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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2021
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies  
Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

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The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, and are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified within the investing activities of the statement of cash flows to conform to the current period presentation. All intercompany activity has been eliminated in the preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, necessary to present fairly the consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of the Company.

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The Company’s subsidiaries include: (1) International Medication Systems, Limited, or IMS, (2) Armstrong Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Armstrong, (3) Amphastar Nanjing Pharmaceuticals Inc., or ANP, (4) Amphastar France Pharmaceuticals, S.A.S., or AFP, (5) Amphastar UK Ltd., or AUK, and (6) International Medication Systems (UK) Limited, or IMS UK.

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COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 Pandemic

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The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties as a result of the ongoing novel coronavirus pandemic, or COVID-19. The complete extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business is highly uncertain and difficult to predict, as the information is constantly evolving. The Company considered the impact of COVID-19 on the assumptions and estimates used to determine the results reported and asset valuations as of September 30, 2021.

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All of the Company’s production facilities continued to operate during the quarter as they had prior to the COVID-19 pandemic with very little change, other than for enhanced safety measures intended to prevent the spread of the virus.

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It is not possible at this time to estimate the complete impact that COVID-19 could have on the Company’s business, including its customers and suppliers, as the impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. The Company will continue to monitor the impact of COVID-19 on all aspects of its business.
Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

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The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The principal accounting estimates include: determination of allowances for credit losses, fair value of financial instruments, allowance for discounts, provision for chargebacks and rebates, provision for product returns, adjustment of inventory to its net realizable values, impairment of long-lived and intangible assets and goodwill, workers’ compensation liabilities, litigation reserves, stock price volatilities for share-based compensation expense, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, and liabilities for uncertain income tax positions.
Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates

Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates

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The Company applies the equity method of accounting for investments when it has significant influence, but not controlling interest in the investee. Judgment regarding the level of influence over each equity method investment includes key factors such as ownership interest, representation on the board of directors, participation in policy-making decisions and material intercompany transactions. The Company’s proportionate share of the earnings or losses resulting from these investments is reported as “Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates” in the consolidated statements of operations. Investments accounted for using the equity method may be reported on a lag of up to three months if financial statements of the investee are not available in sufficient time for the investor to apply the equity method as of the current reporting date. The determination of whether an investee’s results are recorded on a lag is made on an investment-by-investment basis.

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The carrying value of equity method investments is reported as “Equity method investments” in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s equity method investments are reported at cost and adjusted each period for the Company’s share of the investee’s earnings or losses and dividends paid, if any.

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The Company assesses investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an investment may not be recoverable. If the decline in value is considered to be other than temporary, the investment is written down to its estimated fair value, which establishes a new cost basis in the investment. The Company did not record any such impairment charges for all periods presented.
Foreign Currency

Foreign Currency

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The functional currency of the Company, its domestic subsidiaries, its Chinese subsidiary, ANP, and its U.K. subsidiary, AUK, is the US Dollar. ANP maintains its books of record in Chinese yuan. These books are remeasured into the functional currency of USD using current or historical exchange rates. The resulting currency remeasurement adjustments and other transactional foreign currency exchange gains and losses are reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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The Company’s French subsidiary, AFP, maintains its book of record in euros. AUK’s subsidiary, IMS UK, maintains its book of record in British pounds. These local currencies have been determined to be the subsidiaries’ respective

functional currencies. These books of record are translated into USD using average exchange rates during the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing on the balance sheet date. Equity is translated at the prevailing rate of exchange at the date of the equity transactions. Translation adjustments are reflected in stockholders’ equity and are included as a component of other accumulated comprehensive income (loss). The unrealized gains or losses of intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature are reported in other accumulated comprehensive income (loss).

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The unrealized gains or losses on intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature were a $0.9 million loss and a $1.9 million loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the unrealized gains on intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature were a $1.4 million.

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Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

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For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company included its foreign currency translation gain or loss as part of its comprehensive income (loss). There was no material income tax expense (benefit) allocated to other comprehensive income (loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021. Income tax expense of $0.4 million was allocated to other comprehensive income for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.
Advertising Expense

Advertising Expense

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Advertising expenses, primarily associated with Primatene Mist®, are recorded as they are incurred, except for expenses related to the development of a major commercial or media campaign, which are expensed in the period in which the commercial or campaign is first presented, and are reflected as a component of selling, distribution and marketing in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, advertising expenses were $2.3 million and $6.4 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, advertising expenses were $1.5 million and $3.9 million, respectively.
Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments

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The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, restricted cash and short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and short-term borrowings approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these items. The majority of the Company’s long-term obligations consist of variable rate debt, and their carrying value approximates fair value as the stated borrowing rates are comparable to rates currently offered to the Company for instruments with similar maturities. The Company at times enters into fixed interest rate swap contracts to exchange the variable interest rates for fixed interest rates without the exchange of the underlying notional debt amounts. Such interest rate swap contracts are recorded at their fair values.
Cash and Cash Equivalents

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Cash and Cash Equivalents

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Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, money market accounts, certificates of deposit and highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less.
Short-Term Investments

Short-Term Investments

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Short-term investments as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 consisted of certificates of deposit and investment grade debt securities with original expiration dates within 12 months.
Restricted Cash

Restricted Cash

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Restricted cash is collateral required for the Company to guarantee certain vendor payments in France. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the restricted cash balances were $0.2 million and $1.9 million, respectively.
Restricted Short-Term Investments

Restricted Short-Term Investments

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Restricted short-term investments consist of certificates of deposit that are collateral for standby letters of credit to qualify for workers’ compensation self-insurance. The certificates of deposit have original maturities greater than three months but less than one year. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the balance of restricted short-term investments was $2.2 million.
Deferred Income Taxes

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Deferred Income Taxes

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The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes, under which deferred taxes are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statements and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

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There have been no recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the three months ended September 30, 2021 that are of significance or potential significance to the Company as compared to the recent accounting pronouncements described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 15, 2021.