<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001047469-17-002195.txt : 20170330
<SEC-HEADER>0001047469-17-002195.hdr.sgml : 20170330
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20170330151512
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001047469-17-002195
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-3ASR
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		14
FILED AS OF DATE:		20170330
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20170330
EFFECTIVENESS DATE:		20170330

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001062231
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	MOTOR VEHICLE PARTS & ACCESSORIES [3714]
		IRS NUMBER:				383161171
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3ASR
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-217033
		FILM NUMBER:		17725373

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211-1198
		BUSINESS PHONE:		3137583600

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211-1198

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Alpha SPV I Inc
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001702439
		IRS NUMBER:				820899291
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3ASR
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-217033-01
		FILM NUMBER:		17725374

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		1 DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211
		BUSINESS PHONE:		3137582000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		1 DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Oxford Forge, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001525270
		IRS NUMBER:				830500168
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3ASR
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-217033-02
		FILM NUMBER:		17725375

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211
		BUSINESS PHONE:		313-758-2000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			MSP Industries Corp
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001525271
		IRS NUMBER:				382382767
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			MI
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3ASR
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-217033-03
		FILM NUMBER:		17725376

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211
		BUSINESS PHONE:		313-758-2000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			AccuGear, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001525274
		IRS NUMBER:				263788013
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3ASR
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-217033-06
		FILM NUMBER:		17725379

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211
		BUSINESS PHONE:		313-758-2000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			AAM International Holdings, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001525275
		IRS NUMBER:				383439761
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3ASR
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-217033-07
		FILM NUMBER:		17725380

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211
		BUSINESS PHONE:		313-758-2000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001084331
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	MOTOR VEHICLE PARTS & ACCESSORIES [3714]
		IRS NUMBER:				383138388
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3ASR
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-217033-08
		FILM NUMBER:		17725381

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		1840 HOLBROOK AVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48212
		BUSINESS PHONE:		3139742000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		1840 HOLBROOK AVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48212

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Colfor Manufacturing, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001525273
		IRS NUMBER:				341834325
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3ASR
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-217033-04
		FILM NUMBER:		17725377

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211
		BUSINESS PHONE:		313-758-2000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Auburn Hills Manufacturing, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001525272
		IRS NUMBER:				263005324
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3ASR
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-217033-05
		FILM NUMBER:		17725378

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211
		BUSINESS PHONE:		313-758-2000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE DAUCH DRIVE
		CITY:			DETROIT
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48211

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	DieTronik, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20110708
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-3ASR
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>a2231505zs-3asr.htm
<DESCRIPTION>S-3ASR
<TEXT>
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<P><FONT SIZE=3 >
Use these links to rapidly review the document<BR>
<A HREF="#bg74701_table_of_contents">  TABLE OF CONTENTS</A><BR></font>
</P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>

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</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March&nbsp;30, 2017  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> Registration No.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B><BR>  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> <div style="width:100%;border-top:solid #000000 3.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;font-size:3.0pt;"></div>
<div style="width:100%;border-top:solid #000000 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;font-size:4.0pt;"></div>  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION<BR>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><B>Washington, D.C. 20549  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><I>

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<BR>  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Form&nbsp;S-3<BR>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><B>REGISTRATION STATEMENT<BR>
UNDER<BR>
THE SECURITIES ACT OF&nbsp;1933  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><I>

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<BR>  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>
 <!-- User-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0>
<TR><!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS SET -->
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS END --></TR>

<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Delaware</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(State or other jurisdiction<BR>
of&nbsp;incorporation&nbsp;of&nbsp;organization)</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> One Dauch Drive<BR>
Detroit, Michigan 48211<BR>
(313)&nbsp;758-2000</B></FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> 38-3138388</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(I.R.S. employer<BR>
Identification No.)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(Address
including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices) </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>
 <!-- User-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0>
<TR><!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS SET -->
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS END --></TR>

<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Delaware</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(State or other jurisdiction<BR>
of&nbsp;incorporation&nbsp;or&nbsp;organization)</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> One Dauch Drive<BR>
Detroit, Michigan 48211<BR>
(313)&nbsp;758-2000</B></FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> 38-3161171</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(I.R.S. employer<BR>
Identification No.)<BR></FONT>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(Address
including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices) </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>AAM International Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>
 <!-- User-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0>
<TR><!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS SET -->
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS END --></TR>

<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Delaware</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(State or other jurisdiction<BR>
of&nbsp;incorporation&nbsp;or&nbsp;organization)</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> One Dauch Drive<BR>
Detroit, Michigan 48211<BR>
(313)&nbsp;758-2000</B></FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> 38-3439761</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(I.R.S. Employer<BR>
Identification No.)<BR></FONT>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(Address,
including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices) </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>AccuGear,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>
 <!-- User-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0>
<TR><!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS SET -->
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS END --></TR>

<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Delaware</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(State or other jurisdiction<BR>
of&nbsp;incorporation&nbsp;or&nbsp;organization)</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> One Dauch Drive<BR>
Detroit, Michigan 46818<BR>
(313)&nbsp;758-2000</B></FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> 26-3788013</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(I.R.S. Employer<BR>
Identification No.)<BR></FONT>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(Address,
including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices) </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Alpha SPV I,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>
 <!-- User-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0>
<TR><!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS SET -->
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS END --></TR>

<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Delaware</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(State or other jurisdiction<BR>
of&nbsp;incorporation&nbsp;or&nbsp;organization)</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> One Dauch Drive<BR>
Detroit, Michigan 48211<BR>
(313)&nbsp;758-2000</B></FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> 38-316171</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(I.R.S. Employer<BR>
Identification No.)<BR></FONT>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(Address,
including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices) </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Auburn Hills Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>
 <!-- User-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0>
<TR><!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS SET -->
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS END --></TR>

<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Delaware</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(State or other jurisdiction<BR>
of&nbsp;incorporation&nbsp;or&nbsp;organization)</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> One Dauch Drive<BR>
Detroit, Michigan 48211<BR>
(313)&nbsp;758-2000</B></FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> 26-3005324</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(I.R.S. Employer<BR>
Identification No.)<BR></FONT>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(Address,
including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices) </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Colfor Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>
 <!-- User-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0>
<TR><!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS SET -->
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="31%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS END --></TR>

<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Delaware</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(State or other jurisdiction<BR>
of&nbsp;incorporation&nbsp;or&nbsp;organization)</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> One Dauch Drive<BR>
Detroit, Michigan 48211<BR>
(313)&nbsp;758-2000</B></FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> 34-1834325</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(I.R.S. Employer<BR>
Identification No.)<BR></FONT>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(Address,
including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices) </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>MSP Industries Corporation<BR>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) </FONT></P>
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<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Michigan</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(State or other jurisdiction<BR>
of&nbsp;incorporation&nbsp;or&nbsp;organization)</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> One Dauch Drive<BR>
Detroit, Michigan 48211<BR>
(313)&nbsp;758-2000</B></FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> 38-2382767</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(I.R.S. Employer<BR>
Identification No.)<BR></FONT>
</TD>
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<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(Address,
including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices) </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Oxford Forge,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1>Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) </FONT></P>
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<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Delaware</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(State or other jurisdiction<BR>
of&nbsp;incorporation&nbsp;or&nbsp;organization)</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> One Dauch Drive<BR>
Detroit, Michigan 48211<BR>
(313)&nbsp;758-2000</B></FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> 83-0500168</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1><BR>
(I.R.S. Employer<BR>
Identification No.)<BR></FONT>
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<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(Address,
including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices) </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><I>

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<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>David E. Barnes<BR>
American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
One Dauch Drive<BR>
Detroit, Michigan 48211<BR>
(313)&nbsp;758-2000  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service for the registrants) </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><I>

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<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Copies to:</B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Lisa L. Jacobs, Esq.<BR>
Shearman&nbsp;&amp; Sterling&nbsp;LLP<BR>
599 Lexington Avenue<BR>
New York, New York 10022<BR>
(212)&nbsp;848-4000  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><I>

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<BR>  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:<BR>
From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement.  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If the only securities being registered on this form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans,
please check the following
box.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<FONT FACE="WINGDINGS">&#111;</FONT> </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to
Rule&nbsp;415 under the Securities Act of
1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<FONT FACE="WINGDINGS">&#253;</FONT> </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(b) under the Securities Act,
please check the following box
and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<FONT FACE="WINGDINGS">&#111;</FONT> </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following
box and list the Securities Act
registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<FONT FACE="WINGDINGS">&#111;</FONT> </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If this form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction&nbsp;I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that
shall become effective upon filing
with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<FONT FACE="WINGDINGS">&#253;</FONT> </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If this form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction&nbsp;I.D. filed
to register additional securities
or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule&nbsp;413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<FONT FACE="WINGDINGS">&#111;</FONT> </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or
a smaller reporting company. See the
definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule&nbsp;12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): </FONT></P>
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<TD WIDTH="19%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="78pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>Large&nbsp;accelerated&nbsp;filer&nbsp;<FONT FACE="WINGDINGS">&#253;</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>Accelerated&nbsp;filer&nbsp;<FONT FACE="WINGDINGS">&#111;</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>Non-accelerated&nbsp;filer&nbsp;<FONT FACE="WINGDINGS">&#111;</FONT><BR></FONT> <FONT SIZE=1>(Do not check if a<BR>
smaller&nbsp;reporting&nbsp;company)</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>Smaller&nbsp;reporting&nbsp;company&nbsp;<FONT FACE="WINGDINGS">&#111;</FONT></FONT></TD>
</TR>
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 <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE  </B></FONT></P>
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<TD WIDTH="96" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:2pt;text-indent:-2pt;"><FONT SIZE=1> </FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR style="font-size:1.5pt;" VALIGN="TOP">
<TD COLSPAN=7 VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;border-bottom:double #000000 2.25pt;">&nbsp;</TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TH ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Title of Each Class of<BR>
Securities to be Registered</B></FONT><BR></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Amount to be<BR>
Registered</B></FONT><BR></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Proposed Maximum<BR>
Aggregate<BR>
Offering Price</B></FONT><BR></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Amount of<BR>
Registration<BR>
Fee</B></FONT><BR></TH>
</TR>
<TR style="font-size:1.5pt;" VALIGN="TOP">
<TD COLSPAN=7 VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;">&nbsp;</TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:2pt;text-indent:-2pt;"><FONT SIZE=1><B> </B></FONT><FONT SIZE=1>Debt Securities, Guarantees(2), Warrants to Purchase Debt Securities, Preferred Stock, Common Stock, Warrants to Purchase Common Stock,</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(1)</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(1)</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>(1)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR style="font-size:1.5pt;" VALIGN="TOP">
<TD COLSPAN=7 VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;border-bottom:double #000000 2.25pt;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:2pt;text-indent:-2pt;"> &nbsp;</TD>
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<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-9pt;'><FONT SIZE=1>(1)</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>An
unspecified aggregate initial offering price or number of the securities of each identified class is being registered as may from time to time be offered at
unspecified prices. Separate consideration may or may not be received for securities that are issuable on exercise, conversion or exchange of other securities. In accordance with Rules&nbsp;456(b)
and 457(r) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrants are deferring payment of all of the registration fee and will pay the registration fee subsequently in advance or on a
pay-as-you-go basis.
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-9pt;'><FONT SIZE=1>(2)</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>In
accordance with Rule&nbsp;457(n), no separate consideration will be received for the guarantees. AAM International Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. ,
AccuGear,&nbsp;Inc., Alpha SPV I,&nbsp;Inc., Auburn Hills Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., Colfor Manufacturing&nbsp;Inc., MSP Industries Corporation, Oxford Forge,&nbsp;Inc., and certain future
subsidiaries may, jointly or severally, fully, irrevocably and unconditionally guarantee on an unsecured basis the debt securities of American Axle Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.  </FONT></DD></DL>
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<div style="width:100%;border-top:solid #000000 3.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;font-size:4.0pt;"></div> </FONT></P>

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</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>PROSPECTUS</B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>
<IMG SRC="g1003886.jpg" ALT="LOGO" WIDTH="103" HEIGHT="114">
  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=4><B>AMERICAN AXLE&nbsp;&amp; MANUFACTURING,&nbsp;INC.<BR>
AMERICAN&nbsp;AXLE&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;MANUFACTURING&nbsp;HOLDINGS,&nbsp;INC.<BR>
AAM International Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
AccuGear,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
Alpha SPV I,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
Auburn Hills Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
Colfor Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
MSP Industries Corporation<BR>
Oxford Forge,&nbsp;Inc.  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=4><I>

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<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=4><B>Debt Securities<BR>
Guarantees<BR>
Warrants to Purchase Debt Securities<BR>
Warrants to Purchase Common Stock<BR>
Common Stock<BR>
Preferred Stock  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=4><I>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We will provide the specific terms of these securities in supplements or term sheets to this prospectus and whether an offer will be made by us, a
selling security holder or both. You should read this prospectus, the prospectus supplements and term sheets carefully before you invest. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
will not use this prospectus to confirm sales of any securities unless it is attached to a prospectus supplement or a term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American
Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.'s common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "AXL." </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=3><B>Investments in our securities involve risks. See "Risk Factors" beginning on page&nbsp;1 of this prospectus.</B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=3><I>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these
securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.</B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>

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<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>THE
DATE OF THIS PROSPECTUS IS MARCH&nbsp;30, 2017. </FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="BG74701A_main_toc"></A> </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
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<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  TABLE OF CONTENTS    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>
<A NAME="BG74701_TOC"></A> </FONT></P>
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<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH COLSPAN=2 ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Page </B></FONT></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
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<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_risk_factors"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>RISK FACTORS</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_risk_factors"><FONT SIZE=2>1</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_where_you_can_find_more_information"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_where_you_can_find_more_information"><FONT SIZE=2>1</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_american_axle___manufacturing"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>AMERICAN AXLE&nbsp;&amp; MANUFACTURING</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_american_axle___manufacturing"><FONT SIZE=2>2</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_use_of_proceeds"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>USE OF PROCEEDS</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_use_of_proceeds"><FONT SIZE=2>3</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_prospectus"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>PROSPECTUS</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_prospectus"><FONT SIZE=2>3</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_prospectus_supplement_or_term_sheet_1"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT OR TERM SHEET</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_prospectus_supplement_or_term_sheet_1"><FONT SIZE=2>4</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_forward-looking_statements"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#da74701_forward-looking_statements"><FONT SIZE=2>4</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#dc74701_description_of_debt_securities"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#dc74701_description_of_debt_securities"><FONT SIZE=2>6</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#di74701_description_of_guarantees"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>DESCRIPTION OF GUARANTEES</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#di74701_description_of_guarantees"><FONT SIZE=2>37</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#di74701_description_of_debt_warrants"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>DESCRIPTION OF DEBT WARRANTS</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#di74701_description_of_debt_warrants"><FONT SIZE=2>37</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#di74701_description_of_warrants_to_purchase_common_stock"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS TO PURCHASE COMMON STOCK</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#di74701_description_of_warrants_to_purchase_common_stock"><FONT SIZE=2>39</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#di74701_description_of_common_stock"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>DESCRIPTION OF COMMON STOCK</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#di74701_description_of_common_stock"><FONT SIZE=2>41</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#di74701_description_of_preferred_stock"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED STOCK</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#di74701_description_of_preferred_stock"><FONT SIZE=2>45</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#dk74701_special_provisions_relating_to__spe02628"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO FOREIGN CURRENCY DEBT SECURITIES</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#dk74701_special_provisions_relating_to__spe02628"><FONT SIZE=2>49</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#dk74701_plan_of_distribution"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#dk74701_plan_of_distribution"><FONT SIZE=2>51</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#dk74701_legal_matters"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>LEGAL MATTERS</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#dk74701_legal_matters"><FONT SIZE=2>53</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#dk74701_experts"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>EXPERTS</FONT></A></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><A HREF="#dk74701_experts"><FONT SIZE=2>53</FONT></A></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
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<BR></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><B>You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and in any accompanying prospectus supplement. No one has been
authorized to provide you with different information.</B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><B>The securities are not being offered in any jurisdiction where the offer is not permitted.</B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><B>You should not assume that the information contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement is accurate as of any date
other than the date on the front of the documents.</B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>i</FONT></P>

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</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="da74701_risk_factors"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_da74701_1"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  RISK FACTORS    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your investment in the securities involves certain risks. In consultation with your own financial and legal advisers, you should carefully
consider whether an investment in the securities is suitable for you. The securities are not an appropriate investment for you if you do not understand the terms of the securities or financial matters
generally. Risks relating to the securities will be set forth in the relevant prospectus supplement for the offering of such securities. In addition, certain factors that may adversely affect the
business of AAM&nbsp;Inc. (as defined below) or Holdings (as defined below) are discussed in our periodic reports referred to in "Where You Can Find More Information," below. For example, Holdings'
Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2016, contains a discussion of significant risks that could be relevant to an investment in the securities. You should
not purchase the securities described in this prospectus unless you understand and know you can bear all of the investment risks involved. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="da74701_where_you_can_find_more_information"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_da74701_2"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We are required to comply with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and, in
accordance with those requirements, we file combined reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Unless the context otherwise requires,
references in this prospectus to the "company," "we," "our," and "us" shall mean collectively (i)&nbsp;American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., or AAM&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation,
and its direct and indirect subsidiaries and (ii)&nbsp;American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc., or Holdings, a Delaware corporation and the direct parent corporation of
AAM&nbsp;Inc. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You
can call the SEC's toll-free number at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and
other information regarding companies like ours that file with the SEC electronically. The documents can be found by searching the EDGAR archives at the SEC's website or can be inspected and copied at
the Public Reference Section of the SEC located at 100&nbsp;F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Our SEC filings and other information about us may also be obtained from our website at www.aam.com,
although information on our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus. Material that we have filed may also be inspected at the library of the New York Stock Exchange, 20 Broad Street, New
York, New York 10005. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
SEC allows us to "incorporate by reference" the information we file with them, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents that
are considered part of this prospectus. Later information that we file will automatically update and supersede this information. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any future
filings we make with the SEC under Section&nbsp;13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (other than information furnished under Items&nbsp;2.02 or 7.01 of Form&nbsp;8-K) (i)&nbsp;after
the date of the filing of this registration statement and prior to effectiveness and (ii)&nbsp;until the offering of the particular securities covered by a prospectus supplement or term sheet has
been completed. This prospectus is part of a registration statement filed with the SEC. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
are incorporating by reference into this prospectus the following documents filed with the SEC (excluding any portions of such documents that have been "furnished" but not "filed" for
purposes of the Exchange Act):</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Holdings' Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2016 filed with the SEC on February&nbsp;10, 2017,
as amended by Holdings' Amendment No.&nbsp;1 to Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K/A filed with the SEC on March&nbsp;6, 2017. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Holdings' Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed with the SEC on November&nbsp;3, 2016, as amended by Amendment No.&nbsp;1 on
Form&nbsp;8-K/A filed on March&nbsp;6, 2017, and the Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>1</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>filed
on January&nbsp;24, 2017, February&nbsp;23, 2017 (with respect to Item&nbsp;8.01 information only), March&nbsp;6, 2017, March&nbsp;7, 2017 (with respect to Item&nbsp;8.01 information
only), March&nbsp;9, 2017, March&nbsp;23, 2017 and March&nbsp;29, 2017. </FONT></P>

</UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The description of our common stock contained in our Registration Statement on From 8-A filed pursuant to Section&nbsp;12(b) of the Exchange
Act including any amendment or report updating such description. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> the following sections from Holdings' Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-4/A filed by Holdings on March&nbsp;6, 2017:
"Summary&#151;General&#151;The Merger," "&#151;General&#151;The Companies," "&#151;General&#151;Merger Consideration to be Received by MPG Stockholders,"
"&#151;General&#151;AAM Board of Directors Following Completion of the Merger," "&#151;The Merger Agreement," "&#151;The Voting Agreement," "&#151;The Stockholders'
Agreement," and "&#151;Financing;" "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements;" "The Companies;" and "Financing Related to the Merger." </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus are available from us upon request. We will provide a copy of any and all of the information that is incorporated by reference
in this prospectus to any person, without charge, upon written or oral request. Requests for such copies should be directed to the following: </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>American
Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
Attention: Investor Relations<BR>
One Dauch Drive<BR>
Detroit, Michigan 48211-1198<BR>
Telephone Number: (313)&nbsp;758-4814 </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Except
as provided above, no other information, including, but not limited to, information on our websites is incorporated by reference in this prospectus. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="da74701_american_axle___manufacturing"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_da74701_3"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  AMERICAN AXLE&nbsp;&amp; MANUFACTURING    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We are a global Tier&nbsp;I supplier to the automotive industry. We manufacture, engineer, design and validate driveline and drivetrain
systems and related components and chassis modules for light trucks, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), crossover vehicles, passenger cars and commercial vehicles. Driveline and drivetrain systems include
components that transfer power from the transmission and deliver it to the drive wheels. Our driveline, drivetrain and related products include axles, driveheads, chassis modules, driveshafts, power
transfer units, transfer cases, chassis and steering components, transmission parts, electric drive systems and metal-formed products. In addition to locations in the United States (U.S.) (Michigan,
Ohio and Indiana), we also have offices or facilities in Brazil, China, Germany, India, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Poland, Scotland, South Korea, Sweden and Thailand. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
are the principal supplier of driveline components to General Motors Company (GM) for its full-size rear-wheel drive (RWD) light trucks and SUVs manufactured in North America,
supplying substantially all of GM's rear axle and four-wheel drive and all-wheel drive (4WD/AWD) axle requirements for these vehicle platforms. Sales to GM were approximately 67% of our consolidated
net sales in 2016, 66% in 2015, and 68% in 2014. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
are the sole-source supplier to GM for certain axles and other driveline products for the life of each GM vehicle program covered by Lifetime Program Contracts and Long Term Program
Contracts (collectively,&nbsp;LPCs). Substantially all of our sales to GM are made under purchase orders pursuant to the&nbsp;LPCs. The&nbsp;LPCs have terms equal to the lives of the relevant
vehicle programs or their respective derivatives, which typically run five to seven years, and require us to remain competitive with respect to technology, design, quality and cost. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>2</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
also supply driveline system products to FCA US&nbsp;LLC (FCA) for heavy-duty Ram full-size pickup trucks and its derivatives, the AWD Jeep Cherokee, and a passenger car driveshaft
program. Sales to FCA were approximately 18% of our consolidated net sales in 2016, 20% in 2015 and 18% in 2014. In addition to GM and FCA, we supply driveline systems and other related components to
Nissan Motor&nbsp;Co.,&nbsp;Ltd. (Nissan), Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen AG (Volkswagen), Audi AG (Audi), Jaguar Land Rover Automotive&nbsp;PLC (JLR), Honda Motor&nbsp;Co.,&nbsp;Ltd., Ford Motor
Company (Ford), PACCAR&nbsp;Inc., Daimler Truck, AB Volvo (Volvo), Harley-Davidson&nbsp;Inc. and other original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and Tier&nbsp;I supplier companies such as
Jatco&nbsp;Ltd. and Hino Motors&nbsp;Ltd. Our consolidated net sales to customers other than GM were $1,287.8&nbsp;million in 2016 as compared to $1,317.1&nbsp;million in 2015 and
$1,199.9&nbsp;million in 2014. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Our
principal served market is the driveline market, which consists of driveline, drivetrain, and related components, including metal-formed products and chassis modules for light
trucks, SUVs, crossover vehicles, passenger cars and commercial vehicles, in the regions in which we compete. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="da74701_use_of_proceeds"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_da74701_4"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  USE OF PROCEEDS    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Except as may be described otherwise in a prospectus supplement or term sheet, we will add the net proceeds from the sale of the securities
under this prospectus to our general funds and will use them for working capital and other general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, reducing or refinancing indebtedness or
funding acquisitions. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="da74701_prospectus"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_da74701_5"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  PROSPECTUS    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we filed with the SEC utilizing a "shelf" registration process. Under this shelf
process, any combination of the following securities may be sold in one or more offerings:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> debt securities ("debt securities"), which may be either senior (the "senior securities") or subordinated (the "subordinated securities"),
unsecured ("unsecured debt securities") or secured ("secured debt securities") guaranteed by Holdings and/or certain subsidiaries which may include AAM International Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.,
AccuGear,&nbsp;Inc., Alpha SPV I,&nbsp;Inc.(which will merge with and into Metaldyne Performance Group,&nbsp;Inc. ("MPG") pursuant to the definitive merger agreement among Holdings, MPG and
Alpha SPV I,&nbsp;Inc. dated November&nbsp;3, 2016 pursuant to which AAM will acquire MPG) Auburn Hills Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., Colfor Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., MSP Industries Corporation
and Oxford Forge,&nbsp;Inc. (collectively, the "Subsidiary Guarantors," and, together with Holdings, the "Guarantors"); </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> warrants to purchase debt securities ("debt warrants"); </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> shares of the common stock of Holdings ("common stock"); </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> shares of Holdings' preferred stock ("preferred stock"); or </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> warrants to purchase common stock of Holdings ("common stock warrants," and the shares underlying such common stock warrants, the "warrant
shares"). </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
terms of the securities will be determined at the time of offering. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
will refer to the debt securities, debt warrants, common stock warrants, warrant shares, the guarantees of the debt securities, common stock and preferred stock, or any combination of
those securities, proposed to be sold under this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet as the "offered securities." The offered securities, together with any debt
securities, common stock and preferred stock issuable upon exercise of debt warrants, common stock warrants, warrant shares or conversion or exchange of other offered securities, as applicable, will
be referred to as the "securities." </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>3</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You
should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or prospectus supplement. We have not authorized any other person to provide you with
different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the
offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus, prospectus supplement, or any documents incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the date
on the front cover of the applicable document. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since then. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="da74701_prospectus_supplement_or_term_sheet_1"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_da74701_6"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT OR TERM SHEET    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This prospectus provides you with a general description of the debt securities, warrants to purchase debt securities, common stock warrants,
warrant shares, common stock and preferred stock we may offer. Each time we sell securities, we will provide a prospectus supplement or term sheet that will contain specific information about the
terms of that offering and whether securities are being offered by us, a selling security holder or both. The prospectus supplement or term sheet to be attached to the front of this prospectus will
describe: the terms of the securities offered, any initial public offering price, the price paid to us for the securities, the net proceeds to us, the manner of distribution and any underwriting
compensation and the other specific material terms related to the offering of these securities. The prospectus supplement or term sheet may also add to, update or change information contained in this
prospectus, and accordingly, to the extent inconsistent, information in this prospectus is superseded by the information in the prospectus supplement or term sheet. You should read both this
prospectus and any prospectus supplement or term sheet together with the additional information described under the heading "Where You Can Find More Information." </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For
more detail on the terms of the securities, you should read the exhibits filed with or incorporated by reference in our Registration Statement. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="da74701_forward-looking_statements"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_da74701_7"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Certain statements contained in this prospectus, or any accompanying prospectus supplement and the documents incorporated herein or therein by
reference are forward-looking in
nature, such as statements concerning our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, and future events or performance. Such statements are "forward-looking" statements within the
meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and relate to trends and events that may affect our future financial position and operating results. The terms such as "will," "may,"
"could," "would," "plan," "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "project," "target," and similar words or expressions, as well as statements in future tense, are intended to identify
forward-looking statements. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Forward-looking
statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by, which such
performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made and/or management's good faith belief as of that time with
respect to future events and are subject to risks and may differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences
include, but are not limited to:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> reduced purchases of our products by General Motors Company (GM), FCA US&nbsp;LLC (FCA), or other customers; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> reduced demand for our customers' products (particularly light trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) produced by GM and FCA); </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our ability to develop and produce new products that reflect market demand; </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>4</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> lower-than-anticipated market acceptance of new or existing products; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our ability to respond to changes in technology, increased competition or pricing pressures; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our ability to attract new customers and programs for new products; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our ability to consummate and integrate acquisitions and joint ventures; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> risks inherent in our international operations (including adverse changes in trade agreements, tariffs, immigration policies, political
stability, taxes and other law changes, potential disruptions of production and supply, and currency rate fluctuations, including those resulting from the recent United States presidential election
and the United Kingdom's vote to exit the European Union); </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> negative or unexpected tax consequences; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> liabilities arising from warranty claims, product recall or field actions, product liability and legal proceedings to which we are or may
become a party, or the impact of product recall or field actions on our customers; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our ability to achieve the level of cost reductions required to sustain global cost competitiveness; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> supply shortages or price increases in raw materials, utilities or other operating supplies for us or our customers as a result of natural
disasters or otherwise; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our ability or our customers' and suppliers' ability to successfully launch new product programs on a timely basis; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our ability to realize the expected revenues from our new and incremental business backlog; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> risks related to a failure of our information technology systems and networks, and risks associated with current and emerging technology
threats and damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber attack and other similar disruptions; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> global economic conditions; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our ability to maintain satisfactory labor relations and avoid work stoppages; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our suppliers', our customers' and their suppliers' ability to maintain satisfactory labor relations and avoid work stoppages; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> price volatility in, or reduced availability of, fuel; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our ability to protect our intellectual property and successfully defend against assertions made against us; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our ability to attract and retain key associates; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> availability of financing for working capital, capital expenditures, research and development (R&amp;D) or other general corporate purposes
including acquisitions, as well as our ability to comply with financial covenants; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our customers' and suppliers' availability of financing for working capital, capital expenditures, R&amp;D or other general corporate purposes; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> changes in liabilities arising from pension and other postretirement benefit obligations; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> risks of noncompliance with environmental laws and regulations or risks of environmental issues that could result in unforeseen costs at our
facilities; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> adverse changes in laws, government regulations or market conditions affecting our products or our customers' products (such as the Corporate
Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations); </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> our ability or our customers' and suppliers' ability to comply with the Dodd-Frank Act and other regulatory requirements and the potential
costs of such compliance; and </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> other unanticipated events and conditions that may hinder our ability to compete. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>5</FONT></P>

