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Accounting Policies (Policies) | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of accounting | The condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP"). The condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the disclosures required under U.S. GAAP in the annual consolidated financial statements, and should be read in conjunction with our audited annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, which are included in our annual report on Form 20-F.
Lessee, leases | Contracts relating to our LNG carriers, FSRUs and FLNG asset can take the form of operating leases, finance leases, tolling agreements and management agreements. In addition, we contract a portion of our vessels in the spot market through our collaborative arrangement, the "Cool Pool". Although the substance of these contracts is similar, (they allow our customers to hire our assets and to avail of Golar's management services for a specified day rate) the accounting treatment varies. We outline our policies for determining the appropriate GAAP treatment below. Lease accounting versus revenue accounting To determine whether a contract conveys a lease agreement for a period of time, the Company has assessed whether, throughout the period of use, the customer has both of the following:
• | the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the identified asset; and
• | the right to direct the use of that identified asset.
If a contract relating to an asset fails to give the customer both of the above rights, we account for the agreement as a revenue contract. A contract relating to an asset will generally be accounted for as a revenue contract if the customer does not contract for substantially all of the capacity of the asset (i.e. another third party could contract for a meaningful amount of the asset capacity). In situations where we provide management services unrelated to an asset contract, we account for the contract as a revenue contract. Lease accounting When a contract is designated as a lease, we make an assessment on whether the contract is an operating lease or a finance lease. An agreement will be a finance lease if any of the following conditions are met:
• | ownership of the asset is transferred at the end of the lease term;
• | the contract contains an option to purchase the asset which is reasonably certain to be exercised;
• | the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the contract, although contracts entered into the last 25% of the asset's useful life are not subject to this criterion;
• | the discounted value of the fixed payments under the lease represent substantially all of the fair value of the asset; or
• | the asset is heavily customized such that it could not be used for another charter at the end of the term.
Lessor, leases | Contracts relating to our LNG carriers, FSRUs and FLNG asset can take the form of operating leases, finance leases, tolling agreements and management agreements. In addition, we contract a portion of our vessels in the spot market through our collaborative arrangement, the "Cool Pool". Although the substance of these contracts is similar, (they allow our customers to hire our assets and to avail of Golar's management services for a specified day rate) the accounting treatment varies. We outline our policies for determining the appropriate GAAP treatment below. Lease accounting versus revenue accounting To determine whether a contract conveys a lease agreement for a period of time, the Company has assessed whether, throughout the period of use, the customer has both of the following:
• | the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the identified asset; and
• | the right to direct the use of that identified asset.
If a contract relating to an asset fails to give the customer both of the above rights, we account for the agreement as a revenue contract. A contract relating to an asset will generally be accounted for as a revenue contract if the customer does not contract for substantially all of the capacity of the asset (i.e. another third party could contract for a meaningful amount of the asset capacity). In situations where we provide management services unrelated to an asset contract, we account for the contract as a revenue contract. Lease accounting When a contract is designated as a lease, we make an assessment on whether the contract is an operating lease or a finance lease. An agreement will be a finance lease if any of the following conditions are met:
• | ownership of the asset is transferred at the end of the lease term;
• | the contract contains an option to purchase the asset which is reasonably certain to be exercised;
• | the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the contract, although contracts entered into the last 25% of the asset's useful life are not subject to this criterion;
• | the discounted value of the fixed payments under the lease represent substantially all of the fair value of the asset; or
• | the asset is heavily customized such that it could not be used for another charter at the end of the term.
Lessor accounting In making the classification assessment, we estimate the residual value of the underlying asset at the end of the lease term with reference to broker valuations. None of our lease contracts contain residual value guarantees and any purchase options are disclosed in note 8. Agreements which include renewal and termination options are included in the lease term if we believe they are "reasonably certain" to be exercised by the lessee or if controlled by the lessor. The determination of whether lessee extension clauses are reasonably certain depends on whether the option contains an economic incentive. Generally, lease accounting commences when the asset is made available to the customer, however, where the contract contains specific customer acceptance testing conditions, lease accounting will not commence until the asset has successfully passed the acceptance test. We assess a lease under the modification guidance when there is a change to the terms and conditions of the contract that results in a change in the scope or the consideration of the lease. Costs directly associated with the execution of the lease or costs incurred after lease inception (the execution of the contract) but prior to the commencement of the lease that directly relate to preparing the asset for the contract (for example bunker costs), are capitalized and amortized to the consolidated statement of income over the lease term. We also defer upfront revenue payments (for example positioning fees) to the consolidated balance sheet and amortize to the consolidated statement of income over the lease term. Fixed revenue from operating leases is accounted for on a straight line basis over the life of the lease; while variable revenue is accounted for as incurred in the relevant period. Fixed revenue includes fixed payments and variable payments based on a rate or index. For our operating leases, we have elected the practical expedient to combine our service revenue and operating lease income as both the timing and the pattern of transfer of the components are the same.
