,344
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Change in plan assets: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Market value of assets at beginning of year | ​ |  | 22,419 | ​ |  | 22,702
Actual return on plan assets | ​ |  | 4,049 | ​ |  | 1,370
Benefits paid | ​ |  | (963) | ​ |  | (1,653)
Market value of plan assets at end of year | ​ |  | 25,505 | ​ |  | 22,419
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accrued pension asset included in other assets | ​ | $ | 3,062 | ​ | $ | 2,075

​

Assumptions used to determine the Retirement Plan’s benefit obligations are as follows at December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Weighted average discount rate |  | 3.00 | % | 4.06 | %
Rate of increase in future compensation levels |  | n/a |  | n/a | ​

​

The mortality assumptions for 2019 were based on the Pri-2012 Total Dataset with Scale MP-2019 and the mortality assumptions for 2018 were based on the RP-2014 Adjusted to 2006 Total Dataset with Scale MP-2018.

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The components of the net pension expense for the Retirement Plan are as follows for the years ended December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Interest cost | ​ | $ | 797 | ​ | $ | 781 | ​ | $ | 864
Amortization of unrecognized loss | ​ |  | 269 | ​ |  | 621 | ​ |  | 697
Expected return on plan assets | ​ |  | (1,088) | ​ |  | (1,452) | ​ |  | (1,392)
Net pension (benefit) expense | ​ |  | (22) | ​ |  | (50) | ​ |  | 169
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current year actuarial gain | ​ |  | (696) | ​ |  | (2,307) | ​ |  | (1,192)
Amortization of actuarial loss | ​ |  | (269) | ​ |  | (621) | ​ |  | (697)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income | ​ |  | (965) | ​ |  | (2,928) | ​ |  | (1,889)
Total recognized in net pension cost (benefit) and other comprehensive loss | ​ | $ | (987) | ​ | $ | (2,978) | ​ | $ | (1,720)

​

Assumptions used to develop periodic pension cost for the Retirement Plan for the years ended December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Weighted average discount rate |  | 4.06 | % | 3.42 | % | 3.88 | %
Rate of increase in future compensation levels |  | n/a |  | n/a |  | n/a | ​
Expected long-term rate of return on assets |  | 5.25 | % | 7.00 | % | 7.00 | %

​

The following benefit payments are expected to be paid by the Retirement Plan for the years ending December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Future Benefit
​ | ​ | Payments
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
2020 | ​ | $ | 1,317
2021 | ​ |  | 1,177
2022 | ​ |  | 1,206
2023 | ​ |  | 1,224
2024 | ​ |  | 1,216
2025-2029 | ​ |  | 5,951

​

The long-term rate of return on assets assumption was set based on historical returns earned by equities and fixed income securities, adjusted to reflect expectations of future returns as applied to the plan’s target allocation of asset classes. Equities and fixed income securities were assumed to earn real rates of return in the ranges of 8-10% and 3-5%, respectively. When these overall return expectations are applied to the plans target allocation, the result is an expected rate return of 5.25% for 2019.

The Retirement Plan’s weighted average asset allocations by asset category at December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Equity securities |  | — | % | — | %
Debt securities |  | 100 | % | 100 | %

​

At December 31, 2019, Plan assets are invested in a diversified mix of fixed income funds.

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The long-term investment objectives are to maintain plan assets at a level that will sufficiently cover long-term obligations and to generate a return on plan assets that will meet or exceed the rate at which long-term obligations will grow. Historically, a combination of equity and fixed income portfolios were used to help achieve these objectives based on a long-term, liability based strategic mix of 60% equities and 40% fixed income. In 2018 the strategic mix was changed to 100% fixed income in order to remove market volatility and lock in gains. Adjustments to this mix are made periodically based on current capital market conditions and plan funding levels. Performance of the investment fund managers is monitored on an ongoing basis using modern portfolio risk analysis and appropriate index benchmarks.

The Company does not expect to make a contribution to the Retirement Plan in 2020.

The following table sets forth the Retirement Plan’s assets at the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Pooled Separate Accounts |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Long duration bond fund (a) | ​ | $ | 11,242 | ​ | $ | 10,045
Long corporate bond fund (b) | ​ |  | 5,069 | ​ |  | 4,471
Prudential short term (c) | ​ |  | 403 | ​ |  | 360
Mutual Fund | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Investment grade bond fund (d) | ​ |  | 8,791 | ​ |  | 7,543
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 25,505 | ​ | $ | 22,419

a. | Comprised of fixed income securities with durations of longer than six years that seek to maximize total return consistent with the preservation of capital and prudent investment management.

b. | Comprised of corporate bonds with an average duration within 0.25 years of the benchmark and its average credit quality is no lower than BBB. The fund seeks to outperform the Bloomberg Barclays Long Corporate Bond Index.

c. | Comprised of money market instruments with an emphasis on safety and liquidity.

d. | Comprised of high quality corporate bonds diversified broadly across industries, issuers and regions. The funds primary benchmark is the Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Credit Index.

The fair value of the mutual fund is determined daily using quoted market prices in an open market (level 1). The fair value of the pooled separate accounts is determined by the investment manager and is based on the value of the underlying assets held at December 31, 2019 and 2018. These are measured at net asset value under the practical expedient with future redemption dates.

The fair values of the Plan’s investments in pooled separate accounts are calculated each business day. All investments can be redeemed on a daily basis without restriction. The investments in pooled separate accounts, which are valued at net asset value, have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy in accordance with Accounting Standards ASU No. 2015-07 “Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent)”.

Other Postretirement Benefit Plans:

The Company sponsors two unfunded postretirement benefit plans (the “Postretirement Plans”) that cover all retirees hired prior to January 1, 2011, who were full-time permanent employees with at least five years of service, and their spouses. Effective January 1, 2011, the Postretirement Plans are no longer available for new hires. One plan provides medical benefits through a 50% cost sharing arrangement. Effective January 1, 2000, the spouses of future retirees were required to pay 100% of the premiums for their coverage. The other plan provides life insurance benefits and is noncontributory. Effective January 1, 2010, life insurance benefits are not available for future retirees. Under these programs, eligible retirees receive lifetime medical and life insurance coverage for themselves and lifetime medical coverage for their spouses. The Company reserves the right to amend or terminate these plans at its discretion.

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Comprehensive medical plan benefits equal the lesser of the normal plan benefit or the total amount not paid by Medicare. Life insurance benefits for retirees are based on annual compensation and age at retirement. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has not funded these plans. The Company used a December 31 measurement date for these plans.

The following table sets forth, for the Postretirement Plans, the change in benefit obligation and assets, and for the Company, the amounts recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Change in benefit obligation: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year | ​ | $ | 8,518 | ​ | $ | 9,104
Service cost | ​ |  | 280 | ​ |  | 350
Interest cost | ​ |  | 341 | ​ |  | 307
Actuarial gain | ​ |  | (301) | ​ |  | (1,155)
Benefits paid | ​ |  | (76) | ​ |  | (88)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year | ​ |  | 8,762 | ​ |  | 8,518
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Change in plan assets: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Market value of assets at beginning of year | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Employer contributions | ​ |  | 76 | ​ |  | 88
Benefits paid | ​ |  | (76) | ​ |  | (88)
Market value of plan assets at end of year | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accrued pension cost included in other liabilities | ​ | $ | 8,762 | ​ | $ | 8,518

​

Assumptions used in determining the actuarial present value of the accumulated postretirement benefit obligations at December 31 are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Discount rate |  | 3.00 | % | 4.06 | %
Rate of increase in health care costs |  |  |  |  | ​
Initial |  | 7.50 | % | 7.00 | %
Ultimate (year 2023) |  | 5.00 | % | 5.00 | %
Annual rate of salary increase for life insurance |  | n/a |  | n/a | ​

​

The mortality assumptions for 2019 were based on the Pri-2012 with Scale MP-2019 and the mortality assumptions for 2018 were based on the RP-2014 Adjusted to 2006 White Collar Mortality Table with Scale MP-2018.

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The resulting net periodic postretirement expense consisted of the following components for the years ended December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Service cost | ​ | $ | 280 | ​ | $ | 350 | ​ | $ | 316
Interest cost | ​ |  | 341 | ​ |  | 307 | ​ |  | 305
Amortization of unrecognized loss | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 33 | ​ |  | —
Amortization of past service credit | ​ |  | (85) | ​ |  | (85) | ​ |  | (85)
Net postretirement benefit expense | ​ |  | 536 | ​ |  | 605 | ​ |  | 536
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current year actuarial (gain) loss | ​ |  | (301) | ​ |  | (1,155) | ​ |  | 587
Amortization of actuarial loss | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (33) | ​ |  | —
Amortization of prior service credit | ​ |  | 85 | ​ |  | 85 | ​ |  | 85
Total recognized in other comprehensive income | ​ |  | (216) | ​ |  | (1,103) | ​ |  | 672
Total recognized in net postretirement expense and other comprehensive loss | ​ | $ | 320 | ​ | $ | (498) | ​ | $ | 1,208

​

Assumptions used to develop periodic postretirement expense for the Postretirement Plans for the years ended December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Rate of return on plan assets |  | n/a |  | n/a |  | n/a | ​
Discount rate |  | 4.06 | % | 3.42 | % | 3.88 | %
Rate of increase in health care costs |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Initial |  | 7.00 | % | 7.00 | % | 8.00 | %
Ultimate (year 2023) |  | 5.00 | % | 5.00 | % | 5.00 | %
Annual rate of salary increase for life insurance |  | n/a |  | n/a |  | n/a | ​

​

The health care cost trend rate assumptions have a significant effect on the amounts reported. A one percentage point change in assumed health care trend rates would have the following effects:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Increase |  | Decrease
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Effect on postretirement benefit obligation | ​ | $ | 1,635 | ​ | $ | (1,272)
Effect on total service and interest cost | ​ |  | 123 | ​ |  | (94)

​

The following benefit payments under the Postretirement Plan, which reflect expected future service, are expected to be paid for the years ending December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Future Benefit
​ | ​ | Payments
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
2020 | ​ | $ | 252
2021 | ​ |  | 274
2022 | ​ |  | 307
2023 | ​ |  | 323
2024 | ​ |  | 315
2025-2029 | ​ |  | 1,794

​

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Defined Contribution Plans:

