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Income Taxes | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2025
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes
| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In percentages)
Effective income tax rate | 1 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 24 |
The effective income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, was lower compared to the same periods in 2024, primarily due to a non-cash goodwill impairment loss of $1.1 billion in the Engineered Materials segment recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2025, which is not deductible for tax purposes (Note 5). The rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was also favorably impacted by a deferred tax benefit related to the relocation of certain intangible assets among wholly owned foreign affiliates as part of the continued integration of global principal operations and a tax benefit related to the settlement of tax examinations with the German tax authorities for the tax years 2008 through 2012 during the three months ended June 30, 2025. These favorable impacts to the effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, were partially offset by increases in valuation allowance on U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards due to revised forecasts of foreign sourced income and expenses during the carryforward period during the three months ended March 31, 2025. In addition, the effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, included non-recurring tax effects related to internal debt restructuring transactions for the three months ended March 31, 2024. In December 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "TCJA") was enacted and was effective January 1, 2018. The U.S. Treasury has issued various notices and final and proposed regulatory packages supplementing the TCJA provisions since 2018. There have been no material proposed or final regulatory packages during the three months ended September 30, 2025. In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (the "IRA") was enacted and included a 1% excise tax on share repurchases in excess of $1 million, and a corporate minimum tax of 15% on adjusted book earnings. The corporate minimum tax paid is creditable in future years to the extent regular tax liability exceeds the minimum tax in any given year. The Company does not expect these provisions or any newly issued administrative guidance to have a material impact to future income tax expense. The IRA also provides various beneficial credits for energy efficiency related to manufacturing, transportation and fuels, hydrogen/carbon recapture and renewable energy. The Company will continue to record credits appropriately upon realization in regard to qualifying and approved projects. The Company will continue to monitor the expected impacts of any new guidance on the Company's filing positions and will record the impacts as discrete income tax expense adjustments in the period the guidance is finalized or becomes effective. Due to the TCJA and uncertainty as to future foreign source income, the Company previously recorded a valuation allowance on its foreign tax credit carryforwards. The Company is currently evaluating tax planning strategies to enable the use of the Company's foreign tax credit carryforwards that may decrease the Company's effective tax rate in future periods as the valuation allowance is reversed. In December 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") issued final Model Rules for Pillars One and Two of its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting ("BEPS") project. In general, Pillar One addresses nexus concerns and the allocation of profits among companies in which a multinational enterprise ("MNE") conducts its business. Pillar Two aims to ensure that all MNEs pay an effective tax rate of no less than 15% on their adjusted net income in each of the jurisdictions in which they have operations. Pillar Two is more impactful to the Company as it allows for assessment even if the individual countries do not enact its minimum tax provisions. In effect, Pillar Two allows any country within which an MNE operates to levy tax upon that MNE to the extent it determines that the MNE is paying less than a 15% effective tax rate on its adjusted net income. The taxes levied may then be allocated among the jurisdictions that conform to the OECD rules. In December 2022, the member states of the European Union ("EU") unanimously voted to adopt the OECD's minimum tax which was agreed to by consensus of the BEPS 2.0 (Pillars One and Two) signatory jurisdictions. Under the EU's minimum tax directive, member states are to adopt domestic legislation implementing the minimum tax rules effective for periods beginning on or after December 31, 2023, with Pillar Two's "under-taxed profit rule" to take effect for periods beginning on or after December 31, 2024. The EU effective dates are January 1, 2024, and January 1, 2025, for different aspects of the directive. Legislatures in multiple countries outside of the EU have also enacted or drafted legislation to implement the OECD's minimum tax proposals. In July 2023, the OECD published Administrative Guidance proposing certain safe harbor provisions, including an effective rate test and a routine profits test, which if satisfied effectively delay effective dates of Pillar Two to January 1, 2027. The EU and a significant number of other countries have or are expected to implement the safe harbor in local legislation. Based on these safe harbor provisions, the Company currently expects that several material jurisdictions, including the U.S., Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, China, Singapore and Canada, will