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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

☑ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023
or
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the transition period from _____________ to _____________

Commission File Number: 1-14303
_______________________________________________________________________________
AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware |  | 38-3161171
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
One Dauch Drive, Detroit, Michigan |  | 48211-1198
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(313) 758-2000
(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☑ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | AXL | New York Stock Exchange

As of October 31, 2023, the latest practicable date, the number of shares of the registrant's Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding was 117,061,048 shares.
Internet Website Access to Reports
The website for American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc. is www.aam.com. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
FORM 10-Q
FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  | Page Number
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS | 1
Part I |  | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 2
| Item 1 | Financial Statements | 2
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations | 2
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 3
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 5
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity | 6
|  | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
| Item 2 | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 32
| Item 3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 48
| Item 4 | Controls and Procedures | 49
Part II |  | OTHER INFORMATION | 50
| Item 1A | Risk Factors | 50
| Item 2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 50
| Item 5 | Other Information | 50
| Item 6 | Exhibits | 51
|  | Signatures | 52

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Quarterly Report), we make statements concerning our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, and future events or performance. Such statements are “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and relate to trends and events that may affect our future financial position and operating results. The terms such as “will,” “may,” “could,” “would,” “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “project,” "target," and similar words or expressions, as well as statements in future tense, are intended to identify forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by, which such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made and/or management’s good faith belief as of that time with respect to future events and are subject to risks and may differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:
•global economic conditions, including the impact of inflation, recession or recessionary concerns, or slower growth in the markets in which we operate;
•reduced purchases of our products by General Motors Company (GM), Stellantis N.V. (Stellantis), Ford Motor Company (Ford) or other customers;
•our ability to respond to changes in technology, increased competition or pricing pressures;
•our ability to develop and produce new products that reflect market demand;
•lower-than-anticipated market acceptance of new or existing products;
•our ability to attract new customers and programs for new products;
•reduced demand for our customers' products (particularly light trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) produced by GM, Stellantis and Ford);
•risks inherent in our global operations (including tariffs and the potential consequences thereof to us, our suppliers, and our customers and their suppliers, adverse changes in trade agreements, such as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), compliance with customs and trade regulations, immigration policies, political stability or geopolitical conflicts, taxes and other law changes, potential disruptions of production and supply, and currency rate fluctuations);
•supply shortages, such as the semiconductor shortage that the automotive industry has recently experienced and the availability of natural gas or other fuel and utility sources in certain regions, labor shortages, including increased labor costs, or price increases in raw material and/or freight, utilities or other operating supplies for us or our customers as a result of pandemic or epidemic illness such as COVID-19, geopolitical conflicts, natural disasters or otherwise;
•a significant disruption in operations at one or more of our key manufacturing facilities;
•negative or unexpected tax consequences;
•risks related to a failure of our information technology systems and networks, including cloud-based applications, and risks associated with current and emerging technology threats and damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber attacks and other similar disruptions;
•our suppliers', our customers' and their suppliers' ability to maintain satisfactory labor relations and avoid or minimize work stoppages;
•cost or availability of financing for working capital, capital expenditures, research and development (R&D) or other general corporate purposes including acquisitions, as well as our ability to comply with financial covenants;
•our customers' and suppliers' availability of financing for working capital, capital expenditures, R&D or other general corporate purposes;
•an impairment of our goodwill, other intangible assets, or long-lived assets if our business or market conditions indicate that the carrying values of those assets exceed their fair values;
•liabilities arising from warranty claims, product recall or field actions, product liability and legal proceedings to which we are or may become a party, or the impact of product recall or field actions on our customers;
•our ability or our customers' and suppliers' ability to successfully launch new product programs on a timely basis;
•risks of environmental issues, including impacts of climate-related events, that could result in unforeseen issues or costs at our facilities, or risks of noncompliance with environmental laws and regulations, including reputational damage;
•our ability to maintain satisfactory labor relations and avoid work stoppages;
•our ability to consummate and successfully integrate acquisitions and joint ventures;
•our ability to achieve the level of cost reductions required to sustain global cost competitiveness or our ability to recover certain cost increases from our customers;
•our ability to realize the expected revenues from our new and incremental business backlog;
•price volatility in, or reduced availability of, fuel;
•our ability to protect our intellectual property and successfully defend against assertions made against us;
•adverse changes in laws, government regulations or market conditions affecting our products or our customers' products;
•our ability or our customers' and suppliers' ability to comply with regulatory requirements and the potential costs of such compliance;
•changes in liabilities arising from pension and other postretirement benefit obligations;
•our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel in key positions and functions; and
•other unanticipated events and conditions that may hinder our ability to compete.
It is not possible to foresee or identify all such factors and we make no commitment to update any forward-looking statement or to disclose any facts, events or circumstances after the date hereof that may affect the accuracy of any forward-looking statement.
1

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (in millions, except per share data)
Net sales | $ | 1,551.9 |  |  | $ | 1,535.2 |  |  | $ | 4,616.5 |  |  | $ | 4,409.7 |
Cost of goods sold | 1,421.3 |  |  | 1,357.8 |  |  | 4,147.1 |  |  | 3,872.0 |
Gross profit | 130.6 |  |  | 177.4 |  |  | 469.4 |  |  | 537.7 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 81.8 |  |  | 85.7 |  |  | 271.2 |  |  | 256.6 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 21.4 |  |  | 21.5 |  |  | 64.2 |  |  | 64.4 |
Restructuring and acquisition-related costs | 3.5 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 16.2 |  |  | 26.4 |
Operating income | 23.9 |  |  | 62.3 |  |  | 117.8 |  |  | 190.3 |
Interest expense | (50.8) |  |  | (44.8) |  |  | (151.5) |  |  | (132.2) |
Interest income | 7.1 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 18.9 |  |  | 11.6 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt refinancing and redemption costs | (0.3) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (6.0) |
Gain on bargain purchase of business | — |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 13.0 |
Unrealized loss on equity securities | (1.2) |  |  | (2.3) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (24.0) |
Other income (expense), net | 1.9 |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | (4.4) |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (19.4) |  |  | 20.8 |  |  | (11.2) |  |  | 48.3 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | (2.0) |  |  | (5.7) |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | (2.1) |
Net income (loss) | $ | (17.4) |  |  | $ | 26.5 |  |  | $ | (14.5) |  |  | $ | 50.4 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share | $ | (0.15) |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | (0.12) |  |  | $ | 0.42 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | (0.15) |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | (0.12) |  |  | $ | 0.42 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
2

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (in millions)
Net income (loss) | $ | (17.4) |  |  | $ | 26.5 |  |  | $ | (14.5) |  |  | $ | 50.4 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Defined benefit plans, net of tax (a) | (1.1) |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | (2.5) |  |  | 4.1 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (16.1) |  |  | (34.4) |  |  | (12.0) |  |  | (70.7) |
Changes in cash flow hedges, net of tax (b) | — |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | 19.8 |  |  | 33.1 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (17.2) |  |  | (13.8) |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | (33.5) |
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (34.6) |  |  | $ | 12.7 |  |  | $ | (9.2) |  |  | $ | 16.9 |