The Bank maintains a tax qualified 401(k) plan which covers substantially all salaried employees who have completed one year of service. Currently, annual matching contributions under the Bank’s 401(k) plan equal 50% of the employee’s contributions, up to a maximum of 3% of the employee’s base salary. In addition, the 401(k) plan includes the Defined Contribution Retirement Plan (“DCRP”), under which the Bank contributes an amount equal to 4% of an employee’s eligible compensation as defined in the plan, and the Profit Sharing Plan (“PSP”), under which at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors a contribution is made. Contributions for the DCRP and PSP are made in the form of Company common stock at or after the end of each year. Annual contributions under these plans are subject to the limits imposed under the Internal Revenue Code. Contributions by the Company into the 401(k) plan vest 20% per year over the employee’s first five years of service. Contributions to these plans are 100% vested upon a change of control (as defined in the applicable plan). Compensation expense recorded by the Company for these plans amounted to $3.0 million, $4.1 million and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The Bank provides a non-qualified deferred compensation plan as an incentive for officers who have achieved the designated level and completed one year of service. In addition to the amounts deferred by the officers, the Bank matches 50% of their contributions, generally up to a maximum of 5% of the officers’ base salary. Matching contributions under this plan vest 20% per year for five years. The non-qualified deferred compensation plan assets are held in a rabbi trust totaling $14.4 million and $11.4 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Contributions become 100% vested upon a change of control (as defined in the plan). Compensation expense recorded by the Company for this plan amounted to $0.5 million, $0.5 million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Employee Benefit Trust:

An Employee Benefit Trust (“EBT”) has been established to assist the Company in funding its benefit plan obligations. Dividend payments received are used to purchase additional shares of common stock. Shares released are used solely for funding matching contributions under the Bank’s 401(k) plan, contributions to the 401(k) plan for the DCRP, and contributions to the PSP. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company funded $3.4 million, $3.6 million and $3.2 million, respectively, of employer contributions to the 401(k), DCRP and profit sharing plans from the EBT.

Upon a change of control (as defined in the EBT), the EBT will terminate and any trust assets remaining after certain benefit plan contributions will be distributed to all full-time employees of the Company with at least one year of service, in proportion to their compensation over the four most recently completed calendar years plus the portion of the current year prior to the termination of the EBT.

As shares are released from the suspense account, the Company reports compensation expense equal to the current market price of the shares, and the shares become outstanding for earnings per share computations.

The EBT shares are as follows at December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Shares owned by Employee Benefit Trust, beginning balance |  | ​ | 329,090 |  | ​ | 445,022
Shares purchased |  | ​ | 7,267 |  | ​ | 13,669
Shares released and allocated |  | ​ | (154,746) |  | ​ | (129,601)
Shares owned by Employee Benefit Trust, ending balance |  | ​ | 181,611 |  | ​ | 329,090
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Market value of unallocated shares | ​ | $ | 3,924,614 | ​ | $ | 7,085,308

​

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Outside Director Retirement Plan:

The Bank has an unfunded noncontributory defined benefit Outside Director Retirement Plan (the “Directors’ Plan”), which provides benefits to each non-employee director who became a non-employee director before January 1, 2004. Upon termination an eligible director will be paid an annual retirement benefit equal to $48,000. Such benefit will be paid in equal monthly installments for 120 months. In the event of a termination of Board service due to a change of control, a eligible non-employee director will receive a cash lump sum payment equal to 120 months of benefit. In the event of the director’s death, the surviving spouse will receive the equivalent benefit. No benefits will be payable to a director who is removed for cause. The Holding Company has guaranteed the payment of benefits under the Directors’ Plan, for this reason the Bank has assets held in a rabbi trust totaling $4.3 million and $4.8 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Bank uses a December 31 measurement date for the Directors’ Plan.

The following table sets forth, for the Directors’ Plan, the change in benefit obligation and assets, and for the Company, the amounts recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Change in benefit obligation: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year | ​ | $ | 2,265 | ​ | $ | 2,425
Service cost | ​ |  | 39 | ​ |  | 42
Interest cost | ​ |  | 86 | ​ |  | 78
Actuarial (gain) loss | ​ |  | 44 | ​ |  | (184)
Benefits paid | ​ |  | (144) | ​ |  | (96)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year | ​ |  | 2,290 | ​ |  | 2,265
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Change in plan assets: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Market value of assets at beginning of year | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Employer contributions | ​ |  | 144 | ​ |  | 96
Benefits paid | ​ |  | (144) | ​ |  | (96)
Market value of plan assets at end of year | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accrued pension cost included in other liabilities | ​ | $ | (2,290) | ​ | $ | (2,265)

​

The components of the net pension expense for the Directors’ Plan are as follows for the years ended December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Service cost | ​ | $ | 39 | ​ | $ | 42 | ​ | $ | 42
Interest cost | ​ |  | 86 | ​ |  | 78 | ​ |  | 89
Amortization of unrecognized gain | ​ |  | (141) | ​ |  | (91) | ​ |  | (92)
Amortization of past service liability | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 12 | ​ |  | 40
Net pension expense | ​ |  | (16) | ​ |  | 41 | ​ |  | 79
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current actuarial (gain) loss | ​ |  | 44 | ​ |  | (184) | ​ |  | (24)
Amortization of actuarial gain | ​ |  | 141 | ​ |  | 91 | ​ |  | 92
Amortization of prior service cost | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (12) | ​ |  | (40)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income | ​ |  | 185 | ​ |  | (105) | ​ |  | 28
Total recognized in net pension expense and other comprehensive income | ​ | $ | 169 | ​ | $ | (64) | ​ | $ | 107

​

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Assumptions used to determine benefit obligations and periodic pension expense for the Directors’ Plan for the years ended December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Weighted average discount rate for the benefit obligation |  | 3.00 | % | 4.06 | % | 3.42 | %
Weighted average discount rate for periodic pension benefit expense |  | 4.06 | % | 3.42 | % | 3.88 | %
Rate of increase in future compensation levels |  | n/a |  | n/a |  | n/a | ​

​

The following benefit payments under the Directors’ Plan, which reflect expected future service, are expected to be paid for the years ending December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Future Benefit
​ | ​ | Payments
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
2020 | ​ | $ | 288
2021 | ​ |  | 288
2022 | ​ |  | 288
2023 | ​ |  | 256
2024 | ​ |  | 220
2025 - 2029 | ​ |  | 916

​

​

​

13. Stockholders’ Equity

Dividend Restrictions on the Bank:

In connection with the Bank’s conversion from mutual to stock form in November 1995, a special liquidation account was established at the time of conversion, in accordance with the requirements of its primary regulator, which was equal to its capital as of June 30, 1995. The liquidation account is reduced as and to the extent that eligible account holders have reduced their qualifying deposits. Subsequent increases in deposits do not restore an eligible account holder’s interest in the liquidation account. In the event of a complete liquidation of the Bank, each eligible account holder will be entitled to receive a distribution from the liquidation account in an amount proportionate to the current adjusted qualifying balances for accounts then held. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Bank’s liquidation account was $0.5 million and was presented within retained earnings.

In addition to the restriction described above, New York State and Federal banking regulations place certain restrictions on dividends paid by the Bank to the Holding Company. The total amount of dividends which may be paid at any date is generally limited to the net income of the Bank for the current year and prior two years, less any dividends previously paid from those earnings. As of December 31, 2019, the Bank had $70.0 million in retained earnings available to distribute to the Holding Company in the form of cash dividends.

In addition, dividends paid by the Bank to the Holding Company would be prohibited if the effect thereof would cause the Bank’s capital to be reduced below applicable minimum capital requirements.

As a bank holding company, the Holding Company is subject to similar dividend restrictions.

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Treasury Stock Transactions:

The Holding Company repurchased 40,000 common shares at an average cost of $19.28 and 787,069 common shares at an average cost of $25.97 during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At December 31, 2019, 427,211 shares remained subject to repurchase under the authorized stock repurchase program. Stock will be purchased under the authorized stock repurchase program from time to time, in the open market or through private transactions, subject to market conditions and at the discretion of the management of the Company. There is no expiration or maximum dollar amount under this authorization.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss:

The following are changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component, net of tax, for the years ended:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Unrealized Gains | ​ | Unrealized Gains | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | (Losses) on | ​ | (Losses) on | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Fair Value | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Available for Sale | ​ | Cash flow | ​ | Defined Benefit | ​ | Option Elected | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2019 |  | Securities |  | Hedges |  | Pension Items |  | on Liabilities |  | Total
​ |  | (In thousands)
Beginning balance, net of tax | ​ | $ | (15,649) | ​ | $ | 3,704 | ​ | $ | (1,673) | ​ | $ | 866 | ​ | $ | (12,752)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications, net of tax | ​ |  | 11,657 | ​ |  | (8,606) | ​ |  | 661 | ​ |  | 155 | ​ |  | 3,867
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | (961) | ​ |  | 29 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (922)
Net current period other comprehensive income, net of tax | ​ |  | 11,667 | ​ |  | (9,567) | ​ |  | 690 | ​ |  | 155 | ​ |  | 2,945
Ending balance, net of tax | ​ | $ | (3,982) | ​ | $ | (5,863) | ​ | $ | (983) | ​ | $ | 1,021 | ​ | $ | (9,807)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Unrealized Gains | ​ | Unrealized Gains | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | (Losses) on | ​ | (Losses) on | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Fair Value | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Available for Sale | ​ | Cash flow | ​ | Defined Benefit | ​ | Option Elected | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2018 |  | Securities |  | Hedges |  | Pension Items |  | on Liabilities |  | Total
​ |  | (In thousands)
Beginning balance, net of tax | ​ | $ | (5,522) | ​ | $ | 231 | ​ | $ | (3,695) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (8,986)
Reclassification of the Income Tax Effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to Retained Earnings | ​ |  | (1,325) | ​ |  | 50 | ​ |  | (798) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2,073)
Impact of adoption of Accounting Standard Update 2016-01 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 779 | ​ |  | 779
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications, net of tax | ​ |  | (10,127) | ​ |  | 3,351 | ​ |  | 2,484 | ​ |  | 87 | ​ |  | (4,205)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | ​ |  | 1,325 | ​ |  | 72 | ​ |  | 336 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,733
Net current period other comprehensive income, net of tax | ​ |  | (8,802) | ​ |  | 3,423 | ​ |  | 2,820 | ​ |  | 87 | ​ |  | (2,472)
Ending balance, net of tax | ​ | $ | (15,649) | ​ | $ | 3,704 | ​ | $ | (1,673) | ​ | $ | 866 | ​ | $ | (12,752)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Gains |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | (Losses) on | ​ | (Losses) on | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Available for Sale | ​ | Cash flow | ​ | Defined Benefit | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2017 |  | Securities |  | Hedges |  | Pension Items |  | Total
​ |  | (In thousands)
Beginning balance, net of tax | ​ | $ | (3,859) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (4,503) | ​ | $ | (8,362)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax | ​ |  | (1,771) | ​ |  | 105 | ​ |  | 485 | ​ |  | (1,181)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | ​ |  | 108 | ​ |  | 126 | ​ |  | 323 | ​ |  | 557
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | ​ |  | (1,663) | ​ |  | 231 | ​ |  | 808 | ​ |  | (624)
Ending balance, net of tax | ​ | $ | (5,522) | ​ | $ | 231 | ​ | $ | (3,695) | ​ | $ | (8,986)