Revenue accounting | Contracts within the scope of revenue accounting include our liquefaction services contract relating to the Hilli asset and our management fee services provided to our affiliates (Golar Partners and Golar Power). For liquefaction services revenue, the provision of liquefaction services capacity is considered a single performance obligation recognised evenly over time. We consider our services (the receipt of customer's gas, treatment and temporary storage on board our FLNG and delivery of LNG to waiting carriers) to be a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to our customer. We recognize revenue when obligations under the terms of our contract are satisfied. We have applied the practical expedient to recognize liquefaction services revenue in proportion to the amount we have the right to invoice. Contractual payment terms for liquefaction services is monthly in arrears. Contract liabilities arise when the customer makes payments in advance of receiving services. The period between when invoicing and when payment is due is not significant. Management fees are generated from commercial and technical vessel-related services and corporate and administrative services. The management services we provide are considered a single performance obligation recognized evenly over time as our services are rendered. We consider our services a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. We recognize revenue when obligations under the terms of our contracts with our customers are satisfied. We have applied the practical expedient to recognize management fee revenue in proportion to the amount that we have the right to invoice. Our contracts generally have an initial term of one year or less, after which the arrangement continues with a short notice period until the end of the contract, ranging from 30 days to 180 days. Contract assets arise when we render management services in advance of receiving payment from our customers. Pool revenues and expenses under the Cool Pool arrangement are accounted for in accordance with the guidance for collaborative arrangements when two (or more) parties are active participants in the activity and exposed to significant risk and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the activity. Active participation is deemed to be when participation on the Cool Pool steering committee. When applying collaborative, arrangement we present our share of net income earned under the Cool Pool across a number of lines in the Income Statement. For net revenue and expenses incurred specifically to Golar vessels and for which we are deemed to be the principal, are presented gross on the face of the Income Statement in the line items “Time and voyage and charter revenues” and “Voyage, charter hire and commission expenses.” For pool net revenues generated by the other participants in the pooling arrangement, these will be presented separately in revenue and expenses from collaborative arrangements. Each participants’ share of the net pool revenues is based on the number of days such vessels participated in the pool. When no collaborative arrangement is applied, we present our gross share of income earned and costs incurred under the Pool on the face of the Income Statement in the line items “Time and voyage and charter revenues” and “Voyage, charter hire and commission expenses” respectively. For pool net revenues and expenses generated by the other participants in the pooling arrangement, we analogise to the cost of obtaining a contract and expense these costs as incurred and presented within the line item “Voyage, charter hire and commission expenses.”
Impairment of non-current assets | In March 2019, we entered into a number of contracts relating to the conversion and subsequent disposal of the Golar Viking. As of March 31, 2019, although we were still awaiting on LNG Hrvatska to issue Golar a final notice to proceed, we determined that there was sufficient probability of the sale being finalized to trigger an impairment test on the vessel. The impairment test resulted in a charge of $34.3 million. The fair value of the LNG carrier Golar Viking is categorized within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, and is based on the average of third party broker valuations. The fair value does not factor in any cash flows associated with the conversion project. The value represents the price that a market participant would pay for a LNG carrier as this is the principal market for the vessel. This is consistent with the fair value methodology that we use for all of our LNG carriers. In May 2019, a major shareholder of OLT Offshore LNG Toscana S.P.A. (OLT-O) sold its shareholdings which triggered a re-assessment of the carrying value of our investment in OLT-O that was previously recorded at a measurement alternative of cost less impairment as no readily determinable fair value was available. This resulted in an impairment charge of $7.3 million for the write down of the carrying value in our investment in OLT-O to its fair value.
Use of estimates | The preparation of financial statements in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("U.S. GAAP") requires that management make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. As of September 30, 2019, we leased eight vessels under finance leases from wholly-owned special purpose vehicles ("Lessor SPVs") of financial institutions in connection with our sale and leaseback transactions. While we do not hold any equity investments in these Lessor SPVs, we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary of these entities and, accordingly, we are required to consolidate these VIEs into our financial results. The key line items impacted by our consolidation of these VIEs are short and long-term debt, restricted cash and short-term deposits, non-controlling interests, interest income and interest expense. In consolidating these lessor VIEs, on a quarterly basis, we must make assumptions regarding (i) the debt amortization profile; (ii) the interest rate to be applied against the VIEs' debt principal; and (iii) the VIE's application of cash receipts. Our estimates are therefore dependent upon the timeliness of receipt and accuracy of financial information provided by these lessor VIE entities. Upon receipt of the audited annual financial statements of the lessor VIEs, we will make a true-up adjustment for any material differences. In relation to the oil derivative instrument, the fair value was determined using the estimated discounted cash flows of the additional payments due to us as a result of oil prices moving above a contractual oil price floor over the term of the LTA. Significant inputs used in the valuation of the oil derivative instrument include management’s estimate of an appropriate discount rate and the length of time necessary to blend the long and short-term oil prices obtained from quoted prices in active markets. The changes in fair value of our oil derivative instrument is recognized in each period within "Realized and unrealized gain on oil derivative instrument" as part of the consolidated statement of income.
