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ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Restated) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2015
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Restated) |
2. | ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Restated)
Basis of accounting and presentation The financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The accompanying consolidated financial statements present our financial position, our consolidated subsidiaries and our interest in associated entities. The year ended December 31, 2015 includes an out of period correction of $1.6 million additional expense captured in other financial items in the income statement, a decrease to accumulated other comprehensive income of $4.4 million, and an increase to additional paid in capital of $6 million. Management believes this out of period correction is not material to the annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015, or any previously issued financial statements. The accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently to all periods in these consolidated financial statements, unless otherwise noted. Principles of consolidation Investments in companies in which we directly or indirectly hold more than 50% of the voting control are consolidated in the financial statements, as well as certain variable interest entities in which the Company is deemed to be subject to a majority of the risk of loss from the variable interest entity's activities or entitled to receive a majority of the entity's residual returns, or both. All inter-company balances and transactions are eliminated. The non-controlling interests of subsidiaries were included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Statements of Operations as "Non-controlling interests". A variable interest entity ("VIE"), is defined by the accounting standard as a legal entity where either (a) equity interest holders as a group lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest, including decision making ability and an interest in the entity's residual risks and rewards, or (b) the equity holders have not provided sufficient equity investment to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, or (c) the voting rights of some investors are not proportional to their obligations to absorb the expected losses of the entity, their rights to receive the expected residual returns of the entity, or both and substantially all of the entity's activities either involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights. A party that is a variable interest holder is required to consolidate a VIE if the holder has both (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Business combinations Business combinations of subsidiaries are accounted for under the acquisition method. On acquisition, the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities of a subsidiary are measured at their fair values at the date of acquisition. Any excess of the cost of acquisition over the fair values of the identifiable net assets acquired is recognized as goodwill. Any deficiency of the cost of acquisition below the fair values of the identifiable net assets acquired (i.e. bargain purchase) is credited to the statement of operations in the period of acquisition. The consideration transferred for an acquisition is measured at fair value of the consideration given. Acquisition related costs are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The results of subsidiary undertakings are included from the date of acquisition. Reporting currency The consolidated financial statements are stated in U.S dollars. Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar as the majority of the revenues are received in U.S. dollars and a majority of our expenditures are made in U.S. dollars. Our reporting currency is U.S. dollars. Transactions in other currencies during the year are converted into U.S. dollars at the rates of exchange in effect at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary assets and liabilities are converted using historical rates of exchange. At the balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are translated to reflect the year-end exchange rates. Resulting gains or losses are reflected separately in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("US GAAP") requires that management make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. As of December 31, 2015, we leased five vessels under finance leases from wholly owned special purpose vehicles (“lessor SPVs”) of financial institutions in connection with our sale and leaseback transactions. While we do not hold any equity investments in these lessor SPVs, we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary of these entities and accordingly, we are required to consolidate these VIEs into our financial results. The key line items impacted by our consolidation of these VIEs are short-term and long-term debt, restricted cash and interest expense. In consolidating these lessor VIEs, on a quarterly basis, we must make assumptions regarding the debt amortization profile and the interest rate to be applied against the VIEs’ debt principal. Our estimates are therefore dependent upon the timeliness of receipt and accuracy of financial information provided by these lessor VIE entities. Upon receipt of the audited annual financial statements of the lessor VIEs, we will make a true-up adjustment for any material differences. Fair value measurements We account for fair value measurement in accordance with the accounting standards guidance using fair value to measure assets and liabilities. The guidance provides a single definition of fair value, together with a framework for measuring it, and requires additional disclosure about the use of fair value to measure assets and liabilities. Revenue and related expense recognition Revenues include minimum lease payments under time charters, fees for repositioning vessels and gross pool revenues. Revenues generated from time charters, which we classify as operating leases, are recorded over the term of the charter as service is provided. However, we do not recognize revenue if a charter has not been contractually committed to by a customer and ourselves, even if the vessel has discharged its cargo and is sailing to the