​

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The following tables set forth significant amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
​ | ​ | Amounts Reclassified from | ​ | ​
Details about Accumulated Other | ​ | Accumulated Other | ​ | Affected Line Item in the Statement
Comprehensive Income Components |  | Comprehensive Income |  | Where Net Income is Presented
(Dollars in thousands)
Unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale securities: | ​ | $ | (15) |  | Net loss on sale of securities
​ | ​ |  | 5 |  | Tax expense
​ | ​ | $ | (10) |  | Net of tax
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash flow hedges: | ​ |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | ​ | $ | 1,392 |  | Interest expense
​ | ​ |  | (431) |  | Tax expense
​ | ​ | $ | 961 |  | Net of tax
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amortization of defined benefit pension items: | ​ |  |  |  |
Actuarial losses | ​ | $ | (128) | (1) | Other operating expenses
Prior service credits | ​ |  | 85 | (1) | Other operating expenses
​ | ​ |  | (43) |  | Total before tax
​ | ​ |  | 14 |  | Tax expense
​ | ​ | $ | (29) |  | Net of tax

(1) | These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements “Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans”).

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
​ | ​ | Amounts Reclassified from | ​ | ​
Details about Accumulated Other | ​ | Accumulated Other | ​ | Affected Line Item in the Statement
Comprehensive Income Components |  | Comprehensive Income |  | Where Net Income is Presented
(Dollars in thousands)
Unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale securities: | ​ | $ | (1,920) |  | Net loss on sale of securities
​ | ​ |  | 595 |  | Tax expense
​ | ​ | $ | (1,325) |  | Net of tax
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash flow hedges: | ​ |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | ​ | $ | (104) |  | Interest expense
​ | ​ |  | 32 |  | Tax expense
​ | ​ | $ | (72) |  | Net of tax
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amortization of defined benefit pension items: | ​ |  |  |  |
Actuarial losses | ​ | $ | (530) | (1) | Other operating expenses
Prior service credits | ​ |  | 39 | (1) | Other operating expenses
​ | ​ |  | (491) |  | Total before tax
​ | ​ |  | 155 |  | Tax expense
​ | ​ | $ | (336) |  | Net of tax

(1) | These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements “Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans”).

​

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
For the Year Ended December 31, 2017
​ | ​ | Amounts Reclassified from | ​ | ​
Details about Accumulated Other | ​ | Accumulated Other | ​ | Affected Line Item in the Statement
Comprehensive Income Components |  | Comprehensive Income |  | Where Net Income is Presented
(Dollars in thousands)
Unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale securities: | ​ | $ | (186) |  | Net loss on sale of securities
​ | ​ |  | 78 |  | Tax expense
​ | ​ | $ | (108) |  | Net of tax
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash flow hedges: | ​ |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | ​ | $ | (184) |  | Interest expense
​ | ​ |  | 58 |  | Tax expense
​ | ​ | $ | (126) |  | Net of tax
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amortization of defined benefit pension items: | ​ |  |  |  |
Actuarial losses | ​ | $ | (605) | (1) | Other operating expenses
Prior service credits | ​ |  | 45 | (1) | Other operating expenses
​ | ​ |  | (560) |  | Total before tax
​ | ​ |  | 237 |  | Tax expense
​ | ​ | $ | (323) |  | Net of tax

(1) | These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements “Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans”).

14. Regulatory Capital

Under current capital regulations, the Bank is required to comply with four separate capital adequacy standards. As of December 31, 2019, the Bank continued to be categorized as “well-capitalized” under the prompt corrective action regulations and continued to exceed all regulatory capital requirements. The Bank is also required to comply with a Capital Conservation Buffer (“CCB”). The CCB is designed to establish a capital range above minimum capital requirements and impose constraints on dividends, share buybacks and discretionary bonus payments when capital levels fall below prescribed levels. The minimum CCB is 2.5%. The CCB for the Bank at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 5.43% and 5.70%, respectively.

Set forth below is a summary of the Bank’s compliance with banking regulatory capital standards.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent of |
​ |  | Amount |  | Assets |  | Amount |  | Assets |
​ |  | (Dollars in thousands) | ​
Tier I (leverage) capital: |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Capital level | ​ | $ | 680,749 |  | 9.65 | % | $ | 660,782 |  | 9.85 | %
Requirement to be well capitalized | ​ |  | 352,581 |  | 5.00 | ​ |  | 335,512 |  | 5.00 | ​
Excess | ​ |  | 328,168 |  | 4.65 | ​ |  | 325,270 |  | 4.85 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Common Equity Tier I risk-based capital: | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Capital level | ​ | $ | 680,749 |  | 13.02 | % | $ | 660,782 |  | 13.28 | %
Requirement to be well capitalized | ​ |  | 339,944 |  | 6.50 | ​ |  | 323,386 |  | 6.50 | ​
Excess | ​ |  | 340,805 |  | 6.52 | ​ |  | 337,396 |  | 6.78 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Tier I risk-based capital: | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Capital level | ​ | $ | 680,749 |  | 13.02 | % | $ | 660,782 |  | 13.28 | %
Requirement to be well capitalized | ​ |  | 418,393 |  | 8.00 | ​ |  | 398,014 |  | 8.00 | ​
Excess | ​ |  | 262,356 |  | 5.02 | ​ |  | 262,768 |  | 5.28 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total risk-based capital: | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Capital level | ​ | $ | 702,500 |  | 13.43 | % | $ | 681,727 |  | 13.70 | %
Requirement to be well capitalized | ​ |  | 522,991 |  | 10.00 | ​ |  | 497,517 |  | 10.00 | ​
Excess | ​ |  | 179,509 |  | 3.43 | ​ |  | 184,210 |  | 3.70 | ​

​

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The Holding Company is subject to the same regulatory capital requirements as the Bank. As of December 31, 2019, the Holding Company continues to be categorized as “well-capitalized” under the prompt corrective action regulations and continues to exceed all regulatory capital requirements. The CCB for the Holding Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 5.62% and 5.72%, respectively.

Set forth below is a summary of the Holding Company’s compliance with banking regulatory capital standards.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percent of |
​ |  | Amount |  | Assets |  | Amount |  | Assets |
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) |
Tier I (leverage) capital: |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Capital level | ​ | $ | 615,500 |  | 8.73 | % | $ | 586,582 |  | 8.74 | %
Requirement to be well capitalized | ​ |  | 352,581 |  | 5.00 | ​ |  | 335,616 |  | 5.00 | ​
Excess | ​ |  | 262,919 |  | 3.73 | ​ |  | 250,966 |  | 3.74 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Common Equity Tier I risk-based capital: | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Capital level | ​ | $ | 572,651 |  | 10.95 | % | $ | 546,230 |  | 10.98 | %
Requirement to be well capitalized | ​ |  | 339,929 |  | 6.50 | ​ |  | 323,382 |  | 6.50 | ​
Excess | ​ |  | 232,722 |  | 4.45 | ​ |  | 222,848 |  | 4.48 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Tier I risk-based capital: | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Capital level | ​ | $ | 615,500 |  | 11.77 | % | $ | 586,582 |  | 11.79 | %
Requirement to be well capitalized | ​ |  | 418,374 |  | 8.00 | ​ |  | 398,008 |  | 8.00 | ​
Excess | ​ |  | 197,126 |  | 3.77 | ​ |  | 188,574 |  | 3.79 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total risk-based capital: | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Capital level | ​ | $ | 712,251 |  | 13.62 | % | $ | 682,527 |  | 13.72 | %
Requirement to be well capitalized | ​ |  | 522,967 |  | 10.00 | ​ |  | 497,511 |  | 10.00 | ​
Excess | ​ |  | 189,284 |  | 3.62 | ​ |  | 185,016 |  | 3.72 | ​

​

​

​

15. Leases

​

The following table summarizes the operating lease ROU assets and liabilities at and for the period indicated:

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At or for the
​ | ​ | twelve months ended
(Dollars in thousands) | ​ | December 31, 2019
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating lease ROU assets | ​ | $ | 41,254
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating lease liabilities | ​ | $ | 49,367
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Lease Cost | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating lease cost | ​ | $ | 7,575
Short-term lease cost | ​ | ​ | 136
Variable lease cost | ​ | ​ | 1,020
Total lease cost | ​ | $ | 8,731
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other information | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating cash flows from operating leases | ​ | $ | 8,051
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | ​ | $ | 1,576
Weighted-average remaining lease term-operating leases | ​ | ​ | 7.5 years
Weighted average discount rate-operating leases | ​ | ​ | 3.8%

​

​

​

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​

The Company’s minimum annual rental payments for Bank facilities due under non-cancelable leases are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Minimum Rental
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Years ended December 31: | ​ | ​ | ​
2020 | ​ | $ | 8,113
2021 | ​ | ​ | 7,675
2022 | ​ | ​ | 7,260
2023 | ​ | ​ | 7,397
2024 | ​ | ​ | 7,425
Thereafter | ​ | ​ | 19,148
Total minimum payments required | ​ | ​ | 57,018
Less: implied interest | ​ | ​ | 7,651
Total lease obligations | ​ | $ | 49,367

​

Under the Legacy GAAP the Company’s minimum annual rental payments for 2018 Bank facilities due under non-cancelable leases are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Minimum Rental
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Years ended December 31: | ​ | ​ | ​
2019 | ​ | $ | 7,605
2020 | ​ | ​ | 7,977
2021 | ​ | ​ | 7,214
2022 | ​ | ​ | 6,822
2023 | ​ | ​ | 6,961
Thereafter | ​ | ​ | 23,655
Total minimum payments required | ​ | $ | 60,234

​

​

16. Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments:

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and lines of credit. The instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and market risks in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to the financial instrument for loan commitments and lines of credit is represented by the contractual amounts of these instruments.