(a) | Amounts are net of tax of $0.2 million and $1.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and $(0.4) million and $(1.4) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.
(b) | Amounts are net of tax of $(1.6) million and $(3.3) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and $(4.9) million and $(7.6) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | (Unaudited) |  |
Assets |  | (in millions)
Current assets |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 615.6 |  |  | $ | 511.5 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 885.2 |  |  | 820.2 |
Inventories, net |  | 460.4 |  |  | 463.9 |
Prepaid expenses and other |  | 178.0 |  |  | 197.8 |
Total current assets |  | 2,139.2 |  |  | 1,993.4 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 1,765.4 |  |  | 1,903.0 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 152.0 |  |  | 119.0 |
Goodwill |  | 181.0 |  |  | 181.6 |
Other intangible assets, net |  | 553.3 |  |  | 616.2 |
GM postretirement cost sharing asset |  | 126.6 |  |  | 127.6 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 113.6 |  |  | 107.2 |
Other assets and deferred charges |  | 443.9 |  |  | 421.4 |
Total assets |  | $ | 5,475.0 |  |  | $ | 5,469.4 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt |  | $ | 24.5 |  |  | $ | 75.9 |
Accounts payable |  | 811.7 |  |  | 734.0 |
Accrued compensation and benefits |  | 196.8 |  |  | 186.6 |
Deferred revenue |  | 15.5 |  |  | 28.1 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities |  | 21.5 |  |  | 21.1 |
Accrued expenses and other |  | 178.7 |  |  | 153.6 |
Total current liabilities |  | 1,248.7 |  |  | 1,199.3 |
Long-term debt, net |  | 2,833.9 |  |  | 2,845.1 |
Deferred revenue |  | 67.1 |  |  | 73.4 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 6.7 |  |  | 10.7 |
Long-term portion of operating lease liabilities |  | 93.7 |  |  | 87.2 |
Postretirement benefits and other long-term liabilities |  | 611.2 |  |  | 626.4 |
Total liabilities |  | 4,861.3 |  |  | 4,842.1 |
Stockholders' equity |  |  |  |
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 150.0 million shares authorized; |  |  |  |
127.4 million shares issued as of September 30, 2023 and 123.3 million shares issued as of December 31, 2022 |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.3 |
Paid-in capital |  | 1,379.5 |  |  | 1,369.2 |
Accumulated deficit |  | (264.1) |  |  | (249.6) |
Treasury stock at cost, 10.3 million shares as of September 30, 2023 and 8.7 million shares as of December 31, 2022 |  | (232.9) |  |  | (218.2) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |
Defined benefit plans, net of tax |  | (149.4) |  |  | (146.9) |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | (161.7) |  |  | (149.7) |
Unrecognized gain on cash flow hedges, net of tax |  | 41.0 |  |  | 21.2 |
Total stockholders' equity |  | 613.7 |  |  | 627.3 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 5,475.0 |  |  | $ | 5,469.4 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Operating activities |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (14.5) |  |  | $ | 50.4 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 365.8 |  |  | 367.1 |
Deferred income taxes |  | (37.2) |  |  | (13.2) |
Stock-based compensation |  | 10.3 |  |  | 13.7 |
Pensions and other postretirement benefits, net of contributions |  | (9.0) |  |  | (7.0) |
Loss (gain) on disposal of property, plant and equipment, net |  | 3.9 |  |  | (1.8) |
Unrealized loss on equity securities |  | 1.2 |  |  | 24.0 |
Gain on bargain purchase of business |  | — |  |  | (13.0) |
Debt refinancing and redemption costs |  | 0.3 |  |  | 6.0 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | (67.5) |  |  | (205.5) |
Inventories |  | 2.7 |  |  | (11.9) |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | 123.7 |  |  | 167.1 |
Deferred revenue |  | (18.0) |  |  | (13.8) |
Other assets and liabilities |  | (18.5) |  |  | (61.7) |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 343.2 |  |  | 300.4 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  | (138.6) |  |  | (117.9) |
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment |  | 0.8 |  |  | 4.3 |
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired |  | (1.9) |  |  | (88.3) |
Proceeds from insurance claim (Note 15) |  | 17.0 |  |  | 6.3 |
Other investing activities |  | (4.0) |  |  | (1.8) |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (126.7) |  |  | (197.4) |
Financing activities |  |  |  |
Payments of Revolving Credit Facility |  | (25.0) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |  | 35.1 |  |  | 222.0 |
Payments of long-term debt |  | (89.8) |  |  | (368.8) |
Debt issuance costs |  | (3.2) |  |  | (4.4) |
Purchase of treasury stock |  | (14.7) |  |  | (1.9) |
Other financing activities |  | (10.6) |  |  | 5.3 |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (108.2) |  |  | (147.8) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash |  | (4.2) |  |  | (13.1) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | 104.1 |  |  | (57.9) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 511.5 |  |  | 530.2 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 615.6 |  |  | $ | 472.3 |
Supplemental cash flow information |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 132.5 |  |  | $ | 117.4 |
Income taxes paid, net |  | $ | 41.4 |  |  | $ | 28.5 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock |  |  |  | Accumulated
| Shares | Par | Paid-in | Retained Earnings | Treasury | Other Comprehensive
| Outstanding | Value | Capital | (Accumulated Deficit) | Stock | Income (Loss)
| (in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2022 | 114.0 |  | $ | 1.3 |  | $ | 1,351.5 |  | $ | (313.9) |  | $ | (216.3) |  | $ | (364.8) |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1.0 |  | — |  | — |
Vesting of stock-based compensation | 0.7 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | 4.5 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Purchase of treasury stock | (0.2) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1.8) |  | — |
Changes in cash flow hedges | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 15.7 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 6.0 |
Defined benefit plans, net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1.3 |
Balance at March 31, 2022 | 114.5 |  | $ | 1.3 |  | $ | 1,356.0 |  | $ | (312.9) |  | $ | (218.1) |  | $ | (341.8) |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 22.9 |  | — |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | 4.6 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (0.1) |  | — |
Changes in cash flow hedges | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1.7) |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (42.3) |
Defined benefit plans, net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1.3 |
Balance at June 30, 2022 | 114.5 |  | $ | 1.3 |  | $ | 1,360.6 |  | $ | (290.0) |  | $ | (218.2) |  | $ | (384.5) |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 26.5 |  | — |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | 4.6 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Changes in cash flow hedges | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 19.1 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (34.4) |
Defined benefit plans, net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1.5 |
Balance at September 30, 2022 | 114.5 |  | $ | 1.3 |  | $ | 1,365.2 |  | $ | (263.5) |  | $ | (218.2) |  | $ | (398.3) |