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<UL>
</UL>
</UL>
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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It is not possible to foresee or identify all such factors and we make no commitment to update any forward-looking statement or to disclose any facts, events or
circumstances after the date hereof that may affect the accuracy of any forward-looking statement. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="dc74701_description_of_debt_securities"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_dc74701_1"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We may issue debt securities in one or more distinct series. This section summarizes the material terms of the debt securities that are common
to all series. Most of the financial terms and other specific material terms of any series of debt securities that we offer will be described in a prospectus supplement or term sheet to be attached to
the front of this prospectus. Furthermore, since the terms of specific debt securities may differ from the general information we have provided below, you should rely on information in the prospectus
supplement or term sheet that contradicts different information below. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As
required by federal law for all debt securities of companies that are publicly offered, the debt securities are governed by a document called an "indenture." An indenture is a
contract between us and a financial institution acting as trustee on your behalf. Unless otherwise indicated in a prospectus supplement, the trustee will be U.S. Bank National Association. The trustee
has two main roles. First, the trustee can enforce your rights against us if we default. There are some limitations on the extent to which the trustee acts on your behalf, described in the sixth
paragraph under "Events of Default." Second, the trustee performs certain administrative duties for us. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
term "trustee" refers to the senior trustee or the subordinated trustee, as appropriate. We will refer to the indenture that governs the debt securities, as amended from time to
time, as the "Indenture." The Indenture is subject to and governed by the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the "TIA"). </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
following summary does not purport to be complete, and is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the debt securities and the
Indenture. We urge you to read the Indenture and the form of the debt securities, which you may obtain from us upon request. As used in this description, all references to "AAM&nbsp;Inc.," "our
company," the "issuer," "we," "us" or "our" mean American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., excluding, unless otherwise expressly stated or the context otherwise requires, its subsidiaries,
including those acting as Subsidiary Guarantors, and all references to "Holdings" mean American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc., our parent corporation, excluding, unless otherwise
expressly stated or the context otherwise requires, its subsidiaries. Holdings has no material operations or assets other than its ownership of 100% of the issued and outstanding common stock of
American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., the issuer, and Alpha SPV&nbsp;I, Inc. The Subsidiary Guarantors are wholly-owned subsidiaries of American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc,
with the exception of Alpha SPV&nbsp;I, Inc., which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Holdings. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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General  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The debt securities will be AAM&nbsp;Inc.'s obligations which may be secured or unsecured. The senior unsecured securities will rank equally
with all of our other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness and will be guaranteed by Holdings and/or any Subsidiary Guarantors, if applicable. The Holdings guarantee and any Subsidiary guarantees
will rank equally with all of their other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. Terms of secured debt securities and the related Holdings guarantee and any Subsidiary guarantees will be more
fully described in a prospectus supplement. The subordinated securities will be subordinated in right of payment to the prior payment in full of AAM&nbsp;Inc.'s senior indebtedness as more fully
described in a prospectus supplement or term sheet. The subordinated debt securities will be guaranteed on a subordinated basis by Holdings, and, if applicable, the Subsidiary Guarantors, as more
fully described in a prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>6</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
Indenture provides that any debt securities proposed to be sold under this prospectus and the attached prospectus supplement or term sheet, including the guarantee by Holdings and
any Subsidiary guarantees ("offered debt securities") and any debt securities issuable upon the exercise of debt warrants or upon conversion or exchange of other offered securities ("underlying debt
securities"), as well as other unsecured debt securities, may be issued under the Indenture in one or more series. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You
should read the prospectus supplement or term sheet for the material terms of the offered debt securities and any underlying debt securities, including the
following:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The title of the debt securities and whether the debt securities will be senior securities or subordinated securities. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The total principal amount of the debt securities and any limit on the total principal amount of debt securities of the series. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If not the principal amount of the debt securities, the portion of the principal amount payable upon acceleration of the maturity of the debt
securities or how this portion will be determined. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The date or dates, or how the date or dates will be determined or extended, when the principal of the debt securities will be payable. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The interest rate or rates, which may be fixed or variable, that the debt securities will bear, if any, or how the rate or rates will be
determined, the date or dates from which any interest will accrue or how the date or dates will be determined, the interest payment dates, any record dates for these payments and the basis upon which
interest will be calculated if other than that of a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Any optional redemption provisions. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether debt securities are secured and the terms of such security interests. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether debt securities are not to be guaranteed by Holdings and any modifications to such guarantee. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether debt securities are guaranteed by any Subsidiary Guarantors and any deletions from, modifications to, or additions to such guarantees,
Events of Default or covenants with respect to such guarantees. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Any sinking fund or other provisions that would obligate us to repurchase or otherwise redeem the debt securities. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If other than registered debt securities, the form in which we will issue the debt securities; whether we will have the option of issuing debt
securities in "certificated" form; whether we will have the option of issuing certificated debt securities in bearer form if we issue the securities outside the United States to non-U.S. persons; any
restrictions on the offer, sale or delivery of bearer securities and the terms, if any, upon which bearer securities of the series may be exchanged for registered securities of the series and vice
versa (if permitted by applicable laws and regulations). </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If other than U.S. dollars, the currency or currencies in which the debt securities are denominated and/or payable. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether the amount of payments of principal, premium or interest, if any, on the debt securities will be determined with reference to an index,
formula or other method (which could be based on one or more currencies, commodities, equity indices or other indices) and how these amounts will be determined. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>7</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The place or places, if any, other than or in addition to The City of New York, of payment, transfer, conversion and/or exchange of the debt
securities. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If other than denominations of $2,000 or any integral multiple of $1,000 thereafter in the case of registered securities issued in certificated
form and $5,000 in the case of bearer securities, the denominations in which the offered debt securities will be issued. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The applicability of the provisions of the Indenture under "Defeasance" and any provisions in modification of, in addition to or in lieu of any
of these provisions. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether and under what circumstances we will pay additional amounts in respect of any tax, assessment or governmental charge and, if so,
whether we will have the option to redeem the debt securities rather than pay the additional amounts (and the terms of this option). </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether the securities are subordinated and the terms of such subordination. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Any provisions granting special rights to the holders of the debt securities upon the occurrence of specified events. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Any changes or additions to the Events of Default or covenants contained in the Indenture. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether the debt securities will be convertible into or exchangeable for any other securities and the applicable terms and conditions. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Any other material terms of the debt securities and guarantees. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For
purposes of this prospectus, any reference to the payment of principal or premium or interest, if any, on the debt securities will include additional amounts if required by the terms
of the debt securities. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
Indenture does not limit the amount of debt securities that may be issued thereunder from time to time. Debt securities issued under the Indenture, when a single trustee is acting
for all debt securities issued under the Indenture, are called the "indenture securities." The Indenture also provides that there may be more than one trustee thereunder, each with respect to one or
more different series of indenture securities. See "Resignation of Trustee" below. At a time when two or more trustees are acting under the Indenture, each with respect to only certain series, the
term "indenture securities"
means the one or more series of debt securities with respect to which each respective trustee is acting. In the event that there is more than one trustee under the Indenture, the powers and trust
obligations of each trustee described in this prospectus will extend only to the one or more series of indenture securities for which it is trustee. If two or more trustees are acting under the
Indenture, then the indenture securities for which each trustee is acting would be treated as if issued under separate indentures. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
Indenture does not contain any provisions that give you protection in the event we issue a large amount of debt or we are acquired by another entity. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
refer you to the prospectus supplement or term sheet for information with respect to any deletions from, modifications of or additions to the Events of Default or our covenants that
are described below, including any addition of a covenant or other provision providing event risk or similar protection. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
have the ability to issue indenture securities with terms different from those of indenture securities previously issued and, without the consent of the holders thereof, to reopen a
previous issue of a series of indenture securities and issue additional indenture securities of that series unless the reopening was restricted when that series was created. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>8</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unless
otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet, the debt securities will be denominated in U.S. dollars and all payments on the debt securities will be
made in U.S. dollars. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payment
of the purchase price of the debt securities must be made in immediately available funds. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As
used in this prospectus, "Business Day" means any day, other than a Saturday or Sunday, that is neither a legal holiday nor a day on which commercial banks are authorized or required
by law, regulation or executive order to close in The City of New York; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>however</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, that, with
respect to foreign currency debt securities, the day is also not a day on which commercial banks are authorized or required by law, regulation or executive order to close in the Principal Financial
Center (as defined below) of the country issuing the specified currency (or, if the specified currency is the euro, the day is also a day on which the Trans-European Automated Real Time Gross
Settlement Express Transfer ("TARGET") System is operating, which we refer to as a "TARGET Business Day"); and </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>provided further</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> that, with respect to
debt securities as to which LIBOR is an applicable interest rate basis, the day is also a London Business Day. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"London
Business Day" means a day on which commercial banks are open for business (including dealings in the designated LIBOR Currency) in London. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Principal Financial Center"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means (i)&nbsp;the capital city of the country issuing the specified currency or (ii)&nbsp;the capital
city of the country to which the designated LIBOR Currency relates, as applicable, except that the term "Principal Financial Center" means the following cities in the case of the following currencies: </FONT></P>
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<TR><!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS SET -->
<TD WIDTH="119pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="32%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="128pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TH ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Currency </B></FONT></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Principal Financial Center </B></FONT></TH>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>U.S. dollars</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>The City of New York</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Australian dollars</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Sydney</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Canadian dollars</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Toronto</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>New Zealand dollars</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Auckland</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>South African rand</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Johannesburg</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Swiss francs</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Zurich</FONT></TD>
</TR>
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 <P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>and
in the event the LIBOR Currency is the euro, the "Principal Financial Center" is London. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
authorized denominations of debt securities denominated in U.S. dollars will be $2,000 and integral multiples of $1,000 thereafter. The authorized denominations of foreign currency
debt securities will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Optional Redemption, Repayment and Repurchase  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If specified in a prospectus supplement or term sheet, we may redeem the debt securities at our option, in whole at any time or in part from
time to time, at a redemption price as set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
will mail notice of any redemption at least 30&nbsp;days, but not more than 60&nbsp;days, before the date of redemption to each holder of the debt securities to be redeemed. If
less than all of the debt securities are to be redeemed at any time, the trustee will select debt securities to be redeemed on a pro rata basis or by any other method the trustee deems fair and
appropriate. Unless we default in payment of the redemption price, on and after the date of redemption, interest will cease to accrue on the debt securities or portions thereof called for redemption. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Regardless
of anything in this prospectus to the contrary, if a debt security is an OID Note (as defined below) (other than an Indexed Note), the amount payable in the event of
redemption or repayment prior to its stated maturity will be the amortized face amount on the redemption or </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>9</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>repayment
date, as the case may be. The amortized face amount of an OID Note will be equal to (i)&nbsp;the issue price specified in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet plus
(ii)&nbsp;that portion of the difference between the issue price and the principal amount of the OID Note that has accrued at the yield to maturity described in the prospectus supplement or term
sheet (computed in accordance with generally accepted U.S. bond yield computation principles) by the redemption or repayment date. However, in no case will the amortized face amount of an OID Note
exceed its principal amount. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
may at any time purchase debt securities at any price in the open market or otherwise. We may hold, resell or surrender for cancellation any debt securities that we purchase. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Conversion and Exchange  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If any debt securities are convertible into or exchangeable for other securities, the prospectus supplement or term sheet will explain the terms
and conditions of the conversion or exchange, including the conversion price or exchange ratio (or the calculation method), the conversion or exchange period (or how the period will be determined), if
conversion or exchange will be mandatory or at the option of the holder or us, provisions for adjusting the conversion price or the exchange ratio and provisions affecting conversion or exchange in
the event of the redemption of the underlying debt securities. These terms may also include provisions under which the number or amount of other securities to be received by the holders of the debt
securities upon conversion or exchange would be calculated according to the market price of the other securities as of a time stated in the prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Issuance of Securities in Registered Form  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We may issue the debt securities in registered form, in which case we will issue them in book-entry form only. Debt securities issued in
book-entry form will be represented by global securities. We also will have the option of issuing debt securities in non-registered form as bearer securities if we issue the securities outside the
United States to non-U.S. persons. In that case, the prospectus supplement or term sheet will set forth the mechanics for holding the bearer securities, including the procedures for receiving
payments, for exchanging the bearer securities for registered securities of the same series, and for receiving notices. The prospectus supplement or term sheet will also describe the requirements with
respect to our maintenance of offices or agencies outside the United States and the applicable U.S. federal tax law requirements. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Book-Entry Holders.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We will issue registered debt securities in book-entry form only, unless we specify otherwise in the applicable
prospectus
supplement or term sheet. This means debt securities will be represented by one or more global securities registered in the name of a depositary that will hold them on behalf of financial institutions
that participate in the depositary's book-entry system. These participating institutions, in turn, hold beneficial interests in the debt securities held by the depositary or its nominee. These
institutions may hold these interests on behalf of themselves or customers. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under
the Indenture, only the person in whose name a debt security is registered is recognized as the holder of that debt security. Consequently, for debt securities issued in book-entry
form, we will recognize only the depositary as the holder of the debt securities and we will make all payments on the debt securities to the depositary. The depositary will then pass along the
payments it receives to its participants, which, in turn, will pass the payments along to their customers who are the beneficial owners. The depositary and its participants do so under agreements they
have made with one another or with their customers; they are not obligated to do so under the terms of the debt securities. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As
a result, investors will not own debt securities directly. Instead, they will own beneficial interests in a global security, through a bank, broker or other financial institution that
participates in the depositary's book-entry system or holds an interest through a participant. As long as the debt securities </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>10</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>are
represented by one or more global securities, investors will be indirect holders, and not holders of the debt securities. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Street Name Holders.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the future, we may issue debt securities in certificated form or terminate a global security. In these cases,
investors may
choose to hold their debt securities in their own names or in "street name." Debt securities held in street name are registered in the name of a bank, broker or other financial institution chosen by
the investor, and the investor would hold a beneficial interest in those debt securities through the account he or she maintains at that institution. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For
debt securities held in street name, we will recognize only the intermediary banks, brokers and other financial institutions in whose names the debt securities are registered as the
holders of those debt securities and we will make all payments on those debt securities to them. These institutions will pass along the payments they receive to their customers who are the beneficial
owners, but only because they agree to do so in their customer agreements or because they are legally required to do so. Investors who hold debt securities in street name will be indirect holders, and
not holders, of the debt securities. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Legal Holders.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Our obligations, as well as the obligations of the applicable trustee and those of any third parties employed by us or
the applicable
trustee, run only to the legal holders of the debt securities. We do not have obligations to investors who hold beneficial interests in global securities, in street name or by any other indirect
means. This will be the case whether an investor chooses to be an indirect holder of a debt security or has no choice because we are issuing the debt securities only in book-entry form. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For
example, once we make a payment or give a notice to the holder, we have no further responsibility for the payment or notice even if that holder is required, under agreements with
depositary participants or customers or by law, to pass it along to the indirect holders but does not do so. Similarly, if we want to obtain the approval of the holders for any purpose (for example,
to amend the Indenture or to relieve us of the consequences of a default or of our obligation to comply with a particular provision of the Indenture), we would seek the approval only from the holders,
and not the indirect holders, of the debt securities. Whether and how the holders contact the indirect holders is up to the holders. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When
we refer to you, we mean those who invest in the debt securities being offered by this prospectus, the prospectus supplement or term sheet whether they are the holders or only
indirect
holders of those debt securities. When we refer to your debt securities, we mean the debt securities in which you hold a direct or indirect interest. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Special Considerations for Indirect Holders.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you hold debt securities through a bank, broker or other financial institution, either
in book-entry
form or in street name, we urge you to check with that institution to find out:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> how it handles securities payments and notices, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> whether it imposes fees or charges, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> how it would handle a request for the holders' consent, if ever required, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> whether and how you can instruct it to send you debt securities registered in your own name so you can be a holder, if that is permitted in the
future for a particular series of debt securities, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> how it would exercise rights under the debt securities if there were a default or other event triggering the need for holders to act to protect
their interests, and </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> if the debt securities are in book-entry form, how the depositary's rules and procedures will affect these matters. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>11</FONT></P>

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</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Interest and Interest Rates  </B></FONT></P>

<UL>

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General  </I></B></FONT></P>

</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each debt security will begin to accrue interest from the date it is originally issued. The related prospectus supplement or term sheet will
specify each debt security as a "Fixed Rate Note," a "Floating Rate Note," an "Amortizing Note" or an "Indexed Note" and describe the method of determining the interest rate, including any spread
and/or spread multiplier. For an Indexed Note, the related prospectus supplement or term sheet also will describe the method for the calculation
and payment of principal and interest. The prospectus supplement or term sheet for a Floating Rate Note or Indexed Note may also specify a maximum and a minimum interest rate. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A
debt security may be issued as a Fixed Rate Note or a Floating Rate Note or as a Note that combines fixed and floating rate terms. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest
rates offered with respect to debt securities may differ depending upon, among other things, the aggregate principal amount of debt securities purchased in any single
transaction. Debt securities with similar variable terms but different interest rates, as well as debt securities with different variable terms, may be offered concurrently to different investors.
Interest rates or formulas and other terms of debt securities are subject to change from time to time, but no such change will affect any debt security already issued or as to which an offer to
purchase has been accepted. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest
on the debt securities denominated in U.S. dollars will be paid by check mailed on an Interest Payment Date (as defined below) other than a Maturity Date (as defined below) to
the persons entitled thereto to the addresses of such holders as they appear in the security register or, at our option, by wire transfer to a bank account maintained by the holder. The principal of,
premium, if any, and interest on debt securities denominated in U.S. dollars, together with interest accrued and unpaid thereon, due on the Maturity Date will be paid in immediately available funds
upon surrender of such debt securities at the corporate trust office of the trustee in The City of New York, or, at our option, by wire transfer of immediately available funds to an account with a
bank designated at least 15&nbsp;calendar days prior to the Maturity Date by the applicable registered holder, provided the particular bank has appropriate facilities to receive these payments and
the particular debt security is presented and surrendered at the office or agency maintained by us for this purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, in time for the trustee to make
these payments in accordance with its normal procedures. </FONT></P>

<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B><I>


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Fixed Rate Notes  </I></B></FONT></P>

</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The prospectus supplement or term sheet for Fixed Rate Notes will describe a fixed interest rate payable semiannually in arrears on the dates
specified in such term sheet or prospectus supplement (each, with respect to Fixed Rate Notes, an "Interest Payment Date"). Interest on Fixed Rate Notes will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year
of twelve 30-day months. If the stated maturity date, any redemption date or any repayment date (together referred to as the "Maturity Date") or an Interest Payment Date for any Fixed Rate Note is not
a Business Day, principal of, premium, if any, and interest on that Note will be paid on the next Business Day, and no interest will accrue from and after the Maturity Date or Interest Payment Date.
Interest on Fixed Rate Notes will be paid to holders of record as of each Regular Record Date. A "Regular Record Date" will be the fifteenth day (whether or not a Business Day) next preceding the
applicable Interest Payment Date. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
interest payment on a Fixed Rate Note will include interest accrued from, and including, the issue date or the last Interest Payment Date, as the case may be, to but excluding the
applicable Interest Payment Date or the Maturity Date, as the case may be. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>12</FONT></P>

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<UL>

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Original Issue Discount Notes  </I></B></FONT></P>

</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We may issue original issue discount debt securities (including zero coupon debt securities) ("OID Notes"), which are debt securities issued at
a discount from the principal amount payable on the Maturity Date. There may not be any periodic interest payments on OID Notes. For OID Notes, interest normally accrues during the life of the OID
Note and is paid on the Maturity Date. Upon a redemption, repayment or acceleration of the maturity of an OID Note, the amount payable will be determined as set forth under "&#151;Optional
Redemption, Repayment and Repurchase." This amount normally is less than the amount payable on the stated maturity date. </FONT></P>

<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B><I>


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Amortizing Notes  </I></B></FONT></P>

</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We may issue amortizing debt securities, which are Fixed Rate Notes for which combined principal and interest payments are made in installments
over the life of each debt securities ("Amortizing Notes"). Payments on Amortizing Notes are applied first to interest due and then to the reduction of the unpaid principal amount. The related
prospectus supplement or term sheet for an Amortizing Note will include a table setting forth repayment information. </FONT></P>

<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B><I>


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Floating Rate Notes  </I></B></FONT></P>

</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each Floating Rate Note will have an interest rate basis or formula. That basis or formula may be based
on:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> the CD Rate; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> the Commercial Paper Rate; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> LIBOR; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> EURIBOR; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> the Federal Funds Rate; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> the Prime Rate; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> the Treasury Rate; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> the CMT Rate; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> the Eleventh District Cost of Funds Rate; or </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> another negotiated interest rate basis or formula. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
prospectus supplement or term sheet will also indicate any spread and/or spread multiplier, which would be applied to the interest rate formula to determine the interest rate. Any
Floating Rate Note may have a maximum or minimum interest rate limitation. In addition to any maximum interest rate limitation, the interest rate on the Floating Rate Notes will in no event be higher
than the maximum rate permitted by New York law, as the same may be modified by United States law for general application. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
will appoint a calculation agent to calculate interest rates on the Floating Rate Notes. Unless we identify a different party in the prospectus supplement or term sheet, the paying
agent will be the calculation agent for each Note. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unless
otherwise specified in a prospectus supplement or term sheet, the "Calculation Date," if applicable, relating to an Interest Determination Date (as described below under
"&#151;Date Interest Rate is Determined") will be the earlier of (i)&nbsp;the tenth calendar day after such Interest Determination Date or, if such day is not a Business Day, the next
succeeding Business Day, or (ii)&nbsp;the Business Day immediately preceding the relevant Interest Payment Date or the Maturity Date, as the case may be. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>13</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Upon
the request of the beneficial holder of any Floating Rate Note, the calculation agent will provide the interest rate then in effect and, if different, when available, the interest
rate that will become effective on the next Interest Reset Date for the Floating Rate Note. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Change of Interest Rate.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The interest rate on each Floating Rate Note may be reset daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, semiannually,
annually or on
some other specified basis (each, an "Interest Reset Date"). The Interest Reset Date will be:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> for Notes with interest that resets daily, each Business Day; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> for Notes (other than Treasury Rate Notes) with interest that resets weekly, Wednesday of each week; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> for Treasury Rate Notes with interest that resets weekly, Tuesday of each week; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> for Notes with interest that resets monthly, the third Wednesday of each month; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> for Notes with interest that resets quarterly, the third Wednesday of March, June, September and December of each year; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> for Notes with interest that resets semiannually, the third Wednesday of each of the two months of each year indicated in the applicable
prospectus supplement or term sheet; and </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> for Notes with interest that resets annually, the third Wednesday of the month of each year indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement
or term sheet. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
related prospectus supplement or term sheet will describe the initial interest rate or interest rate formula on each Note. That rate is effective until the following Interest Reset
Date. Thereafter, the interest rate will be the rate determined on each Interest Determination Date. Each time a new interest rate is determined, it becomes effective on the following Interest Reset
Date. If any Interest Reset Date is not a Business Day, then the Interest Reset Date is postponed to the next Business Day, except, in the case of LIBOR and EURIBOR Notes, if the next Business Day is
in the next calendar month, the Interest Reset Date is the immediately preceding Business Day. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Date Interest Rate Is Determined.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Interest Determination Date for all CD and CMT Rate Notes is the second Business Day before the
Interest Reset
Date and for all LIBOR Notes will be the second London Business Day immediately preceding the applicable Interest Reset Date (unless the LIBOR Currency is Sterling, in which case the Interest
Determination Date will be the Interest Reset Date). </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
Interest Determination Date for Treasury Rate Notes will be the day of the week in which the Interest Reset Date falls on which Treasury bills of the Index Maturity are normally
auctioned. Treasury bills are usually sold at auction on Monday of each week, unless that day is a legal holiday, in which case the auction is usually held on Tuesday. Sometimes, the auction is held
on the preceding Friday. If an auction is held on the preceding Friday, that day will be the Interest Determination Date relating to the Interest Reset Date occurring in the next week. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
Interest Determination Date for all Commercial Paper, Federal Funds and Prime Rate Notes will be the first Business Day preceding the Interest Reset Date. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
Interest Determination Date for EURIBOR Notes will be the second TARGET Business Day immediately preceding the applicable Interest Reset Date. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
Interest Determination Date for an Eleventh District Cost of Funds Rate Note is the last Business Day of the month immediately preceding the applicable Interest Reset Date in which
the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco published the applicable rate. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>14</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
Interest Determination Date relating to a Floating Rate Note with an interest rate that is determined by reference to two or more interest rate bases will be the most recent Business
Day which is at least two Business Days before the applicable Interest Reset Date for each interest rate for the applicable Floating Rate Note on which each interest rate basis is determinable. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payment of Interest.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest is paid as follows:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> for Notes with interest that resets daily, weekly or monthly, on the third Wednesday of each month; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> for Notes with interest payable quarterly, on the third Wednesday of March, June, September, and December of each year; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> for Notes with interest payable semiannually, on the third Wednesday of each of the two months specified in the applicable prospectus
supplement or term sheet; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> for Notes with interest payable annually, on the third Wednesday of the month specified in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet
(each of the above, with respect to Floating Rate Notes, an "Interest Payment Date"); and </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> at maturity, redemption or repayment. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
interest payment on a Floating Rate Note will include interest accrued from, and including, the issue date or the last Interest Payment Date, as the case may be, to but excluding
the applicable Interest Payment Date or the Maturity Date, as the case may be. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Interest
on a Floating Rate Note will be payable beginning on the first Interest Payment Date after its issue date to holders of record at the close of business on each Regular Record
Date, which is the fifteenth day (whether or not a Business Day) next preceding the applicable Interest Payment Date, unless the issue date falls after a Regular Record Date and on or prior to the
related Interest Payment Date, in which case payment will be made to holders of record at the close of business on the Regular Record Date next preceding the second Interest Payment Date following the
issue date. If an Interest Payment Date (but not the Maturity Date) is not a Business Day, then the Interest Payment Date will be postponed to the next Business Day, except in the case of LIBOR and
EURIBOR Notes, if the next Business Day is in the next calendar month, the Interest Payment Date will be the immediately preceding Business Day. If the Maturity Date of any Floating Rate Note is not a
Business Day, principal of, premium, if any, and interest on that Note will be paid on the next Business Day, and no interest will accrue from and after the Maturity Date. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accrued
interest on a Floating Rate Note is calculated by multiplying the principal amount of a Note by an accrued interest factor. The accrued interest factor is the sum of the interest
factors calculated for each day in the period for which accrued interest is being calculated. The interest factor for each day is computed by dividing the interest rate in effect on that day by
(1)&nbsp;the actual number of days in the year, in the case of Treasury Rate Notes or CMT Rate Notes, or (2)&nbsp;360, in the case of other Floating Rate Notes. The interest factor for Floating
Rate Notes for which the interest rate is calculated with reference to two or more interest rate bases will be calculated in each period in the same manner as if only one of the applicable interest
rate bases applied. All percentages resulting from any calculation are rounded to the nearest one hundred-thousandth of a percentage point, with five one-millionths of a percentage point rounded
upward. For example, 9.876545% (or .09876545) will be rounded to 9.87655% (or .0987655). Dollar amounts used in the calculation are rounded to the nearest cent (with one-half cent being rounded
upward). </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CD Rate Notes.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The "CD Rate" for any Interest Determination Date is the rate on that date for negotiable U.S. dollar certificates of
deposit having
the Index Maturity described in the related prospectus supplement or term sheet, as published in H.15(519)&nbsp;prior to 3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on the Calculation Date, for that
Interest Determination Date under the heading "CDs </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>15</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>(secondary
market)." The "Index Maturity" is the period to maturity of the instrument or obligation with respect to which the related interest rate basis or formula will be calculated. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
following procedures will be followed if the CD Rate cannot be determined as described above:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If the above rate is not published in H.15(519)&nbsp;by 3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on the Calculation Date, the CD Rate will be
the rate on that Interest Determination Date for negotiable United States dollar certificates of deposit of the Index Maturity described in the prospectus supplement or term sheet as published in H.15
Daily Update, or such other recognized electronic source used for the purpose of displaying such rate, under the caption "CDs (secondary market)." </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If that rate is not published in H.15(519), H.15 Daily Update or another recognized electronic source by 3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time,
on the Calculation Date, then the calculation agent will determine the CD Rate to be the average of the secondary market offered rates as of 10:00&nbsp;A.M., New York City time, on that Interest
Determination Date, quoted by three leading nonbank dealers of negotiable U.S. dollar certificates of deposit in New York City (which may include an agent or its affiliates) for negotiable U.S. dollar
certificates of deposit of major United States money-center banks with a remaining maturity closest to the Index Maturity in an amount that is representative for a single transaction in the market at
that time described in the prospectus supplement or term sheet. The calculation agent will select the three dealers referred to above. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If fewer than three dealers are quoting as mentioned above, the CD Rate will remain the CD Rate then in effect on that Interest Determination
Date. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"H.15(519)"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means the weekly statistical release designated as such, or any successor publication, published by the Board of Governors of
the Federal Reserve System. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"H.15 Daily Update"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means the daily update of H.15(519), available through the web site of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
System at http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/update, or any successor site or publication. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial Paper Rate Notes.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>The</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> "Commercial Paper Rate" for any Interest Determination
Date is the
Money Market Yield of the rate on that date for commercial paper having the Index Maturity described in the related prospectus supplement or term sheet, as published in H.15(519)&nbsp;prior to 3:00
PM., New York City time, on the Calculation Date for that Interest Determination Date under the heading "Commercial Paper&#151;Nonfinancial." </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
following procedures will be followed if the Commercial Paper Rate cannot be determined as described above:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If the above rate is not published in H.15(519)&nbsp;by 3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on the Calculation Date, the Commercial Paper
Rate will be the Money Market Yield of the rate on that Interest Determination Date for commercial paper having the Index Maturity described in the prospectus supplement or term sheet, as published in
H.15 Daily Update, or such other recognized electronic source used for the purpose of displaying such rate, under the caption "Commercial Paper&#151;Nonfinancial." </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If that rate is not published in H.15(519), H.15 Daily Update or another recognized electronic source by 3:00 PM., New York City time, on the
Calculation Date, then the calculation agent will determine the Commercial Paper Rate to be the Money Market Yield of the average of the offered rates of three leading dealers of U.S. dollar
commercial paper in New York City (which may include an agent or its affiliates) as of 11:00&nbsp;A.M., New York City time, on that Interest Determination Date for commercial paper having the Index
Maturity described in the prospectus </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>16</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>supplement
or term sheet placed for an industrial issuer whose bond rating is "Aa," or the equivalent, from a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. The calculation agent will select
the three dealers referred to above. </FONT></P>

</UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If fewer than three dealers selected by the calculation agent are quoting as mentioned above, the Commercial Paper Rate will remain the
Commercial Paper Rate then in effect on that Interest Determination Date. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Money Market Yield"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means a yield (expressed as a percentage) calculated in accordance with the following formula: </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>
 <!-- User-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0>
<TR><!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS SET -->
<TD WIDTH="121" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="14" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="79" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="35" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS END --></TR>

<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Money Market Yield</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>=</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>D&times;360<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> 360&#150;(D&times;M)</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&times;100</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>where
"D" refers to the applicable per annum rate for commercial paper quoted on a bank discount basis and expressed as a decimal, and "M" refers to the actual number of days in the reset period for
which interest is being calculated. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;LIBOR Notes.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The "LIBOR" for any Interest Determination Date is the rate for deposits in the LIBOR
Currency having the Index Maturity specified in such pricing supplement or term sheet as such rate is displayed on Reuters (or any successor service) on page LIBOR01 (or any other page as may replace
such page on such service for the purpose of displaying the London interbank rates of major banks for the designated LIBOR Currency) ("Reuters Page LIBOR01") as of 11:00&nbsp;A.M., London time, on
such LIBOR Interest Determination Date. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
following procedure will be followed if LIBOR cannot be determined as described above:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The calculation agent shall request the principal London offices of each of four major reference banks (which may include affiliates of the
agents) in the London interbank market, as selected by the calculation agent to provide the calculation agent with its offered quotation for deposits in the designated LIBOR Currency for the period of
the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, commencing on the related Interest Reset Date, to prime banks in the London interbank market at approximately
11:00&nbsp;a.m., London time, on such LIBOR Interest Determination Date and in a principal amount that is representative for a single transaction in the designated LIBOR Currency in such market at
such time. If at least two such quotations are so provided, then LIBOR on such LIBOR Interest Determination Date will be the arithmetic mean calculated by the calculation agent of such quotations. If
fewer than two such quotations are so provided, then LIBOR on such LIBOR Interest Determination Date will be the arithmetic mean calculated by the calculation agent of the rates quoted at
approximately 11:00&nbsp;a.m., in the applicable Principal Financial Center (as described above), on such LIBOR Interest Determination Date by three major banks (which may include affiliates of the
agents) in such Principal Financial Center selected by the calculation agent for loans in the designated LIBOR Currency to leading European banks, having the Index Maturity specified in the applicable
pricing supplement or term sheet and in a principal amount that is representative for a single transaction in the designated LIBOR Currency in such market at such time; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, </FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>however</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, that if the banks so selected by the calculation agent are not quoting as mentioned
in this sentence, LIBOR determined as of such LIBOR Interest Determination Date shall be LIBOR in effect on such LIBOR Interest Determination Date. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"LIBOR Currency"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means the currency specified in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet as to which LIBOR shall be calculated
or, if no such currency is specified in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet, U.S. dollars. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>17</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;EURIBOR Notes.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The "EURIBOR" for any Interest Determination Date is the offered rate for deposits in euro having the Index Maturity
specified in the
applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, beginning on the second TARGET Business Day after such EURIBOR Interest Determination Date, as that rate appears on Reuters Page EURIBOR 01 as of
11:00&nbsp;A.M., Brussels time, on such EURIBOR Interest Determination Date. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
following procedure will be followed if EURIBOR cannot be determined as described above:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> EURIBOR will be determined on the basis of the rates, at approximately 11:00&nbsp;A.M., Brussels time, on such EURIBOR Interest Determination
Date, at which deposits of the following kind are offered to prime banks in the euro-zone interbank market by the principal euro-zone office of each of four major banks in that market selected by the
calculation agent: euro deposits having such EURIBOR Index Maturity, beginning on such EURIBOR Interest Reset Date, and in a representative amount. The calculation agent will request that the
principal euro-zone office of each of these banks provide a quotation of its rate. If at least two quotations are provided, EURIBOR for such EURIBOR Interest Determination Date will be the arithmetic
mean of the quotations. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If fewer than two quotations are provided as described above, EURIBOR for such EURIBOR Interest Determination Date will be the arithmetic mean
of the rates for loans of the following kind to leading euro-zone banks quoted, at approximately 11:00&nbsp;A.M., Brussels time on that Interest Determination Date, by three major banks in the
euro-zone selected by the calculation agent: loans of euro having such EURIBOR Index Maturity, beginning on such EURIBOR Interest Reset Date, and in an amount that is representative of a single
transaction in euro in that market at the time. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If fewer than three banks selected by the calculation agent are quoting as described above, EURIBOR for the new interest period will be EURIBOR
in effect for the prior interest period. If the initial base rate has been in effect for the prior interest period, however, it will remain in effect for the new interest period. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Federal Funds Rate Notes.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The "Federal Funds Rate" will be calculated by reference to either the "Federal Funds (Effective) Rate", the
"Federal Funds
Open Rate" or the "Federal Funds Target Rate", as specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet. The Federal Funds Rate is the rate
determined by the calculation agent, with respect to any Interest Determination Date relating to a Floating Rate Note for which the interest rate is determined with reference to the Federal Funds Rate
(a "Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date"), in accordance with the following provisions:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If Federal Funds (Effective) Rate is the specified Federal Funds Rate in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, the Federal Funds
Rate as of the applicable Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date shall be the rate with respect to such date for United States dollar federal funds as published in H.15(519)&nbsp;opposite
the caption "Federal funds (effective)," as such rate is displayed on Reuters on page FEDFUNDS1 (or any other page as may replace such page on such service) ("Reuters Page FEDFUNDS1") under the
heading "EFFECT," or, if such rate is not so published by 3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on the calculation date, the rate with respect to such Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date
for United States dollar federal funds as published in H.15 Daily Update, or such other recognized electronic source used for the purpose of displaying such rate, under the caption "Federal funds
(effective)."  </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The following procedure will be followed if "Federal Funds (Effective) Rate" is the specified Federal Funds Rate in the applicable
pricing supplement or term sheet and such Federal Funds Rate cannot be determined as described above. The Federal Funds Rate with respect to such Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date shall
be calculated by the calculation agent and will be the arithmetic mean of the rates for the last transaction in </FONT></DD></DL>
</DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>18</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<UL>
<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>overnight
United States dollar federal funds arranged by three leading brokers of U.S. dollar federal funds transactions in New York City (which may include the agents or their affiliates) selected by
the calculation agent, prior to 9:00&nbsp;A.M., New York City time, on the Business Day following such Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, </FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>however</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, that if the brokers so selected by the calculation agent are not quoting as mentioned
in this sentence, the Federal Funds Rate determined as of such Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date will be the Federal Funds Rate in effect on such Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination
Date. </FONT></P>

</UL>
</UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If Federal Funds Open Rate is the specified Federal Funds Rate in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, the Federal Funds Rate as of
the applicable Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date shall be the rate on such date under the heading "Federal Funds" for the relevant Index Maturity and opposite the caption "Open" as such
rate is displayed on Reuters on page&nbsp;5 (or any other page as may replace such page on such service) ("Reuters Page&nbsp;5"), or, if such rate does not appear on Reuters Page&nbsp;5 by
3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on the calculation date, the Federal Funds Rate for the Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date will be the rate for that day displayed on FFPREBON Index
page on Bloomberg&nbsp;L.P. ("Bloomberg"), which is the Fed Funds Opening Rate as reported by Prebon Yamane (or a successor) on Bloomberg.  </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The following procedure will be followed if "Federal Funds Open Rate" is the specified Federal Funds Rate in the applicable
pricing supplement or term sheet and such Federal Funds Rate cannot be determined as described above. The Federal Funds Rate on such Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date shall be calculated
by the calculation agent and will be the arithmetic mean of the rates for the last transaction in overnight United States dollar federal funds arranged by three leading brokers of United States dollar
federal funds transactions in New York City (which may include the agents or their affiliates) selected by the calculation agent prior to 9:00&nbsp;A.M., New York City time, on such Federal Funds
Rate Interest Determination Date; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>however</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, that if the brokers so selected by the calculation
agent are not quoting as mentioned in this sentence, the Federal Funds Rate determined as of such Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date will be the Federal Funds Rate in effect on such
Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD></DL>
</DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If Federal Funds Target Rate is the specified Federal Funds Rate in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, the Federal Funds Rate as
of the applicable Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date shall be the rate on such date as displayed on the FDTR Index page on Bloomberg. If such rate does not appear on the FDTR Index page on
Bloomberg by 3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on the calculation date, the Federal Funds Rate for such Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date will be the rate for that day appearing on
Reuters Page USFFTARGET= (or any other page as may replace such page on such service) ("Reuters Page USFFTARGET=").  </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The following procedure will be followed if "Federal Funds Target Rate" is the specified Federal Funds Rate in the applicable
pricing supplement or term sheet and such Federal Funds Rate cannot be determined as described above. The Federal Funds Rate on such Federal Funds Rate Interest Determination Date shall be calculated
by the calculation agent and will be the arithmetic mean of the rates for the last transaction in overnight United States dollar federal funds arranged by three leading brokers of United States dollar
federal funds transactions in New York City (which may include the agents or their affiliates) selected by the calculation agent prior to 9:00&nbsp;A.M., New York City time, on such Federal Funds
Rate Interest Determination Date. </FONT></DD></DL>
</DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>19</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prime Rate Notes.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The "Prime Rate" for any Interest Determination Date is the rate on that date, as published in H.15(519)&nbsp;by
3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on the Calculation Date for that Interest Determination Date under the heading "Bank Prime Loan" or, if not published by 3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on
the related Calculation Date, the rate on such Interest Determination Date as published in H.15 Daily Update, or such other recognized electronic source used for the purpose of displaying such rate,
under the caption "Bank Prime Loan." </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
following procedures will be followed if the Prime Rate cannot be determined as described above:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If the rate is not published in H.15(519), H.15 Daily Update or another recognized electronic source by 3:00 PM., New York City time, on the
Calculation Date, then the calculation agent will determine the Prime Rate to be the average of the rates of interest publicly announced by each bank that appears on the Reuters Screen designated as
"US PRIME 1 Page" as that bank's prime rate or base lending rate in effect as of 11:00&nbsp;A.M., New York City time on that Interest Determination Date. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If fewer than four rates appear on the Reuters Page&nbsp;US PRIME 1 on the Interest Determination Date, then the Prime Rate will be the
average of the prime rates or base lending rates quoted (on the basis of the actual number of days in the year divided by a 360-day year) as of the close of business on the Interest Determination Date
by three major banks, which may include an agent or its affiliates, in the City of New York selected by the calculation agent. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If the banks selected by the calculation agent are not quoting as mentioned above, the Prime Rate will remain the Prime Rate then in effect on
the Interest Determination Date. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Reuters Page&nbsp;US PRIME 1"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means the display on Reuters (or any successor service) on the "US PRIME 1 Page" (or such other page as
may replace the US PRIME 1 Page on such service) for the purpose of displaying prime rates or base lending rates of major United States banks. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Treasury Rate Notes.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The "Treasury Rate" for any Interest Determination Date is the rate from the auction of direct obligations of the
United States
("Treasury bills") having the Index Maturity specified in such pricing supplement or term sheet under the caption "INVEST RATE" on the display on Reuters page USAUCTION10 (or any other page as may
replace such page on such service) or page USAUCTION11 (or any other page as may replace such page on such service) or, if not so published at 3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on the related
calculation date, the bond equivalent yield (as defined below) of the rate for such treasury bills as published in H.15 Daily Update, or such other recognized electronic source used for the purpose of
displaying such rate, under the caption "U.S. Government Securities/Treasury Bills/Auction High." If such rate is not so published in the related H.15 Daily Update or another recognized source by
3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on the related calculation date, the Treasury Rate on such Treasury Rate Interest Determination Date shall be the bond equivalent yield of the auction rate of
such Treasury bills as announced by the United States Department of the Treasury. In the event that such auction rate is not so announced by the United States Department of the Treasury on such
calculation date, or if no such auction is held, then the Treasury Rate on such Treasury Rate Interest Determination Date shall be the bond equivalent yield of the rate on such Treasury Rate Interest
Determination Date of Treasury bills having the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet as published in H.15(519)&nbsp;under the caption "U.S. government
securities/treasury bills/secondary market" or, if not yet published by 3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on the related calculation date, the rate on such Treasury Rate Interest Determination
Date of such treasury bills as published in H.15 Daily Update, or such other recognized electronic source used for the purpose of displaying such rate, under the caption "U.S. government
securities/treasury bills (secondary market)." If such rate is not yet published in the H.15(519), H.15 Daily Update or another recognized electronic source by 3:00&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on
the related calculation date, then the Treasury Rate on such Treasury Rate Interest Determination Date shall be </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>20</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>calculated
by the calculation agent and shall be the bond equivalent yield of the arithmetic mean of the secondary market bid rates, as of approximately 3:30&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on such
Treasury Rate Interest Determination Date, of the three leading primary United States government securities dealers (which may include the agents or their affiliates) selected by the calculation
agent, for the issue of Treasury bills with a remaining maturity closest to the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>provided,
however</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, that if the dealers so selected by the calculation agent are not quoting as mentioned in this sentence, the Treasury Rate determined as of such Treasury Rate Interest
Determination Date will be the Treasury Rate in effect on such Treasury Rate Interest Determination Date. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"bond equivalent yield"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means a yield calculated in accordance with the following formula and expressed as a percentage: </FONT></P>
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<TD WIDTH="14" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="70" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>bond equivalent yield</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>=</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>D&times;N<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> N&#150;(D&times;M)</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&times;100</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>where
"D" refers to the applicable per annum rate for Treasury bills quoted on a bank discount basis and expressed as a decimal, "N" refers to the number of days in the year, either 365 or 366, as the
case may be, and "M" refers to the actual number of days in the interest reset period for which interest is being calculated. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CMT Rate Notes.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The "CMT Rate" for any Interest Determination Date is as follows:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If "Reuters Page FRBCMT" is the specified CMT Reuters Page in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, the CMT Rate on the CMT Rate
Interest Determination Date shall be a percentage equal to the yield for United States Treasury securities at "constant maturity" having the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing
supplement or term sheet as set forth in H.15(519)&nbsp;under the caption "Treasury constant maturities," as such yield is displayed on Reuters (or any successor service) on page FRBCMT (or any
other page as may replace such page on such service) ("Reuters Page FRBCMT") for such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If such rate does not appear on Reuters Page FRBCMT, the CMT Rate on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date shall be a percentage equal to
the yield for United States Treasury securities at "constant maturity" having the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet and for such CMT Rate Interest
Determination Date as set forth in H.15(519)&nbsp;under the caption "Treasury constant maturities." </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If such rate does not appear in H.15(519), the CMT Rate on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date shall be the rate for the period of the
Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet as may then be published by either the Federal Reserve Board or the United States Department of the Treasury that the
calculation agent determines to be comparable to the rate that would otherwise have been published in H.15(519). </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If the Federal Reserve Board or the United States Department of the Treasury does not publish a yield on United States Treasury securities at
"constant maturity" having the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet for such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date, the CMT Rate on such CMT Rate Interest
Determination Date shall be calculated by the calculation agent and shall be a yield-to-maturity based on the arithmetic mean of the secondary market bid prices at approximately 3:30&nbsp;P.M., New
York City time, on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date of three leading primary United States government securities dealers in New York City (which may include the agents or their affiliates)
(each, a "reference dealer") selected by the calculation agent from five such reference dealers selected by the calculation agent and eliminating the highest quotation (or, in the event of equality,
one of </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>21</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>the
highest) and the lowest quotation (or, in the event of equality, one of the lowest) for United States Treasury securities with an original maturity equal to the Index Maturity specified in the
applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, a remaining term to maturity no more than one year shorter than such Index Maturity and in a principal amount that is representative for a single
transaction in such securities in such market at such time. If fewer than three prices are provided as requested, the CMT Rate on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date shall be calculated by the
calculation agent and shall be a yield-to-maturity based on the arithmetic mean of the secondary market bid prices as of approximately 3:30&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on such CMT Rate Interest
Determination Date of three reference dealers selected by the calculation agent from five such reference dealers selected by the calculation agent and eliminating the highest quotation (or, in the
event of equality, one of the highest) and the lowest quotation (or, in the event of equality, one of the lowest) for United States Treasury securities with an original maturity greater than the Index
Maturity specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, a remaining term to maturity closest to such Index Maturity and in a principal amount that is representative for a single
transaction in such securities in such market at such time. If two such United States Treasury securities with an original maturity greater than the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing
supplement or term sheet have remaining terms to maturity equally close to such Index Maturity, the quotes for the treasury security with the shorter original term to maturity will be used. If fewer
than five but more than two such prices are provided as requested, the CMT Rate on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date shall be calculated by the calculation agent and shall be based on the
arithmetic mean of the bid prices obtained and neither the highest nor the lowest of such quotations shall be eliminated; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>however</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, that if fewer
than three such prices are provided as requested, the CMT Rate determined as of such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date shall
be the CMT Rate in effect on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date. </FONT></P>

</UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If "Reuters Page FEDCMT" is the specified CMT Reuters Page in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, the CMT Rate on the CMT Rate
Interest Determination Date shall be a percentage equal to the one-week or one-month, as specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, average yield for United States Treasury
securities at "constant maturity" having the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet as set forth in H.15(519)&nbsp;opposite the caption "Treasury Constant
Maturities," as such yield is displayed on Reuters on page FEDCMT (or any other page as may replace such page on such service) ("Reuters Page FEDCMT") for the week or month, as applicable, ended
immediately preceding the week or month, as applicable, in which such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date falls. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If such rate does not appear on Reuters Page FEDCMT, the CMT Rate on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date shall be a percentage equal to
the one-week or one-month, as specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, average yield for United States Treasury securities at "constant maturity" having the Index Maturity
specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet for the week or month, as applicable, preceding such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date as set forth in H.15(519)&nbsp;opposite the
caption "Treasury Constant Maturities." </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If such rate does not appear in H.15(519), the CMT Rate on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date shall be the one-week or one-month, as
specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, average yield for United States Treasury securities at "constant maturity" having the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing
supplement or term sheet as otherwise announced by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for the week or month, as applicable, ended immediately preceding the week or month, as applicable, in which
such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date falls. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>22</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If the Federal Reserve Bank of New York does not publish a one-week or one-month, as specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term
sheet, average yield on United States Treasury securities at "constant maturity" having the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet for the applicable week or
month, the CMT Rate on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date shall be calculated by the calculation agent and shall be a yield-to-maturity based on the arithmetic mean of the secondary market bid
prices at approximately 3:30&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date of three reference dealers selected by the calculation agent from five such reference dealers
selected by the calculation agent and eliminating the highest quotation (or, in the event of equality, one of the highest) and the lowest quotation (or, in the event of equality, one of the lowest)
for United States Treasury securities with an original maturity equal to the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, a remaining term to maturity of no more than
one year shorter than such Index Maturity and in a principal amount that is representative for a single transaction in such securities in such market at such time. If fewer than five but more than two
such prices are provided as requested, the CMT Rate on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date shall be the rate on the CMT Rate Interest Determination Date calculated by the calculation agent based
on the arithmetic mean of the bid prices obtained and neither the highest nor the lowest of such quotation shall be eliminated. If fewer than three prices are provided as requested, the CMT Rate on
such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date shall be calculated by the calculation agent and shall be a yield-to-maturity based on the arithmetic mean of the secondary market bid prices as of
approximately 3:30&nbsp;P.M., New York City time, on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date of three reference dealers selected by the calculation agent from five such reference dealers selected
by the calculation agent and eliminating the highest quotation (or, in the event of equality, one of the highest) and the lowest quotation (or, in the event of equality, one of the lowest) for United
States Treasury securities with an original maturity longer than the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet, a remaining term to maturity closest to such Index
Maturity and in a principal amount that is representative for a single transaction in such securities in such market at such time. If two United States Treasury securities with an original maturity
greater than the Index Maturity specified in the applicable pricing supplement or term sheet have remaining terms to maturity equally close to such Index Maturity, the quotes for the Treasury security
with the shorter original term to maturity will be used. If fewer than five but more than two such prices are provided as requested, the CMT Rate on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date shall be
the rate on the CMT Rate Interest Determination Date calculated by the calculation agent based on the arithmetic mean of the bid prices obtained and neither the highest nor lowest of such quotations
shall be eliminated; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>however</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, that if fewer than three such prices are provided as requested,
the CMT Rate determined as of such CMT Rate Determination Date shall be the CMT Rate in effect on such CMT Rate Interest Determination Date. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Eleventh District Cost of Funds Rate Notes.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The "Eleventh District Cost of Funds Rate" for any Interest Determination Date is the rate
equal to the
monthly weighted average cost of funds for the calendar month preceding the Interest Determination Date as displayed on Reuters Page COFI/ARMS (or any other page as may replace that specified page on
that service) as of 11:00&nbsp;A.M., San Francisco time, on the Calculation Date for that Interest Determination Date under the caption "11th&nbsp;District." </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
following procedures will be used if the Eleventh District Cost of Funds Rate cannot be determined as described above:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If the rate is not displayed on the relevant page as of 11:00&nbsp;A.M., San Francisco time, on the Calculation Date, then the Eleventh
District Cost of Funds Rate will be the monthly weighted average cost of funds paid by member institutions of the Eleventh Federal Home Loan Bank </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>23</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>District,
as announced by the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco, as the cost of funds for the calendar month preceding the date of announcement. </FONT></P>

</UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If no announcement was made relating to the calendar month preceding the Interest Determination Date, the Eleventh District Cost of Funds Rate
will remain the Eleventh District Cost of Funds Rate then in effect on the Interest Determination Date. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Indexed Notes  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We may issue debt securities for which the amount of interest or principal that you will receive will not be known on your date of purchase.
Interest or principal payments for these types of debt securities, which we call "Indexed Notes," are determined by reference to securities, financial or non-financial indices, currencies,
commodities, interest rates, or a composite or baskets of any or all of the above. Examples of indexed items that may be used include a published stock index, the common stock price of a publicly
traded company, the value of the U.S. dollar versus the Japanese yen, or the price of a barrel of West Texas intermediate crude oil. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
you purchase an Indexed Note, you may receive a principal amount at maturity that is greater than or less than the Note's face amount, and an interest rate that is greater than or
less than the interest rate that you would have earned if you had instead purchased a conventional debt security issued by us
at the same time with the same maturity. The amount of interest and principal that you will receive will depend on the structure of the Indexed Note and the level of the specified indexed item
throughout the term of the Indexed Note and at maturity. Specific information pertaining to the method of determining the interest payments and the principal amount will be described in the prospectus
supplement or term sheet, as well as additional risk factors unique to the Indexed Note, certain historical information for the specified indexed item and certain additional United States federal tax
considerations. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Renewable Notes  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We may issue Renewable Notes ("Renewable Notes") which are debt securities that will automatically renew at their stated maturity date unless
the holder of a Renewable Note elects to terminate the automatic extension feature by giving notice in the manner described in the related prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
holder of a Renewable Note must give notice of termination at least 15 but not more than 30&nbsp;days prior to a Renewal Date. The holder of a Renewable Note may terminate the
automatic extension for less than all of its Renewable Notes only if the terms of the Renewable Note specifically permit partial termination. An election to terminate the automatic extension of any
portion of the Renewable Note is not revocable and will be binding on the holder of the Renewable Note. If the holder elects to terminate the automatic extension of the maturity of the Note, the
holder will become entitled to the principal and interest accrued up to the Renewal Date. The related prospectus supplement or term sheet will identify a stated maturity date beyond which the Maturity
Date cannot be renewed. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
a Renewable Note is represented by a Global Security, DTC or its nominee will be the holder of the Note and therefore will be the only entity that can exercise a right to terminate
the automatic extension of a Note. In order to ensure that DTC or its nominee will exercise a right to terminate the automatic extension provisions of a particular Renewable Note, the beneficial owner
of the Note must instruct the broker or other DTC participant through which it holds an interest in the Note to notify DTC of its desire to terminate the automatic extension of the Note. Different
firms have different cut-off times for accepting instructions from their customers and, accordingly, each beneficial owner should consult the broker or other participant through which it holds an
interest in a Note to ascertain </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>24</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>the
cut-off time by which an instruction must be given for delivery of timely notice to DTC or its nominee. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>



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Extendible Notes  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We may issue Notes whose stated Maturity Date may be extended at our option (an "Extendible Note") for one or more whole-year periods (each, an
"Extension Period"), up to but not beyond a stated maturity date described in the related prospectus supplement or term sheet (but not to exceed 30&nbsp;years from the date of issue). </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
may exercise our option to extend the Extendible Note by notifying the applicable trustee (or any duly appointed paying agent) at least 45 but not more than 60&nbsp;days prior to
the then effective Maturity Date. If we elect to extend the Extendible Note, the trustee (or paying agent) will mail (at least 40&nbsp;days prior to the Maturity Date) to the registered holder of
the Extendible Note&nbsp;a notice (an "Extension Notice") informing the holder of our election, the new Maturity Date and any updated terms. Upon the mailing of the Extension Notice, the maturity of
that Extendible Note will be extended automatically as set forth in the Extension Notice. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;However,
we may, not later than 20&nbsp;days prior to the Maturity Date of an Extendible Note (or, if that date is not a Business Day, prior to the next Business Day), at our option,
establish a higher interest rate, in the case of a Fixed Rate Note, or a higher spread and/or spread multiplier, in the case of a Floating Rate Note, for the Extension Period by mailing or causing the
applicable trustee (or paying agent) to mail notice of such higher interest rate or higher spread and/or spread multiplier to the holder of the Note. The notice will be irrevocable. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
we elect to extend the maturity of an Extendible Note, the holder of the Note will have the option to instead elect repayment of the Note by us on the then effective Maturity Date. In
order for an Extendible Note to be so repaid on the Maturity Date, we must receive, at least 15&nbsp;days but not more than 30&nbsp;days prior to the Maturity Date: </FONT></P>

<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the
Extendible Note with the form "Option to Elect Repayment" on the reverse of the Note duly completed; or </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a
facsimile transmission, telex or letter from a member of a national securities exchange or the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (the "FINRA") or a commercial
bank or trust company in the United States setting forth the name of the holder of the Extendible Note, the principal amount of the Note, the principal amount of the Note to be repaid, the certificate
number or a description of the tenor and terms of the Note, a statement that the option to elect repayment is being exercised thereby and a guarantee that the Note be repaid, together with the duly
completed form entitled "Option to Elect Repayment" on the reverse of the Note, will be received by the applicable trustee (or paying
agent) not later than the fifth Business Day after the date of the facsimile transmission, telex or letter; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>however</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>; that the facsimile
transmission, telex or letter will only be effective if the Note and form duly completed are received by the applicable
trustee (or paying agent) by that fifth Business Day. The option may be exercised by the holder of an Extendible Note for less than the aggregate principal amount of the Note then outstanding if the
principal amount of the Note remaining outstanding after repayment is an authorized denomination. </FONT></P>

</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
an Extendible Note is represented by a Global Security, DTC or its nominee will be the holder of that Note and therefore will be the only entity that can exercise a right to
repayment. To ensure that DTC or its nominee timely exercises a right to repayment with respect to a particular Extendible Note, the beneficial owner of that Note must instruct the broker or other
participant through which it holds an interest in the Note to notify DTC of its desire to exercise a right of repayment. Different firms have different cut-off times for accepting instructions from
their customers and, accordingly, each beneficial owner should consult the broker or other participant through which it holds an interest in an Extendible Note to determine the cut-off time by which
an instruction must be given for timely notice to be delivered to DTC or its nominee. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>25</FONT></P>

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Global Securities  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What Is a Global Security?</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As noted above, we usually will issue debt securities as registered securities in book-entry form only. A
global security
represents one or any other number of individual debt securities. Generally, all debt securities represented by the same global securities will have the same terms. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
debt security issued in book-entry form will be represented by a global security that we deposit with and register in the name of a financial institution or its nominee that we
select. The financial
institution that we select for this purpose is called the depositary. Unless we specify otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet, The Depository Trust Company, New York, New
York, known as DTC, will be the depositary for all debt securities issued in book-entry form. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A
global security may not be transferred to or registered in the name of anyone other than the depositary or its nominee, unless special termination situations arise. We describe those
situations below under "Special Situations when a Global Security Will Be Terminated." As a result of these arrangements, the depositary, or its nominee, will be the sole registered owner and holder
of all debt securities represented by a global security, and investors will be permitted to own only beneficial interests in a global security. Beneficial interests must be held by means of an account
with a broker, bank or other financial institution that in turn has an account with the depositary or with another institution that has an account with the depositary. Thus, an investor whose security
is represented by a global security will not be a holder of the debt security, but only an indirect holder of a beneficial interest in the global security. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Special Considerations for Global Securities.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As an indirect holder, an investor's rights relating to a global security will be
governed by the
account rules of the investor's financial institution and of the depositary, as well as general laws relating to securities transfers. The depositary that holds the global security will be considered
the holder of the debt securities represented by the global security. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
debt securities are issued only in the form of a global security, an investor should be aware of the following:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> An investor cannot cause the debt securities to be registered in his or her name, and cannot obtain certificates for his or her interest in the
debt securities, except in the special situations we describe below. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> An investor will be an indirect holder and must look to his or her own bank or broker for payments on the debt securities and protection of his
or her legal rights relating to the debt securities, as we describe under "Issuance of Securities in Registered Form" above. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> An investor may not be able to sell interests in the debt securities to some insurance companies and other institutions that are required by
law to own their securities in non-book-entry form. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> An investor may not be able to pledge his or her interest in a global security in circumstances where certificates representing the debt
securities must be delivered to the lender or other beneficiary of the pledge in order for the pledge to be effective. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The depositary's policies, which may change from time to time, will govern payments, transfers, exchanges and other matters relating to an
investor's interest in a global security. We and the trustee have no responsibility for any aspect of the depositary's actions or for its records of ownership interests in a global security. We and
the trustee also do not supervise the depositary in any way. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If we redeem less than all the debt securities of a particular series being redeemed, DTC's practice is to determine by lot the amount to be
redeemed from each of its participants holding that series. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
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<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> An investor is required to give notice of exercise of any option to elect repayment of its debt securities, through its participant, to the
applicable trustee and to deliver the related debt securities by causing its participant to transfer its interest in those debt securities, on DTC's records, to the applicable trustee. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> DTC requires that those who purchase and sell interests in a global security deposited in its book-entry system use immediately available
funds. Your broker or bank may also require you to use immediately available funds when purchasing or selling interests in a global security. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Financial institutions that participate in the depositary's book-entry system, and through which an investor holds its interest in a global
security, may also have their own policies affecting payments, notices and other matters relating to the debt securities. There may be more than one financial intermediary in the chain of ownership
for an investor. We do not monitor and are not responsible for the actions of any of those intermediaries. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Special Situations When a Global Security Will Be Terminated.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In a few special situations described below, a global security will be
terminated and
interests in it will be exchanged for certificates in non-book-entry form (certificated securities). After that exchange, the choice of whether to hold the certificated debt securities directly or in
street name will be up to the investor. Investors must consult their own banks or brokers to find out how to have their interests in a global security transferred on termination to their own names, so
that they will be holders. We have described the rights of holders and street name investors under "Issuance of Securities in Registered Form" above. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
special situations for termination of a global security are as follows:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> if the depositary notifies us that it is unwilling, unable or no longer qualified to continue as depositary for that global security, and we do
not appoint another institution to act as depositary within 60&nbsp;days, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> if we notify the trustee that we wish to terminate that global security, or </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> if an event of default has occurred with regard to the debt securities represented by that global security and has not been cured or waived; we
discuss defaults later under "Events of Default." </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
prospectus supplement or term sheet may list situations for terminating a global security that would apply only to the particular series of debt securities covered by the prospectus
supplement or term sheet. If a global security is terminated, only the depositary, and not we or the applicable trustee, is responsible for deciding the names of the institutions in whose names the
debt securities represented by the global security will be registered and, therefore, who will be the holders of those debt securities. </FONT></P>

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Payment and Paying Agents  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We will pay interest to the person listed in the trustee's records as the owner of the debt security at the close of business on a particular
day in advance of each due date for interest, even if that person no longer owns the debt security on the interest due date. That day, usually about two weeks in advance of the interest due date, is
called the "record date." Because we will pay all the interest for an interest period to the holders on the record date, holders buying and selling debt securities must work out between themselves the
appropriate purchase price. The most common manner is to adjust the sales price of the debt securities to prorate interest fairly between buyer and seller based on their respective ownership periods
within the particular interest period. This prorated interest amount is called "accrued interest." </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payments on Global Securities.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We will make payments on a global security in accordance with the applicable policies of the depositary
as in effect
from time to time. Under those policies, we will make payments directly to the depositary, or its nominee, and not to any indirect holders who own beneficial interests in the global security. An
indirect holder's right to those payments will be governed by the </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>27</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>rules
and practices of the depositary and its participants, as described under "What Is a Global Security?". </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payments on Certificated Securities.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We will make payments on a certificated debt security as follows. We will pay interest that is due
on an
interest payment date by check mailed on the interest payment date
to the holder at his or her address shown on the trustee's records as of the close of business on the regular record date. We will make all payments of principal and premium, if any, by check at the
office of the applicable trustee in New York, New York and/or at other offices that may be specified in the prospectus supplement or term sheet or in a notice to holders, against surrender of the debt
security. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Alternatively,
if the holder asks us to do so, we will pay any amount that becomes due on the debt security by wire transfer of immediately available funds to an account at a bank in New
York City, on the due date. To request payment by wire, the holder must give the applicable trustee or other paying agent appropriate transfer instructions at least 15 Business Days before the
requested wire payment is due. In the case of any interest payment due on an interest payment date, the instructions must be given by the person who is the holder on the relevant regular record date.
Any wire instructions, once properly given, will remain in effect unless and until new instructions are given in the manner described above. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payment When Offices Are Closed.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If any payment is due on a debt security on a day that is not a Business Day, we will make the payment
on the next
day that is a Business Day. Payments made on the next Business Day in this situation will be treated under the Indenture as if they were made on the original due date, except as otherwise indicated in
the attached prospectus supplement or term sheet. Such payment will not result in a default under any debt security or the Indenture, and no interest will accrue on the payment amount from the
original due date to the next day that is a Business Day. </FONT></P>

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Material Covenants  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Consolidation, Merger, Sale or Conveyance.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Indenture provides that AAM&nbsp;Inc. or Holdings may not consolidate with or merge into
any other
entity or convey, transfer or lease their properties and assets substantially as an entirety to any entity, unless:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> the successor or transferee entity, if other than AAM&nbsp;Inc. or Holdings, as the case may be, is a corporation organized and existing
under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia and expressly assumes by a supplemental indenture executed and delivered to the trustee, in form reasonably
satisfactory to the trustee, the due and punctual payment of the principal of, any premium on and any interest on, all the outstanding debt securities and the performance of every covenant and
obligation in the Indenture to be performed or observed by AAM&nbsp;Inc. or Holdings, as the case may be; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> immediately after giving effect to the transaction, no Event of Default, as defined in the Indenture, and no event which, after notice or lapse
of time or both, would become an Event of Default, has happened and is continuing; and </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> AAM&nbsp;Inc. or Holdings, as the case may be, has delivered to the trustee an officers' certificate and an opinion of counsel, each in the
form required by the Indenture and stating that such consolidation, merger, conveyance, transfer or lease and, if a supplemental indenture is required in connection with such transaction, such
supplemental indenture comply with the foregoing provisions relating to such transaction. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In
case of any such consolidation, merger, conveyance or transfer, the successor entity will succeed to and be substituted for AAM&nbsp;Inc. or Holdings, as the case may be, as obligor
or guarantor on the debt securities, as the case may be, with the same effect as if it had been named in the Indenture as AAM&nbsp;Inc. or Holdings, as the case may be. </FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Limitation on Liens.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;AAM&nbsp;Inc. and Holdings will not, and will not permit any Restricted Subsidiary to, create, incur, issue,
assume or
guarantee any indebtedness for money borrowed ("Debt") secured by a Mortgage upon any Operating Property, or upon shares of capital stock or Debt issued by any Restricted Subsidiary and owned by
AAM&nbsp;Inc. or Holdings or any Restricted Subsidiary, whether owned at the date of the Indenture or thereafter acquired, without effectively providing concurrently that the debt securities of each
series then outstanding under the Indenture are secured equally and ratably with or, at our option, prior to such Debt so long as such Debt shall be so secured. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
foregoing restriction shall not apply to, and there shall be excluded from Debt in any computation under such restriction, Debt secured by: </FONT></P>

<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mortgages
on any property existing at the time of the acquisition thereof; </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mortgages
on property of a corporation existing at the time such corporation is merged into or consolidated with our company or Holdings or a Restricted Subsidiary or at
the time of a sale, lease or other disposition of the properties of such corporation (or a division thereof) as an entirety or substantially as an entirety to us, Holdings or a Restricted Subsidiary, </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT
SIZE=2> that any such Mortgage does not extend to any property owned by us, Holdings or any Restricted Subsidiary immediately prior to such merger,
consolidation, sale, lease or disposition; </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mortgages
on property of a corporation existing at the time such corporation becomes a Restricted Subsidiary; </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mortgages
in favor of our company, Holdings or a Restricted Subsidiary; </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mortgages
to secure all or part of the cost of acquisition, construction, development or improvement of the underlying property, or to secure debt incurred to provide
funds for any such purpose, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> that the commitment of the creditor to extend the credit secured by any such Mortgage shall have been obtained no
later than 360&nbsp;days after the later of (a)&nbsp;the completion of the acquisition, construction, development or improvement of such property or (b)&nbsp;the placing in operation of such
property; </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mortgages
in favor of the United States of America or any state thereof, or any department, agency or instrumentality or political subdivision thereof, to secure
partial, progress, advance or other payments; and </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mortgages
existing on the date of the Indenture or any extension, renewal, replacement or refunding of any Debt secured by a Mortgage existing on the date of the
Indenture or referred to in clauses&nbsp;(1) to (3)&nbsp;or (5), </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> that any such extension, renewal, replacement or refunding of such Debt
shall be created within 360&nbsp;days of repaying the Debt secured by the Mortgage referred to in clauses&nbsp;(1) to (3)&nbsp;or (5)&nbsp;and the principal amount of the Debt secured thereby
and not otherwise authorized by clauses&nbsp;(1) to (3)&nbsp;or (5)&nbsp;shall not exceed the principal amount of Debt, plus any premium or fee payable in connection with any such extension,
renewal, replacement or refunding, so secured at the time of such extension, renewal, replacement or refunding. </FONT></P>

</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notwithstanding
the restrictions described above, AAM&nbsp;Inc., Holdings and any Restricted Subsidiaries may create, incur, issue, assume or guarantee Debt secured by Mortgages
without equally and ratably securing the debt securities of each series then outstanding if, at the time of such creation, incurrence, issuance, assumption or guarantee, after giving effect thereto
and to the retirement of any Debt which is concurrently being retired, the aggregate amount of all such Debt secured by Mortgages which would otherwise be subject to such restrictions (other than any
Debt secured by Mortgages permitted as described in clauses&nbsp;(1) through (7)&nbsp;of the immediately preceding paragraph) plus all Attributable Debt of AAM&nbsp;Inc., Holdings and the
Restricted Subsidiaries in respect of Sale and Leaseback Transactions with respect to Operating Properties (with the exception of such transactions </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>29</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>which
are permitted under clauses&nbsp;(1) through (4)&nbsp;of the first sentence of the first paragraph under "&#151;Limitation on Sale and Leaseback Transactions" below) does not exceed
10% of Consolidated Net Tangible Assets. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Consolidated Tangible Assets"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means the aggregate of all assets of Holdings (including the value of all existing Sale and Leaseback
Transactions and any assets resulting from the capitalization of other long-term lease obligations in accordance with GAAP) appearing on the most recent available consolidated balance sheet of
Holdings at their net book values, after deducting related depreciation, applicable allowances and other properly deductible items, and after deducting all goodwill, trademarks, tradenames, patents,
unamortized debt discount and expenses and other like intangibles, all prepared in accordance with GAAP. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Consolidated Current Liabilities"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means the aggregate of the current liabilities of Holdings appearing on the most recent available
consolidated balance sheet of Holdings, all in accordance with GAAP. In no event shall Consolidated Current Liabilities include any obligation of Holdings or its Subsidiaries issued under a revolving
credit or similar agreement if the obligation issued under such agreement matures by its terms within 12&nbsp;months from the date thereof but by the terms of such agreement such obligation may be
renewed or extended or the amount thereof reborrowed or refunded at the option of Holdings, our company or any Subsidiary for a term in excess of 12&nbsp;months from the date of determination. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Consolidated Net Tangible Assets"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means Consolidated Tangible Assets after deduction of Consolidated Current Liabilities. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"GAAP"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means generally accepted accounting principles set forth in the opinions and pronouncements of the Accounting Principles Board of
the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and statements and pronouncements of the Financial Accounting Standards Board or in such other
statements by such other entity as have been approved by a significant segment of the accounting profession which are in effect on the Issue Date. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Mortgage"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means, with respect to any property or assets, any mortgage or deed of trust, pledge, hypothecation, assignment, security
interest, lien, encumbrance, or any other security arrangement of any kind or nature whatsoever on or with respect to such property or assets (including any conditional sale or other title retention
agreement having substantially the same economic effect as any of the foregoing). </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Operating Property"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means any real property or equipment located in the United States owned by, or leased to, AAM&nbsp;Inc., Holdings
or any Subsidiary that has a market value in excess of 1.0% of Consolidated Net Tangible Assets. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Person"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means any individual, corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, unincorporated organization or government or any agency or
political subdivision thereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Restricted Subsidiary"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means any Subsidiary (excluding AAM&nbsp;Inc.) that owns Operating Property. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Sale and Leaseback Transaction"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means any arrangement with any Person providing for the leasing to AAM&nbsp;Inc., Holdings or any
Subsidiary of any Operating Property, which Operating Property has been or is to be sold or transferred by AAM&nbsp;Inc., Holdings or such Subsidiary to such Person. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Subsidiary"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means any corporation of which at least a majority of the outstanding stock having by the terms thereof ordinary voting power
for the election of directors of such corporation (irrespective of whether or not at the time stock of any other class or classes of such corporation shall have or might have voting power by reason of
the happening of any contingency) is at the time directly or indirectly owned by AAM&nbsp;Inc. or Holdings, or by one or more other Subsidiaries, or by AAM&nbsp;Inc. or Holdings and one or more
other Subsidiaries. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>30</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Limitation on Sale and Leaseback Transactions.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;AAM&nbsp;Inc. and Holdings will not, and will not permit any
Restricted Subsidiary to, enter into any Sale and Leaseback Transaction with respect to any Operating Property unless: </FONT></P>

<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the
Sale and Leaseback Transaction is solely with our company, Holdings or another Restricted Subsidiary; </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the
lease is for a period not in excess of 24&nbsp;months, including renewals; </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our
company, Holdings or such Restricted Subsidiary would (at the time of entering into such arrangement) be entitled as described in clauses&nbsp;(1) through
(7)&nbsp;of the second paragraph under the heading "&#151;Limitation on Liens," without equally and ratably securing the debt securities then outstanding under the Indenture, to create,
incur, issue, assume or guarantee Debt secured by a Mortgage on such Operating Property in the amount of the Attributable Debt arising from such Sale and Leaseback Transaction; </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our
company, Holdings or such Restricted Subsidiary within 360&nbsp;days after the sale of such Operating Property in connection with such Sale and Leaseback
Transaction is completed, applies an amount equal to the greater of (A)&nbsp;the net proceeds of the sale of such Operating Property or (B)&nbsp;the fair market value of such Operating Property to
(i)&nbsp;the retirement of debt securities, other Funded Debt of our company or Holdings ranking on a parity with the debt securities or Funded Debt of a Restricted Subsidiary or (ii)&nbsp;the
purchase of Operating Property; or </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the
Attributable Debt of our company, Holdings and our Restricted Subsidiaries in respect of such Sale and Leaseback Transaction and all other Sale and Leaseback
Transactions entered into after the date of the Indenture (other than any such Sale and Leaseback Transaction as would be permitted as described in clauses&nbsp;(1) through (4)&nbsp;of this
sentence), plus the aggregate principal amount of Debt secured by Mortgages on Operating Properties then outstanding (not including any such Debt secured by Mortgages described in clauses&nbsp;(1)
through (7)&nbsp;of the second paragraph under the heading "&#151;Limitation on Liens") which do not equally and ratably secure such outstanding debt securities (or secure such outstanding
debt securities on a basis that is prior to other Debt secured thereby), would not exceed 10% of Consolidated Tangible Net Assets. </FONT></P>

</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Attributable Debt"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> in respect of any Sale and Leaseback Transaction, means, as of the time of determination, the total obligation
(discounted to present value at the rate per annum equal to the discount rate which would be applicable to a capital lease obligation with like term in accordance with GAAP) of the lessee for rental
payments (other than amounts required to be paid on account of property taxes, maintenance, repairs, insurance, water rates and other items which do not constitute payments for property rights) during
the remaining portion of the initial term of the lease included in such Sale and Leaseback Transaction. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><I>"Funded Debt"</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> means all Debt having a maturity of more than 12&nbsp;months from the date as of which the determination is made or having
a maturity of 12&nbsp;months or less but by its terms being renewable or extendable beyond 12&nbsp;months from such date at the option of the borrower, but excluding any such Debt owed to our
company, Holdings or a Subsidiary. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Events of Default  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;An event of default is defined in the Indenture as: </FONT></P>

<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;default
for 30&nbsp;days in payment of any interest on the debt securities when it becomes due and payable; </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;default
in payment of principal of or any premium on the debt securities at maturity or redemption or repurchase price when the same becomes due and payable; </FONT></P>

</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>31</FONT></P>

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<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;default
by us or Holdings in the performance of any other covenant contained in the Indenture for the benefit of the debt securities that has not been remedied by the
end of a period of 60&nbsp;days after notice is given as specified in the Indenture; </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the
guarantee of Holdings ceases to be in full force and effect or is declared null and void or Holdings or any such Subsidiary Guarantor denies that it has any further
liability under its guarantee to the note holders, or has given notice to such effect (other than by reason of the termination of the Indenture or the release of such guarantee in accordance with the
Indenture), and such condition shall have continued for a period of 30&nbsp;days after notice is given as specified in the Indenture; </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;default
in the payment of principal when due or resulting in acceleration of other indebtedness of AAM&nbsp;Inc., Holdings or any Significant Subsidiary for borrowed
money where the aggregate principal amount with respect to which the default or acceleration has occurred exceeds $100&nbsp;million and such acceleration has not been rescinded or annulled or such
indebtedness repaid within a period of 30&nbsp;days after written notice to us by the trustee or to us and the trustee by the holders of at least 25% in
principal amount at maturity of the debt securities, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> that if any such default is cured, waived, rescinded or annulled, then the event of
default by reason thereof would be deemed not to have occurred; and </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;certain
events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization of our company or Holdings. </FONT></P>