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Commitments to extend credit (principally real estate mortgage loans) and lines of credit (principally business lines of credit and home equity lines of credit) amounted to $44.8 million and $262.3 million, respectively, at December 31, 2019. Included in these commitments were $17.8 million of fixed-rate commitments at a weighted average rate of 4.32% and $289.3 million of adjustable-rate commitments with a weighted average rate of 4.75%, as of December 31, 2019. Since generally all of the loan commitments are expected to be drawn upon, the total loan commitments approximate future cash requirements, whereas the amounts of lines of credit may not be indicative of the Company’s future cash requirements. The loan commitments generally expire in 90 days, while construction loan lines of credit mature within eighteen months and home equity lines of credit mature within ten years. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments.

Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates and require payment of a fee. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. Collateral held consists primarily of real estate.

The Bank collateralized a portion of its deposits with letters of credit issued by FHLB-NY. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were $494.0 million and $659.6 million, respectively, of letters of credit outstanding. The letters of credit are collateralized by mortgage loans pledged by the Bank.

The Trusts issued capital securities with a par value of $61.9 million in June and July 2007. The Holding Company has guaranteed the payment of the Trusts’ obligations under these capital securities.

Contingencies:

The Company is a defendant in various lawsuits. Management of the Company, after consultation with outside legal counsel, believes that the resolution of these various matters will not result in any material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

17. Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company’s lending is concentrated in the New York City metropolitan area. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis under the Company’s established underwriting policies. The collateral obtained by the Company generally consists of first liens on one-to-four family residential, multi-family residential, and commercial real estate. At December 31, 2019, the largest amount the Bank could lend to one borrower was approximately $102.1 million, and at that date, the Bank’s largest aggregate amount of loans to one borrower was $84.5 million, all of which were performing according to their terms.

18. Related Party Transactions

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no outstanding loans to a related party. Deposits of related parties totaled $7.7 million and $11.5 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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19. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company carries certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value in accordance with GAAP which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. GAAP permits entities to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. At December 31, 2019, the Company carried financial assets and financial liabilities under the fair value option with fair values of $14.3 million and $44.4 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the Company carried financial assets and financial liabilities under the fair value option with fair values of $13.8 million and $41.8 million, respectively. The Company did not purchase any financial assets or liabilities under the fair value option during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and did not sell any financial liabilities under the fair value option during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. The Company did not sell any financial assets carried under the fair value option during the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company sold financial assets carried under the fair value option totaling $0.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Management selected the fair value option for certain investment securities, and certain borrowed funds as the yield, at the time of election, on the financial assets was below-market, while the rate on the financial liabilities was above-market rate. Management also considered the average duration of these instruments, which, for investment securities, was longer than the average for the portfolio of securities, and, for borrowings, primarily represented the longer-term borrowings of the Company. Choosing these instruments for the fair value option adjusted the carrying value of these financial assets and financial liabilities to their current fair value, and more closely aligned the financial performance of the Company with the economic value of these financial instruments. Management believed that electing the fair value option for these financial assets and financial liabilities allows them to better react to changes in interest rates. At the time of election, Management did not elect the fair value option for investment securities and borrowings with shorter duration, adjustable rates, and yields that approximated the then current market rate, as management believed that these financial assets and financial liabilities approximated their economic value.

The following table presents the financial assets and financial liabilities reported at fair value under the fair value option at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the changes in fair value included in the Consolidated Statement of Income – Net loss from fair value adjustments:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Fair Value | ​ | Fair Value | ​ | Changes in Fair Values For Items Measured at Fair Value
​ | ​ | Measurements | ​ | Measurements | ​ | Pursuant to Election of the Fair Value Option
​ |  | at December 31, |  | at December 31, |  | For the year ended December 31,
Description |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
(Dollars in thousands) |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ | $ | 772 | ​ | $ | 967 | ​ | $ | 3 | ​ | $ | (19) | ​ | $ | (26)
Other securities | ​ |  | 13,548 | ​ |  | 12,843 | ​ |  | 427 | ​ |  | (109) | ​ |  | 134
Borrowed funds | ​ |  | 44,384 | ​ |  | 41,849 | ​ |  | (2,802) | ​ |  | (4,913) | ​ |  | (2,993)
Net loss from fair value adjustments (1) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | (2,372) | ​ | $ | (5,041) | ​ | $ | (2,885)

(1) | The net loss from fair value adjustments presented in the above table does not include net gains (losses) of ($3.0) million, $0.9 million and ($0.6) million from the change in fair value of derivative instruments during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Included in the fair value of the financial assets and financial liabilities selected for the fair value option is the accrued interest receivable or payable for the related instrument. The Company reports as interest income or interest expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income, the interest receivable or payable on the financial instruments selected for the fair value option at their respective contractual rates.

The borrowed funds have a contractual principal amount of $61.9 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018. The fair value of borrowed funds includes accrued interest payable of $0.2 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

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The Company generally holds its earning assets, other than securities available for sale, to maturity and settles its liabilities at maturity. However, fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time and are based on relevant market information. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular instrument. Accordingly, as assumptions change, such as interest rates and prepayments, fair value estimates change and these amounts may not necessarily be realized in an immediate sale.

Disclosure of fair value does not require fair value information for items that do not meet the definition of a financial instrument or certain other financial instruments specifically excluded from its requirements. These items include core deposit intangibles and other customer relationships, premises and equipment, leases, income taxes and equity.

Further, fair value disclosure does not attempt to value future income or business. These items may be material and accordingly, the fair value information presented does not purport to represent, nor should it be construed to represent, the underlying “market” or franchise value of the Company.

Financial assets and financial liabilities reported at fair value are required to be measured based on either: (1) quoted prices in active markets for identical financial instruments (Level 1); (2) significant other observable inputs (Level 2); or (3) significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).

A description of the methods and significant assumptions utilized in estimating the fair value of the Company’s assets and liabilities that are carried at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:

Level 1 – where quoted market prices are available in an active market. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, Level 1 included one mutual fund.

Level 2 – when quoted market prices are not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar financial instruments and adjusted for differences between the quoted instrument and the instrument being valued. Fair value can also be estimated by using pricing models, or discounted cash flows. Pricing models primarily use market-based or independently sourced market parameters as inputs, including, but not limited to, yield curves, interest rates, equity or debt prices and credit spreads. In addition to observable market information, models also incorporate maturity and cash flow assumptions. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, Level 2 included mortgage related securities, corporate debt, municipals and interest rate swaps.

Level 3 – when there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, financial instruments are classified as Level 3. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, Level 3 included trust preferred securities owned and junior subordinated debentures issued by the Company.

The methods described above may produce fair values that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with those of other market participants, the use of different methodologies, assumptions and models to determine fair value of certain financial instruments could produce different estimates of fair value at the reporting date.

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The following table sets forth the Company’s assets and liabilities that are carried at fair value on a recurring basis, including those reported at fair value under the fair value option, and the level that was used to determine their fair value, at December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Quoted Prices | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | in Active Markets | ​ | Significant Other | ​ | Significant Other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | for Identical Assets | ​ | Observable Inputs | ​ | Unobservable Inputs | ​ | Total carried at fair value
​ | ​ | (Level 1) | ​ | (Level 2) | ​ | (Level 3) | ​ | on a recurring basis
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ |  | (In thousands)
Assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Mortgage-backed |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Securities | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 523,849 | ​ | $ | 557,953 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 523,849 | ​ | $ | 557,953
Other securities | ​ |  | 12,216 | ​ |  | 11,586 | ​ |  | 235,103 | ​ |  | 251,860 | ​ |  | 1,332 | ​ |  | 1,256 | ​ |  | 248,651 | ​ |  | 264,702
Interest rate swaps | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,352 | ​ |  | 15,961 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,352 | ​ |  | 15,961
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total assets | ​ | $ | 12,216 | ​ | $ | 11,586 | ​ | $ | 761,304 | ​ | $ | 825,774 | ​ | $ | 1,332 | ​ | $ | 1,256 | ​ | $ | 774,852 | ​ | $ | 838,616
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Borrowings | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 44,384 | ​ | $ | 41,849 | ​ | $ | 44,384 | ​ | $ | 41,849
Interest rate swaps | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 19,653 | ​ |  | 2,239 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 19,653 | ​ |  | 2,239
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total liabilities | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 19,653 | ​ | $ | 2,239 | ​ | $ | 44,384 | ​ | $ | 41,849 | ​ | $ | 64,037 | ​ | $ | 44,088

​

There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2 and 3 during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The following tables set forth the Company’s assets and liabilities that are carried at fair value on a recurring basis, classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy for the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the year ended
​ | ​ | December 31, 2019 | ​ | December 31, 2018
​ | ​ | Trust preferred | ​ | Junior subordinated | ​ | Trust preferred | ​ | Junior subordinated
​ |  | securities |  | debentures |  | securities |  | debentures
​ |  | (In thousands)
Beginning balance | ​ | $ | 1,256 | ​ | $ | 41,849 | ​ | $ | 1,110 | ​ | $ | 36,986
Net gain from fair value adjustment of financial assets (1) | ​ |  | 78 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 145 | ​ |  | —
Net loss from fair value adjustment of financial liabilities (1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,803 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,913
Increase(Decrease) in accrued interest | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | (39) | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | 66
Change in unrealized losses included in other comprehensive loss | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (229) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (116)
Ending balance | ​ | $ | 1,332 | ​ | $ | 44,384 | ​ | $ | 1,256 | ​ | $ | 41,849
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Changes in unrealized gains held at period end | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,476 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —

(1) | These totals in the table above are presented in the Consolidated Statement of Income under net loss from fair value adjustments.