anticipated load port on its next voyage. Repositioning fees (which are included in time charter revenue) received in respect of time charters are recognized at the end of the charter when the fee becomes fixed and determinable. However, where there is a fixed amount specified in the charter, which is not dependent upon redelivery location, the fee will be recognized evenly over the term of the charter. Where a vessel undertakes multiple single voyage time charters, revenue is recognized, including the repositioning fee if fixed and determinable, on a discharge-to-discharge basis. Under this basis, revenue is recognized evenly over the period from departure of the vessel from its last discharge port to departure from the next discharge port. For arrangements where operating costs are borne by the charterer on a pass through basis, the pass through of operating costs is reflected in revenue and expenses. Pool revenues are recognized on a gross basis representing time charter revenues earned by our vessels participating in the pool. Revenue is recognized on a monthly basis, when the vessel is made available and services are provided to the charterer during the period, the amount can be estimated reliably and collection of the related revenue is reasonably assured. Revenues generated from management fees are recorded rateably over the term of the contract as services are provided. Under time charters, voyage expenses are generally paid by our customers. Voyage related expenses, principally fuel, may also be incurred when positioning or repositioning the vessel before or after the period of time charter and during periods when the vessel is not under charter or is offhire, for example when the vessel is undergoing repairs. These expenses are recognized as incurred. Vessel operating expenses, which are recognized when incurred, include crewing, repairs and maintenance, insurance, stores, lube oils, communication expenses and third party management fees. Bunkers consumption represents mainly bunkers consumed during unemployment and off-hire. Furthermore in relation to the vessels participating in the pool, voyage expenses and commissions include a net allocation from the pool participants' vessels less the other participants' share of the net revenues earned by our vessels included in the pool. Each participants' share of the net pool revenues is based on the number of pool points attributable to its vessels and the number of days such vessels participated in the pool. Cash and cash equivalents We consider all demand and time deposits and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be equivalent to cash. Restricted cash and short-term receivables Restricted cash and short-term receivables consist of bank deposits which may only be used to settle certain pre-arranged loans, bid bonds in respect of tenders for projects we have entered into, cash collateral required for certain swaps and other claims which require us to restrict cash. Trade receivables Trade receivables are presented net of allowances for doubtful balances. At each balance sheet date, all potentially uncollectible accounts are assessed individually for purposes of determining the appropriate provision for doubtful accounts. Inventories Inventories, which are comprised principally of fuel, lubricating oils and ship spares, are stated at the lower of cost or market value. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out basis. Investments in affiliates Affiliates are entities over which we generally have between 20% and 50% of the voting rights, or over which we have significant influence, but over which we do not exercise control, or have the power to control the financial and operational policies. Investments in these entities are accounted for by the equity method of accounting. This also extends to entities in which we hold a majority ownership interest, but we do not control, due to the participating rights of non-controlling interests. Under this method, we record an investment in the common stock (or “in-substance common stock”) of an affiliate at cost (or fair value if a consequence of deconsolidation), and adjust the carrying amount for our share of the earnings or losses of the affiliate subsequent to the date of the investment and report the recognized earnings or losses in income. Dividends received from an affiliate in connection with their common stock interest reduce the carrying amount of the investment. The excess, if any, of the purchase price over book value of our investments in equity method affiliates, or basis difference, is included in the consolidated balance sheet as "Investment in affiliates". We allocate the basis difference across the assets and liabilities of the affiliate, with the residual assigned to goodwill. The basis difference will then be amortized through the statement of operations as part of the equity method of accounting. When our share of losses in an affiliate equals or exceeds its interest, we do not recognize further losses, unless the Company has incurred obligations or made payments on behalf of the affiliate. Investments in Golar Partners are accounted for under the equity accounted method in accordance with ASC 323-30-25-1 and ASC 323-30-S99-1. We recognize gains and losses in earnings for the issuance of shares by our affiliates, provided that the issuance of such shares qualifies as a sale of such shares. Cost-method investments Cost-method investments are initially recorded at cost and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Dividends received from cost method investments are recorded in the consolidated statement of operations in the line item "Dividend income". Newbuildings Newbuilds are stated at cost. All pre-delivery costs incurred during the construction of newbuilds, including purchase installments, interest, supervision and technical costs, are capitalized. Capitalization ceases and depreciation commences when the vessel is available for its intended use. Vessels and equipment Vessels and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. The cost of vessels and equipment less the estimated residual value is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the assets' remaining useful economic lives. Depreciation includes depreciation on all owned vessels and amortization of vessels accounted for as capital