6

| Common Stock |  |  |  | Accumulated
| Shares | Par | Paid-in | Retained Earnings | Treasury | Other Comprehensive
| Outstanding | Value | Capital | (Accumulated Deficit) | Stock | Income (Loss)
| (in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2023 | 114.6 |  | $ | 1.3 |  | $ | 1,369.2 |  | $ | (249.6) |  | $ | (218.2) |  | $ | (275.4) |
Net loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | (5.1) |  | — |  | — |
Vesting of stock-based compensation | 4.0 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | 3.4 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Purchase of treasury stock | (1.6) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (14.5) |  | — |
Changes in cash flow hedges | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2.5 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 8.8 |
Defined benefit plans, net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (0.7) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | 117.0 |  | $ | 1.3 |  | $ | 1,372.6 |  | $ | (254.7) |  | $ | (232.7) |  | $ | (264.8) |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 8.0 |  | — |  | — |
Vesting of stock-based compensation | 0.1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | 3.4 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (0.2) |  | — |
Changes in cash flow hedges | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 17.3 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (4.7) |
Defined benefit plans, net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (0.7) |
Balance at June 30, 2023 | 117.1 |  | $ | 1.3 |  | $ | 1,376.0 |  | $ | (246.7) |  | $ | (232.9) |  | $ | (252.9) |
Net loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | (17.4) |  | — |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | 3.5 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Changes in cash flow hedges | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (16.1) |
Defined benefit plans, net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1.1) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | 117.1 |  | $ | 1.3 |  | $ | 1,379.5 |  | $ | (264.1) |  | $ | (232.9) |  | $ | (270.1) |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
7

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SEPTEMBER 30, 2023
(Unaudited)
1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Organization As a leading global tier 1 automotive and mobility supplier, AAM designs, engineers and manufactures Driveline and Metal Forming technologies to support electric, hybrid, and internal combustion vehicles. Headquartered in Detroit, with over 80 facilities in 18 countries, AAM is bringing the future faster for a safer and more sustainable tomorrow.
Basis of Presentation We have prepared the accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited but include all normal recurring adjustments, which we consider necessary for a fair presentation of the information set forth herein. Results of operations for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full fiscal year.
The balance sheet at December 31, 2022 presented herein has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) for complete consolidated financial statements.
In order to prepare the accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in our interim condensed consolidated financial statements. These estimates and assumptions are impacted by risks and uncertainties, including those associated with the UAW work stoppage and the significant disruptions in the supply chain that continue to impact the automotive industry, including volatility in metal, commodity and utility costs, shortages of certain raw materials and components, including semiconductor chips, increased transportation costs, higher labor costs and labor shortages. While we have made estimates and assumptions based on the facts and circumstances available as of the date of this report, the full impact of these matters cannot be predicted, and actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions.
For further information, refer to the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
8

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
2. RESTRUCTURING AND ACQUISITION-RELATED COSTS
In the first quarter of 2020, we initiated a global restructuring program (the 2020 Program). The primary objectives of the 2020 Program are to achieve efficiencies within our corporate and business unit support teams to reduce cost in our business, and to structurally adjust our operations to a new level of market demand based on the impact of COVID-19. We expect to complete restructuring actions under the 2020 Program in 2023.
In the second quarter of 2021, we completed the acquisition of a manufacturing facility in Emporium, Pennsylvania (Emporium), and subsequently determined that we will cease production at the facility and relocate the production capacity to other AAM manufacturing facilities. As a result, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we incurred restructuring charges related to the closure of the facility and we expect to complete restructuring actions associated with the closure of the facility in 2023.
In 2022, we completed our acquisition of Tekfor Group (Tekfor) and initiated certain restructuring actions associated with the acquired entities in the first quarter of 2023. We expect to incur restructuring costs associated with the acquired entities into 2024.
A summary of our restructuring activity for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022 is shown below:

| Severance Charges |  | Implementation Costs |  |  |  | Total
| (in millions)
Accrual at December 31, 2021 | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 2.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.4 |
Charges | 3.4 |  |  | 15.8 |  |  |  |  | 19.2 |
Cash utilization | (1.3) |  |  | (13.9) |  |  |  |  | (15.2) |
Accrual at September 30, 2022 | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | 4.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 7.4 |
Accrual at December 31, 2022 | $ | 2.4 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.8 |
Charges | 1.5 |  |  | 9.6 |  |  |  |  | 11.1 |
Cash utilization | (3.0) |  |  | (9.9) |  |  |  |  | (12.9) |
Accrual at September 30, 2023 | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.0 |

As part of our restructuring actions, we incurred total severance charges of approximately $1.5 million and $3.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We also incurred total implementation costs of approximately $9.6 million and $15.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Implementation costs consist primarily of plant exit costs. We incurred $5.2 million of restructuring costs under the 2020 Program, $4.4 million of costs associated with the anticipated closure of Emporium, and $1.5 million of costs related to restructuring actions associated with Tekfor in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. We have incurred $105.8 million of total restructuring costs under the 2020 Program since inception and have incurred $16.5 million of total costs related to the anticipated closure of Emporium. Substantially all of our total restructuring costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 related to our Metal Forming segment. Approximately $1.3 million and $12.0 million of our total restructuring costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 related to our Driveline and Metal Forming segments, respectively, while the remainder were corporate costs. We expect to incur approximately $10 million to $20 million of total restructuring charges in 2023 associated with the 2020 Program, our closure of Emporium and restructuring actions related to Tekfor.
The following table represents a summary of acquisition-related charges incurred primarily related to our acquisition of Tekfor, as well as integration costs incurred for acquisitions:

| Acquisition-Related Costs |  |  |  | Integration Expenses |  | Total
| (in millions)
Charges for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 5.1 |  |  | $ | 5.1 |
Charges for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 | 5.8 |  |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 7.2 |

Acquisition-related costs primarily consist of advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and certain other professional or consulting fees incurred. Integration expenses primarily reflect costs incurred for information technology infrastructure and enterprise resource planning systems, and consulting fees incurred in conjunction with integration activities. Total restructuring charges and acquisition-related charges are presented on a separate line item titled Restructuring and acquisition-related costs in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and totaled $3.5 million and $7.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, and $16.2 million and $26.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively.
9

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
3. INVENTORIES
We state our inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of our inventories is determined using the first-in first-out method. When we determine that our gross inventories exceed usage requirements, or if inventories become obsolete or otherwise not saleable, we record a provision for such loss as a component of our inventory accounts.
Inventories consist of the following:

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | (in millions)
Raw materials and work-in-progress |  | $ | 406.6 |  |  | $ | 398.9 |
Finished goods |  | 86.5 |  |  | 92.5 |
Gross inventories |  | 493.1 |  |  | 491.4 |
Inventory valuation reserves |  | (32.7) |  |  | (27.5) |
Inventories, net |  | $ | 460.4 |  |  | $ | 463.9 |

10

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
4. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill The following table provides a reconciliation of changes in goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

|  |  |  |  | Consolidated
|  |  |  |  | (in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  | $ | 181.6 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  | (0.6) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  | $ | 181.0 |