qualify for the safe harbor effectively extending the application of the global minimum tax until January 1, 2027. In June 2024, the OECD published a fourth set of Administrative Guidance on the Global Anti-Base Erosion Model rules ("GloBE"). The additional guidance covers deferred tax liability recapture, divergences between GloBE and accounting carrying values, allocation of cross-border current taxes, allocation of cross-border deferred taxes, allocation of profits and taxes in structures including flow-through entities, and treatment of securitization vehicles. This guidance is not expected to have a material impact in the short term due to the safe harbor provisions, effective for the years 2024 to 2026, published in the July 2023 Administrative Guidance. The Company will continue to monitor the developments and implementation of the OECD BEPS projects. Currently the Company does not meet the requirements for the application of Pillar One. After an assessment of the application of the safe harbor provisions on a global basis, the Company determined that there was not a material impact from the local adoption of the OECD Pillar Two proposals in 2025, but it is continuing to model the effect of these provisions on its future effective tax rate and cash taxes. On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") was signed into law. Key provisions of the OBBBA include the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the TCJA, impacting the period of cost recovery for capital expenditures, the calculation of allowable business interest expense, and the timing of deductions for domestic research and development expenses. The OBBBA also modifies international tax provisions to adjust tax rate increases scheduled for January 2026, the amount of allowable foreign tax credits to offset deemed income inclusions in the U.S., and the required allocation of U.S. expenses such as interest and stewardship to specific categories of international income. Certain provisions which impact the Company are effective starting in 2025, while others are not effective until 2026. Although the Company is still actively evaluating the impacts of the OBBBA on its operations, it does not currently expect the OBBBA to have a material impact on its future effective tax rate and cash taxes once it becomes fully effective. The Company's tax returns have been under audit for the years 2013 through 2015 by the United States, Netherlands and Germany (the "Authorities"). In September 2021, the Company received a draft joint audit report proposing adjustments to transfer pricing and the reallocation of income between the related jurisdictions. The Authorities also proposed to apply these adjustments to open tax years through 2019. The Company and the Authorities were unable to reach an agreement jointly and therefore the audits continued on a separate jurisdictional basis. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company concluded settlement discussions with the Dutch tax authority. In the third quarter of 2024, the Company concluded settlement discussions with the German tax authority related to the German transfer pricing audit. The Company is engaged in continuing discussions with the U.S. tax authority on joint audit matters, as well as other separate matters, and is currently evaluating all additional potential remedies regarding the ongoing examinations. In addition, the Company's income tax returns in Mexico are under audit for the years 2018 through 2020, in Canada for the years 2016 through 2022, in the U.S. for the years 2016 through 2020, and in Germany for the years after 2012. In August 2023, the Company negotiated a partial settlement with the Mexico tax authorities for its audit for the year 2018. The partial settlement did not have a material impact on income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company is in discussions with the Mexican tax authorities regarding the preliminary findings from the 2019 audit. In September 2023, the Canadian tax authorities opened tax audits for the years 2019 through 2022, and the audits are in the preliminary stages. The Company is in ongoing discussions regarding the audit findings with the Canadian tax authorities for the years 2016 through 2018 and does not expect a material impact to income tax expense resulting from the audit. The audit in the U.S. for the years 2016 through 2020 is in the data gathering phase. In the first quarter of 2025, the Company began settlement discussions with the German tax authorities on certain matters related to the German audit for the years after 2007, and in the second quarter of 2025, the Company concluded settlement discussions with the German tax authorities for the years 2008 through 2012. The associated tax effects from the settlement discussions are included in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The Company will record the impacts of any additional audit settlements as they are concluded but currently does not expect additional material impacts to the consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2025, the Company believes that an adequate provision for income taxes has been made for all open tax years related to the examinations by governmental authorities. However, the outcome of tax audits cannot be predicted with certainty. If any issues raised by the governmental authorities are resolved in a manner inconsistent with the Company's expectations or the Company is unsuccessful in defending its position, the Company could be required to adjust its provision for income taxes in the period such resolution occurs. If required, any such adjustments could be material to the statements of operations and cash flows in the period(s) recorded.

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