</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When
we refer to a "Significant Subsidiary," we mean any Subsidiary that would constitute a "significant subsidiary" within the meaning of Article&nbsp;1 of Regulation&nbsp;S-X of
the Securities Act as in effect on the date of the Indenture. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
Indenture provides that:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> if an event of default described in clause&nbsp;(a), (b), (c), (d)&nbsp;or (e)&nbsp;above has occurred and is continuing, either the
trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities may declare the principal amount of the debt securities then outstanding, and any accrued and unpaid
interest through the date of such declaration, to be due and payable immediately; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> upon certain conditions such declarations may be annulled and past defaults (except for defaults in the payment of principal of, any premium on
or interest on, the debt securities and in compliance with certain covenants) may be waived by the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities then outstanding; and </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> if an event of default described in clause&nbsp;(f) occurs and is continuing, then the principal amount of all debt securities issued under
the Indenture and then outstanding, together with any accrued interest through the occurrence of such event, shall become and be due and payable immediately, without any declaration or other act by
the trustee or any other holder. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under
the Indenture, the trustee must give to the holders of debt securities notice of all uncured defaults known to it with respect to the debt securities within 90&nbsp;days after
such a default occurs (the term default to include the events specified above without notice or grace periods); </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> that, except in the case of
default in the payments of principal of or any premium on, any of the debt
securities, the trustee will be protected in withholding such notice if it in good faith determines that the withholding of such notice is in the interests of the holders of the debt securities. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No
holder of any debt securities may institute any action under the Indenture unless:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> such holder has given the trustee written notice of a continuing event of default with respect to the debt securities; </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>32</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities then outstanding have requested the trustee to institute
proceedings in respect of such event of default; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> such holder or holders have offered the trustee such reasonable indemnity as the trustee may require; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> the trustee has failed to institute an action for 60&nbsp;days thereafter; and </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> no inconsistent direction has been given to the trustee during such 60-day period by the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of
debt securities. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities affected and then outstanding will have the right, subject to certain limitations, to direct the time,
method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee with respect to the debt securities. The Indenture
provides that, if an event of default occurs and is continuing, the trustee, in exercising its rights and powers under the Indenture, will be required to use the degree of care of a prudent man in the
conduct of his own affairs. The Indenture further provides that the trustee shall not be required to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur any financial liability in the performance of any
of its duties under the Indenture unless it has reasonable grounds for believing that repayment of such funds or adequate indemnity against such risk or liability is reasonably assured to it. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
must furnish to the trustee within 120&nbsp;days after the end of each fiscal year a statement of our company signed by one of the officers of our company to the effect that a
review of our activities during such year and our performance under the Indenture and the terms of the debt securities has been made, and, to the knowledge of the signatories based on such review, we
have complied with all conditions and covenants of the Indenture or, if we are in default, specifying such default. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Modification of the Indenture  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We, the trustee and, if applicable, Holdings and any Subsidiary Guarantors, may, without the consent of the holders of the debt securities
issued under the Indenture, enter into supplemental indenture for, among others, one or more of the following purposes:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> to evidence the succession of another corporation to our company, and the assumption by such successor of our obligations under the Indenture
and the debt securities; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> to add covenants of our company, or surrender any rights of the company, or add any rights for the benefit of the holders of debt securities; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> to cure any ambiguity, omission, defect or inconsistency in such Indenture; provided that such action does not adversely affect the interests
of the holders of any series and any related coupons in any material respect; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> to add any guarantors with respect to the securities of any series; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> to establish the form or terms of any other series of debt securities, including the form or terms of any Subsidiary Guarantor's guarantee of
the securities and/or the provisions and procedures relating to securities convertible into or exchangeable for any securities of any Person, including the Company or Holdings; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> to evidence and provide the acceptance of any successor trustee with respect to the debt securities or one or more other series of debt
securities or to facilitate the administration of the trusts thereunder by one or more trustees in accordance with such Indenture; and </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> to provide any additional events of default. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>33</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;With
certain exceptions, the Indenture, the Holdings guarantee, any Subsidiary guarantee or the rights of the holders of the debt securities may be modified by us and the trustee with
the consent of the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities then outstanding, but no such modification may be made without the consent of the holder of each
outstanding debt security affected thereby that would:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> change the maturity of any payment of principal of, or any premium on, any debt securities, or change any place of payment where, or the coin
or currency in which, any debt security or any premium is payable, or impair the right to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment on or after the maturity thereof (or, in the case of
redemption, on or after the redemption date); </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> reduce the percentage in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities, the consent of whose holders is required for any such
modification, or the consent of whose holders is required for any waiver of compliance with certain provisions of the Indenture or certain defaults thereunder and their consequences provided for in
the Indenture; or </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> modify any of the provisions of certain sections of the Indenture, including the provisions summarized in this paragraph, except to increase
any such percentage or to provide that certain other provisions of the Indenture cannot be modified or waived without the consent of the holder of each outstanding debt securities affected thereby. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Defeasance  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The following provisions will be applicable to each series of debt securities unless we state in the applicable prospectus supplement or term
sheet that the provisions of covenant defeasance and full defeasance will not be applicable to that series. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Covenant Defeasance.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under current United States federal tax law, we can make the deposit described below and be released from some of
the
restrictive covenants in the Indenture under which the particular series was issued. This is called "covenant defeasance." In that event, you would lose the protection of those restrictive covenants
but would gain the protection of having money and government securities set aside in trust to repay your debt securities. If you hold subordinated securities, you also would be released from the
subordination provisions described in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet. In order to achieve covenant defeasance, we must do the following:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If the debt securities of the particular series are denominated in U.S. dollars, deposit in trust for the benefit of all holders of such debt
securities a combination of money and United States government or United States government agency debt securities or bonds that will generate enough cash to make interest, principal and any other
payments on the debt securities on their various due dates. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Deliver to the trustee a legal opinion of our counsel confirming that, under current United States federal income tax law, we may make the
above deposit without causing you to be taxed on the debt securities any differently than if we did not make the deposit and just repaid the debt securities ourselves at maturity. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Deliver to the trustee a legal opinion of our counsel stating that the above deposit does not require registration by us under the Investment
Company Act of 1940, as amended, and a legal opinion and officers' certificate stating that all conditions precedent to covenant defeasance have been complied with. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
we accomplish covenant defeasance, you can still look to us for repayment of the debt securities if there were a shortfall in the trust deposit or the trustee is prevented from making
payment. In fact, if </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>34</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>one
of the remaining Events of Default occurred (such as our bankruptcy) and the debt securities became immediately due and payable, there might be a shortfall. Depending on the event causing the
default, you may not be able to obtain payment of the shortfall. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Full Defeasance.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If there is a change in United States federal tax law, as described below, we can legally release ourselves from all
payment and
other obligations on the debt securities of a particular series (called "full defeasance") if we put in place the following other arrangements for you to be repaid:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> If the debt securities of the particular series are denominated in U.S. dollars, we must deposit in trust for the benefit of all holders of
such debt securities a combination of money and United States government or United States government agency debt securities or bonds that will generate enough cash to make interest, principal and any
other payments on the debt securities on their various due dates. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> We must deliver to the trustee a legal opinion confirming that there has been a change in current United States federal tax law or an Internal
Revenue Service ruling that allows us to make the above deposit without causing you to be taxed on the debt securities any differently than if we did not make the deposit and just repaid the debt
securities ourselves at maturity. Under current United States federal tax law, the deposit and our legal release from the debt securities would be treated as though we paid you your share of the cash
and debt securities or bonds at the time the cash and debt securities or bonds were deposited in trust in exchange for your debt securities and you would recognize gain or loss on the debt securities
at the time of the deposit. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> We must deliver to the trustee a legal opinion of our counsel stating that the above deposit does not require registration by us under the
Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and a legal opinion and officers' certificate stating that all conditions precedent to defeasance have been complied with. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
we ever did accomplish full defeasance, as described above, you would have to rely solely on the trust deposit for repayment of the debt securities. You could not look to us for
repayment in the unlikely event of any shortfall. Conversely, the trust deposit would most likely be protected from claims of our lenders and other creditors if we ever became bankrupt or insolvent.
If you hold subordinated securities, you would also be released from the subordination provisions described in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Discharge of the Indenture  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We may satisfy and discharge our obligations under the Indenture by delivering to the trustee for cancellation all outstanding debt securities
or by depositing with the trustee or the paying agent after the debt securities have become due and payable, whether at stated maturity, or any redemption date, or otherwise, cash sufficient to pay
all of the outstanding debt securities and paying all other sums payable under the Indenture by our company. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Form, Exchange and Transfer of Certificated Registered Securities  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If registered debt securities cease to be issued in book-entry form, they will be issued:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> only in fully registered certificated form, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> without interest coupons, and </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> unless we indicate otherwise in the prospectus supplement or term sheet, in denominations of $2,000 and amounts that are multiples of $1,000. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>35</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Holders
may exchange their certificated securities for debt securities of smaller denominations or combined into fewer debt securities of larger denominations, as long as the total
principal amount is not changed. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Holders
may exchange or transfer their certificated securities at the office of their trustee. We have appointed the trustee to act as our agent for registering debt securities in the
names of holders transferring debt securities. We may appoint another entity to perform these functions or perform them ourselves. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Holders
will not be required to pay a service charge to transfer or exchange their certificated securities, but they may be required to pay any tax or other governmental charge
associated with the transfer or
exchange. The transfer or exchange will be made only if our transfer agent is satisfied with the holder's proof of legal ownership. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
we have designated additional transfer agents for your debt security, they will be named in your prospectus supplement or term sheet. We may appoint additional transfer agents or
cancel the appointment of any particular transfer agent. We may also approve a change in the office through which any transfer agent acts. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
any certificated securities of a particular series are redeemable and we redeem less than all the debt securities of that series, we may block the transfer or exchange of those debt
securities during the period beginning 15&nbsp;days before the day we mail the notice of redemption and ending on the day of that mailing, in order to freeze the list of holders to prepare the
mailing. We may also refuse to register transfers or exchanges of any certificated securities selected for redemption, except that we will continue to permit transfers and exchanges of the unredeemed
portion of any debt security that will be partially redeemed. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
a registered debt security is issued in book-entry form, only the depositary will be entitled to transfer and exchange the debt security as described in this subsection, since it will
be the sole holder of the debt security. </FONT></P>

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Resignation of Trustee  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The trustee may resign or be removed with respect to one or more series of indenture securities </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2> that a successor trustee is
appointed to act with respect to these series. In the event that two or more persons are acting as trustee with
respect to different series of indenture securities under the Indenture, each of the trustees will be a trustee of a trust separate and apart from the trust administered by any other trustee. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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The Trustee Under the Indenture  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S. Bank National Association is one of a number of banks with which we maintain ordinary banking relationships and from which we may have
obtained credit facilities and lines of credit. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Certain Considerations Relating to Foreign Currencies  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Debt securities denominated or payable in foreign currencies may entail significant risks. These risks include the possibility of significant
fluctuations in the foreign currency markets, the imposition or modification of foreign exchange controls and potential illiquidity in the secondary market. These risks will vary depending upon the
currency or currencies involved and will be more fully described in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>36</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="di74701_description_of_guarantees"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_di74701_1"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  DESCRIPTION OF GUARANTEES    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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The Guarantees  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This section summarizes some of the terms of the guarantees by Holdings and/or any relevant Subsidiary Guarantor. Most of the financial terms
and other specific material terms of any guarantees that we offer will be described in a prospectus supplement or term sheet to be attached to the front of this prospectus. Furthermore, since the
terms of specific guarantees may differ from the
general information we have provided below, you should rely on information in the prospectus supplement or term sheet that contradicts different information below. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
guarantee by Holdings and/or any Subsidiary Guarantors may:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> be senior obligations of the relevant Guarantor in the case of senior debt securities; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> be the unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of the relevant Guarantor in the case of senior unsecured debt securities; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> rank equally (or </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>pari passu</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>) with all other existing and future unsubordinated and unsecured
indebtedness of the relevant Guarantor, respectively in the case of senior unsecured debt securities; and </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> with respect to any series of debt securities that is designated as subordinated, be junior and subordinated to any guarantee of any senior
indebtedness on the same basis as such debt securities are junior and subordinated to any senior indebtedness. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
obligations of each Subsidiary Guarantor under its guarantee will be limited as necessary to prevent that guarantee from constituting a fraudulent conveyance or fraudulent transfer
under applicable law. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not
all of our subsidiaries will guarantee the debt securities. In the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization of any of these non-guarantor subsidiaries, these
non-guarantor subsidiaries will pay holders of their debts and their trade creditors before they will be able to distribute any of their assets to us. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
guarantee by a Subsidiary Guarantor will provide by its terms that it will be automatically and unconditionally released and discharged in accordance with its terms as more fully
described in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="di74701_description_of_debt_warrants"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_di74701_2"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  DESCRIPTION OF DEBT WARRANTS    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We may issue (either separately or together with other offered securities) debt warrants to purchase underlying debt securities issued by us
("offered debt warrants"). We will issue the debt warrants under warrant agreements (each a "debt warrant agreement") to be entered into between us and a bank or trust company, as warrant agent (the
"debt warrant agent"), identified in the prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Because
this section is a summary, it does not describe every aspect of the debt warrants and the debt warrant agreement. We urge you to read the debt warrant agreement because it, and
not this description, defines your rights as a holder of debt warrants. We will file the form of debt warrant agreement with the SEC. See "Where You Can Find More Information" for information on how
to obtain a copy of the debt warrant agreement. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>37</FONT></P>

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General  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You should read the prospectus supplement or term sheet for the material terms of the offered debt warrants, including the
following:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The title and aggregate number of the debt warrants. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The title, rank, aggregate principal amount and terms of the underlying debt securities purchasable upon exercise of the debt warrants. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The principal amount of underlying debt securities that may be purchased upon exercise of each debt warrant, and the price or the manner of
determining the price at which this principal amount may be purchased upon exercise. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The time or times at which, or the period or periods during which, the debt warrants may be exercised and the expiration date of the debt
warrants. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Any optional redemption terms. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether certificates evidencing the debt warrants will be issued in registered or bearer form and, if registered, where they may be transferred
and exchanged. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether the debt warrants are to be issued with any debt securities or any other securities and, if so, the amount and terms of these debt
securities or other securities. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The date, if any, on and after which the debt warrants and these debt securities or other securities will be separately transferable. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Any other material terms of the debt warrants. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
prospectus supplement or term sheet will also contain a discussion of the United States federal income tax considerations relevant to the offering. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Debt
warrant certificates will be exchangeable for new debt warrant certificates of different denominations. No service charge will be imposed for any permitted transfer or exchange of
debt warrant certificates, but we may require payment of any tax or other governmental charge payable in connection therewith. Debt warrants may be exercised and exchanged and debt warrants in
registered form may be presented for registration of transfer at the corporate trust office of the debt warrant agent or any other office indicated in the prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Exercise of Debt Warrants  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each offered debt warrant will entitle the holder thereof to purchase the amount of underlying debt securities at the exercise price set forth
in, or calculable from, the prospectus supplement or term sheet relating to the offered debt warrants. After the close of business on the expiration date, unexercised debt warrants will be void. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Debt
warrants may be exercised by payment to the debt warrant agent of the applicable exercise price and by delivery to the debt warrant agent of the related debt warrant certificate,
properly completed. Debt warrants will be deemed to have been exercised upon receipt of the exercise price and the debt warrant certificate or certificates. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Upon
receipt of this payment and the properly completed debt warrant certificates, we will, as soon as practicable, deliver the amount of underlying debt securities purchased upon
exercise. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
fewer than all of the debt warrants represented by any debt warrant certificate are exercised, a new debt warrant certificate will be issued for the unexercised debt warrants. The
holder of a debt warrant will be required to pay any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>38</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>connection
with any transfer involved in the issuance of underlying debt securities purchased upon exercise. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Modifications  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are three types of changes we can make to a debt warrant agreement and the debt warrants issued thereunder. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes Requiring Your Approval.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;First, there are changes that cannot be made to your debt warrants without your specific approval.
Those types of
changes include modifications and amendments that:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> accelerate the expiration date; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> reduce the number of outstanding debt warrants, the consent of the holders of which is required for a modification or amendment; or </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> otherwise materially and adversely affect the rights of the holders of the debt warrants. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes Not Requiring Approval.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The second type of change does not require any vote by holders of the
debt warrants. This type of change is limited to clarifications and other changes that would not materially adversely affect the interests of holders of the debt warrants. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes Requiring a Majority Vote.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Any other change to the debt warrant agreement and the debt warrants requires a vote in favor by
holders of a
majority in number of the then outstanding unexercised debt warrants affected thereby. Most changes fall into this category. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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No Rights as Holders of Underlying Debt Securities  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Before the warrants are exercised, holders of the debt warrants are not entitled to payments of principal, premium or interest, if any, on the
related underlying debt securities or to exercise any rights whatsoever as holders of the underlying debt securities. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="di74701_description_of_warrants_to_purchase_common_stock"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_di74701_3"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS TO PURCHASE COMMON STOCK    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Holdings may issue (either separately or together with other offered securities) warrants to purchase common stock of Holdings ("common
warrants"). We will issue the common warrants under warrant agreements (each, a "common warrant agreement") to be entered into between Holdings and a bank or trust company, as warrant agent (the
"common warrant agent"), identified in the prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Because
this section is a summary, it does not describe every aspect of the common warrants and common warrant agreement. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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General  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You should read the prospectus supplement or term sheet for the material terms of the offered common warrants, including the
following:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The title and aggregate number of the common warrants. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The number of shares of common stock that may be purchased upon exercise of each common warrant; the price, or the manner of determining the
price, at which the shares may be purchased upon exercise; if other than cash, the property and manner in which the exercise price may be paid; and any minimum number of common warrants that must be
exercised at any one time. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>39</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The time or times at which, or period or periods in which, the common warrants may be exercised and the expiration date of the common warrants. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Any optional redemption terms. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The terms of any right that we may have to accelerate the exercise of the common warrants upon the occurrence of certain events. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether the common warrants will be sold with any other offered securities and, if so, the amount and terms of these other securities. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The date, if any, on and after which the common warrants and any other offered securities will be separately transferable. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Any other terms of the common warrants. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
prospectus supplement or term sheet will also contain a discussion of the United States federal income tax considerations relevant to the offering. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Certificates
representing common warrants will be exchangeable for new common warrant certificates of different denominations. We will not impose a service charge for any permitted
transfer or exchange of common warrant certificates, but we may require payment of any tax or other governmental charge payable in connection therewith. Common warrants may be exercised at the
corporate trust office of the common warrant agent or any other office indicated in the prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Exercise of Common Warrants  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each offered common warrant will entitle the holder thereof to purchase the number of shares of Holdings' common stock at the exercise price set
forth in, or calculable from, the prospectus supplement or term sheet relating to the common warrants. After the close of business on the applicable expiration date, unexercised common warrants will
be void. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common
warrants may be exercised by payment to the common warrant agent of the exercise price and by delivery to the common warrant agent of the related common warrant certificate, with
the reverse side thereof properly completed. Common warrants will be deemed to have been exercised upon receipt of the exercise price and the common warrant certificate or certificates. Upon receipt
of the payment and the properly completed common warrant certificates, we will, as soon as practicable, deliver the shares of common stock purchased upon the exercise. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
fewer than all of the common warrants represented by any common warrant certificate are exercised, a new common warrant certificate will be issued for the unexercised offered common
warrants. The holder of an offered common warrant will be required to pay any tax or other governmental charge
that may be imposed in connection with any transfer involved in the issuance of common stock purchased upon exercise. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Modifications  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are three types of changes Holdings can make to a common warrant agreement and the common warrants issued thereunder. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes Requiring Your Approval.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;First, there are changes that cannot be made to your common warrants without your specific approval.
Those types of
changes include modifications and amendments that:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> accelerate the expiration date; </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>40</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> reduce the number of outstanding common warrants, the consent of the holders of which is required for a modification or amendment; or </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> otherwise materially and adversely affect the rights of the holders of the common warrants. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes Not Requiring Approval.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The second type of change does not require any vote by holders of the common warrants. This type of
change is limited
to clarifications and other changes that would not materially adversely affect the interests of the holders of the common warrants. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Changes Requiring a Majority Vote.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Any other change to the common warrant agreement requires a vote in favor by holders of not fewer
than a majority
in number of the then outstanding unexercised common warrants affected thereby. Most changes fall into this category. </FONT></P>

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Common Warrant Adjustments  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The terms and conditions on which the exercise price of and/or the number of shares of common stock covered by a common warrant are subject to
adjustment will be set forth in the common warrant agreement and the prospectus supplement or term sheet. The terms will include provisions for adjusting the exercise price and/or the number of shares
of common stock covered by the common warrant; the events requiring the adjustment; the events upon which we may, in lieu of making the adjustment, make proper provisions so that the holder of a
common warrant, upon exercise thereof, would be treated as if the holder had exercised the common warrant prior to the occurrence of the events; and provisions affecting exercise in the event of
certain events affecting the common stock. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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No Rights as Stockholders  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Holders of common warrants are not entitled, by virtue of being holders, to receive dividends or to vote, consent or receive notice as our
stockholders in respect of any meeting of stockholders for the election of our directors or for any other matter, or exercise any other rights whatsoever as our stockholders. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="di74701_description_of_common_stock"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_di74701_4"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  DESCRIPTION OF COMMON STOCK    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The following summary describes elements of Holdings' Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Holdings'
authorized capital stock consists of (i)&nbsp;150,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $.01 per share, of which 76,478,463 shares were issued and outstanding as of
February&nbsp;8, 2017, (ii)&nbsp;10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $.01 per share of which no shares are issued and outstanding and (iii)&nbsp;40,000,000 shares of series common
stock, par value $.01 per share, of which no shares are issued and outstanding. The following description of Holdings' capital stock and related matters is qualified in its entirety by reference to
the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws, copies of which are on file with the SEC. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Common Stock  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders. The holders of common stock do
not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors. Holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends if, as and when dividends are declared from time to time by Holdings' Board of
Directors out of funds legally available therefor, after payment of dividends required to be paid on outstanding preferred stock or series common stock (as described below), if any. In the event of
liquidation, dissolution or winding up of Holdings, the holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities and accrued but unpaid dividends and
liquidation preferences on any outstanding preferred stock or series common stock of Holdings. The common stock has no preemptive or conversion rights and is not subject to further calls or assessment
by Holdings. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>41</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>applicable
to the common stock. The common stock sold by Holdings in an offering pursuant to this prospectus, when sold to the underwriters of such offering in the manner described in this prospectus
and the prospectus supplement or term sheet relating to such offering will be, and all currently outstanding common stock of Holdings is, duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and
non-assessable. </FONT></P>

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Preferred Stock and Series Common Stock  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the Board of Directors to establish one or more series of preferred stock and series common stock
and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred stock or series common stock, the terms and rights of such series, including (i)&nbsp;the designation of the series, (ii)&nbsp;the number
of shares of the series, which number the Board may thereafter (except where otherwise provided in the preferred stock or series common stock designation) increase or decrease (but not below the
number of shares thereof then outstanding), (iii)&nbsp;whether dividends, if any, will be cumulative or non-cumulative and the dividend rate of the series, (iv)&nbsp;the dates at which dividends,
if any, will be payable, (v)&nbsp;the redemption rights and price or prices, if any, for shares of the series, (vi)&nbsp;the terms and amounts of any sinking fund provided for the purchase or
redemption of shares of the series, (vii)&nbsp;the amounts payable on shares of the series in the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the affairs of
Holdings, (viii)&nbsp;whether the shares of the series will be convertible into shares of any other class or series, or any other security, of Holdings or any other corporation, and, if so, the
specification of such other class or series or such other security, the conversion price or prices or rate or rates, any adjustments thereof, the date or dates as of which such shares shall be
convertible and all other terms and conditions upon which such conversion may be made, (ix)&nbsp;restrictions on the issuance of shares of the same series or of any other class or series, and
(x)&nbsp;the voting rights, if any, of the holders of such series. The authorized shares of preferred stock and series common stock, as well as shares of common stock, will be available for issuance
without further action by Holdings' stockholders, unless such action is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange or automated quotation system on which the Holdings' securities
may be listed or traded. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although
the Board has no intention at the present time of doing so, it could issue a series of preferred stock or series common stock that could, depending on the terms of such series,
impede the completion of a merger, tender offer or other takeover attempt. The Board will make any determination to issue such shares based on its judgment as to the best interests of Holdings and its
stockholders. The Board, in so acting, could issue preferred stock or series common stock having terms that could discourage an acquisition attempt or other transaction that some, or a majority, of
the Holdings' stockholders might believe to be in their best interests or in which stockholders might receive a premium for their stock over the then-current market price of such stock. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Authorized but Unissued Capital Stock  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Delaware law does not require stockholder approval for any issuance of authorized shares. However, the listing requirements of the New York
Stock Exchange, which would apply so long as the common stock remains listed on the New York Stock Exchange, require stockholder approval of certain issuances equal to or exceeding 20% of the then
outstanding voting
power or then outstanding number of shares of common stock. These additional shares may be used for a variety of corporate purposes, including future public offerings to raise additional capital or to
facilitate acquisitions. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;One
of the effects of the existence of unissued and unreserved common stock, preferred stock and series common stock may be to enable Holdings' Board of Directors to issue shares to
persons friendly to current management, which issuance could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of the Holdings by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or
otherwise, and thereby protect the continuity of Holdings' management and possibly deprive the stockholders of opportunities to sell their shares of common stock at prices higher than prevailing
market prices. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>42</FONT></P>

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The Delaware General Corporation Law  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Holdings is a Delaware corporation subject to Section&nbsp;203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL").
Section&nbsp;203 provides that, subject to certain exceptions specified therein, a Delaware corporation shall not engage in certain "business combinations" with any "interested stockholder" for a
three-year period following the time that such stockholder became an interested stockholder unless (i)&nbsp;the corporation has elected in its certificate of incorporation not to be governed by
Section&nbsp;203 (Holdings has not made such an election), (ii)&nbsp;prior to such time, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction which
resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, (iii)&nbsp;upon consummation of the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested
stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced (excluding certain shares), or (iv)&nbsp;at or subsequent to such time, the
business combination is approved by the board of directors of the corporation and by the affirmative vote of at least 66<SUP>2</SUP>/<SMALL>3</SMALL>% of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the
interested stockholder. The three-year prohibition also does not apply to certain business combinations proposed by an interested stockholder following the announcement or notification of certain
extraordinary transactions involving the corporation and a person who had not been an interested stockholder during the previous three years or who became an interested stockholder with the approval
of a majority of the corporation's directors. The term "business combination" is defined generally to include mergers or consolidations between a Delaware corporation and an "interested stockholder,"
transactions with an "interested stockholder" involving the assets or stock of the corporation or its majority-owned subsidiaries and transactions which increase an interested stockholder's percentage
ownership of stock. Except as specified in Section&nbsp;203 of the DGCL, an "interested stockholder" is defined to include any person, other than the corporation and any direct or indirect
majority-owned subsidiary, that is (x)&nbsp;the owner of 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation, or is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and was the owner of 15%
or
more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation, at any time within three years immediately prior to the relevant date or (y)&nbsp;the affiliates and associates of any such person. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under
certain circumstances, Section&nbsp;203 makes it more difficult for a person who would be an "interested stockholder" to effect various business combinations with a corporation
for a three-year period. The provisions of Section&nbsp;203 may encourage companies interested in acquiring Holdings to negotiate in advance with Holdings' Board of Directors, because the
stockholder approval requirement would be avoided if the Board of Directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which results in the stockholder becoming an interested
stockholder. Such provisions also may have the effect of preventing changes in Holdings' Board of Directors and may make it more difficult to accomplish transactions which stockholders may otherwise
deem to be in their best interests. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Certificate of Incorporation; Bylaws  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws contain certain provisions that could make more difficult the acquisition of Holdings by means
of a tender offer, a proxy contest or otherwise. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Classified Board.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Certificate of Incorporation provides that Holdings' Board of Directors will be divided into three classes of
directors, with
the classes to be as nearly equal in number as possible. As a result, approximately one-third of the Board of Directors will be elected each year. The classification of directors will have the effect
of making it more difficult for stockholders to change the composition of Holdings' Board. The Certificate of Incorporation provides that, subject to any rights of holders of Preferred Stock or Series
Common Stock to elect additional directors under specified circumstances, the number of directors will be fixed in the manner provided in the Bylaws. The Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws
provide that the number of directors will be fixed from time to time exclusively pursuant to a resolution adopted by the Board, but must consist of not less than three directors. In addition, the
Certificate of Incorporation provides that, subject to any rights of </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>43</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>holders
of Preferred Stock, and unless the Board otherwise determines, any vacancies will be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors, though less than a quorum.
The Holdings' Board of Directors currently consists of eight directors, but will be increased to 11 members as a condition to, and effective upon, the completion of the merger with MPG. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Removal of Directors.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under the DGCL, unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, directors serving on a classified
board may be
removed by the stockholders only for cause. In addition, the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws provide that directors may be removed only for cause and only upon the affirmative vote of
holders of at least 75% of the voting power of all the then outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors ("Voting Stock"), voting together as a single class. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stockholder Action.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws provide that stockholder action can be taken only at an annual or
special meeting
of stockholders and may not be taken by written consent in lieu of a meeting. The Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws provide that special meetings of stockholders can be called only by
Holdings' Chief Executive Officer or pursuant to a resolution adopted by the Board. Stockholders are not permitted to call a special meeting or to require that the Board call a special meeting of
stockholders. Moreover, the business permitted to be conducted at any special meeting of stockholders is limited to the business brought before the meeting pursuant to the notice of meeting given by
Holdings. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Advance Notice Procedures.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Bylaws establish an advance notice procedure for stockholders to make nominations of candidates for
election as
directors, or bring other business before an annual or special meeting of stockholders of Holdings (the "Stockholders Notice Procedure"). The Stockholders Notice Procedure provides that only persons
who are nominated by, or at the direction of the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board, or by a stockholder who has given timely written notice to the Secretary of Holdings prior to the
meeting at which directors are to be elected, will be eligible for election as directors of Holdings. The Stockholders Notice Procedure also provides that at an annual meeting only such business may
be conducted as has been brought before the meeting pursuant to the notice of meeting delivered by Holdings or by, or at the direction of, the Chairman of the Board or by a stockholder who is entitled
to vote at the meeting and who has given timely written notice to the Secretary of Holdings of such stockholder's intention to bring such business before such meeting. Under the Stockholders Notice
Procedure, for notice of stockholder nominations to be made at an annual meeting to be timely, such notice must be received by Holdings not less than 70&nbsp;days nor more than 90&nbsp;days prior
to the first anniversary of the previous year's annual meeting (or, if the date of the annual meeting is advanced by more than 20&nbsp;days or delayed by more than 70&nbsp;days from such
anniversary date, not earlier than the 90th&nbsp;day prior to such meeting and not later than the later of (x)&nbsp;the 70th&nbsp;day prior to such meeting and (y)&nbsp;the 10th&nbsp;day
after public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made). Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that the number of directors to be elected is increased and there is no public
announcement naming all of the nominees for director or specifying the size of the increased Board of Directors made by Holdings at least 80&nbsp;days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding
year's annual meeting, a stockholder's notice will be timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if it is received by Holdings not later than the
10th&nbsp;day after such public announcement is first made by Holdings. Under the Stockholders Notice Procedure, for notice of a stockholder nomination to be made at a special meeting at which
directors are to be elected to be timely, such notice must be received by Holdings not earlier than the 90th&nbsp;day before such meeting and not later than the later of (x)&nbsp;the
70th&nbsp;day prior to such
meeting and (y)&nbsp;the 10th&nbsp;day after the public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made. In addition, under the Stockholders Notice Procedure, a stockholder's notice to
Holdings proposing to nominate a person for election as a director or relating to the conduct of business other than the nomination of directors must contain certain specified information. If the
Chairman of the Board or other officer presiding at a meeting determines that a person was not nominated, or other business was </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>44</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>not
brought before the meeting, in accordance with the Stockholders Notice Procedure, such person will not be eligible for election as a director, or such business will not be conducted at such
meeting, as the case may be. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Liability of Directors; Indemnification.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Certificate of Incorporation provides that a director will not be personally liable for
monetary damages
to Holdings or its stockholders for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except to the extent such exemption from liability or limitation thereof is not permitted under the DGCL. The Certificate of
Incorporation also provides that each current or former director, officer, employee or agent of Holdings, or each such person who is or was serving or who had agreed to serve at the request of
Holdings as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise (including the heirs, executors, administrators or estate of such
person), will be indemnified by Holdings to the full extent permitted by the DGCL, as the same exists or may in the future be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that
such amendment permits Holdings to provide broader indemnification rights than said law permitted Holdings to provide prior to such amendment). The Certificate of Incorporation also specifically
authorizes Holdings to enter into agreements with any person providing for indemnification greater or different than that provided by the Certificate of Incorporation. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Amendment.</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Certificate of Incorporation provides that the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the voting power of the
outstanding
shares of Voting Stock, voting together as a single class, is required to amend provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation relating to the prohibition of stockholder action without a meeting; the
number, election and term of Holdings' directors; and the removal of directors. The Certificate of Incorporation further provides that the Bylaws may be amended by the Board or by the affirmative vote
of the holders of at least 75% of the outstanding shares of Voting Stock, voting together as a single class. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
description set forth above is intended as a summary only and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws, copies of which are
exhibits to the Registration Statement of which this prospectus is a part. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Registrar and Transfer Agent  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The registrar and transfer agent for the common stock is Computershare Trust&nbsp;Co. of New York. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Listing  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Holdings' common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "AXL." </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="di74701_description_of_preferred_stock"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_di74701_5"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED STOCK    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under Holdings' Certificate of Incorporation, it is authorized to adopt resolutions providing for the issuance, in one or more series, of up to
10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $.01 par value, with the powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights and qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof
adopted by the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee thereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Because
this section is a summary, it does not describe every aspect of Holdings' preferred stock. We urge you to read Holdings' Certificate of Incorporation and the certificate of
designations creating your preferred stock because they, and not this description, define your rights as a holder of preferred stock. Holdings has filed the Certificate of Incorporation and will file
the certificate of designations with the SEC. See "Where You Can Find More Information" for information on how to obtain copies of these documents. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>45</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
specific material terms of any preferred stock proposed to be sold under this prospectus and an attached prospectus supplement or term sheet will be described in the prospectus
supplement or term sheet. If so indicated in the prospectus supplement or term sheet, the terms of the offered preferred stock may differ from the terms set forth below. </FONT></P>

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General  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement or term sheet relating to the offered preferred stock, each series of preferred stock
will rank on a parity as to dividends and distribution of assets upon liquidation and in all other respects with all other series of preferred stock. The preferred stock will, when issued, be fully
paid and nonassessable and holders thereof will have no preemptive rights. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You
should read the prospectus supplement or term sheet for the material terms of the preferred stock offered thereby, including the following:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The title and stated value of the preferred stock. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The number of shares of the preferred stock offered, the liquidation preference per share and the offering price of the preferred stock. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The dividend rate(s), period(s) and/or payment date(s) or method(s) of calculation thereof applicable to the preferred stock. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The date from which dividends on the preferred stock will accumulate, if applicable. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The liquidation rights of the preferred stock. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any, of the preferred stock. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The sinking fund provisions, if applicable, for the preferred stock. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> The redemption provisions, if applicable, for the preferred stock. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether the preferred stock will be convertible into or exchangeable for other securities and, if so, the terms and conditions of conversion or
exchange, including the conversion price or exchange ratio and the conversion or exchange period (or the method of determining the same). </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether the preferred stock will have voting rights and the terms thereof, if any. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether the preferred stock will be listed on any securities exchange. </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Whether the preferred stock will be issued with any other securities and, if so, the amount and terms of these other securities. </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Any other specific material terms, preferences or rights of, or limitations or restrictions on, the preferred stock. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Subject
to Holdings' Certificate of Incorporation and to any limitations contained in its outstanding preferred stock, Holdings may issue additional series of preferred stock, at any
time or from time to time, with the powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights and qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, as the Board of Directors
or any duly authorized committee thereof may determine, all without further action of its stockholders, including holders of its then outstanding preferred stock. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
applicable, the prospectus supplement or term sheet will also contain a discussion of the material United States federal income tax considerations relevant to the offering. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>46</FONT></P>

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Dividends  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Holders of preferred stock will be entitled to receive cash dividends, when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors, out of Holdings'
assets legally available for payment, at the rate and on the dates set forth in the prospectus supplement or term sheet. Each dividend will be payable to holders of record as they appear on Holdings'
stock books on the record date fixed by the Board of Directors. Dividends, if cumulative, will be cumulative from and after the date set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Holdings
may not:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> declare or pay dividends (except in its stock that is junior as to dividends and liquidation rights to the preferred stock ("junior stock")) or
make any other distributions on junior stock, or </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire junior stock or set aside funds for that purpose (except in a reclassification or exchange of junior
stock through the issuance of other junior stock or with the proceeds of a reasonably contemporaneous sale of junior stock), </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>if
there are arrearages in dividends or failure in the payment of the sinking fund or redemption obligations on any of Holdings' preferred stock and, in the case of the first bullet point above, if
dividends in full for the current quarterly dividend period have not been paid or declared on any of Holdings' preferred stock. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dividends
in full may not be declared or paid or set apart for payment on any series of preferred stock unless:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> there are no arrearages in dividends for any past dividend periods on any series of preferred stock, and </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> to the extent that the dividends are cumulative, dividends in full for the current dividend period have been declared or paid on all preferred
stock. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Any
dividends declared or paid when dividends are not so declared, paid or set apart in full will be shared ratably by the holders of all series of preferred stock in proportion to the
respective arrearages and undeclared and unpaid current cumulative dividends. No interest, or sum of money in lieu of interest, will be payable in respect of any dividend payment or payments that may
be in arrears. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>