We conduct our annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter of each year, as well as whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate a possible impairment. In performing this test, we utilize a third-party valuation specialist to assist management in determining the fair value of our reporting units. Fair value of each reporting unit is estimated based on a combination of discounted cash flows and the use of pricing multiples derived from an analysis of comparable public companies multiplied against historical and/or anticipated financial metrics of each reporting unit. These calculations contain uncertainties as they require management to make assumptions including, but not limited to, market comparables, future cash flows of the reporting units, and appropriate discount and long-term growth rates. This fair value determination is categorized as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.
At September 30, 2023, accumulated goodwill impairment losses were $1,435.5 million. All remaining goodwill is attributable to our Driveline reporting unit.
Other Intangible Assets The following table provides a reconciliation of the gross carrying amount and associated accumulated amortization for AAM's other intangible assets, which are all subject to amortization:

| September 30, |  | December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
| (in millions)
Capitalized computer software | $ | 53.4 |  |  | $ | (47.7) |  |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 52.2 |  |  | $ | (43.2) |  |  | $ | 9.0 |
Customer platforms | 856.2 |  |  | (412.3) |  |  | 443.9 |  |  | 856.2 |  |  | (364.7) |  |  | 491.5 |
Customer relationships | 53.0 |  |  | (22.2) |  |  | 30.8 |  |  | 53.0 |  |  | (19.7) |  |  | 33.3 |
Technology and other | 153.9 |  |  | (81.0) |  |  | 72.9 |  |  | 154.1 |  |  | (71.7) |  |  | 82.4 |
Total | $ | 1,116.5 |  |  | $ | (563.2) |  |  | $ | 553.3 |  |  | $ | 1,115.5 |  |  | $ | (499.3) |  |  | $ | 616.2 |

Amortization expense for our intangible assets was $21.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and $21.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, and was $64.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and $64.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Estimated amortization expense for the years 2023 through 2027 is expected to be in the range of approximately $80 million to $85 million per year.
11

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
5. LONG-TERM DEBT
Long-term debt consists of the following:

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | (in millions)
Revolving Credit Facility |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25.0 |
Term Loan A Facility |  | 500.5 |  |  | 520.0 |
Term Loan B Facility |  | 664.9 |  |  | 675.0 |
6.875% Notes due 2028 |  | 400.0 |  |  | 400.0 |
6.50% Notes due 2027 |  | 500.0 |  |  | 500.0 |
6.25% Notes due 2026 |  | 180.0 |  |  | 180.0 |
5.00% Notes due 2029 |  | 600.0 |  |  | 600.0 |
Foreign credit facilities and other |  | 58.9 |  |  | 72.7 |
Total debt |  | 2,904.3 |  |  | 2,972.7 |
Less: Current portion of long-term debt |  | 24.5 |  |  | 75.9 |
Long-term debt |  | 2,879.8 |  |  | 2,896.8 |
Less: Debt issuance costs |  | 45.9 |  |  | 51.7 |
Long-term debt, net |  | $ | 2,833.9 |  |  | $ | 2,845.1 |

Senior Secured Credit Facilities Our Senior Secured Credit Facilities are comprised of the Revolving Credit Facility, Term Loan A Facility and Term Loan B Facility. The Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility mature in the first quarter of 2027 and the Term Loan B Facility matures in the fourth quarter of 2029. At September 30, 2023, we had $876.6 million available under the Revolving Credit Facility. This availability reflects a reduction of $48.4 million primarily for standby letters of credit issued against the facility. In the first quarter of 2023, we paid $25.0 million on our Revolving Credit Facility that had been drawn in the fourth quarter of 2022.
On June 28, 2023, Holdings and AAM, Inc. entered into the First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the First Amendment), which covers the period from June 28, 2023 through the filing of our second quarter 2024 results, or earlier at AAM's option, subject to certain conditions (the Amendment Period). The First Amendment, among other things, increased the maximum levels of the total net leverage ratio covenant and reduced the minimum levels of cash interest expense coverage ratio covenant during the Amendment Period, modified certain categories of the applicable margin (determined based on the total net leverage ratio of Holdings) for the duration of the Amendment Period with respect to interest rates under the Term Loan A Facility and the Revolving Credit Facility, and modified certain covenants restricting the ability of Holdings, AAM, Inc. and certain subsidiaries of Holdings to create, incur, assume, or permit to exist certain additional indebtedness and liens and to make or agree to pay or make certain restricted payments, voluntary payments and distributions. The terms of the Term Loan B Facility under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, including maturity dates, interest rates and their applicable margins, remain unchanged. We paid debt issuance costs of $3.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 related to the First Amendment.
In the first nine months of 2023, we made voluntary prepayments on our Term Loan A and Term Loan B facilities and expensed $0.3 million for the write-off of a portion of the unamortized debt issuance costs that we had been amortizing over the expected life of these borrowings.
As of September 30, 2023, we have prepaid $18.1 million of the outstanding principal on our Term Loan A Facility and Term Loan B Facility. These payments satisfy our obligation for principal payments under the Term Loan A Facility and Term Loan B Facility for the next three quarters.
12

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
In March 2022, Holdings and AAM, Inc. entered into the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. The Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, among other things, increased the principal amount of the Term Loan A Facility to $520.0 million, extended the maturity date of the Term Loan A Facility and the Revolving Credit Facility each to March 11, 2027, and established the use under the Term Loan A Facility and Revolving Credit Facility of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) and the minimum Adjusted Term SOFR Rate for Eurodollar-based loans denominated in U.S. Dollars and the Sterling Overnight Index Average (SONIA) and the minimum adjusted daily simple SONIA for loans denominated in Sterling. We expensed $0.2 million of debt refinancing costs, paid accrued interest of $1.0 million, and paid debt issuance costs of $4.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 related to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
Also in the first nine months of 2022, we made voluntary prepayments of $100.0 million on our Term Loan B Facility. As a result, we expensed approximately $0.6 million for the write-off of a portion of the unamortized debt issuance costs that we had been amortizing over the expected life of this borrowing.
The Senior Secured Credit Facilities provide back-up liquidity for our foreign credit facilities. We intend to use the availability of long-term financing under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities to refinance any current maturities related to such debt agreements that are not otherwise refinanced on a long-term basis in their local markets, except where otherwise reclassified to Current portion of long-term debt on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Redemption of 6.25% Notes due 2026 In the first quarter of 2022, we used the proceeds from the upsized Term Loan A Facility to voluntarily redeem a portion of our 6.25% Notes due 2026. This resulted in a principal payment of $220.0 million and $0.2 million in accrued interest. We also expensed approximately $1.8 million for the write-off of a portion of the unamortized debt issuance costs that we had been amortizing over the expected life of the borrowing, and approximately $3.4 million for the payment of an early redemption premium.
Repayment of Tekfor Group Indebtedness Upon the acquisition of Tekfor in June 2022, we assumed $23.4 million of existing Tekfor indebtedness, of which we repaid $10.7 million in the first nine months of 2022.
Foreign credit facilities and Other We utilize local currency credit facilities to finance the operations of certain foreign subsidiaries. At September 30, 2023, $58.9 million was outstanding under our foreign credit facilities, as compared to $72.7 million at December 31, 2022. At September 30, 2023, an additional $82.8 million was available under our foreign credit facilities.
Weighted-Average Interest Rate The weighted-average interest rate of our long-term debt outstanding was 7.0% at September 30, 2023 and 6.6% at December 31, 2022.
13