Adoption of new accounting standards and Accounting pronouncments that have been issued but not adopted | Adoption of new accounting standards In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 Leases (Topic 842) along with subsequent amendments ASU 2019-20 Leases (Topic 842): Narrow scope improvements for lessors in December 2018 and ASU 2019-01 Leases (Topic 842): Codification improvements in March 2019. Topic 842 modifies the definition of a lease, requires reassessment of the lease term upon the occurrence of certain triggers and introduces new disclosures. Lessors are required to classify leases as sales-type, direct financing or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of income recognition and provide guidance for sale and leaseback transactions. Topic 842 requires a lessee to recognize leases on its balance sheet by recording a lease liability (representing the obligation to make future lease payments) and a right of use asset (representing the right to use the asset for the lease term). Leases for lessees will be classified as either financing or operating with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. We adopted this Topic 842 on January 1, 2019 under a modified retrospective transition approach. In contracts where we act as either the lessor or lessee, we have elected to use the "package" of practical expedients available, which means no reassessment on transition of whether an agreement contains a lease, lease classification, and initial direct costs under ASC 842. As part of this package the lease term has been determined using hindsight up to the date of transition when considering lessee options to extend or terminate the agreement or to purchase the underlying asset. Furthermore, where available we have elected not to separate the components in our lease arrangements, instead accounting for them on a combined component basis under ASC 842. Our election of the practical expedient providing transition relief will result in our prior periods not being restated and will continue to be represented in accordance with Topic 840. The impact on the Company of applying ASU 842 as a lessee, based on contractual arrangements in place at December 31, 2018, was the recognition of lease liabilities of $15.8 million, along with right-of-use assets with a similar aggregate value, which mainly relates to our office leases. This liability corresponds to our lessee related liability for future lease payments presented on the face of the consolidated balance sheet as other current liabilities of $3.8 million and other non-current liabilities of $6.8 million, while the carrying value of the lessee right-of-use assets is disclosed in note 13 to these condensed consolidated financial statements. For contracts where we are the lessor, the practical expedients that we have elected has resulted in no change to our Balance Sheet on adoption. Our legacy leases will continue to be classified in accordance with Topic 840, while modifications and subsequent accounting will follow the accounting under Topic 842. Leases entered into on or after January 1, 2019 have been assessed under the requirements of Topic 842. New lessor presentation and disclosure requirements have been applied to our new and existing lease agreements. The carrying value of the assets subject to lessor operating leases, and the maturity analysis of operating lease payments under arrangements where we are the lessor, are disclosed in note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-09 Codification improvements. The amendments in this ASU cover a wide range of topics including primarily minor corrections, clarifications and codification improvements. We adopted the codification improvements that were not effective on issuance on January 1, 2019 under the specified transition approach connected with each of the codification improvements. This amendment has not had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or related disclosures, including retained earnings, as of January 1, 2019. Accounting pronouncements that have been issued but not adopted The following table provides a brief description of recent accounting standards that have been issued but not yet adopted:
Standard | Description | Date of Adoption | Effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and subsequent amendments, including ASU 2018-19 & ASU 2019-04 Codification Improvements to Topic 326 ‘‘Financial Instruments-Credit Losses” | Replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology with an expected loss methodology that requires a consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. | January 1, 2020 | Under evaluation
ASU 2018-13 Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement | Removes some disclosure requirements relating to transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the FV hierarchy. Introduces new disclosure requirements for Level 3 measurements | January 1, 2020 | No material impact on our disclosure requirements as we have no Level 3 measurements.
ASU 2018-14 Compensation-Retirement Benefits-Defined Benefit Plans-General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans. | Removes some disclosure requirements that are not expected to materially change Golar’s existing note. Introduces new disclosure requirements including an explanation of the reasons for significant gains and losses relating to changes in the benefit obligation. | January 1, 2021 | No material impact on disclosure requirements.
ASU 2018-15 Intangibles-Goodwill and Other- Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. | Aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal use software. | January 1, 2020 | No material impact on disclosure requirements.
ASU 2018-17 Consolidation (Topic 810) - Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities | For the purposes of determining whether a decision making fee is a variable interest, a company is now required to consider indirect interests held through related parties under common control on a proportionate basis as opposed to as a direct investment in the entity. | January 1, 2020 | No impact on historical consolidation assessments.
ASU 2018-18 Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808) - Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606. | Provides guidance on determining when transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for as revenue under Topic 606. | January 1, 2020 | Under evaluation

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