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The following tables present the qualitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value of financial instruments and the fair value measurements at the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2019 |
​ |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average | ​
​ |  | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) | ​
Assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Trust preferred securities | ​ | $ | 1,332 |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Discount rate |  | n/a |  | 4.2 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities: | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Junior subordinated debentures | ​ | $ | 44,384 |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Discount rate |  | n/a |  | 4.2 | %

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2018 |
​ |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average |
​ |  | (Dollars in thousands) | ​
Assets: |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Trust preferred securities | ​ | $ | 1,256 |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Discount rate |  | n/a |  | 4.9 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities: | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Junior subordinated debentures | ​ | $ | 41,849 |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Discount rate |  | n/a |  | 4.9 | %

​

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s trust preferred securities and junior subordinated debentures valued under Level 3 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, are the effective yields used in the cash flow models. Significant increases or decreases in the effective yield in isolation would result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.

The following table sets forth the Company’s assets that are carried at fair value on a non-recurring basis, and the level that was used to determine their fair value, at December 31:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Quoted Prices |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | in Active Markets | ​ | Significant Other | ​ | Significant Other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | for Identical Assets | ​ | Observable Inputs | ​ | Unobservable Inputs | ​ | Total carried at fair value
​ | ​ | (Level 1) | ​ | (Level 2) | ​ | (Level 3) | ​ | on a non-recurring basis
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ |  | (In thousands)
Assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Impaired loans | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,081 | ​ | $ | 4,111 | ​ | $ | 1,081 | ​ | $ | 4,111
Other repossessed assets | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 239 | ​ |  | 35 | ​ |  | 239 | ​ |  | 35
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total assets | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,320 | ​ | $ | 4,146 | ​ | $ | 1,320 | ​ | $ | 4,146

​

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The following tables present the qualitative information about non-recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of financial instruments at the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | At December 31, 2019 |
​ |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average |
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) |
Assets: |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impaired loans | ​ | $ | 809 |  | Discounted Cashflow |  | Discount Rate |  | 6.43 | % | 6.43 | %
​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | Probability of Default | ​ | 20.0 | % | 20.0 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impaired loans | ​ | $ | 272 |  | Blended income and sales approach |  | Adjustment to sales comparison value to reconcile differences between comparable sales |  | -10.0% to 15.0% | % | 2.5 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Capitalization rate | ​ | 9.5 | % | 9.5 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Reduction for planned expedited disposal | ​ | 15.0 | % | 15.0 | %
​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other repossessed assets | ​ | $ | 239 |  | Sales approach |  | Reduction for planned expedited disposal |  | 0.5% to 12.5% | % | 6.5 | %

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | At December 31, 2018 |
​ |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average |
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands) |
Assets: |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impaired loans | ​ | $ | 204 |  | Income approach |  | Capitalization rate |  | 8.5 | % | 8.5 | %
​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | Reduction for planned expedited disposal | ​ | 15.0 | % | 15.0 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impaired loans | ​ | $ | 2,724 |  | Sales approach |  | Adjustment to sales comparison value to |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | reconcile differences between comparable | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | sales | ​ | — | % | — | %
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Reduction for planned expedited disposal |  | -36.5% to 15.0 | % | 10.4 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impaired loans | ​ | $ | 1,183 |  | Blended income and sales approach |  | Adjustment to sales comparison value to reconcile differences between comparable sales |  | -30.0% to 10.0 | % | (7.8) | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Capitalization rate | ​ | 7.4% to 9.8 | % | 8.7 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Reduction for planned expedited disposal | ​ | 15.0 | % | 15.0 | %
​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other repossessed assets | ​ | $ | 35 |  | Sales approach |  | Reduction for planned expedited disposal |  | — | % | — | %

​

The Company did not have any liabilities that were carried at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The methods and assumptions used to estimate fair value at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

Securities:

The fair values of securities are contained in Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities and adjusted for differences between the quoted instrument and the instrument being valued. When there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, securities are valued using discounted cash flows.

Impaired Loans:

For non-accruing loans, fair value is generally estimated by discounting management’s estimate of future cash flows with a discount rate commensurate with the risk associated with such assets or, for collateral dependent loans, 85% of the appraised or internally estimated value of the property, except for taxi medallion loans. The fair value of the underlying collateral of taxi medallion loans is the most recent reported arm’s length transaction. When there is no recent sale activity, the fair value is calculated using capitalization rates.

Other Real Estate Owned and Other Repossessed Assets:

The fair value for OREO is based on appraised value through a current appraisal, or sometimes through an internal review, additionally adjusted by the estimated costs to sell the property. The fair value for other repossessed assets are based upon the most recently reported arm’s length sales transaction. When there is no recent sale activity, the fair value is calculated using capitalization rates.

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Junior Subordinated Debentures:

The fair value of the junior subordinated debentures was developed using a credit spread based on the subordinated debt issued by the Company adjusting for differences in the junior subordinated debt’s credit rating, liquidity and time to maturity. The unrealized net gain/loss attributable to changes in our own credit risk was determined by adjusting the fair value as determined in the proceeding sentence by the average rate of default on debt instruments with a similar debt rating as our junior subordinated debentures, with the difference from the original calculation and this calculation resulting in the instrument-specific unrealized gain/loss.

Interest Rate Swaps:

The fair value of interest rate swaps is based upon broker quotes.

The following tables set forth the carrying amounts and fair values of selected financial instruments based on the assumptions described above used by the Company in estimating fair value at the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2019
​ | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Fair | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Amount |  | Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
​ |  | (In thousands)
Assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and due from banks | ​ | $ | 49,787 | ​ | $ | 49,787 | ​ | $ | 49,787 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
Securities held-to-maturity | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 7,934 | ​ |  | 8,114 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 8,114 | ​ |  | —
Other securities | ​ |  | 50,954 | ​ |  | 53,998 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 53,998
Securities available for sale | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 523,849 | ​ |  | 523,849 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 523,849 | ​ |  | —
Other securities | ​ |  | 248,651 | ​ |  | 248,651 | ​ |  | 12,216 | ​ |  | 235,103 | ​ |  | 1,332
Loans | ​ |  | 5,772,206 | ​ |  | 5,822,124 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 5,822,124
FHLB-NY stock | ​ |  | 56,921 | ​ |  | 56,921 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 56,921 | ​ |  | —
Accrued interest receivable | ​ |  | 25,722 | ​ |  | 25,722 | ​ |  | 9 | ​ |  | 2,519 | ​ |  | 23,194
Interest rate swaps | ​ |  | 2,352 | ​ |  | 2,352 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,352 | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Deposits | ​ | $ | 5,066,424 | ​ | $ | 5,070,046 | ​ | $ | 3,628,534 | ​ | $ | 1,441,512 | ​ | $ | —
Borrowings | ​ |  | 1,237,231 | ​ |  | 1,389,883 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,345,499 | ​ |  | 44,384
Accrued interest payable | ​ |  | 6,752 | ​ |  | 6,752 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 6,752 | ​ |  | —
Interest rate swaps | ​ |  | 19,653 | ​ |  | 19,653 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 19,653 | ​ |  | —

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2018
​ | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Fair | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Amount |  | Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and due from banks | ​ | $ | 118,561 | ​ | $ | 118,561 | ​ | $ | 118,561 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
Securities held-to-maturity | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 7,953 | ​ |  | 7,366 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,366 | ​ |  | —
Other securities | ​ |  | 24,065 | ​ |  | 22,508 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 22,508
Securities available for sale | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 557,953 | ​ |  | 557,953 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 557,953 | ​ |  | —
Other securities | ​ |  | 264,702 | ​ |  | 264,702 | ​ |  | 11,586 | ​ |  | 251,860 | ​ |  | 1,256
Loans | ​ |  | 5,551,484 | ​ |  | 5,496,266 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 5,496,266
FHLB-NY stock | ​ |  | 57,282 | ​ |  | 57,282 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 57,282 | ​ |  | —
Accrued interest receivable | ​ |  | 25,485 | ​ |  | 25,485 | ​ |  | 54 | ​ |  | 2,756 | ​ |  | 22,675
Interest rate swaps | ​ |  | 15,961 | ​ |  | 15,961 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 15,961 | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Deposits | ​ | $ | 4,960,784 | ​ | $ | 4,955,077 | ​ | $ | 3,397,474 | ​ | $ | 1,557,603 | ​ | $ | —
Borrowings | ​ |  | 1,250,843 | ​ |  | 1,241,745 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,199,896 | ​ |  | 41,849
Accrued interest payable | ​ |  | 5,890 | ​ |  | 5,890 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 5,890 | ​ |  | —
Interest rate swaps | ​ |  | 2,239 | ​ |  | 2,239 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,239 | ​ |  | —

​

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​

20. Derivative Financial Instruments

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s derivative financial instruments consist of interest rate swaps. The Company’s interest rate swaps are used for three purposes: 1) to mitigate the Company’s exposure to rising interest rates on a portion ($18.0 million) of its floating rate junior subordinated debentures that have a contractual value of $61.9 million, at December 31, 2019 and 2018; 2) to mitigate the Company’s exposure to rising interest rates on certain fixed rate loans totaling $326.0 million and $286.1 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018 respectively; and 3) to mitigate exposure to rising interest rates on certain short-term advances totaling $541.5 million and $441.5 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The Company’s derivative instruments are carried at fair value in the Company’s financial statements as part of Other Assets for derivatives with positive fair values and Other Liabilities for derivatives with negative fair values. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument is dependent upon whether or not it qualifies and has been designated as a hedge for accounting purposes, and further, by the type of hedging relationship.

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we held derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, fair value hedges and certain derivatives not designated as hedges.

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, derivatives with a combined notional amount of $18.0 million and $36.3 million, respectively, were not designated as hedges. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, derivatives with a combined notional amount of $326.0 million and $267.8 million were designated as fair value hedges. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, derivatives with a combined notional amount of $541.5 million and $441.5 million, respectively, were designated as cash flow hedges.

For cash flow hedges, the changes in the fair value of the derivative is reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged forecasted transaction effects earnings. The estimated amount to be reclassified in next 12 months out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings is $0.5 million.