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
6. DERIVATIVES
Our business and financial results are affected by fluctuations in global financial markets, including interest rates and currency exchange rates. Our hedging policy has been developed to manage these risks to an acceptable level based on management’s judgment of the appropriate trade-off between risk, opportunity and cost. We do not hold financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Currency derivative contracts From time to time, we use foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the effects of fluctuations in exchange rates relating to certain foreign currencies. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had currency forward contracts outstanding with a total notional amount of $212.7 million and $179.9 million, respectively, that hedge our exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates for certain payroll expenses into the second quarter of 2026 and the purchase of certain direct and indirect inventory and other working capital items into the second quarter of 2024.
Fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap In 2022, we entered into a fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap to reduce the variability of functional currency equivalent cash flows associated with changes in exchange rates on certain Euro-based intercompany loans. We had notional amounts outstanding under fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps of €200.0 million at both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, which were equivalent to $211.3 million and $213.9 million, respectively. The fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap hedges our exposure to changes in exchange rates on the intercompany loans into the second quarter of 2024.
Variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps In 2022, and in the first quarter of 2023, we entered into variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps to reduce the variability of cash flows associated with interest payments on our variable rate debt. In the third quarter of 2023, we discontinued these variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps, which were in an asset position of $27.2 million on the date that they were discontinued.
Also in the third quarter of 2023, we entered into new variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps to reduce the variability of cash flows associated with interest payments on our variable rate debt. As of September 30, 2023, we have $700.0 million notional amount hedged in relation to our variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps into the third quarter of 2027, $200.0 million of which continues into the fourth quarter of 2029.
The following table summarizes the reclassification of pre-tax derivative gains and losses into net income from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for those derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 815 - Derivatives and Hedging:

|  | Location |  | Gain (Loss) Reclassified During |  | Total of Financial |  | Gain Expected
|  | of Gain (Loss) |  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended |  | Statement |  | to be Reclassified
|  | Reclassified into |  | September 30, |  | September 30, |  | Line Item |  | During the
|  | Net Income |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Next 12 Months
|  |  |  | (in millions)
Currency forward contracts |  | Cost of Goods Sold |  | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 14.3 |  |  | $ | 4.6 |  |  | $ | 4,147.1 |  |  | $ | 14.1 |
Fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap |  | Other Income (Expense), net |  | 6.7 |  |  | 13.8 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 31.7 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 0.2 |
Variable-to-fixed interest rate swap |  | Interest Expense |  | 1.1 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | (3.5) |  |  | (151.5) |  |  | 6.4 |

See Note 12 - Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (AOCI) for amounts recognized in other comprehensive income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
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AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
The following table summarizes the amount and location of gains and losses recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for those derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815:

|  | Location |  | Gain Recognized During |  | Total of Financial
|  | of Gain |  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended |  | Statement
|  | Recognized in |  | September 30, |  | September 30, |  | Line Item
|  | Net Income |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023
|  |  |  | (in millions)
Currency forward contracts |  | Other Income (Expense), net |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 5.1 |

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AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
7. FAIR VALUE
ASC 820 - Fair Value Measurement defines fair value as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” The definition is based on an exit price rather than an entry price, regardless of whether the entity plans to hold or sell the asset. This guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy to prioritize inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:
•Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;
•Level 2: Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and
•Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.
Financial instruments The estimated carrying value of our financial assets and liabilities that are recognized at fair value on a recurring basis, using available market information and other observable data, are as follows:

|  | Fair Value |  |
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | Input
|  | (in millions) |  |
Balance Sheet Classification |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  | $ | 385.2 |  |  | $ | 363.6 |  |  | Level 1
Prepaid expenses and other |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges - currency forward contracts |  | 14.3 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | Level 2
Cash flow hedges - variable-to-fixed interest rate swap |  | 0.2 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | Level 2
Nondesignated - currency forward contracts |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | Level 2
Other assets and deferred charges |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges - currency forward contracts |  | 5.2 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | Level 2
Cash flow hedges - variable-to-fixed interest rate swap |  | 0.5 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | Level 2
Investment in equity securities |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | Level 1
Accrued expenses and other |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges - currency forward contracts |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | Level 2
Cash flow hedges - fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | Level 2
Nondesignated - currency forward contracts |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | Level 2
Postretirement benefits and other long-term liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges - currency forward contracts |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | Level 2
Cash flow hedges - fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | Level 2

The carrying values of our cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. The carrying values of our borrowings under the foreign credit facilities approximate their fair value due to the frequent resetting of the interest rates.
We have an investment in the equity securities of REE Automotive, an e-mobility company. These equity securities are measured at fair value each reporting period with changes in fair value reported through an unrealized gain or loss within Other income (expense), net in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of September 30, 2023, our investment in REE shares was valued at $0.7 million based on a closing price on that date of $0.15 per share.
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AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
We estimated the fair value of the amounts outstanding on our debt using available market information and other observable data, to be as follows:

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Input
|  | (in millions) |  |
Revolving Credit Facility |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25.0 |  |  | $ | 25.0 |  |  | Level 2
Term Loan A Facility |  | 500.5 |  |  | 495.5 |  |  | 520.0 |  |  | 510.3 |  |  | Level 2
Term Loan B Facility |  | 664.9 |  |  | 653.2 |  |  | 675.0 |  |  | 658.1 |  |  | Level 2
6.875% Notes due 2028 |  | 400.0 |  |  | 362.0 |  |  | 400.0 |  |  | 355.4 |  |  | Level 2
6.50% Notes due 2027 |  | 500.0 |  |  | 473.1 |  |  | 500.0 |  |  | 452.5 |  |  | Level 2
6.25% Notes due 2026 |  | 180.0 |  |  | 173.7 |  |  | 180.0 |  |  | 165.7 |  |  | Level 2
5.00% Notes due 2029 |  | 600.0 |  |  | 480.0 |  |  | 600.0 |  |  | 474.9 |  |  | Level 2

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AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
8. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
The components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) are as follows:

|  | Pension Benefits
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Service cost |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |
Interest cost |  | 6.1 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 18.2 |  |  | 12.5 |
Expected asset return |  | (7.3) |  |  | (8.0) |  |  | (21.8) |  |  | (23.8) |
Amortized loss |  | 1.0 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 5.8 |
Net periodic benefit cost (credit) |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (1.4) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | (4.1) |
|  | Other Postretirement Benefits
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Service cost |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |
Interest cost |  | 2.6 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 7.6 |  |  | 6.3 |
Amortized loss (gain) |  | (2.1) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (6.3) |  |  | 0.4 |
Amortized prior service credit |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.7) |
Net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 6.2 |

The noncurrent liabilities associated with our pension and other postretirement benefit plans are classified as Postretirement benefits and other long-term liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we have a noncurrent pension liability of $67.3 million and $73.5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we have a noncurrent other postretirement benefits liability of $301.1 million and $304.8 million, respectively.
Due to the availability of our pre-funded pension balances (previous contributions in excess of prior required pension contributions), we expect our regulatory pension funding requirements in 2023 to be less than $1.0 million. We expect our cash payments for other postretirement benefit obligations in 2023, net of GM cost sharing, to be approximately $14.6 million.
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AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
9. PRODUCT WARRANTIES
We record a liability for estimated warranty obligations at the dates our products are sold. These estimates are established using sales volumes and internal and external warranty data where there is no payment history and historical information about the average cost of warranty claims for customers with prior claims. We estimate our costs based on the contractual arrangements with our customers, existing customer warranty terms and internal and external warranty data, which includes a determination of our warranty claims and actions taken to improve product quality and minimize warranty claims. We continuously evaluate these estimates and our customers' administration of their warranty programs. We monitor actual warranty claim data and adjust the liability, as necessary, on a quarterly basis.
The following table provides a reconciliation of changes in the product warranty liability:

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Beginning balance |  | $ | 61.7 |  |  | $ | 61.9 |  |  | $ | 54.1 |  |  | $ | 59.5 |
Accruals |  | 16.8 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 29.1 |  |  | 11.3 |
Payments |  | (3.2) |  |  | (4.5) |  |  | (7.5) |  |  | (8.6) |
Adjustment to prior period accruals |  | (2.7) |  |  | (7.3) |  |  | (3.1) |  |  | (7.9) |
Foreign currency translation |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (1.6) |
Ending balance |  | $ | 72.2 |  |  | $ | 52.7 |  |  | $ | 72.2 |  |  | $ | 52.7 |

In the third quarter of 2023, we recorded approximately $13 million of expense related to a field action with one of our largest customers for a die cast component included in transmission assemblies. We will continue to evaluate our obligation and ability to mitigate liability under this field action as new information becomes available and will adjust our estimated liability as necessary. Due to the complexities associated with estimating the range of outcomes related to our liability for this matter, if AAM is not successful in minimizing the liability under this field action, the amount of additional expense is estimated to be up to approximately $15 million.
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AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
10. INCOME TAXES
We adjust our effective tax rate each quarter based on our estimated annual effective tax rate. We also record the tax impact of certain discrete, unusual or infrequently occurring items, including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and the effects of changes in tax laws or rates on deferred tax balances, in the interim period in which they occur. In addition, jurisdictions with a projected loss for the year or a year-to-date loss where no tax benefit can be recognized are excluded from the estimated annual effective tax rate. The impact of such an exclusion could result in a higher or lower effective tax rate during a particular quarter, based upon the mix and timing of actual earnings versus annual projections.
Our income tax expense (benefit) and effective income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | (2.0) |  |  | $ | (5.7) |  |  | $ | 3.3 |  |  | $ | (2.1) |
Effective income tax rate |  | 10.3 | % |  | (27.4) | % |  | (29.5) | % |  | (4.3) | %

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, in computing our estimated annual effective tax rate, we recorded a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset on the current year estimated disallowed interest expense in the U.S. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a valuation allowance against a portion of the deferred tax asset on prior year disallowed interest expense in the U.S. and reduced our liability for unrecognized income tax benefits and related interest and penalties as a result of a change in estimate on previously recorded unrecognized tax benefits in certain jurisdictions, resulting in net tax expense of $3.4 million. This was partially offset by a $3.2 million income tax benefit recognized as a result of the release of a valuation allowance in a foreign jurisdiction during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized a net income tax benefit of approximately $7.5 million related to the release of a valuation allowance in a foreign jurisdiction.
Our effective income tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 vary from our effective income tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 primarily as a result of the impact of the discrete items noted above and the mix of earnings on a jurisdictional basis. Our effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 varies from our effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as a result of the $13.0 million gain on bargain purchase of business that was recognized in the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was not subject to income tax.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, our effective income tax rates vary from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the unfavorable impact related to the disallowed interest expense deductions in the U.S., net of the impact of the reduction in unrecognized tax benefits, as well as favorable foreign tax rates and the impact of tax credits. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, our effective income tax rates vary from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to a benefit from foreign derived intangible income deductions, the change in jurisdictional mix of earnings, favorable foreign tax rates and the impact of tax credits. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, our effective income tax rate also varies from the U.S. federal statutory rate as a result of the gain on bargain purchase of business that was recognized.
In accordance with the guidance in ASC 740 - Income Taxes, we review the likelihood that we will realize the benefit of deferred tax assets and estimate whether recoverability of our deferred tax assets is "more likely than not" based on the available evidence. Due to the uncertainty associated with the extent and ultimate impact of the UAW work stoppage, as well as the significant supply chain constraints affecting the automotive industry, including volatility in metal and commodity costs, higher utility costs, increased transportation costs, higher labor costs and labor shortages, we may experience lower than projected earnings in certain jurisdictions in future periods, and as a result, it is reasonably possible that changes in valuation allowances could be recognized in future periods and such changes could be material to our financial statements.
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AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Other Income Tax Matters
During their examination of our 2015 U.S. federal income tax return, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) asserted that income earned by a Luxembourg subsidiary from its Mexican branch operations should be categorized as foreign base company sales income (FBCSI) under Section 954(d) of the Internal Revenue Code and recognized currently as taxable income on our 2015 U.S. federal income tax return. As a result of this assertion, the IRS issued a Notice of Proposed Adjustment (NOPA). AAM disagreed with the NOPA, believes that the proposed adjustment is without merit and contested the matter through the IRS's administrative appeals process. No resolution was reached in the appeals process and in September 2022, the IRS issued a Notice of Deficiency. The IRS subsequently issued a Notice of Tax Due in December 2022 and AAM paid the assessed tax and interest of $10.1 million in January 2023. We have filed a claim for refund for the amount of tax and interest paid related to this matter for the 2015 tax year and, if necessary, will file suit in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. We believe it is likely that we will be successful in ultimately defending our position. As such, we have not recorded any impact of the IRS’s proposed adjustment in our condensed consolidated financial statements as of, and for the three and nine months ended, September 30, 2023, with the exception of the cash payment and associated income tax receivable of $10.1 million paid by AAM to the IRS in the first quarter of 2023. As of September 30, 2023, in the event AAM is not successful in defending its position, the potential additional income tax expense, including estimated interest charges, related to tax years 2015 through 2022, is estimated to be in the range of approximately $285 million to $335 million.
In a matter of related interest, in May 2020, the U.S Tax Court ruled against another U.S. corporation, finding that the income it earned through a Mexican branch of its Luxembourg subsidiary corporation was FBCSI. In that situation, the taxpayer appealed the U.S. Tax Court decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. In December 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals affirmed, in a split decision, the Tax Court decision in favor of the IRS. In January 2022, the taxpayer in the above referenced matter filed a petition for rehearing and this petition was denied. Finally, in June 2022, the taxpayer filed a petition with the U.S. Supreme Court to review the judgment of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and in November 2022 that petition was also denied. Notwithstanding the decisions rendered in that case, and because our position is based upon different facts and circumstances, including but not limited to, differences in structure, and different income tax regulations in effect for our tax years under examination, we continue to believe, after consultation with tax and legal counsel that it is more likely than not that our structure does not give rise to FBCSI.
Negative or unexpected outcomes of tax examinations and audits, and any related litigation, could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We will continue to monitor the progress and conclusions of all ongoing audits and other communications with tax authorities and will adjust our estimated liability as necessary. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we have recorded a liability for unrecognized income tax benefits and related interest and penalties of $29.7 million and $40.5 million, respectively.
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AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
11. EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE (EPS)
We present EPS using the two-class method. This method allocates undistributed earnings between common shares and non-vested share-based payment awards that entitle the holder to non-forfeitable dividend rights. Our participating securities are our non-vested restricted stock units.
The following table sets forth the computation of our basic and diluted EPS available to shareholders of common stock (excluding participating securities):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions, except per share data)
Numerator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (17.4) |  |  | $ | 26.5 |  |  | $ | (14.5) |  |  | $ | 50.4 |
Less: Net income attributable to participating securities |  | — |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (2.0) |
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders - Basic and Dilutive |  | $ | (17.4) |  |  | $ | 25.4 |  |  | $ | (14.5) |  |  | $ | 48.4 |
Denominators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic common shares outstanding - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding |  | 120.5 |  |  | 119.6 |  |  | 120.3 |  |  | 119.3 |
Less: Weighted-average participating securities |  | (3.4) |  |  | (5.0) |  |  | (3.8) |  |  | (4.9) |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding |  | 117.1 |  |  | 114.6 |  |  | 116.5 |  |  | 114.4 |
Effect of dilutive securities - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |
Diluted shares outstanding - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted weighted-average shares after assumed conversions |  | 117.1 |  |  | 116.1 |  |  | 116.5 |  |  | 115.3 |
Basic EPS |  | $ | (0.15) |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | (0.12) |  |  | $ | 0.42 |
Diluted EPS |  | $ | (0.15) |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | (0.12) |  |  | $ | 0.42 |