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Conversion and Exchange  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If the preferred stock will be convertible into or exchangeable for common stock or other securities, the prospectus supplement or term sheet
will set forth the terms and conditions of that conversion or exchange, including the conversion price or exchange ratio (or the method of calculating the same), the conversion or exchange period (or
the method of determining the same), whether conversion or exchange will be mandatory or at the option of the holder or us, the events requiring an adjustment of the conversion price or the exchange
ratio and provisions affecting conversion or exchange in the event of the redemption of that preferred stock. These terms may also include provisions under which the number of shares of common stock
or the number or amount of other securities to be received by the holders of that preferred stock upon conversion or exchange would be calculated according to the market price of the common stock or
those other securities as of a time stated in the prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>47</FONT></P>

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</FONT></P>

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Liquidation Rights  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the event of Holdings' voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of each series of the preferred stock
will be entitled to receive out of the assets that are available for distribution to stockholders, before any distribution of assets is made to holders of any junior stock, liquidating distributions
in the amount set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet plus all accrued and unpaid dividends. If, upon Holdings' voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up,
the amounts payable with respect to the preferred stock are not paid in full, the holders of preferred stock of each series will share ratably in the distribution of assets in proportion to the full
respective preferential amounts to which they are entitled. After payment of the full amount of the liquidating distribution to which they are entitled, the holders of the preferred stock will not be
entitled to any further participation in any distribution of assets. Holdings' consolidation or merger with or into any other corporation or corporations or a sale of all or substantially all of its
assets will not be deemed to be a liquidation, dissolution or winding up for purposes of these provisions. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Redemption  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If so provided in the prospectus supplement or term sheet, the offered preferred stock may be redeemable in whole or in part at Holdings' option
at the times and at the redemption prices set forth therein. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
dividends on any series of preferred stock are in arrears or Holdings has failed to fulfill its sinking fund or redemption obligations with respect to any series of preferred stock,
Holdings may not purchase or redeem shares of preferred stock or any other capital stock ranking on a parity with or junior to the preferred stock as to dividends or upon liquidation, nor permit any
subsidiary to do so, without in either case the consent of the holders of at least two-thirds of each series of preferred stock then outstanding; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>however</I></FONT><FONT
SIZE=2>, that:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> to meet purchase, retirement or sinking fund obligations with respect to any series of preferred stock, Holdings may use shares of that
preferred stock acquired prior to the arrearages or failure of payment and then held as treasury stock, and </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> Holdings may complete the purchase or redemption of shares of preferred stock for which a contract was entered into for any purchase,
retirement or sinking fund purposes prior to the arrearages or failure of payment. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>


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Voting Rights  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Except as indicated below or in the prospectus supplement or term sheet, or except as expressly required by applicable law, the holders of the
preferred stock will not be entitled to vote. As used herein, the term "applicable preferred stock" means those series of preferred stock to which the provisions described herein are expressly made
applicable by resolutions of the Board of Directors. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
the equivalent of six quarterly dividends payable on any shares of any series of applicable preferred stock are in default (whether or not the dividends have been declared or the
defaulted dividends are consecutive), the number of directors will be increased by two and the holders of all outstanding series of applicable preferred stock, voting as a single class without regard
to series, will be entitled to elect the two additional directors until four consecutive quarterly dividends are paid or declared and set apart for payment, if the shares are cumulative, or until all
arrearages in dividends and dividends in full for the current quarterly period are paid or declared and set apart for payment, if the shares are non-cumulative, whereupon all voting rights described
herein will be divested from the applicable preferred stock. The holders of applicable preferred stock may exercise their special class voting rights at meetings of the stockholders for the election
of directors or at special meetings for the </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>48</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>purpose
of electing directors, in either case at which the holders of not less than one-third of the aggregate number of shares of applicable preferred stock are present in person or by proxy. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of any series of preferred stock will be required:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> for any amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation (or the related certificate of designations) that will adversely affect the powers,
preferences or rights of the holders of the preferred stock of that series, or </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> to create any class of stock (or increase the authorized number of shares of any class of stock) that will have preference as to dividends or
upon liquidation over the preferred stock of that series or create any stock or other security convertible into or exchangeable for or evidencing the right to purchase any stock of that class. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In
addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of all the shares of Holdings' preferred stock then outstanding will be required to increase the authorized amount of
preferred stock. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
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<A NAME="toc_dk74701_1"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO FOREIGN CURRENCY DEBT SECURITIES    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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General  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet, the debt securities will be denominated in U.S. dollars,
payments of principal of, premium, if any, and interest on the debt securities will be made in U.S. dollars and payment of the purchase price of the debt securities must be made in immediately
available funds. If any of the debt securities ("Foreign Currency Debt Securities") are to be denominated or payable in a currency (a "specified currency") other than U.S. dollars, the following
provisions will apply in addition to, and to the extent inconsistent therewith will replace, the description of general terms and provisions of debt securities set forth in the accompanying prospectus
and elsewhere in this prospectus. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A
prospectus supplement or term sheet with respect to any Foreign Currency Debt Security (which may include information with respect to applicable current foreign exchange controls) is a
part of this prospectus and prospectus supplement or term sheet. Any information concerning exchange rates is furnished as a matter of information only and should not be regarded as indicative of the
range of or trends in fluctuations in currency exchange rates that may occur in the future. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Currencies  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We may offer Foreign Currency Debt Securities denominated and/or payable in a specified currency or specified currencies. Unless otherwise
indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet, purchasers are required to pay for Foreign Currency Debt Securities in the specified currency. At the present time, there are limited
facilities in the United States for conversion of U.S. dollars into specified currencies and vice versa, and banks may elect not to offer non-U.S. dollar checking or savings account facilities in the
United States. However, if requested on or prior to the fifth Business Day preceding the date of delivery of the Foreign Currency Debt Securities, or by such other day as determined by the agent who
presents such offer to purchase Foreign Currency Debt Securities to us, such agent may be prepared to arrange for the conversion of U.S. dollars into the specified currency set forth in the applicable
prospectus supplement or term sheet to enable the purchasers to pay for the Foreign Currency Debt Securities. Each such conversion will be made by the agents on such terms and subject to such
conditions, limitations and charges as the agents may from
time to time establish in accordance with their regular foreign exchange practices. All costs of exchange will be borne by the purchasers of the Foreign Currency Debt Securities. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>49</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Information
about the specified currency in which a particular Foreign Currency Debt Security is denominated and/or payable, including historical exchange rates and a description of the
currency and any exchange controls, will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;;margin-left:10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>


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Payment of Principal and Interest  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The principal of, premium, if any, and interest on Foreign Currency Debt Securities are payable by us in the specified currency. Currently,
banks do not generally offer non-U.S. dollar-denominated account facilities in their offices in the United States, although they are permitted to do so. Accordingly, a holder of Foreign Currency Debt
Securities will be paid in U.S. dollars converted from the specified currency unless the holder is entitled to elect, and does elect, to be paid in the specified currency, or as otherwise specified in
the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Any
U.S. dollar amount to be received by a holder of a Foreign Currency Debt Security will be based on the highest bid quotation in The City of New York received by an agent for us
specified in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet (the "Exchange Rate Agent") at approximately 11:00&nbsp;A.M., New York City time, on the second Business Day preceding the applicable
payment date from three recognized foreign exchange dealers (one of whom may be the Exchange Rate Agent) selected by the Exchange Rate Agent and approved by us for the purchase by the quoting dealer
of the specified currency for U.S. dollars for settlement on the payment date in the aggregate amount of the specified currency payable to all holders of Foreign Currency Debt Securities scheduled to
receive U.S. dollar payments and at which the applicable dealer commits to execute a contract. If three bid quotations are not available, payments will be made in the specified currency. All currency
exchange costs will be borne by the holder of the Foreign Currency Debt Security by deductions from such payments. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unless
otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet, a holder of Foreign Currency Debt Securities may elect to receive payment of the principal of, and
premium, if any, and interest on the Foreign Currency Debt Securities in the specified currency by transmitting a written request for such payment to the corporate trust office of the trustee in The
City of New York on or
prior to the regular record date or at least fifteen calendar days prior to Maturity Date, as the case may be. This request may be in writing (mailed or hand delivered) or sent by cable, telex or
other form of facsimile transmission. A holder of a Foreign Currency Debt Security may elect to receive payment in the specified currency for all principal, premium, if any, and interest payments and
need not file&nbsp;a separate election for each payment. This election will remain in effect until revoked by written notice to the trustee, but written notice of any revocation must be received by
the trustee on or prior to the regular record date or at least fifteen calendar days prior to the Maturity Date, as the case may be. Holders of Foreign Currency Debt Securities whose debt securities
are to be held in the name of a broker or nominee should contact their brokers or nominees to determine whether and how an election to receive payments in the specified currency may be made. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unless
otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet, if the specified currency is other than U.S. dollars, a beneficial owner of the related global security
who elects to receive payments of principal, premium, if any, and/or interest, if any, in the specified currency must notify its participant through which it owns its beneficial interest on or prior
to the applicable record date or at least fifteen calendar days prior to the Maturity Date, as the case may be, of such beneficial owner's election. The participant must notify the depositary of such
election on or prior to the third Business Day after such record date or at least 12 calendar days prior to the Maturity Date, as the case may be, and the depositary will notify the trustee of such
election on or prior to the fifth Business Day after such record date or at least ten calendar days prior to the Maturity Date, as the case may be. If complete instructions are received by the
participant from the beneficial owner and forwarded by the participant to the depositary, and by the depositary to the trustee, on or prior to such dates, then the </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>50</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>beneficial
owner will receive payments in the specified currency. See "Description of Debt Securities&#151;Global Securities" in the accompanying prospectus. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Principal
and interest on Foreign Currency Debt Securities paid in U.S. dollars will be paid in the manner specified in the accompanying prospectus supplement or term sheet and this
prospectus with respect to debt securities denominated in U.S. dollars. Interest on Foreign Currency Debt Securities paid in the specified currency will be paid by check mailed on an Interest Payment
Date other than a Maturity Date to the persons entitled thereto to the addresses of such holders as they appear in the security register or, at our option, by wire transfer to a bank account
maintained by the holder in the country of the specified currency. The principal of, premium, if any, and interest on Foreign Currency Debt Securities, together with interest accrued and unpaid
thereon, due on the Maturity Date will be paid, in the specified currency in immediately available funds upon surrender of such debt securities at the corporate trust office of the trustee in The City
of New York, or, at our option, by wire transfer to such bank account of immediately available funds to an account with a bank designated at least 15 calendar days prior to the Maturity Date by the
applicable registered holder, provided the particular bank has appropriate facilities to make these payments and the particular Foreign Currency Debt Security is presented and surrendered at the
office or agency maintained by us for this purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, in time for the trustee to make these payments in accordance with its normal procedures. </FONT></P>

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Payment Currency  </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If a specified currency is not available for the payment of principal, premium or interest with respect to a Foreign Currency Debt Security due
to the imposition of exchange controls or other circumstances beyond our control, we will be entitled to satisfy our obligations to holders of Foreign Currency Debt Securities by making such payment
in U.S. dollars on the basis of the noon buying rate in The City of New York for cable transfers of the specified currency as certified for customs purposes (or, if not so certified, as otherwise
determined) by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (the "Market Exchange Rate") as computed by the Exchange Rate Agent on the second Business Day prior to such payment or, if not then available, on
the basis of the most recently available Market Exchange Rate or as otherwise indicated in an applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet. Any payment made under these circumstances in U.S. dollars
where the required payment is in a specified currency will not constitute a default under the Indenture with respect to the Debt Securities. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All
determinations referred to above made by the Exchange Rate Agent will be at its sole discretion and will, in the absence of manifest error, be conclusive for all purposes and binding
on the holders of the Foreign Currency Debt Securities. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT
SIZE=2><B>AS INDICATED ABOVE, AN INVESTMENT IN FOREIGN CURRENCY DEBT SECURITIES OR CURRENCY INDEXED DEBT SECURITIES INVOLVES SUBSTANTIAL RISKS, AND THE EXTENT AND NATURE OF
SUCH RISKS CHANGE CONTINUOUSLY. AS WITH ANY INVESTMENT IN A SECURITY, PROSPECTIVE PURCHASERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN FINANCIAL AND LEGAL ADVISORS AS TO THE RISKS ENTAILED IN AN INVESTMENT IN FOREIGN
CURRENCY DEBT SECURITIES OR CURRENCY INDEXED DEBT SECURITIES. SUCH DEBT SECURITIES ARE NOT AN APPROPRIATE INVESTMENT FOR PROSPECTIVE PURCHASERS WHO ARE UNSOPHISTICATED WITH RESPECT TO FOREIGN CURRENCY
MATTERS.</B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="dk74701_plan_of_distribution"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_dk74701_2"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We may sell the offered securities:</FONT></P>

<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> through agents; </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> to or through underwriters or dealers; </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>51</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> directly to other purchasers; or </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>&#149;</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2> through a combination of any of these methods of sale. </FONT></DD></DL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Any
underwriters or agents will be identified and their discounts, commissions and other items constituting underwriters' compensation and any securities exchanges on which the
securities are listed will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
(directly or through agents) may sell, and the underwriters may resell, the offered securities in one or more transactions, including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public
offering price or prices, which may be changed, or at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In
order to facilitate the offering of the debt securities, the underwriters or agents may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the debt
securities and our common stock. These transactions may include short sales, stabilizing transactions and purchases to cover positions created by short sales. Short sales involve the sale by the
underwriters or agents of a greater number of debt securities than they are required to purchase in the offering. "Covered" short sales are sales made in an amount not greater than the underwriters'
or agents' option to purchase additional debt securities from us in the offering. The underwriters or agents may close out any covered short position by either exercising the option to purchase
additional debt securities or purchasing debt securities in the open market. In determining the source of debt securities to close out the covered short position, the underwriters or agents will
consider, among other things, the price of debt securities available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase debt securities through the option. "Naked"
short sales are sales in excess of the option. The underwriters or agents must close out any naked short position by purchasing debt securities in open market. A
naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters or agents are concerned that there may be a downward pressure on the price of the debt securities in the open market after pricing
that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering. Stabilizing transactions consist of certain bids for or purchases of the debt securities made by the underwriters or agents in the
open market prior to the completion of the offering. Any of these activities may stabilize or maintain the market price of the debt securities above independent market levels. The underwriters or
agents are not required to engage in these activities, and may end any of these activities at any time. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In
connection with the sale of offered securities, the underwriters or agents may receive compensation from us or from purchasers of the offered securities for whom they may act as
agents. The underwriters may sell offered securities to or through dealers, who may also receive compensation from purchasers of the offered securities for whom they may act as agents. Compensation
may be in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions. Underwriters, dealers and agents that participate in the distribution of the offered securities may be underwriters as defined in the
Securities Act of 1933 (the "Act"), and any discounts or commissions received by them from us and any profit on the resale of the offered securities by them may be treated as underwriting discounts
and commissions under the Act. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
will indemnify the underwriters and agents against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Act, or contribute to payments they may be required to make in respect of
such liabilities. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Underwriters,
dealers and agents may engage in transactions with, or perform services for, us or our affiliates in the ordinary course of their businesses. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
so indicated in the prospectus supplement or term sheet relating to a particular series or issue of offered securities, we will authorize underwriters, dealers or agents to solicit
offers by certain institutions to purchase the offered securities from us under delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery at a future date. These contracts will be subject only to
those conditions set forth </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>52</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>in
the prospectus supplement or term sheet, and the prospectus supplement or term sheet will set forth the commission payable for solicitation of these contracts. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="dk74701_legal_matters"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_dk74701_3"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  LEGAL MATTERS    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The validity of the Holdings and AAM&nbsp;Inc. securities will be passed upon for us by Shearman&nbsp;&amp; Sterling&nbsp;LLP, 599 Lexington
Avenue, New York, New York 10022. David E. Barnes, who is General Counsel of Holdings and AAM&nbsp;Inc., will give us an opinion about the validity of the guarantees by the Subsidiary Guarantors.
Mr.&nbsp;Barnes owns Holdings common stock. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="dk74701_experts"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_dk74701_4"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  EXPERTS    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The consolidated financial statements, and the related financial statement schedule, incorporated in this prospectus by reference from Holdings'
Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K, and the effectiveness of Holdings' internal control over financial reporting have been audited by Deloitte&nbsp;&amp; Touche&nbsp;LLP, an independent registered
public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is incorporated herein by reference. Such consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule have been so incorporated in
reliance upon the report of such firm given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
consolidated financial statements, and the related financial statement schedule, of MPG as of and for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2016, incorporated in this prospectus by
reference from Item&nbsp;9.01 of the Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K/A filed by Holdings on March&nbsp;6, 2017, and the effectiveness of MPG's internal control over financial reporting as of
December&nbsp;31, 2016, have been audited by Deloitte&nbsp;&amp; Touche&nbsp;LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their reports, which are incorporated herein by
reference. Such consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule have been so incorporated in reliance upon the report of such firm given upon their authority as experts in
accounting and auditing. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
consolidated balance sheet of MPG and its subsidiaries as of December&nbsp;31, 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders'
equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December&nbsp;31, 2015, and the related financial statement schedule for each of the years in the two-year period
ended December&nbsp;31, 2015, incorporated by reference in Holdings' Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K/A, have been incorporated by reference in this prospectus in reliance upon the report of
KPMG&nbsp;LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, incorporated by reference herein and upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>53</FONT></P>

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</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;<BR></FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><div
style="width:100%;border-top:solid #000000 3.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;font-size:3.0pt;"></div>
<div style="width:100%;border-top:solid #000000 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;font-size:4.0pt;"></div> </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>
<IMG SRC="g27853.jpg" ALT="LOGO" WIDTH="103" HEIGHT="112">
  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=4><B>AMERICAN AXLE&nbsp;&amp; MANUFACTURING,&nbsp;INC.<BR>
AMERICAN&nbsp;AXLE&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;MANUFACTURING&nbsp;HOLDINGS,&nbsp;INC.  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=5><B>AAM International Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
AccuGear,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
Alpha SPV I,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
Auburn Hills Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
Colfor Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
MSP Industries Corporation<BR>
Oxford Forge,&nbsp;Inc.  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=4><B>Debt Securities<BR>
Guarantees<BR>
Warrants to Purchase Debt Securities<BR>
Warrants to Purchase Common Stock<BR>
Common Stock<BR>
Preferred Stock  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=4><I>

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<BR>  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=3><B>PROSPECTUS  </B></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=3><I>

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<BR>  </B></FONT></P>

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<div style="width:100%;border-top:solid #000000 3.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;font-size:4.0pt;"></div>  </B></FONT></P>

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<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="ja74701_part_ii_information_not_required_in_prospectus"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_ja74701_1"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  PART II<BR>  <BR>    INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="ja74701_item_14._other_expense__ja701993"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_ja74701_2"> </A></FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><B>  Item&nbsp;14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B><I>Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.    <BR>    </I></B></FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The following table sets forth the expenses in connection with the issuance and distribution of the securities being registered, other than
underwriting discounts and commissions. All of the amounts shown are estimates, except the SEC registration fee. </FONT></P>
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<TD style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>SEC registration fee</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>*</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="White" VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>Printing and engraving</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>
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$</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>+</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#CCEEFF" VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>Legal fees and expenses</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>+</FONT></TD>
</TR>
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<TD style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>Accounting fees</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>+</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#CCEEFF" VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>Trustees fees</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>+ </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR bgcolor="#FFFFFF"  VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>


<!-- COMMAND=ADD_ROWSHADECOLOR,"#FFFFFF" -->




<!-- COMMAND=ADD_GUTTERGRID,"line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;" -->


 </font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
<TD style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
<TD style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;


<!-- COMMAND=ADD_GRID,"border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;" -->

 <font></FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;


<!-- COMMAND=ADD_GRID,"border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;" -->

 <font></FONT></TD>
<TD style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
</TR>

<TR BGCOLOR="White" VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>Total</B></FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>
<!-- -->
$</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>+ </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR bgcolor="#FFFFFF"  VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>


<!-- COMMAND=ADD_ROWSHADECOLOR,"#FFFFFF" -->




<!-- COMMAND=ADD_GUTTERGRID,"line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;" -->


 </font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
<TD style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
<TD style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;


<!-- COMMAND=ADD_GRID,"border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;" -->

 <font></FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;


<!-- COMMAND=ADD_GRID,"border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;" -->

 <font></FONT></TD>
<TD style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
</TR>

<TR bgcolor="#FFFFFF"  VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD style="line-height:0.75pt;font-size:0.75pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>


<!-- COMMAND=ADD_ROWSHADECOLOR,"#FFFFFF" -->




<!-- COMMAND=ADD_GUTTERGRID,"line-height:0.75pt;font-size:0.75pt;" -->


 </font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
<TD style="line-height:0.75pt;font-size:0.75pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
<TD style="line-height:0.75pt;font-size:0.75pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="line-height:0.75pt;font-size:0.75pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
<TD style="line-height:0.75pt;font-size:0.75pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR bgcolor="#FFFFFF"  VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>


<!-- COMMAND=ADD_ROWSHADECOLOR,"#FFFFFF" -->




<!-- COMMAND=ADD_GUTTERGRID,"line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;" -->


 </font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
<TD style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;<font></FONT></TD>
<TD style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;


<!-- COMMAND=ADD_GRID,"border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;" -->

 <font></FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;


<!-- COMMAND=ADD_GRID,"border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;" -->

 <font></FONT></TD>
<TD style="line-height:0pt;font-size:1.5pt;font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2></font>&#8203;<font> </FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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 </DIV>
<DIV style="padding:0pt;position:relative;text-align:left;margin-left:15%;">
 <DL compact>
<DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>*</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Deferred
in accordance with Rules&nbsp;456(b) and 457(r) of the Securities Act of 1933.
<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>+</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Estimated
expenses are not presently known.  </FONT></DD></DL>
 </DIV>
 <P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="ja74701_item_15._indemnification_of_directors_and_officers."> </A>
<A NAME="toc_ja74701_3"> </A></FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><B>  Item&nbsp;15.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B><I>Indemnification of Directors and Officers.    <BR>    </I></B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Section&nbsp;145 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware authorizes the Registrant to indemnify its directors and officers under specified
circumstances. Article Twelve of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant provides in effect that the Registrant shall provide certain indemnification of its directors and officers. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Section&nbsp;145
of the General Corporation Law of Delaware also authorizes the Registrant to indemnify persons who serve as directors or officers of the Registrant at the request of
the Registrant under specified circumstances. Article Six of the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant provides in effect that the Registrant shall provide certain indemnification to
such persons under certain circumstances. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
directors and officers of the Registrant are insured, under policies of insurance maintained by the Registrant, within the limits and subject to the limitations of the policies,
against certain expenses in connection with the defense of actions, suits or proceedings, to which they are parties by reason of being or having been such directors or officers. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
underwriting agreement basic provisions will provide for indemnification of directors, officers who sign the Registration Statement and controlling persons of the Registrant by the
underwriters, and for indemnification of each underwriter and its controlling persons by the Registrant, against certain liabilities. Similar provisions are contained in agreements entered into
between the Registrant and groups of underwriters on past occasions.  </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="ja74701_item_16._list_of_exhibits."> </A>
<A NAME="toc_ja74701_4"> </A></FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><B>  Item&nbsp;16.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B><I>List of Exhibits.    <BR>    </I></B></FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The exhibits to this Registration Statement are listed in the exhibit index, which appears elsewhere herein and is incorporated herein by
reference. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-1</FONT></P>

<HR NOSHADE>
<P style='font-family:times;page-break-before:always'></p>
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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A></FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="ja74701_item_17._undertakings."> </A>
<A NAME="toc_ja74701_5"> </A></FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><B>  Item&nbsp;17.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B><I>Undertakings.    <BR>    </I></B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes: </FONT></P>

<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To
file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this Registration Statement: </FONT></P>

<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;To
include any prospectus required by Section&nbsp;10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933; </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;To
reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the Registration Statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof)
which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the Registration Statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of
securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may
be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b) under the Securities Act of 1933 if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more
than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the "Calculation of Registration Fee" table in the effective Registration Statement; and </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii)&nbsp;&nbsp;To
include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the Registration Statement or any material change to such
information in the Registration Statement. </FONT></P>

</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>however</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, that clauses&nbsp;(i), (ii)&nbsp;and (iii)&nbsp;do not apply if the information
required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those clauses is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the Registrant pursuant to Section&nbsp;13 or
Section&nbsp;15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to
Rule&nbsp;424(b) that is part of the Registration Statement. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That,
for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration
statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To
remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering. </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That,
for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser: </FONT></P>

<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the Registration Statement as of the date the filed prospectus
was deemed part of and included in the Registration Statement; and </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule&nbsp;430B relating
to an offering made pursuant to Rule&nbsp;415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x)&nbsp;for the purpose of providing the information required by Section&nbsp;10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be
deemed to be part of and included in the Registration Statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of
securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule&nbsp;430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be
deemed to be a new effective date of the Registration Statement relating to the securities in the Registration </FONT></P>

</UL>
</UL>
<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-2</FONT></P>

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<UL>
<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Statement
to which the prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof; </FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>provided</I></FONT><FONT SIZE=2>, </FONT><FONT SIZE=2><I>however</I></FONT><FONT
SIZE=2>, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the
Registration Statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or prospectus that is part of the Registration Statement will, as to a
purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the Registration
Statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date. </FONT></P>

</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That,
for the purpose of determining liability of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the
undersigned Registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned Registrant pursuant to this Registration Statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the
securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned Registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and
will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser: </FONT></P>

<UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;Any
preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned Registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424; </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;Any
free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned Registrant; </FONT></P>


<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iii)&nbsp;&nbsp;The
portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned Registrant or its securities provided
or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant; and </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(iv)&nbsp;&nbsp;Any
other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned Registrant to the purchaser. </FONT></P>

</UL>
</UL>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the Registrant's annual report
pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a) or Section&nbsp;15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan's annual report pursuant to
section&nbsp;15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the
securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes to deliver or cause to be delivered with the prospectus, to each person to whom the prospectus is sent or given, the latest
annual report to security holders that is incorporated by reference in the prospectus and furnished pursuant to and meeting the requirements of Rule&nbsp;14a-3 or Rule&nbsp;14c-3 under the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and, where interim financial information required to be presented by Article&nbsp;3 of Regulation&nbsp;S-X are not set forth in the prospectus, to deliver, or
cause to be delivered to each person to whom the prospectus is sent or given, the latest quarterly report that is specifically incorporated by reference in the prospectus to provide such interim
financial information. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Insofar
as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant
pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as
expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses
incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person
in connection with the securities being </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-3</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>registered,
the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such
indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The
undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes to file an application for the purpose of determining the eligibility of the Trustee to act under subsection&nbsp;(a) of
Section&nbsp;310 of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Securities and Exchange Commission under Section&nbsp;305(b)(2) of
the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended. </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-4</FONT></P>

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</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="jc74701_signatures"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_jc74701_1"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  SIGNATURES    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all
of the requirements for filing on Form&nbsp;S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Detroit,
State of Michigan, on March 30, 2017. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

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<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD COLSPAN=3 style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><B> AMERICAN AXLE&nbsp;&amp; MANUFACTURING,&nbsp;INC.</B></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-top:12pt;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-top:12pt;margin-left:0pt;text-indent:0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>By:</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-top:12pt;margin-left:0pt;text-indent:0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May<BR></FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>Vice President&nbsp;&amp; Chief Financial Officer</I></FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
 </DIV>
 <P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Christopher J. May and David E. Barnes his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power
of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) and
supplements to this Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other document in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby grants
to such attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might
or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

 <DIV style="padding:0pt;position:relative;width:80%;margin-left:10%;">
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<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="39%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="89pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Signature

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Title

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Date

<!-- COMMAND=ADD_SCROPPEDRULE,auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1; -->

 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;DAVID C. DAUCH<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> David C. Dauch</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Chairman of the Board&nbsp;&amp; Chief Executive Officer/Director (principal executive officer)</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Vice President&nbsp;&amp; Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) (principal accounting officer)</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;MICHAEL K. SIMONTE<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Michael K. Simonte</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;DAVID E. BARNES<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> David E. Barnes</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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 </DIV>
 <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-5</FONT></P>

<HR NOSHADE>
<P style='font-family:times;page-break-before:always'></p>
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<A NAME="page_jc74701_1_6"> </A>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="jc74701_signatures_1"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_jc74701_2"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  SIGNATURES    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all
of the requirements for filing on Form&nbsp;S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Detroit,
State of Michigan, on March 30, 2017. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

 <DIV style="padding:0pt;position:relative;width:80%;margin-left:10%;">
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<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="46%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD COLSPAN=3 style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><B> AMERICAN AXLE&nbsp;&amp; MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS,&nbsp;INC.</B></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-top:12pt;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-top:12pt;margin-left:0pt;text-indent:0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>By:</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-top:12pt;margin-left:0pt;text-indent:0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May<BR></FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>Vice President&nbsp;&amp; Chief Financial Officer</I></FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
 </DIV>
 <P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints David E. Barnes and Christopher J. May his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power
of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) and
supplements to this Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other document in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby grants
to such attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might
or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

 <DIV style="padding:0pt;position:relative;width:80%;margin-left:10%;">
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<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="89pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Signature

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Title

<!-- COMMAND=ADD_SCROPPEDRULE,auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1; -->

 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Date

<!-- COMMAND=ADD_SCROPPEDRULE,auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1; -->

 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;DAVID C. DAUCH<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> David C. Dauch</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Chairman of the Board&nbsp;&amp; Chief Executive Officer/Director (principal executive officer)</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Vice President&nbsp;&amp; Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) (principal accounting officer)</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;ELIZABETH A. CHAPPELL<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Elizabeth A. Chappell</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;WILLIAM L. KOZYRA<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> William L. Kozyra</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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 <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-6</FONT></P>

<HR NOSHADE>
<P style='font-family:times;page-break-before:always'></p>
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<A NAME="page_jc74701_1_7"> </A>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A></FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

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<TD WIDTH="89pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Signature

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Title

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Date

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;PETER D. LYONS<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Peter D. Lyons</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;JAMES A. MCCASLIN<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> James A. McCaslin</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;WILLIAM P. MILLER II<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> William P. Miller II</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;JOHN F. SMITH<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> John F. Smith</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;SAMUEL VALENTI III<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Samuel Valenti III</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
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 <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-7</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="je74701_signatures"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_je74701_1"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  SIGNATURES    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all
of the requirements for filing on Form&nbsp;S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Detroit,
State of Michigan, on March 30, 2017. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

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<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD COLSPAN=3 style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><B> ALPHA SPV, I,&nbsp;INC.</B></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-top:12pt;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-top:12pt;margin-left:0pt;text-indent:0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>By:</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-top:12pt;margin-left:0pt;text-indent:0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May<BR></FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>Vice President&nbsp;&amp; Chief Financial Officer</I></FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
 </DIV>
 <P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Christopher J. May and David E. Barnes his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power
of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) and
supplements to this Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other document in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby grants
to such attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might
or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

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<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Title

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<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Date

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;DAVID C. DAUCH<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> David C. Dauch</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Chairman of the Board</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;MICHAEL K. SIMONTE<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Michael K. Simonte</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;DAVID E. BARNES<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> David E. Barnes</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
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 <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-8</FONT></P>

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<A NAME="page_je74701_1_9"> </A>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="je74701_signatures_1"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_je74701_2"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  SIGNATURES    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all
of the requirements for filing on Form&nbsp;S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Detroit,
State of Michigan, on March 30, 2017. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

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<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD COLSPAN=3 style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><B> AAM INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS,&nbsp;INC.</B></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-top:12pt;margin-left:10pt;text-indent:-10pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-top:12pt;margin-left:0pt;text-indent:0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>By:</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><p style="font-family:times;margin-top:12pt;margin-left:0pt;text-indent:0pt;"><FONT SIZE=2> </FONT><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May<BR></FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>Vice President&nbsp;&amp; Chief Financial Officer</I></FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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 </DIV>
 <P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Christopher J. May and David E. Barnes his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power
of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) and
supplements to this Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other document in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby grants
to such attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might
or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

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<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Title

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Date

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;MICHAEL K. SIMONTE<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Michael K. Simonte</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Chairman of the Board</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;DAVID E. BARNES<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> David E. Barnes</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
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 <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-9</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="jg74701_signatures"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_jg74701_1"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  SIGNATURES    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all
of the requirements for filing on Form&nbsp;S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Detroit,
State of Michigan, on March 30, 2017. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

 <DIV style="padding:0pt;position:relative;width:80%;margin-left:10%;">
 <!-- COMMAND=ADD_TABLEWIDTH,"100%" -->

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<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD COLSPAN=3 style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><B> ACCUGEAR,&nbsp;INC.</B></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>  By:</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>Vice President&nbsp;&amp; Chief Financial Officer</I></FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
 </DIV>
 <P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Christopher J. May and David E. Barnes his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power
of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) and
supplements to this Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other document in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby grants
to such attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might
or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Title

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Date

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;MICHAEL K. SIMONTE<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Michael K. Simonte</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Chairman of the Board</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;DAVID E. BARNES<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> David E. Barnes</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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 </DIV>
 <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-10</FONT></P>

<HR NOSHADE>
<P style='font-family:times;page-break-before:always'></p>
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<A NAME="page_jg74701_1_11"> </A>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="jg74701_signatures_1"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_jg74701_2"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  SIGNATURES    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all
of the requirements for filing on Form&nbsp;S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Detroit,
State of Michigan, on March 30, 2017. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

 <DIV style="padding:0pt;position:relative;width:80%;margin-left:10%;">
 <!-- COMMAND=ADD_TABLEWIDTH,"100%" -->

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<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="22pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="45%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD COLSPAN=3 style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><B> COLFOR MANUFACTURING,&nbsp;INC.</B></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2> By:</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May<BR></FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>Vice President&nbsp;&amp; Chief Financial Officer</I></FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
 </DIV>
 <P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Christopher J. May and David E. Barnes his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power
of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) and
supplements to this Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other document in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby grants
to such attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might
or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

 <DIV style="padding:0pt;position:relative;width:80%;margin-left:10%;">
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<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="37%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="112pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Signature

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Title

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Date

<!-- COMMAND=ADD_SCROPPEDRULE,auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1; -->

 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;MICHAEL K. SIMONTE<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Michael K. Simonte</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Chairman of the Board</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;DAVID E. BARNES<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> David E. Barnes</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March 30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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 </DIV>
 <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-11</FONT></P>

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NAME="page_ji74701_1_12"> </A>

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</FONT></P>

<!-- TOC_END -->

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="ji74701_signatures"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_ji74701_1"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  SIGNATURES    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all
of the requirements for filing on Form&nbsp;S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Detroit,
State of Michigan, on March&nbsp;30, 2017. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

 <DIV style="padding:0pt;position:relative;width:80%;margin-left:10%;">
 <!-- COMMAND=ADD_TABLEWIDTH,"100%" -->

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<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><TABLE width="100%"  BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0>
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<TD WIDTH="49%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="22pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="46%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<!-- TABLE COLUMN WIDTHS END --></TR>

<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD COLSPAN=3 style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>AUBURN HILLS MANUFACTURING,&nbsp;INC.</B></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>  By:</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May<BR></FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>Vice President&nbsp;&amp; Chief Financial Officer</I></FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
 </DIV>
 <P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Christopher J. May and David E. Barnes his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power
of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) and
supplements to this Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other document in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby grants
to such attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might
or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

 <DIV style="padding:0pt;position:relative;width:80%;margin-left:10%;">
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<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TD WIDTH="89pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Signature

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Title

<!-- COMMAND=ADD_SCROPPEDRULE,auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1; -->

 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Date

<!-- COMMAND=ADD_SCROPPEDRULE,auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1; -->

 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;MICHAEL K. SIMONTE<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Michael K. Simonte</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Chairman of the Board</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>March&nbsp;30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March&nbsp;30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;DAVID E. BARNES<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> David E. Barnes</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March&nbsp;30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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 <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-12</FONT></P>