leases. Management estimates the residual values of our vessels based on a scrap value cost of steel and aluminium times the weight of the ship noted in lightweight ton. Residual values are periodically reviewed and revised to recognize changes in conditions, new regulations or other reasons. Refurbishment costs incurred during the period are capitalized as part of vessels and equipment and depreciated over the vessels' remaining useful economic lives. Refurbishment costs are costs that appreciably increase the capacity, or improve the efficiency or safety of vessels and equipment. Drydocking expenditures are capitalized when incurred and amortized over the period until the next anticipated drydocking, which is generally between two and five years. For vessels that are newly built or acquired, we have adopted the "built-in overhaul" method of accounting. The built-in overhaul method is based on the segregation of vessel costs into those that should be depreciated over the useful life of the vessel and those that require drydocking at periodic intervals to reflect the different useful lives of the components of the assets. The estimated cost of the drydocking component is amortized until the date of the first drydocking following acquisition, upon which the cost is capitalized and the process is repeated. When a vessel is disposed, any unamortized drydocking expenditure is charged against income in the period of disposal. Vessel reactivation costs incurred on vessels leaving lay-up include both costs of a capital and expense nature. The capital costs include the addition of new equipment or modifications to the vessel which enhance or increase the operational efficiency and functionality of the vessel. These expenditures are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful life of the vessel. Expenditures of a routine repairs and maintenance nature that do not improve the operating efficiency or extend the useful lives of the vessels are expensed as incurred as mobilization costs. Useful lives applied in depreciation are as follows:
Vessels | 40 to 50 years
Deferred drydocking expenditure | two to five years
Office equipment and fittings | three to six years
Asset under development An asset is classified as asset under development when there is a firm commitment from us to proceed with the construction of the asset and the likelihood of conversion is virtually certain to occur. An asset under development is classified as non-current and is stated at cost. All costs incurred during the construction of the asset, including conversion installment payments, interest, supervision and technical costs are capitalized. Interest costs directly attributable to construction of the asset is added to the cost of the asset. Capitalization ceases and depreciation commences once the asset is completed and available for its intended use. Held-for-sale assets and disposal group Individual assets or subsidiaries to be disposed of, by sale or otherwise in a single transaction, are classified as “held-for-sale” if the following criteria are met at the period end:
• | Management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the vessel;
• | The non-current asset or subsidiaries are available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for such sales;
• | An active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the plan to sell have been initiated;
• | The sale is highly probable; and
• | The transfer is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale, within one year.
The term probable refers to a future sale that is likely to occur, the asset or subsidiaries (disposal group) is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value and actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. A disposal group is classified as discontinued operations if the following criteria are met: (1) a component of an entity or group of components that has been disposed of by sale, disposed of other than by sale or is classified as held-for-sale that represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on our financial results or (2) an acquired business or non-profit activity (the entity to be sold) that is classified as held-for-sale on the date of the acquisition. Assets or subsidiaries held for sale are carried at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. Interest and other expenses attributable to the liabilities of a disposal group classified as held-for-sale shall continue to be accrued. On classification as held-for-sale, the assets are no longer depreciated. Impairment of long-term assets We continually monitor events and changes in circumstances that could indicate carrying amounts of long-term assets may not be recoverable. When such events or changes in circumstances are present, we assess the recoverability of long-term assets by determining whether the carrying value of such assets will be recovered through undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the total of the future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of those assets, we recognize an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the assets. Other-than temporary impairment of investments Where there are indicators that fair value is below carrying value of our investments, we will evaluate these for other-than-temporary impairment. Consideration will be given to (1) the length of time and the extent to which fair value is below carrying value, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, and (3) our intent and ability to hold the investment until any anticipated recovery. Where determined other-than-temporary impairment, we will recognize an impairment loss in the period. Interest costs capitalized Interest costs are expensed as incurred except for interest costs that are capitalized. Interest is capitalized on all qualifying assets that require a period of time to get them ready for their intended use. Qualifying assets consist of vessels under construction, assets under development and vessels undergoing conversion into FSRUs for our own use. The interest capitalized is calculated using the rate of interest on the loan to fund the expenditure or our weighted average cost of borrowings where appropriate, from commencement of the newbuilding and conversion work until substantially all the activities necessary to prepare the assets for its