Basic and dilutive loss per share are the same for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 because the effect of potentially dilutive stock-based compensation would have been antidilutive. Excluded potentially dilutive shares were 0.3 million and 0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.
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AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
12. RECLASSIFICATIONS OUT OF ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (AOCI)
Reclassification adjustments and other activity impacting accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 are as follows (in millions):

|  | Defined Benefit Plans |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Unrecognized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges |  | Total
| Balance at June 30, 2023 | $ | (148.3) |  |  | $ | (145.6) |  |  | $ | 41.0 |  |  | $ | (252.9) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | — |  |  | (16.1) |  |  | 14.9 |  |  | (1.2) |
| Income tax effect of other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3.3) |  |  | (3.3) |
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (1.3) |  | (a) | — |  |  | (13.3) |  | (b) | (14.6) |
| Income taxes reclassified into net loss | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 1.9 |
| Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (1.1) |  |  | (16.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (17.2) |
| Balance at September 30, 2023 | $ | (149.4) |  |  | $ | (161.7) |  |  | $ | 41.0 |  |  | $ | (270.1) |

|  | Defined Benefit Plans |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Unrecognized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges |  | Total
| Balance at June 30, 2022 | $ | (239.3) |  |  | $ | (147.6) |  |  | $ | 2.4 |  |  | $ | (384.5) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | — |  |  | (34.4) |  |  | 39.2 |  |  | 4.8 |
| Income tax effect of other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7.8) |  |  | (7.8) |
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 1.9 |  | (a) | — |  |  | (15.2) |  | (b) | (13.3) |
| Income taxes reclassified into net income | (0.4) |  |  | — |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 2.5 |
| Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 1.5 |  |  | (34.4) |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | (13.8) |
| Balance at September 30, 2022 | $ | (237.8) |  |  | $ | (182.0) |  |  | $ | 21.5 |  |  | $ | (398.3) |

(a) | These amounts were reclassified from AOCI to Other income (expense), net for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022.
(b) | The amounts reclassified from AOCI included $(5.5) million in cost of goods sold (COGS), $(1.1) million in interest expense and $(6.7) million in Other income (expense), net for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and $(1.5) million in COGS, $0.1 million in interest expense and $(13.8) million in Other income (expense), net for the three months ended September 30, 2022.

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AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

|  | Defined Benefit Plans |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Unrecognized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges |  | Total
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | (146.9) |  |  | $ | (149.7) |  |  | $ | 21.2 |  |  | $ | (275.4) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | — |  |  | (12.0) |  |  | 42.0 |  |  | 30.0 |
| Income tax effect of other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.3) |  |  | (4.3) |
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (3.6) |  | (a) | — |  |  | (18.9) |  | (b) | (22.5) |
| Income taxes reclassified into net loss | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 2.1 |
| Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (2.5) |  |  | (12.0) |  |  | 19.8 |  |  | 5.3 |
| Balance at September 30, 2023 | $ | (149.4) |  |  | $ | (161.7) |  |  | $ | 41.0 |  |  | $ | (270.1) |

| Defined Benefit Plans |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Unrecognized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | (241.9) |  |  | $ | (111.3) |  |  | $ | (11.6) |  |  | $ | (364.8) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | — |  |  | (70.7) |  |  | 73.5 |  |  | 2.8 |
Income tax effect of other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13.5) |  |  | (13.5) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 5.5 |  | (a) | — |  |  | (32.8) |  | (b) | (27.3) |
Income taxes reclassified into net income | (1.4) |  |  | — |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 4.5 |
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 4.1 |  |  | (70.7) |  |  | 33.1 |  |  | (33.5) |
Balance at September 30, 2022 | $ | (237.8) |  |  | $ | (182.0) |  |  | $ | 21.5 |  |  | $ | (398.3) |

(a) | These amounts were reclassified from AOCI to Other income (expense), net for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022.
(b) | The amounts reclassified from AOCI included $(14.3) million in cost of goods sold (COGS), $(1.9) million in interest expense and $(2.7) million in Other income (expense), net for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and $(4.6) million in COGS, $3.5 million in interest expense and $(31.7) million in Other income (expense), net for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

24

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
13. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
Net sales recognized from contracts with customers, disaggregated by segment and geographical location, are presented in the following table for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Net sales are attributed to regions based on the location of production. Intersegment sales have been excluded from the table.
In the first quarter of 2023, we moved a plant location that was previously reported under our Driveline segment to our Metal Forming segment in order to better align our product and process technologies. The amounts in the table below for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 have been recast to reflect this reorganization.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
|  | (in millions)
|  | Driveline |  | Metal Forming |  |  |  | Total
North America |  | $ | 783.5 |  |  | $ | 338.5 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,122.0 |
Asia |  | 135.7 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  |  |  | 146.8 |
Europe |  | 116.3 |  |  | 116.8 |  |  |  |  | 233.1 |
South America |  | 25.7 |  |  | 24.3 |  |  |  |  | 50.0 |
Total |  | $ | 1,061.2 |  |  | $ | 490.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,551.9 |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
|  | Driveline |  | Metal Forming |  |  |  | Total
North America |  | $ | 800.9 |  |  | $ | 348.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,149.5 |
Asia |  | 124.4 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  |  |  | 137.4 |
Europe |  | 92.2 |  |  | 106.6 |  |  |  |  | 198.8 |
South America |  | 25.7 |  |  | 23.8 |  |  |  |  | 49.5 |
Total |  | $ | 1,043.2 |  |  | $ | 492.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,535.2 |
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
|  | Driveline |  | Metal Forming |  |  |  | Total
North America |  | $ | 2,393.6 |  |  | $ | 999.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,393.2 |
Asia |  | 360.0 |  |  | 28.3 |  |  |  |  | 388.3 |
Europe |  | 327.5 |  |  | 358.9 |  |  |  |  | 686.4 |
South America |  | 80.3 |  |  | 68.3 |  |  |  |  | 148.6 |
Total |  | $ | 3,161.4 |  |  | $ | 1,455.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,616.5 |
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
|  | Driveline |  | Metal Forming |  |  |  | Total
North America |  | $ | 2,418.4 |  |  | $ | 986.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,404.7 |
Asia |  | 334.5 |  |  | 31.9 |  |  |  |  | 366.4 |
Europe |  | 298.6 |  |  | 243.7 |  |  |  |  | 542.3 |
South America |  | 61.8 |  |  | 34.5 |  |  |  |  | 96.3 |
Total |  | $ | 3,113.3 |  |  | $ | 1,296.4 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,409.7 |