<HR NOSHADE>
<P style='font-family:times;page-break-before:always'></p>
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<A NAME="page_ji74701_1_13"> </A>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A></FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="ji74701_signatures_1"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_ji74701_2"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  SIGNATURES    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all
of the requirements for filing on Form&nbsp;S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Detroit,
State of Michigan, on March&nbsp;30, 2017. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

 <DIV style="padding:0pt;position:relative;width:80%;margin-left:10%;">
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<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD COLSPAN=3 style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><B>MSP INDUSTRIES CORPORATION</B></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>  By:</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="BOTTOM" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May<BR></FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>Vice President&nbsp;&amp; Chief Financial Officer</I></FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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 </DIV>
 <P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Christopher J. May and David E. Barnes his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power
of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) and
supplements to this Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other document in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby grants
to such attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might
or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

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<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="39%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="89pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Signature

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Title

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Date

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;MICHAEL K. SIMONTE<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Michael K. Simonte</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Chairman of the Board</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>March&nbsp;30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March&nbsp;30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;DAVID E. BARNES<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> David E. Barnes</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March&nbsp;30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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 <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-13</FONT></P>

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NAME="page_jk74701_1_14"> </A>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="jk74701_signatures"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_jk74701_1"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  SIGNATURES    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all
of the requirements for filing on Form&nbsp;S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Detroit,
State of Michigan, on March&nbsp;30, 2017. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

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<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="22pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="46%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD COLSPAN=3 style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><B> OXFORD FORGE,&nbsp;INC.</B></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>By:</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May<BR></FONT> <FONT SIZE=2><I>Vice President&nbsp;&amp; Chief Financial Officer</I></FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<!-- end of user-specified TAGGED TABLE -->
 </DIV>
 <P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each
person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Christopher J. May and David E. Barnes his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power
of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) and
supplements to this Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other document in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby grants
to such attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might
or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof. </FONT></P>

<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. </FONT></P>
 <div style="display:none;*display:block;margin-top:-1pt;"></div>

 <DIV style="padding:0pt;position:relative;width:80%;margin-left:10%;">
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<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="37%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="37%" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="12pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="89pt" style="font-family:times;"></TD>
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<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TH NOWRAP  COLSPAN=3 ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Signature

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Title

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 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH NOWRAP  ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><DIV style="border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;width:auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1;;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Date

<!-- COMMAND=ADD_SCROPPEDRULE,auto;display:inline-block;*display:inline;zoom:1; -->

 </B></FONT></DIV></TH>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD COLSPAN=3 ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>/s/&nbsp;MICHAEL K. SIMONTE<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Michael K. Simonte</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Chairman of the Board</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>March&nbsp;30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD COLSPAN=3 ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
/s/&nbsp;CHRISTOPHER J. MAY<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> Christopher J. May</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March&nbsp;30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TD COLSPAN=3 ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>
/s/&nbsp;DAVID E. BARNES<BR>


<HR NOSHADE SIZE="1.0pt" WIDTH="100%" COLOR="#000000">

</FONT> <FONT SIZE=2> David E. Barnes</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Director</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="MIDDLE" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>March&nbsp;30, 2017</FONT></TD>
</TR>
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 <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>II-14</FONT></P>

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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A> </FONT></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A
NAME="jm74701_exhibit_index"> </A>
<A NAME="toc_jm74701_1"> </A>
<BR></FONT><FONT SIZE=2><B>  EXHIBIT INDEX    <BR>    </B></FONT></P>
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<TR VALIGN="BOTTOM">
<TH COLSPAN=2 ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Exhibit </B></FONT></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH ALIGN="LEFT" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT><BR></TH>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>1.1</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Form of Debt Securities Underwriting Agreement</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>*1.2</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Form of Equity Securities Underwriting Agreement</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>+2.1</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of November&nbsp;3, 2016, among American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc., Alpha SPV I,&nbsp;Inc. and Metaldyne Performance Group&nbsp;Inc. (Incorporated by
reference to Exhibit&nbsp;2.1 to the Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed by American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. with the SEC on November&nbsp;8, 2016, File No.&nbsp;001-14303)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>+3.1</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.01 filed with American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing
Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-1 (Registration No.&nbsp;333-53491))</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>+3.2</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Second Amended and Restated By-laws of American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.03 to the Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed by American
Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. with the SEC on August&nbsp;3, 2016, File No.&nbsp;001-14303)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>+4.1</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Specimen Certificate for shares of American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.'s Common Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.01 filed with American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,
&nbsp;Inc. Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-1 (Registration No.&nbsp;333-53491))</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>*4.2</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Form of Certificate of Designations of Preferred Stock</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>+4.3</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Indenture, among American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc., as guarantor, certain subsidiary guarantors and U.S. Bank National Association, as
trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.1 filed with American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K dated October&nbsp;31, 2011, File No.&nbsp;001-14303)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>+4.4</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>First Supplemental Indenture, dated March&nbsp;23, 2017 among American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. certain subsidiary guarantors and U.S. Bank
National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.1 filed with American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K dated March&nbsp;23, 2017, File No.&nbsp;001-14303)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>*4.5</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Form of Debt Securities</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>*4.6</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Form of Warrant Agreement (including Form of Warrant)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>5.1</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Opinion of Shearman&nbsp;&amp; Sterling&nbsp;LLP as to legality of certain of the Securities</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>5.2</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Opinion of David E. Barnes, General Counsel of American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. and American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., as to the legality of the Subsidiary
Guarantees</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>12.1</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Statement of computation of ratios of earnings to fixed charges of American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.</FONT></TD>
</TR>
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<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>23.1</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Consent of Deloitte&nbsp;&amp; Touche&nbsp;LLP</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>23.2</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Consent of Deloitte&nbsp;&amp; Touche&nbsp;LLP</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>23.3</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Consent of KPMG&nbsp;LLP</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>23.4</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Consent of Shearman&nbsp;&amp; Sterling&nbsp;LLP (included in Exhibit&nbsp;5.1)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>23.5</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Consent of David E. Barnes (included in Exhibit&nbsp;5.2)</FONT></TD>
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<P style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><A HREF="#bg74701a_main_toc">Table of Contents</A></FONT></P>
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<TH COLSPAN=2 ALIGN="CENTER" style="font-family:times;border-bottom:solid #000000 1.0pt;"><FONT SIZE=1><B>Exhibit </B></FONT></TH>
<TH style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT></TH>
<TH ALIGN="LEFT" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=1>&nbsp;</FONT><BR></TH>
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<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>24.1</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Power of Attorney (included in signature pages)</FONT></TD>
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<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>25.1</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2><BR>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD style="font-family:times;"><BR><FONT SIZE=2>Form&nbsp;T-1 Statement of Eligibility under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 of U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee for the Debt Securities</FONT></TD>
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<BR><BR></FONT></DD><DT style='font-family:times;margin-bottom:-11pt;'><FONT SIZE=2>+</FONT></DT><DD style="font-family:times;"><FONT SIZE=2>Incorporated
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<TYPE>EX-1.1
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<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">EXHIBIT&nbsp;1.1</font></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">AMERICAN AXLE&nbsp;</font>&amp; MANUFACTURING,&nbsp;INC.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[Title of Debt Securities]</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Form&nbsp;of<br> Underwriting Agreement</font></u></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="right" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:5.25pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">As Representative of the</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:5.25pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">several Underwriters listed</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:5.25pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">in Schedule 1 hereto</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">c/o [</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Ladies and Gentlemen:</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#147;<u>Company</u>&#148;), proposes to issue and sell to the several Underwriters listed in Schedule&nbsp;1 hereto (the &#147;<u>Underwriters</u>&#148;), for whom you are acting as representative (the &#147;<u>Representative</u>&#148;), $[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>] principal amount of its [<font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]% Senior Notes due 20[<font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>] (the &#147;<u>Securities</u>&#148;).&#160; The Securities will be issued pursuant to an Indenture dated as of November&nbsp;3, 2011, as amended and supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture dated as of March&nbsp;23, 2017 (collectively, the &#147;<u>Indenture</u>&#148;) among the Company, as issuer, the Guarantors (as defined below) and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (the &#147;<u>Trustee</u>&#148;), and will be guaranteed (the &#147;<u>Guarantees</u>&#148;) by American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. (&#147;<u>Holdings</u>&#148;) and each of the subsidiaries listed on Schedule 2 hereto (together with Holdings, the &#147;<u>Guarantors</u>&#148;).&#160; The term &#147;<u>Indenture</u>&#148;, as used herein, includes the Officers&#146; Certificate (as defined in the Indenture) establishing the form and terms of the Securities pursuant to Section&nbsp;301 of the Indenture.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Each of the Company and each Guarantor hereby confirms its agreement with the several Underwriters concerning the purchase and sale of the Securities, as follows:</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">1.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Registration Statement</u>.&#160; The Company and the Guarantors have prepared and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#147;<u>Commission</u>&#148;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Commission thereunder (collectively, the &#147;<u>Securities Act</u>&#148;), an automatic shelf registration statement, as defined in Rule&nbsp;405 of the Securities Act, on Form&nbsp;S-3 (File No.&nbsp;[<font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]) including a base prospectus (the &#147;<u>Base Prospectus</u>&#148;), relating to various securities to be issued from time to time by the Company, including the Securities.&#160; Such registration statement, as amended at the time it became effective, including the information, if any, deemed</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">pursuant to Rule&nbsp;430A, 430B or 430C under the Securities Act to be part of the registration statement at the time of its effectiveness (&#147;<u>Rule&nbsp;430 Information</u>&#148;), is referred to herein as the &#147;<u>Registration Statement</u>&#148;; and as used herein, the term &#147;<u>Preliminary Prospectus</u>&#148; means the Base Prospectus and any prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(a)&nbsp;under the Securities Act that omits Rule&nbsp;430 Information, and the term &#147;<u>Prospectus</u>&#148; means the prospectus in the form first used (or made available upon request of purchasers pursuant to Rule&nbsp;173 under the Securities Act) in connection with confirmation of sales of the Securities.&#160; Any reference in this Agreement to the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein pursuant to Item&nbsp;12 of Form&nbsp;S-3 under the Securities Act, as of the effective date of the Registration Statement or the date of such Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus, as the case may be, and any reference to &#147;amend&#148;, &#147;amendment&#148; or &#147;supplement&#148; with respect to the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include any documents filed after such date under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Commission thereunder (collectively, the &#147;<u>Exchange Act</u>&#148;) that are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein.&#160; Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">At or prior to the time when sales of the Securities were first made (the &#147;<u>Time of Sale</u>&#148;), the Company and the Guarantors have prepared the following information (collectively with the information referred to in the next succeeding sentence, the &#147;<u>Time of Sale Information</u>&#148;): a Preliminary Prospectus dated [</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>], and each &#147;free-writing prospectus&#148; (as defined pursuant to Rule&nbsp;405 under the Securities Act) listed on Annex A hereto as constituting part of the Time of Sale Information.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">2.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Purchase of the Securities by the Underwriters</u>.&#160; (a)&nbsp; The Company and the Guarantors agree to issue and sell the Securities to the several Underwriters as provided in this Agreement, and each Underwriter, on the basis of the representations, warranties and agreements set forth herein and subject to the conditions set forth herein, agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase from the Company and the Guarantors the respective principal amount of Securities set forth opposite such Underwriter&#146;s name in Schedule 1 hereto at a price equal to [<font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued interest, if any, from [<font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>] to the Closing Date (as defined below).&#160; The Company and the Guarantors will not be obligated to deliver any of the Securities except upon payment for all the Securities to be purchased as provided herein.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(b)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>The Company and the Guarantors understand that the Underwriters intend to make a public offering of the Securities as soon after the effectiveness of this Agreement as in the judgment of the Representative is advisable, and initially to offer the Securities on the terms set forth in the Prospectus.&#160; The Company and the Guarantors acknowledge and agree that the Underwriters may offer and sell Securities to or through any affiliate of an Underwriter and that any such affiliate may offer and sell Securities purchased by it to or through any Underwriter.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(c)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>Payment for and delivery of the Securities will be made at the offices of Cravath, Swaine&nbsp;&amp; Moore LLP at [10:00] A.M., New York City time, on [<font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>], or at such other time or place on the same or such other date, not later than the fifth business day thereafter, as the Representative and the Company may agree upon in writing.&#160; The time and date of such payment and delivery is referred to herein as the &#147;<u>Closing Date</u>&#148;.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(d)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>Payment for the Securities shall be made by wire transfer in immediately available funds to the account(s)&nbsp;specified by the Company to the Representative against delivery to the nominee of The Depository Trust Company, for the account of the Underwriters, of one or more global notes representing the Securities (collectively, the &#147;<u>Global Note</u>&#148;), with any transfer taxes payable in connection with the sale of the Securities duly paid by the Company.&#160; The Global Note will be made available for inspection by the Representative not later than [1:00 P.M.], New York City time, on the business day prior to the Closing Date.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(e)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>The Company and the Guarantors acknowledge and agree that the Underwriters are acting solely in the capacity of an arm&#146;s length contractual counterparty to the Company and the Guarantors with respect to the offering of Securities contemplated hereby (including in connection with determining the terms of the offering) and not as a financial advisor or a fiduciary to, or an agent of, the Company, the Guarantors or any other person.&#160; Additionally, neither the Representative nor any other Underwriter are advising the Company or the Guarantors or any other person as to any legal, tax, investment, accounting or regulatory matters in any jurisdiction.&#160; The Company and the Guarantors shall consult with their own advisors concerning such matters and shall be responsible for making their own independent investigation and appraisal of the transactions contemplated hereby, and the Underwriters shall have no responsibility or liability to the Company or the Guarantors with respect thereto.&#160; Any review by the Underwriters of the Company or the Guarantors, the transactions contemplated hereby or other matters relating to such transactions will be performed solely for the benefit of the Underwriters and shall not be on behalf of the Company or the Guarantors.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">3.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Representations and Warranties of the Company and the Guarantors</u>.&#160; The Company and the Guarantors jointly and severally represent and warrant to each Underwriter as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date, and agree with each Underwriter that:</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(a)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Preliminary Prospectus.</u>&#160; No order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus has been issued by the Commission, and each Preliminary Prospectus, at the time of filing thereof, complied in all material respects with the Securities Act and did not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; <u>provided</u> that the Company and the Guarantors make no representation and warranty with respect to any statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company and the Guarantors in</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">writing by such Underwriter through the Representative expressly for use in any Preliminary Prospectus.</font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(b)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Time of Sale Information.</u>&#160; The Time of Sale Information, at the Time of Sale did not, and at the Closing Date will not, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; <u>provided</u> that the Company and the Guarantors make no representation or warranty with respect to any statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company and the Guarantors in writing by such Underwriter through the Representative expressly for use in such Time of Sale Information.&#160; No statement of material fact included in the Prospectus has been omitted from the Time of Sale Information and no statement of material fact included in the Time of Sale Information that is required to be included in the Prospectus has been omitted therefrom.</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(c)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Issuer Free Writing Prospectus.</u>&#160; The Company and the Guarantors (including their agents and representatives, other than the Underwriters in their capacity as such) have not prepared, made, used, authorized, approved or referred to and will not prepare, make, use, authorize, approve or refer to any &#147;written communication&#148; (as defined in Rule&nbsp;405 under the Securities Act) that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy the Securities (each such communication by the Company or the Guarantors or their agents and representatives (other than a communication referred to in clauses&nbsp;(i)&nbsp;(ii)&nbsp;and (iii)&nbsp;below) an &#147;<u>Issuer Free Writing Prospectus</u>&#148;) other than (i)&nbsp;any document not constituting a prospectus pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a)(10)(a)&nbsp;of the Securities Act or Rule&nbsp;134 under the Securities Act, (ii)&nbsp;the Preliminary Prospectus, (iii)&nbsp;the Prospectus, (iv)&nbsp;the documents listed on Annex&nbsp;A hereto as constituting the Time of Sale Information and (v)&nbsp;any electronic road show or other written communications, in each case approved in writing in advance by the Representative.&#160; Each such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus complied in all material respects with the Securities Act, has been or will be (within the time period specified in Rule&nbsp;433) filed in accordance with the Securities Act (to the extent required thereby) and, when taken together with the Preliminary Prospectus filed prior to the first use of such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, did not, and at the Closing Date will not, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; <u>provided</u> that the Company and the Guarantors make no representation and warranty with respect to any statements or omissions made in each such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company and the Guarantors in writing by such Underwriter through the Representative expressly for use in any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(d)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Registration Statement and Prospectus.</u>&#160; The Registration Statement is an &#147;automatic shelf registration statement&#148; as defined under Rule&nbsp;405 of the Securities Act that has been filed with the Commission not earlier than three years prior to the date hereof; and no notice of objection of the Commission to the use of such registration statement or any post-effective amendment thereto pursuant to Rule&nbsp;401(g)(2)&nbsp;under the</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Securities Act has been received by the Company or any Guarantor.&#160; No order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement has been issued by the Commission and no proceeding for that purpose or pursuant to Section&nbsp;8A of the Securities Act against the Company or any Guarantor or related to the offering has been initiated or threatened by the Commission; as of the applicable effective date of the Registration Statement and any amendment thereto, the Registration Statement complied and will comply in all material respects with the Securities Act and the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, and the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Commission thereunder (collectively, the &#147;<u>Trust Indenture Act</u>&#148;), and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading; and as of the date of the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto and as of the Closing Date, the Prospectus will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; <u>provided</u> that the Company and the Guarantors make no representation and warranty with respect to (i)&nbsp;that part of the Registration Statement that constitutes the Statement of Eligibility and Qualification (Form&nbsp;T-1) of the Trustee under the Trust Indenture Act or (ii)&nbsp;any statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company or the Guarantor in writing by such Underwriter through the Representative expressly for use in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto.</font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(e)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Incorporated Documents.</u>&#160; The documents incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Time of Sale Information, when they were filed with the Commission, conformed in all material respects to the requirements of the Exchange Act.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(f)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Financial Statements.</u>&#160; The financial statements included or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, together with the related schedules and notes, comply in all material respects with the applicable requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable, and present fairly in all material respects the financial position of Holdings and its consolidated subsidiaries at the dates indicated and the respective results of operation, statement of income, shareholders&#146; equity and cash flows of Holdings and its consolidated subsidiaries for the periods specified; said financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (&#147;<u>GAAP</u>&#148;) applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods involved.&#160; The supporting schedules included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement present fairly in all material respects in accordance with GAAP the information required to be stated therein.&#160; The capitalization table, selected financial data and the summary financial information included in or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus represent fairly in all material respects the information shown therein and have been compiled on a basis consistent with that of the audited financial statements included in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus.&#160; In all material respects, the interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or incorporated by reference in each</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus fairly presents the information called for and is prepared in accordance with the Commission&#146;s rules&nbsp;and guidelines applicable thereto.</font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(g)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>No Material Adverse Change.</u>&#160; Since the date of the most recent financial statements included or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, except as otherwise stated therein, (i)&nbsp;there has been no material adverse change in the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the earnings, results of operations, business affairs or business prospects of the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries (taken as a whole), whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business (a &#147;<u>Material Adverse Effect</u>&#148;); (ii)&nbsp;there have been no transactions entered into by the Company, Holdings or Holdings&#146; subsidiaries, other than those in the ordinary course of business, which are material with respect to the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries (taken as a whole); and (iii)&nbsp;there has been no dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by Holdings on any class of its capital stock.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(h)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Organization and Good Standing of the Company and the Guarantors.</u>&#160; The Company and each of the Guarantors has been duly organized and is validly existing as a corporation in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation and has the corporate power and authority necessary to own, lease or operate its properties and to conduct its businesses as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus and to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement, the Indenture and the Securities; and the Company and each of the Guarantors is duly qualified as a foreign corporation to transact business and is in good standing in each other jurisdiction in which such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing property or the conduct of business, except where the failure so to qualify or to be in good standing would not result in a Material Adverse Effect.</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(i)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Organization and Good Standing of Subsidiaries</u>. Each of the &#147;significant subsidiaries&#148; of Holdings (each &#147;significant subsidiary&#148; (other than the Company) being a &#147;<u>Subsidiary</u>&#148; and, collectively, the &#147;<u>Subsidiaries</u>&#148;) has been duly organized and is validly existing as a corporation in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation, has corporate power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus and is duly qualified as a foreign corporation to transact business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of business, except where the failure so to qualify or to be in good standing would not result in a Material Adverse Effect; all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of the Company has been, and, except as otherwise disclosed in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of each Subsidiary other than the Company has been, duly authorized and validly issued, is fully paid and non-assessable and is owned by Holdings, directly or through subsidiaries, free and clear of any security interest, mortgage, pledge, lien, encumbrance, claim or equity); none of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Company or any Subsidiary was issued in violation of any preemptive or similar rights of any securityholder of the Company or such Subsidiary.</font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(j)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Capitalization.</u>&#160; Holdings has an authorized capitalization as set forth in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus under the heading &#147;Capitalization&#148; and all the outstanding shares of capital stock or other equity interests of each subsidiary of Holdings (including the Company) has been duly and validly authorized and issued, are fully paid and non-assessable (except, in the case of any foreign subsidiary, for directors&#146; qualifying shares and except as otherwise described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus) and are owned directly or indirectly by Holdings, free and clear of any lien, charge, encumbrance, security interest, restriction on voting or transfer or any other claim of any third party (other than as set forth in the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus).</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(k)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Due Authorization.</u>&#160; The Company and each of the Guarantors has the requisite right, power and authority to execute and deliver, to the extent a party thereto, this Agreement, the Securities and the Indenture (including each Guarantee set forth therein) (collectively, the &#147;<u>Transaction Documents</u>&#148;) and to perform their respective obligations hereunder and thereunder; and all action required to be taken for the due and proper authorization, execution and delivery of each of the Transaction Documents and the consummation of the transactions contemplated thereby has been duly and validly taken.</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(l)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>The Indenture.</u>&#160; The Indenture has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company, the Guarantors and the Trustee and upon effectiveness of the Registration Statement was duly qualified under the Trust Indenture Act.&#160; The Indenture constitutes a valid and legally binding agreement of each of the Company and the Guarantors, enforceable against the Company and the Guarantors in accordance with its terms, except as enforcement may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency (including, without limitation, all laws relating to fraudulent transfers), reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting the enforcement of creditors&#146; rights generally and except as enforcement thereof is subject to general principles of equity (regardless of whether the enforceability is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law) (collectively, the &#147;<u>Enforceability Exceptions</u>&#148;).</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(m)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>The Securities and the Guarantees.</u>&#160; The Securities have been duly authorized by the Company and, when duly executed, authenticated, issued and delivered in the manner provided for in the Indenture and delivered against payment of the purchase price therefor as provided in this Agreement, will be duly and validly issued and outstanding and will constitute valid and legally binding obligations of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms, subject to the Enforceability Exceptions, and will be in the form contemplated by, and entitled to the benefits of, the Indenture; and the Guarantees have been duly authorized by each of the Guarantors and, when the Securities have been duly executed, authenticated, issued and delivered in the manner provided for in the Indenture and delivered against payment of the purchase price therefor as provided herein, will be valid and legally binding</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">obligations of each of the Guarantors, enforceable against each of the Guarantors in accordance with their terms, subject to the Enforceability Exceptions, and will be in the form contemplated by, and entitled to the benefits of, the Indenture.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(n)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Authorization of this Agreement.</u>&#160; This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and each of the Guarantors.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(o)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>No Violation or Default.</u>&#160; Neither the Company, Holdings nor any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries is (i)&nbsp;in violation of its charter or by-laws or other constituting or organizational documents; (ii)&nbsp;in default, or, to the knowledge of the Company or any Guarantor, alleged by any other party to be in default, in the performance or observance of any obligation, agreement, covenant or condition contained in any contract, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan or credit agreement, note, lease or other agreement or instrument to which the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries is a party or by which it or any of them may be bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries is subject; or (iii)&nbsp;in violation of any law or statute or any judgment, order, rule&nbsp;or regulation of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, except, in the case of clauses&nbsp;(ii)&nbsp;and (iii)&nbsp;above, for any such default or violation that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(p)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>No Conflicts</u>.&#160; The execution, delivery and performance by the Company and each Guarantor of the Transaction Documents, to the extent a party thereto, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents (including the issuance and sale of the Securities and the use of proceeds from the sale of the Securities as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus) and the compliance by the Company and each Guarantor with their obligations under the Transaction Documents, to the extent a party thereto, do not and will not, (i)&nbsp;whether with or without the giving of notice or passage of time or both, conflict with or constitute a breach of, or default, or Repayment Event (as defined below) under, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries pursuant to, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan or credit agreement, note, lease or other agreement or instrument to which the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries is a party or by which the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries is bound, (ii)&nbsp;result in any violation of the provisions of the charter or by-laws or other constituting or organizational documents of the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries, (iii)&nbsp;result in the violation of any law, statute, rule, regulation, judgment, order, writ or decree of any government, government instrumentality, arbitrator or court, domestic or foreign, having jurisdiction over the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries or any of their assets, properties or operations, except, in the case of clauses&nbsp;(i)&nbsp;and (iii)&nbsp;above, for any such conflict, breach, violation, default, lien, charge or encumbrance that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.&#160; As used herein, a &#147;<u>Repayment Event</u>&#148; means any event or condition which gives the holder of any note, debenture or other evidence of indebtedness (or any person acting on such holder&#146;s</p>
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<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">8<a name="9047-2-KA-01_PB_8_125134_7748"></a></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">behalf) the right to require the repurchase, redemption or repayment of all or a portion of such indebtedness by the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(q)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Absence of Further Requirements.</u>&#160; No filing with, or authorization, approval, consent, license, order, registration, qualification or decree of, any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority or agency is necessary or required for the performance by the Company and the Guarantors of their obligations under each of the Transaction Documents in connection with the offering and sale of the Securities and compliance by the Company and the Guarantors with the terms thereof and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents, except for the registration of the Securities under the Securities Act, the qualification of the Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act and such consents, approvals, authorizations, orders and registrations or qualifications (i)&nbsp;as may be required under applicable state securities laws in connection with the purchase and resale of the Securities by the Underwriters or (ii)&nbsp;which shall have been obtained or made prior to the Closing Date.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(r)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Absence of Legal Proceedings.</u>&#160; Except as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, there is no action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation before or brought by any court or governmental agency or body, domestic or foreign, now pending, or, to the knowledge of the Company or any Guarantor, threatened, against or affecting the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries, which, individually or in the aggregate, might reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, or which, individually or in the aggregate, might reasonably be expected to materially and adversely affect the properties or assets thereof or the consummation of the transactions contemplated in this Agreement or each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, or the performance by the Company and each Guarantor of its obligations hereunder or under the Transaction Documents; and the aggregate of all pending legal or governmental proceedings to which the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries is a party or of which any of their respective property or assets is the subject which are not described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information or the Prospectus, including ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(s)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Independent Accountants.</u>&#160; Deloitte&nbsp;&amp; Touche LLP, who have audited the financial statements included in, or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, are Independent Registered Public Accountants as required by the applicable rules&nbsp;and regulations adopted by the Commission and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) and as required by the Securities Act.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(t)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Title to Real Property.</u>&#160; The Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries have good and marketable title to all real property owned by each of them, in each case free and clear of all mortgages, pledges, liens, security interests, encumbrances, claims, restrictions and defects and imperfections of title except those that (i)&nbsp;are described in each of the Registration Statement, Prospectus Supplement and Time of Sale Information; (ii)&nbsp;do not, singly or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect and do</p>
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<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">9<a name="9047-2-KA-01_PB_9_125141_141"></a></p>
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<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=9,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="2",CHK=338312,FOLIO='9',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-KA-01_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 30 20:09 2017' -->

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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">not interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries; all of the leases and subleases material to the business of the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, and under which the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries holds properties described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, are in full force and effect; and none of the Company, Holdings and any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries has any notice of any material claim of any sort that has been asserted by anyone adverse to the rights of the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries under any of the leases or subleases mentioned above, or affecting or questioning the rights of the Company, Holdings or Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries to the continued possession of the leased or subleased premises under any such lease or sublease.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(u)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Title to Intellectual Property.</u>&#160; The Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries own or possess, or can acquire on reasonable terms, adequate patents, patent rights, licenses, inventions, copyrights, know-how (including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures), trademarks, service marks, trade names or other intellectual property (collectively, &#147;<u>Intellectual Property</u>&#148;) necessary to carry on the business now operated by them, except where the failure to own or possess would not, singly or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; and neither the Company, Holdings nor any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries has received any notice or is otherwise aware of any infringement of or conflict with asserted rights of others with respect to any Intellectual Property or of any facts or circumstances which would render any Intellectual Property invalid or inadequate to protect the interest of the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries therein, and which infringement or conflict (if the subject of any unfavorable decision, ruling or finding) or invalidity or inadequacy, singly or in the aggregate, would result in a Material Adverse Effect.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(v)&nbsp; <u>Investment Company Act.</u>&#160; None of the Company or the Guarantors is and, upon the sale of the Securities as contemplated herein and in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus and the application of the net proceeds therefrom as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, none of the Company or the Guarantors will be an &#147;investment company&#148; or an entity &#147;controlled&#148; by an &#147;investment company&#148; as such terms are defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Commission thereunder.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(w)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Taxes.</u>&#160; Each of Holdings and it subsidiaries has timely filed or caused to be filed all Federal and other material tax returns and reports required to have been filed and has paid or caused to be paid all taxes required to have been paid by it, except (i)&nbsp;taxes that are being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings and for which Holdings and its subsidiaries, as applicable, has set aside on its books adequate reserves or (ii)&nbsp;to the extent that the failure to do so would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</p>
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<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">10<a name="9047-2-KA-01_PB_10_125150_7608"></a></p>
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<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=10,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="2",CHK=30801,FOLIO='10',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-KA-01_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 30 20:09 2017' -->