intended use are complete. If our financing plans associate a specific borrowing with a qualifying asset, we use the rate on that borrowing as the capitali z ation rate to be applied to that portion of the average accumulated expenditures for the asset provided that does not exceed the amount of that borrowing. We do not capitali z e amounts beyond the actual interest expense incurred in the period. Deferred charges Costs associated with long-term financing, including debt arrangement fees are deferred and amortized over the term of the relevant loan. These costs are presented as a deduction from the corresponding liability, consistent with debt discounts. Derivatives We use derivatives to reduce market risks associated with our operations. We use interest rate swaps for the management of interest rate risk exposure. The interest rate swaps effectively convert a portion of our debt from a floating to a fixed rate over the life of the transactions without an exchange of underlying principal. We seek to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates through the use of foreign currency forward contracts. From time to time, we enter into equity swaps. Under these facilities, we swap with our counterparty (usually a major bank) the risk of fluctuations in our share price and the benefit of any dividends, for a fixed payment of LIBOR plus margin. The counterparty may acquire shares in the Company to hedge its own position. All derivative instruments are initially recorded at cost as either assets or liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet and subsequently remeasured to fair value, regardless of the purpose or intent for holding the derivative. Where the fair value of a derivative instrument is a net liability, the derivative instrument is classified in "Other current liabilities" in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Where the fair value of a derivative instrument is a net asset, the derivative instrument is classified in "Other non-current assets" in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The method of recognizing the resulting gain or loss is dependent on whether the derivative contract is designed to hedge a specific risk and also qualifies for hedge accounting. The Company hedge accounts for certain of its interest rate swap arrangements designated as cash flow hedges. For derivative instruments that are not designated or do not qualify as hedges under the guidance, the changes in fair value of the derivative financial instrument are recognized each period in current earnings in "Other financial items" in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, we formally document the relationship between the derivative and the hedged item. This documentation includes the strategy risk and risk management for undertaking the hedge and the method that will be used to assess effectiveness of the hedge. If the derivative is an effective hedge, changes in the fair value are initially recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in equity. The ineffective portion of the hedge is recognized immediately in earnings, as are any gains or losses on the derivative that are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. We do not apply hedge accounting if we determine that the hedge was not effective or will no longer be effective, the derivative was sold or exercised, or the hedged item was sold or repaid. In the periods when the hedged items affect earnings, the associated fair value changes on the hedged derivatives are transferred from equity to the corresponding earnings line item on the settlement of a derivative. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative financial instrument is immediately recognized in earnings. If a cash flow hedge is terminated and the originally hedged item is still considered probable of occurring, the gains and losses initially recognized in equity remain there until the hedged item impacts earnings at which point they are transferred to the corresponding earnings line item (i.e. interest expense). If the hedged items are no longer probable of occurring, amounts recognized in equity are immediately reclassified to earnings. Cash flows from derivative instruments that are accounted for as cash flow hedges are classified in the same category as the cash flows from the items being hedged. Cashflows from economic hedges are classified in the same category from the items subject to the economic hedging relationship. Convertible bonds In accordance with accounting guidance "Debt with conversion and other options", we account for debt instruments with convertible features in accordance with the details and substance of the instruments at the time of their issuance. For convertible debt instruments issued at a substantial premium to equivalent instruments without conversion features, or those that may be settled in cash upon conversion, it is presumed that the premium or cash conversion option represents an equity component. Accordingly, we determine the carrying amounts of the liability and equity components of such convertible debt instruments by first determining the carrying amount of the liability component by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an equity component. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the embedded conversion option is then determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the total proceeds from the issue. The resulting equity component is recorded, with a corresponding offset to debt discount which is subsequently amortized to interest cost using the effective interest method over the period the debt is expected to be outstanding as an additional non-cash interest expense. Transaction costs associated with the instrument are allocated pro-rata between the debt and equity components. For conventional convertible bonds which do not have a cash conversion option or where no substantial premium is received on issuance, it may not be appropriate to split the bond into the liability and equity components. Provisions In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to various claims, suits and complaints. Management, in consultation with internal and external advisers, will provide for a contingent loss in the financial statements if the contingency had occurred at the date of the financial statements and