Changes in the fair value of interest rate swaps not designated as hedges are reflected in “Net loss from fair value adjustments” in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s derivative financial instruments at the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
​ | ​ | Notional | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Notional | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Amount |  | Fair Value (1) |  | Amount |  | Fair Value (1)
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Interest rate swaps (fair value hedge) | ​ | $ | 139,960 | ​ | $ | 2,352 | ​ | $ | 248,330 | ​ | $ | 10,593
Interest rate swaps (fair value hedge) | ​ |  | 186,009 | ​ |  | (7,769) | ​ |  | 19,468 | ​ |  | (502)
Interest rate swaps (cash flow hedge) | ​ |  | 541,500 | ​ |  | (8,530) | ​ |  | 441,500 | ​ |  | 5,368
Interest rate swaps (non-hedge) | ​ |  | 18,000 | ​ |  | (3,354) | ​ |  | 36,321 | ​ |  | (1,737)
Total derivatives | ​ | $ | 885,469 | ​ | $ | (17,301) | ​ | $ | 745,619 | ​ | $ | 13,722

(1) | Derivatives in a net positive position are recorded as “Other assets” and derivatives in a net negative position are recorded as “Other liabilities” in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

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The following table sets forth the effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the year ended
​ | ​ | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Financial Derivatives: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Interest rate swaps (non-hedge) (1) | ​ | $ | (2,981) | ​ | $ | 1,094 | ​ | $ | (102)
Interest rate swaps (fair value hedge) (2) | ​ | ​ | (1,677) | ​ | ​ | (175) | ​ | ​ | (478)
Interest rate swaps (cash flow hedge) (3) | ​ |  | 1,392 | ​ |  | (104) | ​ |  | (182)
Total income (expense) | ​ | $ | (3,266) | ​ | $ | 815 | ​ | $ | (762)

(1) | Recorded as part of “Net loss from fair value adjustments” in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

(2) | Recorded during the year ended December 31, 2019 as part of “Interests and fees on loans” in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018, are recorded as part of “Net loss from fair value adjustments” in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

(3) | Recorded as part of “Other interest expense” in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

​

The Company’s interest rate swaps are subject to master netting arrangements between the Company and its two designated counterparties. The Company has not made a policy election to offset its derivative positions.

The following tables present the effect of the master netting arrangements on the presentation of the derivative assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition as of the dates indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2019
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Consolidated Statement of | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross Amount Offset in | ​ | Net Amount of Assets | ​ | Condition | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Gross Amount of | ​ | the Statement of | ​ | Presented in the Statement of | ​ | Financial | ​ | Cash Collateral | ​ | ​ | ​
(In thousands) |  | Recognized Assets |  | Condition |  | Condition |  | Instruments |  | Received |  | Net Amount
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Interest rate swaps | ​ | $ | 2,352 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,352 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — |  | $ | 2,352
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Consolidated Statement of | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Gross Amount of | ​ | Gross Amount Offset in | ​ | Net Amount of Liabilities | ​ | Condition | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Recognized | ​ | the Statement of | ​ | Presented in the Statement of | ​ | Financial | ​ | Cash Collateral | ​ | ​
(In thousands) |  | Liabilities |  | Condition |  | Condition |  | Instruments |  | Pledged |  | Net Amount
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Interest rate swaps | ​ | $ | 19,653 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 19,653 | ​ | $ | 19,265 | ​ | $ | — |  | $ | 388

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2018
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Consolidated Statement of | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross Amount Offset in | ​ | Net Amount of Assets | ​ | Condition | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Gross Amount of | ​ | the Statement of | ​ | Presented in the Statement of | ​ | Financial | ​ | Cash Collateral | ​ | ​ | ​
(In thousands) |  | Recognized Assets |  | Condition |  | Condition |  | Instruments |  | Received |  | Net Amount
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Interest rate swaps | ​ | $ | 15,961 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 15,961 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 14,960 |  | $ | 1,001
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Consolidated Statement of | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Gross Amount of | ​ | Gross Amount Offset in | ​ | Net Amount of Liabilities | ​ | Condition | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Recognized | ​ | the Statement of | ​ | Presented in the Statement of | ​ | Financial | ​ | Cash Collateral | ​ | ​
(In thousands) |  | Liabilities |  | Condition |  | Condition |  | Instruments |  | Pledged |  | Net Amount
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Interest rate swaps | ​ | $ | 2,239 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,239 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — |  | $ | 2,239

​

​

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21. New Authoritative Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2019:

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Topic 842, Leases, by recording a cumulative adjustment at adoption. Topic 842 provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company has elected the “package of practical expedients”, which permits the Company not to reassess prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. The Company did not elect the use-of-hindsight or the practical expedient pertaining to land easements; the latter not being applicable to the Company. Topic 842 also provides certain accounting policy elections for an entity’s ongoing accounting. For operating leases wherein the Company is the lessee, the Company has elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components. Upon adoption, the Company recorded right of use assets totaling $45.4 million and operating lease liabilities totaling $54.0 million. Additionally, a deferred gain from the sale of buildings totaling $2.7 million, net of tax, was reclassified to retained earnings. Prior period financial statements were not adjusted under the new standard.

As the rate implicit in each of the Company’s leases is not readily determinable, the Company is required to apply the Company’s incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) to calculate the lease liability and right-of-use (“ROU”) asset for its leasing arrangements. The Company has used its unsecured Kroll rating as a starting point for calculation of the IBR and will adjust for considerations of collateral (i.e., notch the Company’s Kroll rating from an unsecured to a secured rating). The Company will also consider lease renewal options reasonably certain of exercise for purposes of determining the term of the underlying borrowing. The Company has considered various other factors, including, economic environment and determined that these factors do not currently impact the Company’s IBR calculation. The Company will continue to assess the appropriateness of the conclusions reached herein with respect to each of the factors discussed above and will determine the appropriate IBR for each new lease arrangement or modification, as required. See Notes 2 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) and 15 (“Leases”) for additional information.

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU No. 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815),” which providing targeted improvements to the accounting for hedging activities. The guidance introduced a number of amendments, several of which are optional, that are designed to simplify the application of hedge accounting, improve financial statement transparency and more closely align hedge accounting with an entity’s risk management strategies. This ASU eliminates the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness and changes the presentation so that all items that affect earnings are in the same income statement line as the hedged item. As a result of adoption, fair value adjustments on qualifying fair value hedges were recorded in interest income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. These adjustments were recorded in non-interest income in prior periods. See Note 20 (“Derivative Financial Instruments”) for additional information.

Accounting Standards Pending Adoption:

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, “Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – General (Subtopic 715-20)” providing targeted improvements to the disclosures required for Defined Benefit Plans. The amendments in in this Update are effective for fiscal years ended after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments are to be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this new guidance on our disclosures.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” The ASU simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill and eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Under this ASU, the Company should perform its goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge should be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The impairment charge is limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial positions, results of operations or disclosures.

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In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)” which replaces the current U.S. GAAP “incurred loss” approach to “expected credit losses” approach, which is referred as Current Expected Credit Losses (CECL) of measuring the financial assets measure at amortize cost, including loan receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, off balance sheet credit exposures and certain leases recognized by a lessor. CECL introduced the concept of purchased credit-deteriorated (PCD) financial assets, in which it requires the estimate of expected credit losses embedded in the purchase price of PCD assets to be estimated and separately recognized as an allowance as of the date of acquisition. It also modifies the accounting of impairment on available-for-sale debt securities by recognizing a credit loss through an allowance for credit losses as compared to a direct write down in the current U.S. GAAP.

​

CECL requires consideration of broader range of information in order to update expected credit losses which includes historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecast that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The allowance of credit losses is an estimated account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial assets. This is intended to provide the financial statement users a better understanding of the expected loss on financial instruments and other commitments held by an entity at each reporting date.

​

For public business entities that are U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Filers, this ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The company plans to adopt this ASU beginning January 1, 2020 and will apply changes resulting from the application of the new standard, which will be reported in March 31, 2020 interim financial statements. There is no specific method disclosed by FASB for measuring expected credit losses. CECL allows institutions to apply judgment in developing estimation methods that are appropriate and practical for their circumstances.

​

We have enhanced and supplemented Company policies and controls related to CECL. Certain key assumptions in our estimation of CECL are the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the historical loss period and the reversion period. The Company has completed testing of the functionality of the models, internal control for estimation and all other governance activities.

​

CECL requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as the beginning of the reporting period of adoption. The adoption of CECL is expected to increase the allowance from 5% to 10%. It also creates volatility to our future provision due to the assumptions used for the macroeconomic variables, loan composition and product mix, as they are subject to change.

​

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)”. The amendments in this Update modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820. The amendments in in this Update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments are to be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. This amendment requires a disclosure of changes in unrealized gains and losses for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period to be included in other comprehensive income. Additionally, an entity may disclose other quantitative information in lieu of the weighted average if the entity determines that other quantitative information would be more reasonable and rational method to reflect the distribution of unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance is not expected to have material impact on the Company’s financial positions, results of operations or disclosures.

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22. Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)