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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(x)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Licenses and Permits.</u>&#160; The Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries possess all permits, licenses, certificates, approvals, consents and other authorizations (collectively, &#147;<u>Governmental Licenses</u>&#148;) issued by the appropriate federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authorities that are necessary for the ownership or lease of their respective properties or the conduct of their respective businesses as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, except where the failure to possess the same would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries are in compliance with the terms and conditions of all such Governmental Licenses, except where the failure so to comply would not, singly or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; all of the Governmental Licenses are valid and in full force and effect, except when the invalidity of such Governmental Licenses or the failure of such Governmental Licenses to be in full force and effect would not have a Material Adverse Effect; and none of the Company, Holdings and any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any such Governmental Licenses which, singly or in the aggregate, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, ruling or finding, would result in a Material Adverse Effect.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(y)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>No Labor Disputes.</u>&#160; Except as disclosed in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, no labor dispute by or with employees of the Company, Holdings or Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries exists or, to the knowledge of the Company and Holdings, is imminent, and the Company and Holdings are not aware of any existing or imminent labor disturbance by the employees of any of the Company&#146;s, Holdings&#146; or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries&#146; principal suppliers, manufacturers, customers or contractors, which, in either case, may reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(z)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Compliance with Environmental Laws.</u>&#160; Except as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus and except as would not, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect, (i)&nbsp;none of the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries is in violation of any federal, state, local or foreign statute, law, rule, regulation, ordinance, code, legally binding policy or rule&nbsp;of common law or any judicial or legally binding administrative interpretation thereof, including any judicial or administrative order, consent, decree or judgment, relating to pollution or protection of human health, the environment (including, without limitation, ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata) or wildlife, including, without limitation, laws and regulations relating to the release or threatened release of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, wastes, toxic substances, hazardous substances, petroleum or petroleum products (collectively, &#147;<u>Hazardous Materials</u>&#148;) or to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials (collectively, &#147;<u>Environmental Laws</u>&#148;), (ii)&nbsp;the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries have all permits, authorizations and approvals required under any applicable Environmental Laws and are each in compliance with their requirements, (iii)&nbsp;there are no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company or any Guarantors, threatened administrative, regulatory or judicial actions, suits, demands, demand letters, claims, liens, notices of noncompliance</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">or violation, investigation or proceedings relating to any Environmental Law against the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries and (iv)&nbsp;there are no events or circumstances that might reasonably be expected to form the basis of an order for clean-up, or remediation, or an action, suit or proceeding by any private party or governmental body or agency, against or affecting the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries relating to Hazardous Materials or any Environmental Laws.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(aa)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Disclosure Controls.</u>&#160; The Company and Holdings maintain an effective system of &#147;disclosure controls and procedures&#148; (as defined in Rule&nbsp;13a-15(e)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act) that is designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company and Holdings in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission&#146;s rules&nbsp;and forms, including controls and procedures designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company&#146;s and Holdings&#146; management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.&#160; The Company and Holdings have carried out evaluations of the effectiveness of their disclosure controls and procedures as required by Rule&nbsp;13a-15 of the Exchange Act.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(bb)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Accounting Controls.</u>&#160; The Company and Holdings maintain systems of &#147;internal control over financial reporting&#148; (as defined in Rule&nbsp;13a-15(f)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act) that comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act and have been designed by, or under the supervision of, their respective principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, including, but not limited to internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that (i)&nbsp;transactions are executed in accordance with management&#146;s general or specific authorizations; (ii)&nbsp;transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles and to maintain asset accountability; (iii)&nbsp;access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&#146;s general or specific authorization; (iv)&nbsp;the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences; and (v)&nbsp;in all material respects, interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus is prepared in accordance with the Commission&#146;s rules&nbsp;and guidelines applicable thereto.&#160; Except as disclosed in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, there are no material weaknesses in the Company&#146;s and Holdings&#146; internal controls.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(cc)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Insurance.</u>&#160; The Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries have insurance covering their respective properties, operations, personnel and businesses, including business interruption insurance, which insurance is in amounts and insures against such losses and risks as are adequate to protect the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries and their respective businesses; and none of the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries has (i)&nbsp;received notice from any insurer or agent of such insurer that material capital improvements or other expenditures are</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">required or necessary to be made in order to continue such insurance or (ii)&nbsp;any reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage at reasonable cost from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business.</font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(dd)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>No Unlawful Payments.</u>&#160; None of the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries, nor, to the knowledge of the Company and Holdings, any director, officer, agent, employee or other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries has (i)&nbsp;used any corporate funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expense relating to political activity; (ii)&nbsp;made any direct or indirect unlawful payment to any foreign or domestic government official or employee from corporate funds; (iii)&nbsp;violated or is in violation of any provision of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the Bribery Act 2010 of the United Kingdom; or (iv)&nbsp;made any bribe, rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful payment.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(ee)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Compliance with Money Laundering Laws.</u>&#160; The operations of the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all jurisdictions, the rules&nbsp;and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the &#147;<u>Money Laundering Laws</u>&#148;) and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the best knowledge of the Company and the Guarantors, threatened.</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(ff)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>No Conflicts with Sanctions Laws.</u>&#160; None of the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of the Company and the Guarantors, any director, officer, agent, employee or affiliate of the Company, Holdings and Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries is currently the subject or the target of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. Government (including, without limitation, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury), the United Nations Security Council, the European Union or Her Majesty&#146;s Treasury (collectively, &#147;<u>Sanctions</u>&#148;), nor is the Company, Holdings or any of Holdings&#146; other subsidiaries located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of Sanctions; and the Company will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the offering of the Securities hereunder, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other person or entity (i)&nbsp;to fund any activities of or business with any person, or in any country or territory, that, at the time of such funding is, as a whole, the target of Sanctions or (ii)&nbsp;in any other manner that will result in a violation by any person (including any person participating in the transaction, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise) of Sanctions.</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(gg)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Solvency.</u>&#160; On and immediately after the Closing Date, the Company and Holdings and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis (after giving effect to the issuance of</p>
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<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">13<a name="9047-2-KA-03_PB_13_125256_7091"></a></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">the Securities and the other transactions related thereto as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus) will be Solvent.&#160; As used in this paragraph, the term &#147;<u>Solvent</u>&#148; means, with respect to a particular date, that on such date (i)&nbsp;the present fair market value (or present fair saleable value) of the assets of the Company and Holdings and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis is not less than the total amount required to pay the liabilities of the Company and Holdings and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis on their total existing debts and liabilities (including contingent liabilities) as they become absolute and matured; (ii)&nbsp;the Company and Holdings and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis are able to realize upon their assets and pay their debts and other liabilities, contingent obligations and commitments as they mature and become due in the normal course of business; (iii)&nbsp;assuming consummation of the issuance of the Securities as contemplated by this Agreement, the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, the Company and Holdings and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis are not incurring debts or liabilities beyond their ability to pay as such debts and liabilities mature and (iv)&nbsp;the Company and Holdings and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis are not engaged in any business or transaction, and do not propose to engage in any business or transaction, for which their respective property would constitute unreasonably small capital after giving due consideration to the prevailing practice in the industry in which the Company is engaged.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(hh)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Forward-Looking Statements.</u>&#160; No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;27A of the Securities Act and Section&nbsp;21E of the Exchange Act) contained or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus has been made or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed other than in good faith.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(ii)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Statistical and Market Data.</u>&#160; Nothing has come to the attention of the Company and the Guarantors that has caused the Company or the Guarantors to believe that the statistical and market-related data included or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus is not based on or derived from sources that are reliable and accurate in all material respects.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(jj)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</u><u>.</u>&#160; There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or Holdings or any of the Company&#146;s or Holdings&#146; directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules&nbsp;and regulations promulgated in connection therewith, including Section&nbsp;402 related to loans and Sections 302 and 906 related to certifications.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(kk)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Status under the Securities Act.</u>&#160; None of the Company or any of the Guarantors is an ineligible issuer and each is a well-known seasoned issuer, in each case as defined under the Securities Act, in each case at the times specified in the Securities Act in connection with the offering of the Securities.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">4.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Further Agreements of the Company and the Guarantors</u>.&#160; The Company and Guarantors jointly and severally covenant and agree with each Underwriter that:</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(a)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Required Filings.</u>&#160; The Company will file the final Prospectus with the Commission within the time periods specified by Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;and Rule&nbsp;430A, 430B or 430C under the Securities Act, will file any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus to the extent required by Rule&nbsp;433 under the Securities Act; and will file promptly all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company or the Guarantors with the Commission pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act subsequent to the date of the Prospectus and for so long as the delivery of a prospectus is required in connection with the offering or sale of the Securities; and the Company will furnish copies of the Prospectus and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (to the extent not previously delivered) to the Underwriters in New York City prior to 10:00&nbsp;A.M., New York City time, on the business day next succeeding the date of this Agreement in such quantities as the Representative may reasonably request.&#160; The Company will pay the registration fees for this offering within the time period required by Rule&nbsp;456(b)(1)(i)&nbsp;under the Securities Act (without giving effect to the proviso therein) and in any event prior to the Closing Date.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(b)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Delivery of Copies.</u>&#160; The Company will deliver, without charge, (i)&nbsp;to the Representative, two signed copies of the Registration Statement as originally filed and each amendment thereto, in each case including all exhibits and consents filed therewith and documents incorporated by reference therein; and (ii)&nbsp;to each Underwriter (A)&nbsp;a conformed copy of the Registration Statement as originally filed and each amendment thereto, in each case including all exhibits and consents filed therewith and (B)&nbsp;during the Prospectus Delivery Period (as defined below), as many copies of the Prospectus (including all amendments and supplements thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein) and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus as the Representative may reasonably request.&#160; As used herein, the term &#147;<u>Prospectus Delivery Period</u>&#148; means such period of time after the first date of the public offering of the Securities as in the opinion of counsel for each of the Company and the Underwriters a prospectus relating to the Securities is required by law to be delivered (or required to be delivered but for Rule&nbsp;172 under the Securities Act) in connection with sales of the Securities by any Underwriter or dealer.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(c)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Amendments or Supplements; Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses.</u>&#160; Before making, preparing, using, authorizing, approving, referring to or filing any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, and before filing any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Company and the Guarantors will furnish to the Representative and counsel for the Underwriters a copy of the proposed Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, amendment or supplement for review and will not make, prepare, use, authorize, approve, refer to or file any such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or file any such proposed amendment or supplement to which the Representative reasonably objects.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(d)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Notice to the Representative.</u>&#160; The Company and Holdings will advise the Representative promptly (i)&nbsp;when any amendment to the Registration Statement has been filed or becomes effective; (ii)&nbsp;when any supplement to the Prospectus or any amendment to the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus has been filed; (iii)&nbsp;of any request by the Commission for any amendment to the Registration Statement or any amendment</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">or supplement to the Prospectus or the receipt of any comments from the Commission relating to the Registration Statement or any other request by the Commission for any additional information; (iv)&nbsp;of the issuance by the Commission of any order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for that purpose or pursuant to Section&nbsp;8A of the Securities Act; (v)&nbsp;of the occurrence of any event within the Prospectus Delivery Period as a result of which the Prospectus, the Time of Sale Information or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances existing when the Prospectus, the Time of Sale Information or any such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, not misleading; (vi)&nbsp;of the receipt by the Company or the Guarantors of any notice of objection of the Commission to the use of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto pursuant to Rule&nbsp;401(g)(2)&nbsp;under the Securities Act; and (vii)&nbsp;of the receipt by the Company or the Guarantors of any notice with respect to any suspension of the qualification of the Securities for offer and sale in any jurisdiction or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose; and the Company and the Guarantors will use their reasonable best efforts to prevent the issuance of any such order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus or suspending any such qualification of the Securities and, if any such order is issued, will obtain as soon as possible the withdrawal thereof.</font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(e)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Time of Sale Information.</u>&#160; If at any time prior to the Closing Date (i)&nbsp;any event shall occur or condition shall exist as a result of which the Time of Sale Information as then amended or supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances, not misleading or (ii)&nbsp;it is necessary to amend or supplement the Time of Sale Information to comply with law, the Company and Holdings will immediately notify the Underwriters thereof and forthwith prepare and, subject to paragraph&nbsp;(c)&nbsp;above, file with the Commission (to the extent required) and furnish to the Underwriters and to such dealers as the Representative may designate, such amendments or supplements to the Time of Sale Information as may be necessary so that the statements in the Time of Sale Information as so amended or supplemented will not, in the light of the circumstances, be misleading or so that the Time of Sale Information will comply with law.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(f)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Ongoing Compliance.</u>&#160; If during the Prospectus Delivery Period (i)&nbsp;any event shall occur or condition shall exist as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances existing when the Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, not misleading or (ii)&nbsp;it is necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus to comply with law, the Company and Holdings will immediately notify the Underwriters thereof and forthwith prepare and, subject to paragraph&nbsp;(c)&nbsp;above, file with the Commission and furnish to the Underwriters and to such dealers as the Representative</p>
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<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">16<a name="9047-2-KA-03_PB_16_125334_8627"></a></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">may designate, such amendments or supplements to the Prospectus as may be necessary so that the statements in the Prospectus as so amended or supplemented will not, in the light of the circumstances existing when the Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, be misleading or so that the Prospectus will comply with law.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(g)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Blue Sky Compliance.</u>&#160; The Company and the Guarantors will qualify the Securities for offer and sale under the securities or Blue Sky laws of such jurisdictions as the Representative shall reasonably request and will continue such qualifications in effect so long as required for distribution of the Securities; <u>provided</u> that none of the Company or any Guarantors shall be required to (i)&nbsp;qualify as a foreign corporation or other entity or as a dealer in securities in any such jurisdiction where it would not otherwise be required to so qualify, (ii)&nbsp;file any general consent to service of process in any such jurisdiction or (iii)&nbsp;subject itself to taxation in any such jurisdiction if it is not otherwise so subject.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(h)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Earning Statement.</u>&#160; The Company and Holdings will make generally available to the Company&#146;s security holders and the Representative as soon as practicable an earning statement that satisfies the provisions of Section&nbsp;11(a)&nbsp;of the Securities Act and Rule&nbsp;158 of the Commission promulgated thereunder covering a period of at least twelve months beginning with the first fiscal quarter of the Company and Holdings occurring after the &#147;effective date&#148; (as defined in Rule&nbsp;158) of the Registration Statement; <u>provided</u> that this covenant shall be deemed satisfied if the Company and Holdings (i)&nbsp;are required to file reports pursuant to Section&nbsp;13 or 15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act and (ii)&nbsp;have filed such reports on Form&nbsp;10-K, Form&nbsp;10-Q or Form&nbsp;8-K or have supplied the Commission copies of the annual report sent to security holders pursuant to Rule&nbsp;14a-3(c), containing such earning statement or statements.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(i)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Clear Market</u><i>.</i>&#160; During the period from the date hereof through and including the date that is 30 days after the date hereof, the Company and each of the Guarantors will not, without the prior written consent of the Representative, offer, sell, contract to sell or otherwise dispose of any debt securities issued or guaranteed by the Company or any of the Guarantors and having a tenor of more than one year.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(j)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Use of Proceeds.</u>&#160; The Company will apply the net proceeds from the sale of the Securities as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus under the heading &#147;Use of proceeds&#148;.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(l)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>No Stabilization.</u>&#160; Neither the Company nor any of the Guarantors will not take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that could reasonably be expected to cause or result in any stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Securities.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(m)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Record Retention.</u>&#160; The Company will, pursuant to reasonable procedures developed in good faith, retain copies of each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that is not filed with the Commission in accordance with Rule&nbsp;433 under the Securities Act.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">5.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Certain Agreements of the Underwriters</u>.&#160; Each Underwriter hereby jointly and severally represents and agrees that:</p>
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<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">17<a name="9047-2-KA-03_PB_17_125347_7906"></a></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(a)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>It has not and will not use, authorize use of, refer to, or participate in the planning for use of, any &#147;free writing prospectus&#148;, as defined in Rule&nbsp;405 under the Securities Act (which term includes use of any written information furnished to the Commission by the Company and not incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement and any press release issued by the Company) other than (i)&nbsp;a free writing prospectus that, solely as a result of use by such underwriter, would not trigger an obligation to file such free writing prospectus with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;433, (ii)&nbsp;any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus listed on Annex A or prepared pursuant to Section&nbsp;3(c)&nbsp;or Section&nbsp;4(c)&nbsp;above (including any electronic road show), or (iii)&nbsp;any free writing prospectus prepared by such underwriter and approved by the Company in advance in writing (each such free writing prospectus referred to in clauses (i)&nbsp;or (iii), an &#147;<u>Underwriter Free Writing Prospectus</u>&#148;).&#160; Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Underwriters may use a term sheet substantially in the form of Annex B hereto without the consent of the Company.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(b)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>It is not subject to any pending proceeding under Section&nbsp;8A of the Securities Act with respect to the offering (and will promptly notify the Company if any such proceeding against it is initiated during the Prospectus Delivery Period).</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(c)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area which has implemented the Prospectus Directive (each, a &#147;<u>Relevant Member State</u>&#148;), with effect from and including the date on which the Prospectus Directive is implemented in that Relevant Member State (the &#147;<u>Relevant Implementation Date</u>&#148;), it has not made and will not make an offer of Securities to the public in that Relevant Member State prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the Securities which has been approved by the competent authority in that Relevant Member State or, where appropriate, approved in another Relevant Member State and notified to the competent authority in that Relevant Member State, all in accordance with the Prospectus Directive, except that it may, with effect from and including the Relevant Implementation Date, make an offer of Securities to the public in that Relevant Member State at any time:</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt .5in;text-indent:-.5in;"><font size="2" face="Symbol" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&#183;</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>to &#147;qualified investors&#148; as defined in the Prospectus Directive; or</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt .5in;text-indent:-.5in;"><font size="2" face="Symbol" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&#183;</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>to fewer than 100 (or, in the case of if the Relevant Member State has implemented the relevant provisions of the 2010 PD Directive, 150) natural or legal persons (other than &#147;qualified investors&#148; as defined in the Prospectus Directive), as permitted in the Prospectus Directive, subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representatives for any such offer; or</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt .5in;text-indent:-.5in;"><font size="2" face="Symbol" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&#183;</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>in any other circumstances falling within Article&nbsp;3(2)&nbsp;of the Prospectus Directive, provided that no such offer of Securities shall result in a requirement for the publication of a prospectus pursuant to Article&nbsp;3 of the Prospectus Directive or of a supplement to a prospectus pursuant to Article&nbsp;16 of the Prospectus Directive.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">For the purposes of this provision, the expression an &#147;offer of securities to the public&#148; in relation to any securities in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">the offer and the securities to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for the securities, as the same may be varied in that Member State by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that Member State, the expression &#147;<u>Prospectus Directive</u>&#148; means Directive 2003/71/EC (and amendments thereto, including the 2010 PD Amending Directive, to the extent implemented in the Relevant Member State) and includes any relevant implementing measure in each Relevant Member State and the expression &#147;<u>2010 PD Amending Directive</u>&#148; means Directive 2010/73/EU.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">It (A)&nbsp;has only communicated or caused to be communicated and will only communicate or cause to be communicated an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity, within the meaning of Section&nbsp;21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (the &#147;<u>FSMA</u>&#148;) received by it in connection with the issue or sale of the notes, in circumstances in which Section&nbsp;21(1)&nbsp;of the FSMA does not apply to the Company or the Guarantors; and (B)&nbsp;has complied with, and will comply with, all applicable provisions of the FSMA with respect to anything done by it in relation to the Securities in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">6.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Conditions of Underwriters&#146; Obligations.</u>&#160; The obligation of each Underwriter to purchase Securities on the Closing Date as provided herein is subject to the performance by the Company and each of the Guarantors of their respective covenants and other obligations hereunder and to the following additional conditions:</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(a)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Registration Compliance; No Stop Order.</u>&#160; No order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement shall be in effect, and no proceeding for such purpose, pursuant to Rule&nbsp;401(g)(2)&nbsp;or pursuant to Section&nbsp;8A under the Securities Act shall be pending before or threatened by the Commission; the Prospectus and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus shall have been timely filed with the Commission under the Securities Act (in the case of a Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, to the extent required by Rule&nbsp;433 under the Securities Act) and in accordance with Section&nbsp;4(a)&nbsp;hereof; and all requests by the Commission for additional information shall have been complied with to the reasonable satisfaction of the Representative.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(b)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Representations and Warranties.</u>&#160; The representations and warranties of the Company and the Guarantors contained herein shall be true and correct on the date hereof and on and as of the Closing Date; and the statements of the Company, the Guarantors and their respective officers made in any certificates delivered pursuant to this Agreement shall be true and correct on and as of the Closing Date.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(c)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>No Downgrade.</u>&#160; Subsequent to the earlier of (A)&nbsp;the Time of Sale and (B)&nbsp;the execution and delivery of this Agreement, (i)&nbsp;no downgrading shall have occurred in the rating accorded the Securities or any other debt securities or preferred stock of or guaranteed by Holdings or any of its subsidiaries by any &#147;nationally recognized statistical rating organization&#148;, as such term is defined by the Commission for purposes of Section&nbsp;3(a)(62) of the Exchange Act and (ii)&nbsp;no such organization shall have publicly announced that it has under surveillance or review, or has changed its outlook with respect to, its rating of the Securities or of any other debt securities or preferred stock of or guaranteed</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">by Holdings or any of its subsidiaries (other than an announcement with positive implications of a possible upgrading).</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(d)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>No Material Adverse Change.</u>&#160; No event or condition of a type described in Section&nbsp;3(g)&nbsp;hereof shall have occurred or shall exist, which event or condition is not described in the Time of Sale Information (excluding any amendment or supplement thereto) and the Prospectus (excluding any amendment or supplement thereto) and the effect of which in the judgment of the Representative makes it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering, sale or delivery of the Securities on the terms and in the manner contemplated by this Agreement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(e)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Officer&#146;s Certificate.</u>&#160; The Representative shall have received on and as of the Closing Date a certificate of an executive officer of the Company and of each Guarantor who have specific knowledge of the Company&#146;s or such Guarantor&#146;s financial matters and is satisfactory to the Representative (i)&nbsp;confirming that such officers have carefully reviewed each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus and, to the best knowledge of such officers, the representations set forth in Sections 3(b)&nbsp;or 3(d)&nbsp;hereof are true and correct, (ii)&nbsp;confirming that the other representations and warranties of the Company and the Guarantors in this Agreement are true and correct and that the Company and the Guarantors have complied with all agreements and satisfied all conditions on their part to be performed or satisfied hereunder at or prior to the Closing Date and (iii)&nbsp;to the effect set forth in paragraphs (a), (c)&nbsp;and (d)&nbsp;above.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(f)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Comfort Letters.</u>&#160; On the date of this Agreement and on the Closing Date, Deloitte&nbsp;&amp; Touche LLP shall have furnished to the Representative, at the request of the Company, letters, dated the respective dates of delivery thereof and addressed to the Underwriters, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representative, containing statements and information of the type customarily included in accountants&#146; &#147;comfort letters&#148; to underwriters with respect to the financial statements and certain financial information contained or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus; <u>provided</u> that the letter delivered on the Closing Date shall use a &#147;cut-off&#148; date no more than three business days prior to the Closing Date.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(g)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Opinion and 10b-5 Statement of Counsel for the Company and the Guarantors.</u>&#160; Shearman&nbsp;&amp; Sterling LLP, counsel for the Company and the Guarantors, and David E. Barnes, General Counsel and Secretary of the Company, each shall have furnished to the Representative, at the request of the Company and the Guarantors, their written opinion and 10b-5 Statement, dated the Closing Date and addressed to the Underwriters, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representative.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(h)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Opinion and 10b-5 Statement of Counsel for the Underwriters.</u>&#160; The Representative shall have received on and as of the Closing Date an opinion and 10b-5 Statement of Cravath, Swaine&nbsp;&amp; Moore LLP, counsel for the Underwriters, with respect to such matters as the Representative may reasonably request, and such counsel shall</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">20<a name="9047-2-KA-03_PB_20_125516_8715"></a></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">have received such documents and information as they may reasonably request to enable them to pass upon such matters.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(i)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>No Legal Impediment to Issuance.</u>&#160; No action shall have been taken and no statute, rule, regulation or order shall have been enacted, adopted or issued by any federal, state or foreign governmental or regulatory authority that would, as of the Closing Date, prevent the issuance or sale of the Securities or the issuance of the Guarantees; and no injunction or order of any federal, state or foreign court shall have been issued that would, as of the Closing Date, prevent the issuance or sale of the Securities or the issuance of the Guarantees.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(j)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Good Standing.</u>&#160; The Representative shall have received on and as of the Closing Date satisfactory evidence of the good standing of the Company and the Guarantors in their respective jurisdictions of organization and their good standing in such other jurisdictions as the Representative may reasonably request, in each case in writing or any standard form of telecommunication, from the appropriate governmental authorities of such jurisdictions.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(k)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Additional Documents.</u>&#160; On or prior to the Closing Date, the Company and the Guarantors shall have furnished to the Representative such further certificates and documents as the Representative may reasonably request.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">All opinions, letters, certificates and evidence mentioned above or elsewhere in this Agreement shall be deemed to be in compliance with the provisions hereof only if they are in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">7.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Indemnification and Contribution.</u></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(a)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Indemnification of the Underwriters.</u>&#160; The Company and each of the Guarantors jointly and severally agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter, its affiliates, directors and officers and each person, if any, who controls such Underwriter within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act, from and against any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities (including, without limitation, legal fees and other expenses incurred in connection with any suit, action or proceeding or any claim asserted, as such fees and expenses are incurred), joint or several, that arise out of, or are based upon, (i)&nbsp;any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement or caused by any omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, not misleading, (ii)&nbsp;or any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or any Time of Sale Information, or caused by any omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, in each case except insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities arise out of, or are based upon, any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in reliance upon and in conformity with any information relating to any Underwriter</p>
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<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">21<a name="9047-2-KA-05_PB_21_125700_6107"></a></p>
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<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=21,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="2",CHK=87066,FOLIO='21',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-KA-05_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 30 23:57 2017' -->

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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">furnished to the Company or the Guarantors in writing by such Underwriter through the Representative expressly for use therein.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(b)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Indemnification of the Company and the Guarantors.</u>&#160; Each Underwriter agrees, severally and not jointly, to indemnify and hold harmless the Company, each of the Guarantors, each of their respective directors and their respective officers who signed the Registration Statement and each person, if any, who controls the Company or any of the Guarantors within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act to the same extent as the indemnity set forth in paragraph (a)&nbsp;above, but only with respect to any losses, claims, damages or liabilities that arise out of, or are based upon, any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in reliance upon and in conformity with any information relating to such Underwriter furnished to the Company and the Guarantors in writing by such Underwriter through the Representative expressly for use in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or any Time of Sale Information, it being understood and agreed that the only such information consists of the following: the first through fourth sentence of the third paragraph, the third and fourth sentences of the fifth paragraph and the sixth paragraph under the caption &#147;Underwriting&#148; of the Preliminary Prospectus.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(c)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Notice and Procedures.</u>&#160; If any suit, action, proceeding (including any governmental or regulatory investigation), claim or demand shall be brought or asserted against any person in respect of which indemnification may be sought pursuant to either paragraph&nbsp;(a)&nbsp;or (b), such person (the &#147;<u>Indemnified Person</u>&#148;) shall promptly notify the person against whom such indemnification may be sought (the &#147;<u>Indemnifying Person</u>&#148;) in writing; <u>provided</u> that the failure to notify the Indemnifying Person shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have under paragraphs (a)&nbsp;and (b)&nbsp;of this Section&nbsp;7 except to the extent that it has been materially prejudiced (through the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses) by such failure; and <u>provided</u>, <u>further</u>, that the failure to notify the Indemnifying Person shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have to an Indemnified Person otherwise than under paragraphs (a)&nbsp;and (b)&nbsp;of this Section&nbsp;7.&#160; If any such proceeding shall be brought or asserted against an Indemnified Person and it shall have notified the Indemnifying Person thereof, the Indemnifying Person shall retain counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified Person (who shall not, without the consent of the Indemnified Person, be counsel to the Indemnifying Person) to represent the Indemnified Person and any others entitled to indemnification pursuant to this Section&nbsp;7 that the Indemnifying Person may designate in such proceeding and shall pay the fees and expenses of such proceeding and shall pay the fees and expenses of counsel related to such proceeding, as incurred.&#160; In any such proceeding, any Indemnified Person shall have the right to retain its own counsel, but the fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of such Indemnified Person unless (i)&nbsp;the Indemnifying Person and the Indemnified Person shall have mutually agreed to the contrary; (ii)&nbsp;the Indemnifying Person has failed within a reasonable time to retain counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified Person; (iii)&nbsp;the Indemnified Person shall have reasonably concluded that there may be legal defenses available to it that are different from or in addition to those available to the Indemnifying Person; or (iv)&nbsp;the named parties in any such proceeding (including any impleaded parties) include both the Indemnifying Person and the</p>
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<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">22<a name="9047-2-KA-05_PB_22_125728_563"></a></p>
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<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=22,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="2",CHK=859755,FOLIO='22',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-KA-05_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 30 23:57 2017' -->

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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Indemnified Person and representation of both parties by the same counsel would be inappropriate due to actual or potential differing interest between them.&#160; It is understood and agreed that the Indemnifying Person shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceeding in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the fees and expenses of more than one separate firm (in addition to any local counsel) for all Indemnified Persons, and that all such fees and expenses shall be reimbursed as they are incurred.&#160; Any such separate firm for any Underwriter, its affiliates, directors and officers and any control persons of such Underwriter shall be designated in writing by [&#149;] and any such separate firm for the Company and the Guarantors, their directors, officers who signed the Registration Statement and any control persons of the Company and the Guarantors shall be designated in writing by the Company.&#160; The Indemnifying Person shall not be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written consent, but if settled with such consent or if there be a final judgment for the plaintiff, the Indemnifying Person agrees to indemnify each Indemnified Person from and against any loss or liability by reason of such settlement or judgment.&#160; Notwithstanding the foregoing sentence, if at any time an Indemnified Person shall have requested that an Indemnifying Person reimburse the Indemnified Person for fees and expenses of counsel as contemplated by this paragraph, the Indemnifying Person shall be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written consent if (i)&nbsp;such settlement is entered into more than 30 days after receipt by the Indemnifying Person of such request and (ii)&nbsp;the Indemnifying Person shall not have reimbursed the Indemnified Person in accordance with such request prior to the date of such settlement.&#160; No Indemnifying Person shall, without the written consent of the Indemnified Person, effect any settlement of any pending or threatened proceeding in respect of which any Indemnified Person is or could have been a party and indemnification could have been sought hereunder by such Indemnified Person, unless such settlement (x)&nbsp;includes an unconditional release of such Indemnified Person, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to such Indemnified Person, from all liability on claims that are the subject matter of such proceeding and (y)&nbsp;does not include any statement as to or any admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any Indemnified Person.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(d)&nbsp; <u>Contribution.</u>&#160; If the indemnification provided for in paragraphs (a)&nbsp;or (b)&nbsp;above is unavailable to an Indemnified Person or insufficient in respect of any losses, claims, damages or liabilities referred to therein, then each Indemnifying Person under such paragraph, in lieu of indemnifying such Indemnified Person thereunder, shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such Indemnified Person as a result of such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (i)&nbsp;in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company and the Guarantors on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other from the offering of the Securities or (ii)&nbsp;if the allocation provided by clause (i)&nbsp;is not permitted by applicable law, in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in clause&nbsp;(i)&nbsp;but also the relative fault of the Company and the Guarantors on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other in connection with the statements or omissions that resulted in such losses, claims, damages or liabilities, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations.&#160; The relative benefits received by the Company and the Guarantors on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other shall be deemed to be in the same respective proportions as the</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">23<a name="9047-2-KA-05_PB_23_125743_9497"></a></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">net proceeds (before deducting expenses) received by the Company from the sale of the Securities and the total underwriting discounts and commissions received by the Underwriters in connection therewith, in each case as set forth in the table on the cover of the Prospectus, bear to the aggregate offering price of the Securities.&#160; The relative fault of the Company and the Guarantors on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or any Guarantor or by the Underwriters and the parties&#146; relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(e)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Limitation on Liability.</u>&#160; The Company, the Guarantors and the Underwriters agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section&nbsp;7 were determined by <u>pro</u>  <u>rata</u> allocation (even if the Underwriters were treated as one entity for such purpose) or by any other method of allocation that does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to in paragraph&nbsp;(d)&nbsp;above.&#160; The amount paid or payable by an Indemnified Person as a result of the losses, claims, damages and liabilities referred to in paragraph&nbsp;(d)&nbsp;above shall be deemed to include, subject to the limitations set forth above, any legal or other expenses incurred by such Indemnified Person in connection with any such action or claim.&#160; Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section&nbsp;7, in no event shall an Underwriter be required to contribute any amount in excess of the amount by which the total underwriting discounts and commissions received by such Underwriter with respect to the offering of the Securities exceeds the amount of any damages that such Underwriter has otherwise been required to pay by reason of such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission.&#160; No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;11(f)&nbsp;of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation.&#160; The Underwriters&#146; obligations to contribute pursuant to this Section&nbsp;7 are several in proportion to their respective purchase obligations hereunder and not joint.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(f)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Non-Exclusive Remedies.</u>&#160; The remedies provided for in this Section&nbsp;7 are not exclusive and shall not limit any rights or remedies which may otherwise be available to any Indemnified Person at law or in equity.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">8.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Effectiveness of Agreement</u>.&#160; This Agreement shall become effective upon&#160; the execution and delivery hereof by the parties hereto.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">9.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Termination</u>.&#160; This Agreement may be terminated in the absolute discretion of the Representative, by notice to the Company, if after the execution and delivery of this Agreement and on or prior to the Closing Date (i)&nbsp;trading generally shall have been suspended or materially limited on the New York Stock Exchange or the over-the-counter market; (ii)&nbsp;trading of any securities issued or guaranteed by the Company or any of the Guarantors shall have been suspended on any exchange or in any over-the-counter market; (iii)&nbsp;a general moratorium on commercial banking activities shall have been declared by federal or New York State authorities; or (iv)&nbsp;there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of hostilities or any change in financial markets or any</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">calamity or crisis, either within or outside the United States, that, in the reasonable judgment of the Representative, is material and adverse and makes it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering, sale or delivery of the Securities on the terms and in the manner contemplated by this Agreement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">10.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Defaulting Underwriter</u>.&#160; (a)&nbsp; If, on the Closing Date, any Underwriter defaults on its obligation to purchase the Securities that it has agreed to purchase hereunder, the non-defaulting Underwriters may in their discretion arrange for the purchase of such Securities by other persons satisfactory to the Company on the terms contained in this Agreement.&#160; If, within 36&nbsp;hours after any such default by any Underwriter, the non-defaulting Underwriters do not arrange for the purchase of such Securities, then the Company shall be entitled to a further period of 36 hours within which to procure other persons satisfactory to the non-defaulting Underwriters to purchase such Securities on such terms.&#160; If other persons become obligated or agree to purchase the Securities of a defaulting Underwriter, either the non-defaulting Underwriters or the Company may postpone the Closing Date for up to five full business days in order to effect any changes that in the opinion of counsel for the Company or counsel for the Underwriters may be necessary in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or in any other document or arrangement, and the Company agrees to promptly prepare any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus that effects any such changes.&#160; As used in this Agreement, the term &#147;<u>Underwriter</u>&#148; includes, for all purposes of this Agreement unless the context otherwise requires, any person not listed in Schedule 1 hereto that, pursuant to this Section&nbsp;10, purchases Securities that a defaulting Underwriter agreed but failed to purchase.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(b)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>If, after giving effect to any arrangements for the purchase of the Securities of a defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters by the non-defaulting Underwriters and the Company as provided in paragraph&nbsp;(a)&nbsp;above, the aggregate principal amount of such Securities that remains unpurchased does not exceed one-eleventh of the aggregate principal amount of all the Securities, then the Company shall have the right to require each non-defaulting Underwriter to purchase the principal amount of Securities that such Underwriter agreed to purchase hereunder plus such Underwriter&#146;s <u>pro</u>  <u>rata</u> share (based on the principal amount of Securities that such Underwriter agreed to purchase hereunder) of the Securities of such defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters for which such arrangements have not been made.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(c)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>If, after giving effect to any arrangements for the purchase of the Securities of a defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters by the non-defaulting Underwriters and the Company as provided in paragraph (a)&nbsp;above, the aggregate principal amount of such Securities that remains unpurchased exceeds one-eleventh of the aggregate principal amount of all the Securities, or if the Company shall not exercise the right described in paragraph (b)&nbsp;above, then this Agreement shall terminate without liability on the part of the non-defaulting Underwriters.&#160; Any termination of this Agreement pursuant to this Section&nbsp;10 shall be without liability on the part of the Company or the Guarantors, except that the Company and each of the Guarantors will continue to be liable for the payment of expenses as set forth in Section&nbsp;11(a)&nbsp;hereof and</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">except that the provisions of Section&nbsp;7 hereof shall not terminate and shall remain in effect.</font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(d)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>Nothing contained herein shall relieve a defaulting Underwriter of any liability it may have to the Company, the Guarantors or any non-defaulting Underwriter for damages caused by its default.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">11.&#160; <u>Payment of Expenses</u><i>.</i>&#160; (a)&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether or not the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are consummated or this Agreement is terminated, the Company and each of the Guarantors jointly and severally agrees to pay or cause to be paid all costs and expenses incident to the performance of their obligations hereunder, including without limitation, (i)&nbsp;the costs incident to the authorization, issuance, sale, preparation and delivery of the Securities and any taxes payable in that connection; (ii)&nbsp;the costs incident to the preparation, printing and filing under the Securities Act of each of the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, any Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus (including all exhibits, amendments and supplements thereto) and the distribution thereof; (iii)&nbsp;the costs of reproducing and distributing each of the Transaction Documents; (iv)&nbsp;the fees and expenses of the Company and the Guarantors&#146; counsel and independent accountants; (v)&nbsp;the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the registration or qualification and determination of eligibility for investment of the Securities under the laws of such jurisdictions as the Representative may designate and the preparation, printing and distribution of a Blue Sky Memorandum (including the related fees and expenses of counsel for the Underwriters); (vi)&nbsp;any fees charged by rating agencies for rating the Securities; (vii)&nbsp;the fees and expenses of the Trustee and any paying agent (including related fees and expenses of any counsel to such parties); (viii)&nbsp;all expenses and application fees incurred in connection with any filing with, and clearance of the offering by, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority,&nbsp;Inc.; and (ix)&nbsp;all expenses incurred by the Company in connection with any &#147;road show&#148; presentation to potential investors, except that the Company and the Underwriters shall each pay 50% of the costs of any airplane used for travel in connection with any such &#147;road show&#148; presentation.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(b)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>If (i)&nbsp;this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Section&nbsp;9, (ii)&nbsp;the Company for any reason fails to tender the Securities for delivery to the Underwriters or (iii)&nbsp;other than&nbsp;a termination of this Agreement pursuant to Section&nbsp;10(c), the Underwriters decline to purchase the Securities for any reason permitted under this Agreement, the Company and each of the Guarantors agrees to reimburse the Underwriters for all out-of-pocket costs and expenses (including the fees and expenses of their counsel) reasonably incurred by the Underwriters in connection with this Agreement and the offering contemplated hereby.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">12.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Persons Entitled to Benefit of Agreement</u>.&#160; This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties hereto and their respective successors and the officers and directors and any controlling persons referred to herein, and the affiliates of each Underwriter referred to in Section&nbsp;7 hereof.&#160; Nothing in this Agreement is intended or shall be construed to give any other person any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Agreement or any provision contained herein.</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">No purchaser of Securities from any Underwriter shall be deemed to be a successor merely by reason of such purchase.</font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">13.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Survival</u>.&#160; The respective indemnities, rights of contribution, representations, warranties and agreements of the Company, the Guarantors and the Underwriters contained in this Agreement or made by or on behalf of the Company, the Guarantors or the Underwriters pursuant to this Agreement or any certificate delivered pursuant hereto shall survive the delivery of and payment for the Securities and shall remain in full force and effect, regardless of any termination of this Agreement or any investigation made by or on behalf of the Company, the Guarantors or the Underwriters.</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">14.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Certain Defined Terms</u>.&#160; For purposes of this Agreement, (a)&nbsp;except where otherwise expressly provided, the term &#147;affiliate&#148; has the meaning set forth in Rule&nbsp;405 under the Securities Act; (b)&nbsp;the term &#147;business day&#148; means any day other than a day on which banks are permitted or required to be closed in New York City; (c)&nbsp;the term &#147;subsidiary&#148; has the meaning set forth in Rule&nbsp;405 under the Securities Act; and (d)&nbsp;the term &#147;significant subsidiary&#148; has the meaning set forth in Rule&nbsp;1-02 of Regulation&nbsp;S-X under the Exchange Act.</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">15.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Miscellaneous</u>.&#160; (a)&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>Authority of </u>[<font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]<u>.</u>&#160; Any action by the Underwriters hereunder may be taken by [<font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>] on behalf of the Underwriters, and any such action taken by [<font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>] shall be binding upon the Underwriters.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(b)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Notices.</u>&#160; All notices and other communications hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given if mailed or transmitted and confirmed by any standard form of telecommunication.&#160; Notices to the Underwriters shall be given to the Representative c/o [<font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>].&#160; Notices to the Company and the Guarantors shall be given to them at One Dauch Drive, Detroit, Michigan 48211 (fax: 313-758-3937); Attention: General Counsel, with a copy to Shearman&nbsp;&amp; Sterling LLP, 599 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10022 (fax: 646-848-7678), Attention: Lisa Jacobs,&nbsp;Esq.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(c)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Governing Law.</u>&#160; This Agreement and any claim, controversy or dispute arising under or related to this Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(d)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Counterparts.</u>&#160; This Agreement may be signed in counterparts (which may include counterparts delivered by any standard form of telecommunication), each of which shall be an original and all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(e)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Amendments or Waivers.</u>&#160; No amendment or waiver of any provision of this Agreement, nor any consent or approval to any departure therefrom, shall in any event be effective unless the same shall be in writing and signed by the parties hereto.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(f)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><u>Headings.</u>&#160; The headings herein are included for convenience of reference only and are not intended to be part of, or to affect the meaning or interpretation of, this Agreement.</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">If the foregoing is in accordance with your understanding, please indicate your acceptance of this Agreement by signing in the space provided below.</font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">AMERICAN   AXLE&nbsp;</font>&amp; MANUFACTURING,&nbsp;INC.</p>    </td>   </tr>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="3%" colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:3.58%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">By</font></p>    </td>
<td width="46%" valign="top" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.42%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="3%" colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:3.58%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="46%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.42%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Title:</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">AMERICAN   AXLE&nbsp;&amp; MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS,&nbsp;INC.</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="3%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:3.34%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">By</font></p>    </td>
<td width="46%" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.66%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="3%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:3.34%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="46%" colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.66%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Title:</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">EACH   OF THE SUBSIDIARIES LISTED ON SCHEDULE 2 HERETO</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="3%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:3.34%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">By</font></p>    </td>
<td width="46%" colspan="2" valign="top" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.66%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="3%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:3.34%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="46%" colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.66%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Title:</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="354" style="border:none;"></td>
<td width="24" style="border:none;"></td>
<td width="2" style="border:none;"></td>
<td width="329" style="border:none;"></td>   </tr> </table>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><i><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-style:italic;">[Signature Page&nbsp;to Underwriting Agreement]</font></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<div style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><hr size="3" width="100%" noshade align="left" style="color:#010101;"></div>
</div>
<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=28,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="2",CHK=370514,FOLIO='',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-KA-05_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 30 23:57 2017' -->