the likelihood of loss was probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If we determine that the reasonable estimate of the loss is a range and there is no best estimate within the range, we will provide the lower amount within the range. Pensions Defined benefit pension costs, assets and liabilities requires adjustment of the significant actuarial assumptions annually to reflect current market and economic conditions. Our accounting policy states that full recognition of the funded status of defined benefit pension plans is to be included within our balance sheet. The pension benefit obligation is calculated by using a projected unit credit method. Defined contribution pension costs represent the contributions payable to the scheme in respect of the accounting period and are recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Guarantees Guarantees issued by us, excluding those that are guaranteeing our own performance, are recognized at fair value at the time that the guarantees are issued, or upon the deconsolidation of a subsidiary, and reported in "Other long-term liabilities." A liability for the fair value of the obligation undertaken in issuing the guarantee is recognized. If it becomes probable that we will have to perform under a guarantee, we will recognize an additional liability if the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The recognition of fair value is not required for certain guarantees such as the parent's guarantee of a subsidiary's debt to a third party. For those guarantees excluded from the above guidance requiring the fair value recognition provision of the liability, financial statement disclosures of such items are made. Treasury shares Treasury shares are recognized as a separate component of equity at cost. Upon subsequent disposal of treasury shares, any consideration is recognized directly in equity. Stock-based compensation In accordance with the guidance on "Share Based Payment", we are required to expense the fair value of stock options issued to employees over the period the options vest. We amortize stock-based compensation for awards on a straight-line basis over the period during which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the reward - the requisite service (vesting) period. No compensation cost is recognized for stock options for which employees do not render the requisite service. The fair value of employee share options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Earnings per share Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed based on the income available to common stockholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding for basic EPS. Treasury shares are not included in the calculation. Diluted EPS includes the effect of the assumed conversion of potentially dilutive instruments. Such potentially dilutive common shares are excluded when the effect would be to increase earnings per share or reduce a loss per share. Operating leases Initial direct costs (those directly related to the negotiation and consummation of the lease) are deferred and allocated to earnings over the lease term. Rental income and expense are amortized over the lease term on a straight-line basis. Income taxes Income taxes are based on a separate return basis. The guidance on "Accounting for Income Taxes" prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized principally for the expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Realization of the deferred income tax asset is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income in future years. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date. Income tax relating to items recognized directly in the statement of comprehensive income is recognized in the statement of changes in equity and not in the statement of operations. Related parties Parties are related if one party has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions. Parties are also related if they are subject to common control or significant influence. Gain on issuance of shares by subsidiaries We recognize a gain or loss when a subsidiary issues its stock to third parties at a price per share in excess or below its carrying value resulting in a reduction in our ownership interest in the subsidiary. The gain or loss is recorded in the line "Additional paid-in capital". Gain on disposals to Golar Partners Where we have a gain or loss upon disposal of a subsidiary or business to Golar Partners, or where a subsidiary or business is deconsolidated, the gain or loss is recognized in the income statement at the time of sale as a component of operating income. LNG trading We trade in physical cargoes, futures, swaps and options, all of which are traded on and recognized in liquid markets. Purchases and sales are recognized on the trade date. Open trading positions are stated at fair value based on closing market price on the balance sheet date. The market values of open positions are shown in debtors if positive or creditors if negative. Realized and unrealized gains and losses are recognized in current earnings in "Other operating gains and losses". The net transaction value of energy trading contracts that were physically settled for the years ending December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, was $nil, $4.0 million and $nil, respectively. Contracts to buy and sell physical cargoes for future delivery settled on the bill of lading date are recognized at their fair value at the balance sheet date. Segment reporting A segment is a distinguishable component of the business that is engaged in business activities from which we earn revenues and incur expenses whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker, and which are subject to risks and rewards that are different from those of other segments. We have identified three reportable industry segments: vessel operations, LNG trading and FLNG (see note 7).

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the basis of presentation and significant accounting policies concepts. Basis of presentation describes the underlying basis used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS). Accounting policies describe all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. + References No definition available. + Details
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