Selected unaudited quarterly financial data for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 is presented below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ |  | 4th |  | 3rd |  | 2nd |  | 1st |  | 4th |  | 3rd |  | 2nd |  | 1st
​ | ​ | (In thousands, except per share data)
Quarterly operating data: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Interest income | ​ | $ | 70,179 | ​ | $ | 69,389 | ​ | $ | 69,575 | ​ | $ | 69,813 | ​ | $ | 67,433 | ​ | $ | 65,486 | ​ | $ | 63,293 | ​ | $ | 60,786
Interest expense | ​ |  | 29,000 | ​ |  | 30,440 | ​ |  | 29,566 | ​ |  | 28,010 | ​ |  | 26,797 | ​ |  | 23,965 | ​ |  | 20,653 | ​ |  | 18,177
Net interest income | ​ |  | 41,179 | ​ |  | 38,949 | ​ |  | 40,009 | ​ |  | 41,803 | ​ |  | 40,636 | ​ |  | 41,521 | ​ |  | 42,640 | ​ |  | 42,609
Provision (benefit) for loan losses | ​ |  | (318) | ​ |  | 683 | ​ |  | 1,474 | ​ |  | 972 | ​ |  | 422 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 153
Other operating income (loss) | ​ |  | 5,038 | ​ |  | 1,039 | ​ |  | 2,451 | ​ |  | 943 | ​ |  | (986) | ​ |  | 4,955 | ​ |  | 3,168 | ​ |  | 3,200
Other operating expense | ​ |  | 29,647 | ​ |  | 26,045 | ​ |  | 27,158 | ​ |  | 32,419 | ​ |  | 25,760 | ​ |  | 27,233 | ​ |  | 27,396 | ​ |  | 31,294
Income before income tax expense | ​ |  | 16,888 | ​ |  | 13,260 | ​ |  | 13,828 | ​ |  | 9,355 | ​ |  | 13,468 | ​ |  | 19,243 | ​ |  | 18,412 | ​ |  | 14,362
Income tax expense | ​ |  | 3,957 | ​ |  | 2,536 | ​ |  | 3,272 | ​ |  | 2,287 | ​ |  | 1,046 | ​ |  | 1,910 | ​ |  | 4,489 | ​ |  | 2,950
Net income | ​ | $ | 12,931 | ​ | $ | 10,724 | ​ | $ | 10,556 | ​ | $ | 7,068 | ​ | $ | 12,422 | ​ | $ | 17,333 | ​ | $ | 13,923 | ​ | $ | 11,412
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic earnings per common share | ​ | $ | 0.45 | ​ | $ | 0.37 | ​ | $ | 0.37 | ​ | $ | 0.25 | ​ | $ | 0.44 | ​ | $ | 0.61 | ​ | $ | 0.48 | ​ | $ | 0.39
Diluted earnings per common share | ​ | $ | 0.45 | ​ | $ | 0.37 | ​ | $ | 0.37 | ​ | $ | 0.25 | ​ | $ | 0.44 | ​ | $ | 0.61 | ​ | $ | 0.48 | ​ | $ | 0.39
Dividends per common share | ​ | $ | 0.21 | ​ | $ | 0.21 | ​ | $ | 0.21 | ​ | $ | 0.21 | ​ | $ | 0.20 | ​ | $ | 0.20 | ​ | $ | 0.20 | ​ | $ | 0.20
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average common shares outstanding for: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Basic earnings per share | ​ |  | 28,723 | ​ |  | 28,730 | ​ |  | 28,761 | ​ |  | 28,621 | ​ |  | 28,422 | ​ |  | 28,604 | ​ |  | 28,845 | ​ |  | 28,974
Diluted earnings per share | ​ |  | 28,723 | ​ |  | 28,730 | ​ |  | 28,761 | ​ |  | 28,621 | ​ |  | 28,423 | ​ |  | 28,604 | ​ |  | 28,846 | ​ |  | 28,975

​

​

23. Parent Company Only Financial Information

Earnings of the Bank are recognized by the Holding Company using the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, earnings of the Bank are recorded as increases in the Holding Company’s investment, any dividends would reduce the Holding Company’s investment in the Bank, and any changes in the Bank’s unrealized gain or loss on securities available for sale, net of taxes, would increase or decrease, respectively, the Holding Company’s investment in the Bank.

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The condensed financial statements for the Holding Company are presented below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, |  | December 31,
Condensed Statements of Financial Condition |  | 2019 |  | 2018
​ | ​ | (Dollars in thousands)
Assets: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Cash and due from banks | ​ | $ | 14,401 | ​ | $ | 4,351
Securities available for sale: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Other securities | ​ |  | 1,332 | ​ |  | 1,256
Investment in Bank | ​ |  | 684,643 | ​ |  | 661,044
Goodwill | ​ |  | 2,185 | ​ |  | 2,185
Other assets | ​ |  | 1,897 | ​ |  | 2,929
Total assets | ​ | $ | 704,458 | ​ | $ | 671,765
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Subordinated debentures | ​ | $ | 74,319 | ​ | $ | 74,001
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value | ​ |  | 44,384 | ​ |  | 41,849
Other liabilities | ​ |  | 6,083 | ​ |  | 6,451
Total liabilities | ​ |  | 124,786 | ​ |  | 122,301
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stockholders' Equity: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Common stock | ​ |  | 315 | ​ |  | 315
Additional paid-in capital | ​ |  | 226,691 | ​ |  | 222,720
Treasury stock, at average cost (3,373,389 shares and 3,546,958 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively) | ​ |  | (71,487) | ​ |  | (75,146)
Retained earnings | ​ |  | 433,960 | ​ |  | 414,327
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes | ​ |  | (9,807) | ​ |  | (12,752)
Total equity | ​ |  | 579,672 | ​ |  | 549,464
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total liabilities and equity | ​ | $ | 704,458 | ​ | $ | 671,765

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years ended December 31,
Condensed Statements of Income |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Dividends from the Bank | ​ | $ | 32,000 | ​ | $ | 34,000 | ​ | $ | 21,500
Interest income | ​ |  | 250 | ​ |  | 275 | ​ |  | 505
Interest expense | ​ |  | (6,677) | ​ |  | (6,479) | ​ |  | (5,860)
Net loss from fair value adjustments | ​ |  | (2,725) | ​ |  | (4,769) | ​ |  | (2,903)
Other operating expenses | ​ |  | (2,833) | ​ |  | (1,391) | ​ |  | (1,354)
Income before taxes and equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiary | ​ |  | 20,015 | ​ |  | 21,636 | ​ |  | 11,888
Income tax benefit | ​ |  | 3,173 | ​ |  | 3,907 | ​ |  | 6,926
Income before equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiary | ​ |  | 23,188 | ​ |  | 25,543 | ​ |  | 18,814
Equity in undistributed earnings of the Bank | ​ |  | 18,091 | ​ |  | 29,547 | ​ |  | 22,307
Net income | ​ |  | 41,279 | ​ |  | 55,090 | ​ |  | 41,121
Other comprehensive gain (loss), net of tax | ​ |  | 2,945 | ​ |  | (2,472) | ​ |  | (624)
Comprehensive net income | ​ | $ | 44,224 | ​ | $ | 52,618 | ​ | $ | 40,497

​

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years ended December 31,
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
​ | ​ | (In thousands)
Operating activities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Net income | ​ | $ | 41,279 | ​ | $ | 55,090 | ​ | $ | 41,121
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Equity in undistributed earnings of the Bank | ​ |  | (18,091) | ​ |  | (29,547) | ​ |  | (22,307)
Deferred income tax benefit | ​ |  | (769) | ​ |  | (1,915) | ​ |  | (3,990)
Fair value adjustments for financial assets and financial liabilities | ​ |  | 2,725 | ​ |  | 4,769 | ​ |  | 2,903
Stock-based compensation expense | ​ |  | 7,763 | ​ |  | 7,016 | ​ |  | 5,990
Net change in operating assets and liabilities | ​ |  | 3,945 | ​ |  | 4,246 | ​ |  | 2,453
Net cash provided by operating activities | ​ |  | 36,852 | ​ |  | 39,659 | ​ |  | 26,170
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Investing activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Proceeds from sales and calls of securities available for sale | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 300
Net cash provided by investing activities | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 300
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Financing activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Purchase of treasury stock | ​ |  | (2,656) | ​ |  | (22,585) | ​ |  | (9,290)
Cash dividends paid | ​ |  | (24,149) | ​ |  | (22,927) | ​ |  | (20,954)
Stock options exercised | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | 6 | ​ |  | —
Net cash used in financing activities | ​ |  | (26,802) | ​ |  | (45,506) | ​ |  | (30,244)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | ​ |  | 10,050 | ​ |  | (5,847) | ​ |  | (3,774)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | ​ |  | 4,351 | ​ |  | 10,198 | ​ |  | 13,972
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | ​ | $ | 14,401 | ​ | $ | 4,351 | ​ | $ | 10,198

​

​

​

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Stockholders and Board of Directors

Flushing Financial Corporation

Uniondale, New York

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Flushing Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated March 2, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements, effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases (Topic 842).

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

​

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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Allowance for loan losses

​

As described in Notes 2 and 3 to the Company's consolidated financial statements, the Company had a gross loan portfolio of $5.8 billion and related allowance for loan losses of $21.8 million as of December 31, 2019. The allowance for loan losses consists of specific reserve and general reserve components. In calculating the general reserve, management considers quantitative loss factors and qualitative loss factors. The determination of the qualitative loss factors involves significant estimates and subjective assumptions that require a high degree of management’s judgment. These estimates and assumptions are susceptible to significant changes due to changes in appraisal values of collateral, national and local economic conditions and other factors. Changes in these assumptions could have a material effect on the Company’s financial results.

We identified management’s significant judgments used in the determination of the qualitative loss factors within the general reserve as a critical audit matter. Management’s determination of the qualitative loss factors requires significant judgments in the review of the loan portfolio and other factors including economic conditions, delinquency and non-accrual trends, classified loan levels, volumes and trends in loan types, and recent trends in charge-offs. Auditing these complex judgments and assumptions involved especially challenging auditor judgment due to the nature and extent of audit evidence and effort required to address these matters, including the extent of specialized skill or knowledge needed.

​

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

​

| ● | Testing the design and operating effectiveness of controls over the evaluation of the inputs and assumptions used to evaluate the qualitative loss factors, including controls addressing:

| o | The review and accuracy of data inputs used in the determination of adjustments made to the various qualitative loss factors.

| o | Management’s review of the qualitative and quantitative conclusions reached related to the qualitative loss factors and the resulting allocation to the allowance.

| o | Management’s determination of the impaired loans excluded from the general reserve calculation that are separately evaluated for specific impairment needs.

​

| ● | Assessing the reasonableness of management’s estimation process, including evaluating management's judgments, inputs and assumptions used in developing the qualitative loss factors including:

| o | Evaluating the reasonableness of inputs and assumptions used by management in determining the qualitative loss factors, including the range of potential adjustments, by performing retrospective review of historic loan loss experience and analyzing historical data used in developing the inputs and assumptions.

| o | Verifying the relevance and reliability of inputs used in determining the qualitative loss factors through evaluating the sources of data used, considering contradictory evidence, and testing the completeness and accuracy of data used.

| o | Evaluating the reasonableness of management’s judgments related to the exclusion of impaired loans from the general reserve calculation.

| o | Testing the mathematical accuracy and the allocation of qualitative loss factors through re-performing or independently calculating aggregation of qualitative loss factors and application of qualitative loss factors used in the allowance for loan losses.

​

/S/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.

​

New York, New York

March 2, 2020

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Flushing Financial Corporation

Uniondale, New York

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Flushing Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries’ (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated statements of financial condition of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and our report dated March 2, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/S/ BDO USA, LLP

New York, New York

March 2, 2020

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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company carried out, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, the design and operation of these disclosure controls and procedures were effective. During the period covered by this Annual Report, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, and for performing an assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management performed an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 based upon criteria in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) (“COSO”). Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019 based on those criteria issued by COSO.