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Accepted and agreed to as<br> of the date first written above:</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">For itself and on behalf of the several<br> Underwriters listed in Schedule 1 hereto.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<td width="3%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:3.34%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">By:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="46%" valign="top" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.66%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="3%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:3.34%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="46%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.66%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Authorized Signatory</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>  </table>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><i><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-style:italic;">[Signature Page&nbsp;to Underwriting Agreement]</font></i></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<div style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><hr size="3" width="100%" noshade align="left" style="color:#010101;"></div>
</div>
<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=29,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="2",CHK=756929,FOLIO='',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-KA-05_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 30 23:57 2017' -->

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Schedule 1</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="border-collapse:collapse;">
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Underwriter</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Principal&nbsp;Amount</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="46%" valign="top" bgcolor="black" style="background:white;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="black" style="background:white;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="black" style="background:white;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="48%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="black" style="background:white;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:48.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="black" style="background:white;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="48%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:48.88%;">
<p align="right" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="46%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.2pt;text-indent:-10.1pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.1pt;text-indent:-10.1pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.1pt;text-indent:-10.1pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Total</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="48%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:48.86%;">
<p align="right" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>  </table>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<div style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><hr size="3" width="100%" noshade align="left" style="color:#010101;"></div>
</div>
<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=30,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="2",CHK=34152,FOLIO='',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-KA-07_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 29 13:58 2017' -->

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<div>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Schedule 2</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Subsidiary Guarantors</font></u></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">AAM International Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">AccuGear,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Alpha SPV I,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Auburn Hills Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Colfor Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">MSP Industries Corporation</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Oxford Forge,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<div style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><hr size="3" width="100%" noshade align="left" style="color:#010101;"></div>
</div>
<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=31,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="2",CHK=664880,FOLIO='',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-KA-07_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 29 13:58 2017' -->

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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Annex A</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Time of Sale Information</font></u></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.0in;text-indent:-.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">1.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;"> &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>The Pricing Term Sheet attached as Annex B hereto.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<div style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><hr size="3" width="100%" noshade align="left" style="color:#010101;"></div>
</div>
<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=32,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="2",CHK=545430,FOLIO='',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-KA-07_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 29 13:58 2017' -->

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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Annex B</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.</font></u></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Pricing Term Sheet</font></u></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="right" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Filed Pursuant to Rule&nbsp;433<br> Registration No.&nbsp;333-[</font></b><b><font face="Symbol" style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</font></b><b>]</b></p>
<p align="right" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Registration No.&nbsp;333-[</font></b><b><font face="Symbol" style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</font></b><b>]</b></p>
<p align="right" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Dated: [</font></b><b><font face="Symbol" style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</font></b><b>]</b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Pricing Term Sheet</font></u></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman"><img width="91" height="84" src="g90472ka07i001.jpg"></font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Issuer:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Guaranteed by:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing   Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. and certain subsidiaries</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Face:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Net Proceeds to Issuer Before Expenses:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Maturity:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Coupon:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Price:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Yield to Maturity:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Spread to Treasury:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Benchmark:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Interest Payment Dates:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Equity Clawback:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Redemption Provisions:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 30.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Optional   Redemption:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="53%" colspan="3" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:53.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="19%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:19.76%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">On or after:</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="32%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:32.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Price:</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="19%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:19.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="32%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:32.0%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.26%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="19%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:19.76%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="32%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:32.0%;">
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">[</font><font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>]</p>    </td>   </tr>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 30.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Change of   Control:</font></p>    </td>
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<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Annex B</font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman"><font style="font-size:10.0pt;">The issuer has filed a registration statement (including a prospectus) with the SEC for the offering to which this communication relates and a preliminary prospectus supplement relating to this offering.&#160; Before you invest, you should read the prospectus in that registration statement,</font>  </font>the preliminary prospectus supplement and other documents the issuer has filed with the SEC for more complete information about the issuer and this offering. &#160;You may get these documents for free by visiting EDGAR on the SEC Web site at www.sec.gov.&#160; Alternatively, the issuer, any underwriter or any dealer participating in the offering will arrange to send you the prospectus if you request it by calling [<font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>] toll-free at [<font face="Symbol">&#183;</font>].</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Any disclaimer or other notice that may appear below is not applicable to this communication and should be disregarded.&#160; Such disclaimer or notice was automatically generated as a result of this communication being sent by Bloomberg or another email system.</font></p>
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<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Exhibit&nbsp;5.1</font></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Shearman&nbsp;&amp; Sterling LLP</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing   Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>    </td>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
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<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">March&nbsp;30, 2017</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>    </td>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">One Dauch Drive</font></p>    </td>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Detroit, Michigan 48211</font></p>    </td>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>  </table>
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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. <br> American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc. <br> Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Ladies and Gentlemen:</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">We have acted as counsel to American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation (&#147;<u>Holdings</u>&#148;), and American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation (&#147;<u>AAM,&nbsp;Inc.</u>&#148; and together with Holdings, the &#147;<u>Registrants</u>&#148;), in connection with the preparation and filing by the Registrants and AAM International Holdings,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation, AccuGear,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation, Alpha SPV I,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation, Auburn Hills Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation, Colfor Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation,&#160; MSP Industries Corporation, a Michigan corporation and Oxford Forge,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation (collectively, the &#147;<u>Subsidiary Guarantors</u>,&#148;) of a registration statement on Form&nbsp;S-3 (such registration statement, including the documents incorporated by reference therein, the &#147;<u>Registration Statement</u>&#148;) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#147;<u>Commission</u>&#148;) relating to the offering from time to time, pursuant to Rule&nbsp;415 of the General Rules&nbsp;and Regulations of the Commission promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#147;<u>Securities Act</u>&#148;), by the Registrants of (i)&nbsp;shares of Holdings&#146; common stock, par value $0.01 per share (&#147;<u>Common Stock</u>&#148;), (ii)&nbsp;shares of Holdings&#146; preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share (&#147;<u>Holdings Preferred Stock</u>&#148;), (iii)&nbsp;shares of AAM,&nbsp;Inc.&#146;s preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share (&#147;<u>AAM,&nbsp;Inc. Preferred Stock</u>&#148; and together with the Holdings Preferred Stock, the &#147;<u>Preferred Stock</u>&#148;), (iv)&nbsp;debt securities of AAM,&nbsp;Inc. (&#147;<u>Debt Securities</u>&#148;), (v)&nbsp;guarantees of such Debt Securities by Holdings (&#147;<u>Guarantees</u>&#148;) or the Subsidiary Guarantors, (vi)&nbsp;warrants to purchase Debt Securities (the &#147;<u>Debt Warrants</u>&#148;), (vii)&nbsp;warrants to purchase Common Stock (the &#147;<u>Common Stock Warrants</u>&#148;) and (viii)&nbsp;shares of Common Stock underlying the Common Stock Warrants (the&#160; &#147;<u>Warrant Shares</u>&#148;), in each case, as described in the prospectus forming a part of the Registration Statement (the &#147;<u>Prospectus</u>&#148;), as supplemented by one or more supplements to the Prospectus (each supplement, a &#147;<u>Prospectus</u></font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Supplement</font></u>&#148;) and as shall be designated by the Registrants at the time of the applicable offering.&#160; The Common Stock, the Preferred Stock, the Debt Securities, the Guarantees, the Debt Warrants and the Common Stock Warrants are hereinafter referred to, collectively, as the &#147;<u>Securities</u>.&#148;</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">The Debt Securities and the Guarantees will be issued in one or more series pursuant to an indenture dated as of November&nbsp;3, 2011, among AAM,&nbsp;Inc., as issuer, Holdings, as guarantor, the Subsidiary Guarantors and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (the &#147;<u>Trustee</u>&#148;),</font> as supplement by the First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March&nbsp;23, 2017 (collectively, the &#147;Indenture&#148;).&#160; The Preferred Stock will be issued in one or more series and the relative powers, designation, preferences, rights and qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such Preferred Stock will be set forth in one or more certificates of designation (each, a &#147;<u>Certificate of Designation</u>&#148;).&#160; Each Certificate of Designation will be in a form&nbsp;to be filed as an exhibit to a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or a Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K incorporated in such Registration Statement by reference.&#160; The Debt Warrants will be issued pursuant to a warrant agreement (each, a &#147;<u>Debt Warrant Agreement</u>&#148;) to be entered into between AAM,&nbsp;Inc. and a bank or trust company, as warrant agent (each, a &#147;<u>Debt Warrant Agent</u>&#148;).&#160; The Common Stock Warrants will be issued pursuant to a warrant agreement (each, a &#147;<u>Common Stock Warrant Agreement</u>&#148;) to be entered into between Holdings and a bank or trust company, as warrant agent (each, a &#147;<u>Common Stock Warrant Agent</u>&#148;).&#160; Each Debt Warrant Agreement and Common Stock Warrant Agreement will be in a form&nbsp;to be filed as an exhibit to a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or a Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K incorporated in such Registration Statement by reference.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">In that connection, we have reviewed the originals, or copies identified to our satisfaction, of the Indenture, the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, the certificates of incorporation and by-laws of the Registrants, as amended, and such corporate records of the Registrants, certificates of public officials, officers of the Registrants and other persons, and other documents, agreements and instruments, as we have deemed necessary as a basis for the opinions expressed below.&#160; In our review, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the authenticity of the originals of the documents submitted to us and the conformity to authentic originals of any documents submitted to us as copies.&#160; We have further assumed, as to matters of fact, the truthfulness of the representations made in certificates of public officials and officers of the Registrants; and that the Indenture is the legal, valid and binding obligation of each party thereto, other than the Registrants, enforceable against each such party in accordance with its terms.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Our opinion set forth below is limited to the law of the State of New York and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, and we do not express any opinion herein concerning any other law.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Based upon the foregoing, and upon such other investigation as we have deemed necessary and subject to the qualifications set forth below, we are of the opinion that:</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">1.&#160; The Indenture has been authorized, executed and delivered by the Registrants, and assuming the authorization, execution and delivery thereof by the Trustee, will constitute a valid and binding obligation of the Registrants, enforceable against the Registrants in accordance with its terms.</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">2.&#160; When (i)&nbsp;the final terms of the Debt Securities have been duly established and approved by AAM,&nbsp;Inc.; (ii)&nbsp;the issuance and sale of the Debt Securities (including the Guarantees endorsed thereon) are duly authorized by all necessary action (corporate or otherwise); and (iii)&nbsp;such Debt Securities (including the Guarantees endorsed thereon) are duly executed by the Registrants and duly authenticated by the Trustee in accordance with the terms of the Indenture, and delivered to the purchasers thereof against payment of the consideration therefor duly approved by AAM,&nbsp;Inc., the Debt Securities and the Guarantees endorsed thereon will constitute legal, valid and binding obligations of the Registrants, enforceable against the Registrants in accordance with their terms.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">3.&#160; When (i)&nbsp;the terms of issuance and sale of the shares of Common Stock have been duly approved by Holdings in conformity with Holdings&#146; certificate of incorporation, and (ii)&nbsp;the shares of Common Stock are issued and delivered to the purchasers thereof against payment of the consideration therefor duly approved by Holdings (which shall not be less than the par value of the Common Stock), the shares of Common Stock, will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">4.&#160; When (i)&nbsp;the terms of the Preferred Stock have been established and approved by either AAM,&nbsp;Inc. or Holdings, as the case may be, in conformity with the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and AAM,&nbsp;Inc.&#146;s or Holdings&#146; respective certificates of incorporation, as applicable; (ii)&nbsp;all corporate action necessary for the issuance and sale of the shares of Preferred Stock is taken, including the adoption and filing of the Certificate of Designations relating thereto; and (iii)&nbsp;the shares of the Preferred Stock are issued and delivered to the purchasers thereof against payment of the consideration therefor duly approved by AAM,&nbsp;Inc. or Holdings, as the case may be, (which shall not be less than the par value of the Preferred Stock), the shares of Preferred Stock will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">5.&#160; When (i)&nbsp;the terms of the Common Stock Warrants have been established and approved by Holdings; (ii)&nbsp;all corporate action necessary for the issuance and sale of the Common Stock Warrants is taken, including the adoption; (iii)&nbsp;the Common Stock Warrants or certificates representing the Common Stock Warrants are duly executed by Holdings, and such certificates have been countersigned by the applicable Common Stock Warrant Agent in accordance with the applicable Common Warrant Agreement; and (iv)&nbsp;the Common Stock Warrants or certificates representing the Common Stock Warrants are issued and delivered to the purchasers thereof against payment of the consideration thereof duly approved by Holdings, the Common Stock Warrants will constitute valid and legally binding obligations of Holdings, entitled to the benefits of the applicable Common Warrant Agreement.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">6.&#160; When (i)&nbsp;the terms of the Debt Warrants have been established and approved by AAM,&nbsp;Inc.; (ii)&nbsp;all corporate action necessary for the issuance and sale of the Debt Warrants is taken, including the adoption and filing of a Debt Warrant Agreement relating thereto; (iii)&nbsp;the Debt Warrants or certificates representing the Debt Warrants are duly executed by AAM,&nbsp;Inc., and such certificates have been countersigned by the applicable Debt Warrant Agent in accordance with the applicable Debt Warrant Agreement; and (iv)&nbsp;the Debt Warrants or certificates representing the Debt Warrants are issued and delivered to the purchasers thereof against payment of the consideration thereof duly approved by AAM,&nbsp;Inc., the Debt Warrants</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">will constitute valid and legally binding obligations of AAM,&nbsp;Inc. entitled to the benefits of the applicable Debt Warrant Agreement.</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">7.&#160; The Warrant Shares to be offered and issued by Holdings upon exercise of the Common Stock Warrants have been duly approved by Holdings in conformity with Holdings&#146; certificate of incorporation and, when issued by Holdings against payment in full of the consideration (which shall not be less than the par value of the Common Stock) and in accordance with the Common Stock Warrant, will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">The opinions set forth above are subject to (i)&nbsp;the effect of any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors&#146; rights generally (including without limitation all laws relating to fraudulent transfers), and (ii)&nbsp;the effect of general principles of equity, including without limitation concepts of materiality, reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing (regardless of whether considered in a proceeding in equity or at law).&#160; Further, with respect to Securities denominated in a currency other than United States dollars, if any, we express no opinion as to whether a court would award a judgment in a currency other than United States dollars.</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">We understand that this opinion is to be used in connection with the Registration Statement.&#160; We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the use of our name in the Prospectus under the caption &#147;Legal Matters.&#148;&#160; In giving this consent, we do not hereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section&nbsp;7 of the Securities Act or the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><i><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-style:italic;">/s/ Shearman&nbsp;&amp;   Sterling LLP</font></i></p>    </td>
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<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Exhibit&nbsp;5.2</font></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">March&nbsp;30, 2017</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">One Dauch Drive<br> Detroit, Michigan 48211</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3</font></u></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Ladies and Gentlemen:</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Reference is made to the registration statement on Form&nbsp;S-3ASR (the &#147;<u>Registration Statement</u>&#148;) being filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#147;<u>Commission</u>&#148;) on or about March&nbsp;30, 2017 by </font>American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation (&#147;<u>Holdings</u>&#148;), American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation (&#147;<u>AAM,&nbsp;Inc.</u>&#148;), AAM&#160; International Holdings,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation, AccuGear,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation, Alpha SPV I,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation, Auburn Hills Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation, Colfor Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation,&#160; MSP Industries Corporation, a Michigan corporation and Oxford Forge,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation (collectively, the &#147;<u>Subsidiary Guarantors</u>&#148; and, together with Holdings and AAM,&nbsp;Inc.,&#160; the &#147;<u>Registrants</u>&#148;).&#160; The Registration Statement relates to the issuance and sale from time to time, pursuant to Rule&nbsp;415 of the General Rules&nbsp;and Regulations promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#147;<u>Securities Act</u>&#148;), by the Registrants of (i)&nbsp;shares of Holdings&#146; common stock, par value $0.01 per share (&#147;<u>Common Stock</u>&#148;), (ii)&nbsp;shares of Holdings&#146; preferred stock, par value $.01 per share (&#147;<u>Holdings Preferred Stock</u>&#148;), (iii)&nbsp;shares of AAM,&nbsp;Inc.&#146;s preferred stock, par value $.01 per share (&#147;<u>AAM,&nbsp;Inc. Preferred Stock</u>&#148; and, together with the Holdings Preferred Stock, the &#147;<u>Preferred Stock</u>&#148;), (iv)&nbsp;debt securities of AAM,&nbsp;Inc. (&#147;<u>Debt Securities</u>&#148;), (v)&nbsp;guarantees of such Debt Securities by Holdings (&#147;Holdings&#146; Guarantee&#148;) and/or the Subsidiary Guarantors (&#147;Subsidiary Guarantees&#148; and, together with Holdings&#146; Guarantee, the &#147;Guarantees&#148;), &#160;(vi)&nbsp;warrants to purchase Debt Securities (the &#147;<u>Debt Warrants</u>&#148;), (vi)&nbsp;warrants to purchase Common Stock (the &#147;<u>Common Stock Warrants</u>&#148;) and (vii)&nbsp;shares of Common Stock underlying the Common Stock Warrants (the &#147;<u>Warrant Shares</u>&#148;),&#160; in each case, as described in the prospectus forming a part of the Registration Statement (the &#147;<u>Prospectus</u>&#148;), as supplemented by one or more supplements to the Prospectus (each supplement, a &#147;<u>Prospectus Supplement</u>&#148;) and as shall be designated by the Registrants at the time of the applicable offering. The Common</p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Stock, the Preferred Stock, the Debt Securities, the Guarantees, the Debt Warrants and the Common Stock Warrants are hereinafter referred to, collectively, as the &#147;<u>Securities</u>.&#148;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">The Debt Securities and the Guarantees will be issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of November&nbsp;3, 2011, among AAM,&nbsp;Inc., as issuer, Holdings, as guarantor, the Subsidiary Guarantors and U.S.&#160; Bank National Association, as trustee (the &#147;<u>Trustee</u>&#148;), which has been filed as Exhibit&nbsp;4.1 to the Form&nbsp;8-K filed by Holdings on November&nbsp;3, 2011, as amended by the First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March&nbsp;23, 2017 which has been filed as Exhibit&nbsp;4.1 to the Form&nbsp;8-K filed by Holdings on March&nbsp;23, 2017 (collectively, the &#147;<u>Indenture</u>&#148;).</font></p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">As General Counsel of Holdings and AAM,&nbsp;Inc., the direct parent company of each Subsidiary Guarantor, and Secretary of each Subsidiary Guarantor,&nbsp;I am familiar with the incorporation documents and bylaws of each Subsidiary Guarantor and with the affairs of each Subsidiary Guarantor.&#160; </font>In rendering the opinions set forth below,&nbsp;I have examined or caused to be examined such agreements, documents, instruments and records as I deemed necessary or appropriate under the circumstances for me to express such opinions.&#160; In rendering such opinions,&nbsp;I also have assumed that:</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.0in;text-indent:-.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(i)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>the Indenture has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Trustee; and</p>
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<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.0in;text-indent:-.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(ii)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:8.5pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>prior to the offering and sale of Debt Securities, the respective officers of the Registrants duly authorized by each Registrant&#146;s Board of Directors or a committee thereof will authorize by proper corporate action the terms of and the prices at which the Debt Securities (including the Guarantees endorsed thereon) are to be issued and sold pursuant to the terms of the Indenture.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">With regard to the opinions set forth below, insofar as they relate to the Subsidiary Guarantees as valid, binding and enforceable obligations of each Subsidiary Guarantor,&nbsp;I have relied solely upon an opinion letter dated the date hereof from Shearman&nbsp;&amp; Sterling LLP, New York, New York, with respect to all matters of New York law related thereto.&#160; Based on the foregoing, and subject to the assumptions and qualifications set forth above, it is my opinion that the Subsidiary Guarantees, when duly executed by the Subsidiary Guarantors and authenticated by the Trustee in accordance with the Indenture and delivered to and paid for by the purchasers thereof, will be legally issued and will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Subsidiary Guarantors, enforceable against each Subsidiary Guarantor in accordance with their terms and entitled to the benefits of the Indenture, except to the extent that the enforcement thereof may be limited by (A)&nbsp;bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws now or hereafter in effect relating to creditors&#146; rights generally and (B)&nbsp;general principles of equity (regardless of whether enforcement is considered in a proceeding at law or in equity).</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">I hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, and I hereby consent to the reference made to me under the heading &#147;Legal Matters&#148; set forth in the prospectus forming a part of the Registration Statement.&#160; In giving such consent,&nbsp;I do not thereby admit that I am in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section&nbsp;7 of the Securities Act or the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><i><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-style:italic;">/s/ David E. Barnes</font></i></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">David E. Barnes</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">General   Counsel&nbsp;&amp; Secretary</font></p>    </td>
<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>  </table>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><i><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-style:italic;">Signature Page to Opinion of General Counsel</font></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<div style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><hr size="3" width="100%" noshade align="left" style="color:#010101;"></div>
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<DESCRIPTION>EX-12.1
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<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Exhibit 12.1</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">EXHIBIT&nbsp;12 - COMPUTATION OF RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">AMERICAN AXLE&nbsp;&amp; MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS,&nbsp;INC.</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="border-collapse:collapse;">
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<td width="46%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="51%" colspan="14" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:51.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Year&nbsp;Ended&nbsp;December&nbsp;31,</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="46%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-weight:bold;">2016</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-weight:bold;">2015</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-weight:bold;">2014</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-weight:bold;">2013</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-weight:bold;">2012</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="51%" colspan="14" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:51.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-weight:bold;">(Unaudited)</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="51%" colspan="14" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:51.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-weight:bold;">(in&nbsp;millions,&nbsp;except&nbsp;for&nbsp;ratios)</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Fixed   Charges:</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Interest   expense, including amortization of debt issuance costs</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">93.4</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">99.2</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">99.9</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">115.9</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">101.6</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Other fixed   charges (a)</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">14.6</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">12.1</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">12.8</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">11.9</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">11.0</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Total fixed charges   as defined</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">108.0</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">111.3</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">112.7</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">127.8</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">112.6</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Earnings:</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Income from   continuing operations before income tax expense (benefit)</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">299.0</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">272.7</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">176.7</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">86.3</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">31.5</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Total fixed   charges as defined</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">108.0</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">111.3</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">112.7</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">127.8</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">112.6</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Other   adjustments (b)</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(6.5</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0.375pt 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">)</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(3.8</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0.375pt 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">)</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(2.8</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0.375pt 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">)</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(5.5</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0.375pt 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">)</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(7.1</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0.375pt 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">)</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Total earnings   as defined</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">400.5</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">380.2</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">286.6</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">208.6</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="7%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:7.86%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">137.0</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="46%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:46.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Ratio   of earnings to fixed charges</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:double windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">3.71</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:double windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">3.42</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:double windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">2.54</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:double windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">1.63</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="9%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:double windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:9.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">1.22</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>  </table>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<div style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><hr size="1" width="25%" noshade align="left" style="color:black;"></div>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt .25in;text-indent:-.25in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(a)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>Includes capitalized interest and estimated interest portion of rents.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt .25in;text-indent:-.25in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(b)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>Includes fixed charges not deducted in the determination of income from continuing operations before income tax expense (benefit), the amortization of capitalized interest and earnings in equity of affiliates.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>a2231505zex-23_1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-23.1
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<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt .5in;text-align:right;text-indent:-.5in;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Exhibit 23.1</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM</font></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">We consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3 of our report dated February&nbsp;10, 2017, relating to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule of American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. and subsidiaries, and the effectiveness of American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc.&#146;s internal control over financial reporting, appearing in the Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K of American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2016, and to the reference to us under the heading &#147;Experts&#148; in the prospectus, which is part of this Registration Statement.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">/s/ Deloitte&nbsp;&amp; Touche LLP</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Detroit, Michigan</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">March&nbsp;30, 2017</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<TYPE>EX-23.2
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<FILENAME>a2231505zex-23_2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-23.2
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<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Exhibit 23.2</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM</font></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">We consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3 of our reports dated March&nbsp;2, 2017, relating to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule of Metaldyne Performance Group Inc. and subsidiaries, and the effectiveness of Metaldyne Performance Group Inc. and subsidiaries&#146; internal control over financial reporting, appearing in the Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K/A filed by American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. on March&nbsp;6, 2017, and to the reference to us under the heading &#147;Experts&#148; in the prospectus, which is part of this Registration Statement.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">/s/ Deloitte&nbsp;&amp; Touche LLP</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Detroit, Michigan</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">March&nbsp;30, 2017</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<TYPE>EX-23.3
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<FILENAME>a2231505zex-23_3.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-23.3
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<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Exhibit 23.3</font></b></p>
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM</font></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">The Board of Directors and Stockholders<br> Metaldyne Performance Group Inc.:</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman"><font style="font-size:10.0pt;">We consent to the use of our report dated February&nbsp;29, 2016, except for the effects of the retrospective application of ASU 2015-03,&nbsp;Interest &#151; Imputation of Interest (Topic 835-30), as disclosed in Note 4, to which the date is March&nbsp;2, 2017, with respect to the consolidated balance sheet of Metaldyne Performance Group Inc. and subsidiaries as of December&nbsp;31, 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders&#146; equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December&nbsp;31, 2015, and the related financial statement schedule for each of the years in the two-year period ended December&nbsp;31, 2015, incorporated by reference in this Registration Statement and to the reference to our firm under the heading &#147;Experts&#148; in the Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3 </font>as filed by American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. on March&nbsp;30, 2017.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">/s/ KPMG LLP</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Detroit, Michigan<br> March&nbsp;30, 2017</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<TYPE>EX-25.1
<SEQUENCE>9
<FILENAME>a2231505zex-25_1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-25.1
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<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Exhibit 25.1</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<div style="border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-right:none;border-top:solid windowtext 3.0pt;padding:1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<p style="border:none;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;padding:0in;"><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="5" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-weight:bold;">SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Washington, D.C. 20549</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<div align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><hr size="1" width="25%" noshade align="center" style="color:black;"></div>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="5" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-weight:bold;">FORM&nbsp;T-1</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="3" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;">STATEMENT OF ELIGIBILITY UNDER</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="3" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;">THE TRUST INDENTURE ACT OF 1939 OF A</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="3" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;">CORPORATION DESIGNATED TO ACT AS TRUSTEE</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="3" face="Wingdings" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;">o</font></b><b><font size="3" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;Check if an Application to Determine Eligibility of</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="3" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;">a Trustee Pursuant to Section&nbsp;305(b)(2)</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<div align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><hr size="1" width="25%" noshade align="center" style="color:black;"></div>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="5" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-weight:bold;">U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(Exact name of Trustee as specified in its charter)</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">31-0841368</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">I.R.S. Employer Identification No.</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">800   Nicollet Mall<br>   Minneapolis, Minnesota</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="49%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:49.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">55402</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="49%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:49.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(Address of principal   executive offices)</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="49%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:49.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(Zip Code)</font></p>    </td>   </tr>  </table>
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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">James Kowalski</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">U.S. Bank National Association</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">535 Griswold Street, Suite&nbsp;550</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Detroit, MI&#160; 48226</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">(313) 234-4716</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(Name, address and telephone number of agent for service)</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="5" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-weight:bold;">American Axle&nbsp;&amp; Manufacturing,&nbsp;Inc.</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(Issuer with respect to the Securities)</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Delaware</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="49%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:49.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">38-3138388</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="49%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:49.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(State or other   jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="49%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:49.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(I.R.S. Employer   Identification No.)</font></p>    </td>   </tr>  </table>
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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">One   Dauch Drive<br>   Detroit, Michigan</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="49%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:49.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">48221</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="49%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:49.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(Address of Principal   Executive Offices)</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="49%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:49.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(Zip Code)</font></p>    </td>   </tr>  </table>
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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Debt Securities</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">(Title of the Indenture Securities)</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">FORM&nbsp;T-1</font></u></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt .35in;text-indent:-.35in;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Item 1.</font></b><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><b>GENERAL INFORMATION<i>.</i></b>&#160; Furnish the following information as to the Trustee.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.1in;text-indent:-.35in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">a)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><i>Name and address of each examining or supervising authority to which it is subject.</i></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt .5in;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Comptroller of the Currency</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt .5in;text-indent:1.0in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Washington, D.C.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.1in;text-indent:-.35in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">b)</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><i>Whether it is authorized to exercise corporate trust powers.</i></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:1.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Yes</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt .75in;text-indent:-.75in;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Item 2.</font></b><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><b>AFFILIATIONS WITH OBLIGOR. </b><i>&#160;If the obligor is an affiliate of the Trustee, describe each such affiliation.</i></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt .5in;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">None</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.0in;text-indent:-1.0in;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Items 3-15</font></b><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><i>Items 3-15 are not applicable because to the best of the Trustee&#146;s knowledge, the obligor is not in default under any Indenture for which the Trustee acts as Trustee.</i></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt .35in;text-indent:-.35in;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Item 16.</font></b><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font><b>LIST OF EXHIBITS:</b><i>&#160; List below all exhibits filed as a part of this statement of eligibility and qualification.</i></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">1.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>A copy of the Articles of Association of the Trustee.*</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">2.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>A copy of the certificate of authority of the Trustee to commence business, attached as Exhibit&nbsp;2.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">3.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>A copy of the certificate of authority of the Trustee to exercise corporate trust powers, attached as Exhibit&nbsp;3.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">4.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>A copy of the existing bylaws of the Trustee.**</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">5.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>A copy of each Indenture referred to in Item 4.&#160; Not applicable.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">6.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>The consent of the Trustee required by Section&nbsp;321(b)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, attached as Exhibit&nbsp;6.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt 1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">7.</font><font size="1" style="font-size:3.0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </font>Report of Condition of the Trustee as of December&nbsp;31, 2015 published pursuant to law or the requirements of its supervising or examining authority, attached as Exhibit&nbsp;7.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt .35in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">* Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;25.1 to Amendment No.&nbsp;2 to registration statement on S-4, Registration Number 333-128217 filed on November&nbsp;15, 2005.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt .35in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">** Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;25.1 to registration statement on form S-3ASR,&#160; Registration Number 333-199863 filed on November&nbsp;5, 2014.</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">SIGNATURE</font></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, the Trustee, U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, a national banking association organized and existing under the laws of the United States of America, has duly caused this statement of eligibility and qualification to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, all in the City of Detroit, State of Michigan on the 30th of March, 2017.</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="4%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:4.58%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">By:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="45%" valign="top" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:45.42%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">/s/ James Kowalski</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="4%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:4.58%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="45%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:45.42%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">James Kowalski</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="4%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:4.58%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="45%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:45.42%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Vice President</font></p>    </td>   </tr>  </table>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">3<a name="9047-2-LK-03_PB_3_115055_7056"></a></p>
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<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=3,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="9",CHK=151287,FOLIO='3',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-LK-03_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 30 14:15 2017' -->

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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Exhibit&nbsp;2</font></u></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-weight:bold;"><img width="720" height="841" src="g90472lk03i001.jpg"></font></u></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">4<a name="9047-2-LK-03_PB_4_115107_5335"></a></p>
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<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=4,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="9",CHK=251696,FOLIO='4',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-LK-03_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 30 14:15 2017' -->

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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Exhibit&nbsp;3</font></u></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-weight:bold;"><img width="713" height="856" src="g90472lk03i002.jpg"></font></u></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">5<a name="9047-2-LK-03_PB_5_115229_5796"></a></p>
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<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=5,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="9",CHK=357040,FOLIO='5',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-LK-03_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 30 14:15 2017' -->

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<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Exhibit&nbsp;6</font></u></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">CONSENT</font></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-indent:.5in;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">In accordance with Section&nbsp;321(b)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, the undersigned, U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION hereby consents that reports of examination of the undersigned by Federal, State, Territorial or District authorities may be furnished by such authorities to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon its request therefor.</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Dated: March&nbsp;30,   2017</font></p>    </td>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.34%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.16%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="5%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:5.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.34%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.16%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="5%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:5.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">By:</font></p>    </td>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.34%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">/s/ James Kowalski</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
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<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.16%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="5%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:5.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.34%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">James Kowalski</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:50.16%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="5%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:5.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="44%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:44.34%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Vice President</font></p>    </td>   </tr>  </table>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">6<a name="9047-2-LK-03_PB_6_115350_2897"></a></p>
<div style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><hr size="3" width="100%" noshade align="left" style="color:#010101;"></div>
</div>
<!-- ZEQ.=1,SEQ=6,EFW="2231505",CP="AMERICAN AXLE & MFG. HLDNGS, INC",DN="9",CHK=987602,FOLIO='6',FILE="DISK130:[17ZBA2.17ZBA74702]9047-2-LK-03_ZBA74702.CHC",USER="DSCHWAR",CD='Mar 30 14:15 2017' -->

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<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><u><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Exhibit&nbsp;7</font></u></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">U.S. Bank National Association</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Statement of Financial Condition</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">As of 12/31/2016</font></b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">($000&#146;s)</font></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
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<td width="84%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-weight:bold;">12/31/2016</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p align="center" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;"><b><font size="1" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Assets</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Cash   and Balances Due From Depository Institutions</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="10%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:10.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">15,670,179</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Securities</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">109,032,596</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Federal   Funds</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">60,327</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Loans&nbsp;&amp;   Lease Financing Receivables</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">273,415,762</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Fixed   Assets</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">4,682,022</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Intangible   Assets</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">12,978,461</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Other   Assets</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">25,170,748</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Total Assets</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">$</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="10%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:10.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">441,010,095</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Liabilities</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Deposits</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">$</font></p>    </td>
<td width="10%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:10.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">343,142,193</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Fed   Funds</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">1,157,970</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Treasury   Demand Notes</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">0</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Trading   Liabilities</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">1,536,287</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Other   Borrowed Money</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">31,668,666</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Acceptances</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">0</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Subordinated   Notes and Debentures</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">3,800,000</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Other   Liabilities</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">13,559,469</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Total Liabilities</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">$</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="10%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:10.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">394,864,585</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Equity</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Common   and Preferred Stock</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">18,200</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Surplus</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">14,266,915</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Undivided   Profits</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">31,054,149</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 20.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">Minority   Interest in Subsidiaries</font></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">806,246</font></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 30.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Total Equity Capital</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">$</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="10%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:10.88%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">46,145,510</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="12%" colspan="2" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:12.0%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>
<tr>
<td width="84%" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:84.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt 10.0pt;text-indent:-10.0pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">Total Liabilities and Equity Capital</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="2%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:2.5%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.12%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">$</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="10%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:10.86%;">
<p align="right" style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:right;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold;">441,010,095</font></b></p>    </td>
<td width="1%" valign="bottom" bgcolor="#CCEEFF" style="background:#CCEEFF;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;width:1.0%;">
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><b><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:1.0pt;font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;</font></b></p>    </td>   </tr>  </table>
<p style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><font size="2" face="Times New Roman" style="font-size:10.0pt;">&nbsp;</font></p>
<p align="center" style="font-size:10.0pt;margin:0in 0in .0001pt;text-align:center;">7<a name="9047-2-LK-03_PB_7_115822_3020"></a></p>
<div style="margin:0in 0in .0001pt;"><hr size="3" width="100%" noshade align="left" style="color:#010101;"></div>
</div>
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<DOCUMENT>
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<SEQUENCE>11
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