BDO USA, LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued a report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, as stated in its report.

Item 9B. Other Information.

None.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Other than the disclosures below, information regarding the directors and executive officers of the Company appears in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 26, 2020 (“Proxy Statement”) under the captions “Board Nominees,” “Continuing Directors,” “Executive Officers Who Are Not Directors” and “Meeting and Committees of the Board of Directors – Audit Committee” and is incorporated herein by this reference. Information regarding Section 16(a) beneficial ownership appears in the Company’s Proxy Statement under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” and is incorporated herein by this reference.

Code of Ethics. The Company has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of its directors, officers and employees. This code is publicly available on the Company’s website at: http://platform.mi.spglobal.com/Cache/1001240240.PDF?O=PDF&T=&Y=&D=&FID=1001240240&iid=102398

Any substantive amendments to the code and any grant of a waiver from a provision of the code requiring disclosure under applicable SEC or NASDAQ rules will be disclosed in a report on Form 8-K.

Audit Committee Financial Expert. The Board of Directors of the Company has determined that Louis C. Grassi, the Chairman of the Audit Committee, is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined under Item 401(h) of Regulation S-K, and that he is independent as defined under applicable NASDAQ listing standards. Mr. Grassi is a certified public accountant and a certified fraud examiner.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Information regarding executive compensation appears in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Executive Compensation” and is incorporated herein by this reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners appears in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” and is incorporated herein by this reference.

Information regarding security ownership of management appears in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Stock Ownership of Management” and is incorporated herein by this reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Information regarding certain relationships and related transactions and directors independence appears in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” and “Related Party Transactions” and is incorporated herein by this reference.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

Information regarding fees paid to the Company’s independent auditor appears in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Schedule of Fees to Independent Auditors” and is hereby incorporated by this reference.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

(a) 1. Financial Statements

The following financial statements are included in Item 8 of this Annual Report and are incorporated herein by this reference:

| ● | Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at December 31, 2019 and 2018

| ● | Consolidated Statements of Income for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019

| ● | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019

| ● | Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019

| ● | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019

| ● | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

| ● | Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

2. Financial Statement Schedules

Financial Statement Schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report and are incorporated herein by this reference.

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3. Exhibits Required by Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-K

​ | ​ | ​
Exhibit Number |  | Description
​ | ​ | ​
2.1 | ​ | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 24, 2019, by and among Flushing Financial Corporation, Empire Bancorp, Inc. and Lighthouse Acquisition Co., Inc. † (18)
2.2 | ​ | Amendment No. 1 to the Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among Empire Bancorp, Inc., Lighthouse Acquisition Co., Inc. and Flushing Financial Corporation, dated as of December 6, 2019 (19)
3.1 P | ​ | Certificate of Incorporation of Flushing Financial Corporation (1)
3.2 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of Flushing Financial Corporation (5)
3.3 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of Flushing Financial Corporation (11)
3.6 | ​ | Amended and Restated By-Laws of Flushing Financial Corporation (13)
4.1 | ​ | Subordinated Indenture, dated as of December 12, 2016, by and between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee. (8)
4.2 | ​ | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 12, 2016, by and between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee, including the form of the Notes attached as Exhibit A thereto. (8)
4.3 | ​ | Description of Securities (filed herewith)
10.1* | ​ | Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between Flushing Bank and Certain Officers (12)
10.2* | ​ | Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between Flushing Financial Corporation and Certain Officers (12)
10.3* | ​ | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between Flushing Financial Corporation and John R. Buran (12)
10.4* | ​ | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between Flushing Bank and John R. Buran (12)
10.5* | ​ | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between Flushing Financial Corporation and Maria A. Grasso (12)
10.6* | ​ | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between Flushing Bank and Maria A. Grasso (12)
10.7* | ​ | Employment Agreement between Flushing Financial Corporation and Susan K. Cullen (16)
10.8* | ​ | Flushing Bank Specified Officer Change in Control Severance Policy (as Amended Effective January 1, 2016) (15)
10.9* | ​ | Employee Severance Compensation Plan for Vice Presidents and Assistant Vice Presidents of Flushing Bank (Effective as of January 1, 2016) (15)
10.10* | ​ | Amended and Restated Outside Director Retirement Plan (7)
10.11* | ​ | Amended and Restated Flushing Bank Outside Director Deferred Compensation Plan (4)
10.12* | ​ | Amended and Restated Flushing Bank Supplemental Savings Incentive Plan (14)
10.13* | ​ | Form of Indemnity Agreement among Flushing Bank, Flushing Financial Corporation, and each Director (2)
10.14* | ​ | Form of Indemnity Agreement among Flushing Bank, Flushing Financial Corporation, and Certain Officers (2)
10.15* P | ​ | Employee Benefit Trust Agreement (1)
10.16* | ​ | Amendment to the Employee Benefit Trust Agreement (3)
10.17* P | ​ | Guarantee by Flushing Financial Corporation (1)
10.18* | ​ | Form of Outside Director Restricted Stock Award Letter (6)
10.19* | ​ | Form of Outside Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Letter (15)
10.20* | ​ | Form of Employee Restricted Stock Award Letter (6)
10.21* | ​ | Form of Employee Restricted Stock Unit Grant Letter Agreement (15)
10.22* | ​ | Amended and Restated Flushing Financial Corporation 2005 Omnibus Incentive Plan (9)
10.23* | ​ | Amendment to Flushing Financial Corporation 2005 Omnibus Incentive Plan (10)
10.24* | ​ | Annual Incentive Plan for Executives and Senior Officers (11)
10.25 | ​ | Lease agreement between Flushing Bank and Rexcorp Plaza SPE LLC (13)
10.26* | ​ | Flushing Financial Corporation 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (16)
10.27* | ​ | Form of Employee Performance Restricted Stock Unit Award Letter (17)

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10.28* | ​ | Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Letter With One Year Vesting (17)
10.29* | ​ | Flushing Bank Supplemental Savings Incentive Plan, Amended and Restated as of November 1, 2018 (17)
10.30 | ​ | Employment Agreement between Flushing Financial Corporation and Thomas M. Buonaiuto (18)
10.31 | ​ | Consulting Agreement between Flushing Bank and Douglas C. Manditch (18)
21.1 | ​ | Subsidiaries information incorporated herein by reference to Part I – Subsidiary Activities
23.1 | ​ | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (filed herewith)
31.1 | ​ | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by the Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)
31.2 | ​ | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by the Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)
32.1 | ​ | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C, Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by the Chief Executive Officer (furnished herewith)
32.2 | ​ | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C, Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by the Chief Financial Officer (furnished herewith)
101.INS | ​ | Inline XBRL Instance Document (filed herewith)
101.SCH | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document (filed herewith)
101.CAL | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document (filed herewith)
101.DEF | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document (filed herewith)
101.LAB | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document (filed herewith)
101.PRE | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document (filed herewith)
Exhibit 104 | ​ | Cover Page Interactive Data File – The cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

* | Indicates compensatory plan or arrangement.

† | Schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. Flushing Financial hereby undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted schedules upon request by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

(1) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed September 1, 1995, Registration No. 33-96488. (P: Indicates a filing submitted in paper)

(2) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1996.

(3) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1997.

(4) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2000.

(5) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form S-8 filed May 31, 2002.

(6) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004.

(7) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2006.

(8) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit filed with Form 8-K filed December 12, 2016.

(9) | Incorporated by reference to Appendices filed with Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed April 7, 2011.

(10) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2011.

(11) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.

(12) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013.

(13) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014.

(14) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.

(15) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

(16) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016

(17) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits filed with Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

(18) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit filed with Form 8-K filed October 24, 2019.

(19) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit filed with Form 8-K filed December 6, 2019.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report, to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in New York, New York, on March 2, 2020.

​ | ​ | ​
​ | FLUSHING FINANCIAL CORPORATION
​ | ​
​ | By | /S/JOHN R. BURAN
​ | ​ | John R. Buran
​ | ​ | President and CEO

​

POWER OF ATTORNEY

We, the undersigned directors and officers of Flushing Financial Corporation (the “Company”) hereby severally constitute and appoint John R. Buran and Susan K. Cullen as our true and lawful attorneys and agents, each acting alone and with full power of substitution and re-substitution, to do any and all things in our names in the capacities indicated below which said John R. Buran or Susan K. Cullen may deem necessary or advisable to enable the Company to comply with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and any rules, regulations and requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission, in connection with the report on Form 10-K, or amendment thereto, including specifically, but not limited to, power and authority to sign for us in our names in the capacities indicated below the report on Form 10-K, or amendment thereto; and we hereby approve, ratify and confirm all that said John R. Buran or Susan K. Cullen shall do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report on Form 10-K, has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Signature |  | Title |  | Date
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/S/JOHN R. BURAN | ​ | Director, President (Principal Executive Officer) | ​ | February 25, 2020
John R. Buran | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/S/ALFRED A. DELLIBOVI | ​ | Director, Chairman | ​ | February 25, 2020
Alfred A. DelliBovi | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/S/SUSAN K. CULLEN | ​ | Treasurer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | ​ | February 25, 2020
Susan K. Cullen | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/S/ JAMES D. BENNETT | ​ | Director | ​ | February 25, 2020
James D. Bennett | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/S/STEVEN J. D’IORIO | ​ | Director | ​ | February 25, 2020
Steven J. D’Iorio | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/S/LOUIS C. GRASSI | ​ | Director | ​ | February 25, 2020
Louis C. Grassi | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/S/SAM S. HAN | ​ | Director | ​ | February 25, 2020
Sam S. Han | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/S/JOHN J. MCCABE | ​ | Director | ​ | February 25, 2020
John J. McCabe | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/S/DONNA M. O’BRIEN | ​ | Director | ​ | February 25, 2020
Donna M. O’Brien | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/S/MICHAEL J. RUSSO | ​ | Director | ​ | February 25, 2020
Michael J. Russo | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/S/MICHAEL A. AZARIAN | ​ | Director | ​ | February 25, 2020
Michael A. Azarian | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/S/CAREN C. YOH | ​ | Director | ​ | February 25, 2020
Caren C. Yoh | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

​

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