25

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Contract Assets and Liabilities
The following table summarizes our beginning and ending balances for accounts receivable and contract liabilities associated with our contracts with customers (in millions):

| Accounts Receivable, Net | Contract Liabilities (Current) | Contract Liabilities (Long-term)
December 31, 2022 | $ | 820.2 |  | $ | 28.1 |  | $ | 73.4 |
September 30, 2023 | 885.2 |  | 15.5 |  | 67.1 |
Increase/(decrease) | $ | 65.0 |  | $ | (12.6) |  | $ | (6.3) |

Contract liabilities relate to deferred revenue associated with various settlements and commercial agreements for which we have a future performance obligation to the customer. We recognize this deferred revenue into revenue over the life of the associated program as we satisfy our performance obligations to the customer. We do not have contract assets as defined in ASC 606. We amortized previously recorded contract liabilities into revenue as we satisfied performance obligations with our customers of approximately $25.8 million and $23.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
26

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
14. ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSITIONS
Acquisition of Tekfor Group
On June 1, 2022, our acquisition of Tekfor Group became effective and we paid a total purchase price of $94.4 million, which was funded entirely with cash on hand. Tekfor Group manufactures high-performance components, modules and fasteners, including traditional powertrain and driveline components (for both internal combustion and hybrid applications), and e-mobility components. Our acquisition of Tekfor contributes to diversifying our geographic and customer sales mix, while also increasing our electrification product portfolio.
The acquisition of Tekfor Group was accounted for under the acquisition method under ASC 805 - Business Combinations with the purchase price allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities of the acquired company based on the respective fair values of the assets and liabilities.
The following represents the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed resulting from the acquisition (in millions):

Total consideration transferred | $ | 94.4 |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 14.3 |
Accounts receivable | 33.7
Inventories | 46.3
Prepaid expenses and other long-term assets | 30.1
Deferred income tax assets | 5.0
Property, plant and equipment | 105.5
Total assets acquired | $ | 234.9 |
Accounts payable | 33.5
Accrued expenses and other | 28.1
Debt | 23.4
Postretirement benefits and other long-term liabilities | 41.9
Net assets acquired | $ | 108.0 |
Gain on bargain purchase of business | $ | 13.6 |

The gain on bargain purchase of business was primarily the result of macroeconomic factors such as the supply chain disruptions impacting the automotive industry, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the semiconductor supply shortage, and increasing input costs, including materials, freight and utilities.
We finalized the valuation of the assets and liabilities of Tekfor in the first quarter of 2023 as we concluded the customary post-closing reviews associated with the acquisition. There were no adjustments to the purchase price allocation in the three or nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Included in net sales and net loss for the period from January 1, 2023 through September 30, 2023 was approximately $299 million and a loss of approximately $7 million, respectively, attributable to Tekfor. Included in net sales and net income for the period from the acquisition effective date on June 1, 2022 through September 30, 2022 was approximately $121 million and $10 million, respectively, attributable to Tekfor. The net income amount for the period from June 1, 2022 through September 30, 2022 includes the gain on bargain purchase of business of $13.0 million, which was prior to subsequent measurement period adjustments resulting in the final gain on bargain purchase of business of $13.6 million, as well as a one-time expense of $5.0 million for the step-up of inventory to fair value.
27

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information
Unaudited pro forma net sales for AAM, on a combined basis with Tekfor for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $4.55 billion, excluding Tekfor sales to AAM during the period. Unaudited pro forma net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was approximately $40.0 million. Unaudited pro forma earnings per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $0.33 per share.
The unaudited pro forma net income amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 has been adjusted by approximately $4 million, net of tax, related to the step-up of inventory to fair value as a result of the acquisition, approximately $5 million, net of tax, for acquisition-related costs, and approximately $13 million for the gain on bargain purchase of business recognized, which was not subject to tax. This resulted in a net adjustment to pro forma net income of approximately $4 million for the first nine months of 2022 as we are required to disclose the unaudited pro forma amounts as if the acquisition of Tekfor had been completed on January 1, 2021.
The disclosure of unaudited pro forma net sales and earnings is for informational purposes only and does not purport to indicate the results that would actually have been obtained had the merger been completed on the assumed date for the periods presented, or which may be realized in the future.
28

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
15. MANUFACTURING FACILITY FIRE AND INSURANCE RECOVERY
In the third quarter of 2020, a significant industrial fire occurred at our Malvern Manufacturing Facility in Ohio (Malvern Fire). All associates were evacuated safely and without injury and we were able to maintain continuity of supply to our customers without any significant disruptions. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we finalized the claim with our insurance providers. In January 2023, we collected the final $24.0 million associated with this claim, of which $7.0 million has been presented as an operating cash inflow and $17.0 million has been presented as an investing cash inflow in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the first nine months of 2023. There was no impact on our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 associated with the Malvern Fire.
Our insurance policies covered the repair, replacement or actual cash value of the assets that incurred loss or damage, less our applicable deductible of $1.0 million. In addition, our insurance policies provided coverage for interruption to our business, including lost or reduced profits and reimbursement for certain expenses and costs that were incurred related to the fire. In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded $2.2 million of charges primarily related to transportation and freight and other costs incurred to resume or relocate operations and ensure continuity of supply to our customers. We also recorded an estimated insurance recovery of $8.6 million and received reimbursements and advances under our insurance policies of approximately $14.0 million, of which approximately $7.7 million was presented as an operating cash flow and $6.3 million was presented as an investing cash flow in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. This resulted in net pre-tax income in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations of approximately $6.4 million in Cost of goods sold for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
29

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
16. SEGMENT REPORTING
Our business is organized into Driveline and Metal Forming segments, with each representing a reportable segment under ASC 280 - Segment Reporting. The results of each segment are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to assess the performance of the segment and make decisions regarding the allocation of resources to the segments.
Our product offerings by segment are as follows:
•Driveline products consist primarily of front and rear axles, driveshafts, differential assemblies, clutch modules, balance shaft systems, disconnecting driveline technology, and electric and hybrid driveline products and systems for light trucks, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), crossover vehicles, passenger cars and commercial vehicles; and
•Metal Forming products consist primarily of engine, transmission, driveline and safety-critical components for traditional internal combustion engine and electric vehicle architectures including light vehicles, commercial vehicles and off-highway vehicles, as well as products for industrial markets.
We use Segment Adjusted EBITDA as the measure of earnings to assess the performance of each segment and determine the resources to be allocated to the segments. We define EBITDA to be earnings before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. Segment Adjusted EBITDA is defined as EBITDA for our reportable segments excluding the impact of restructuring and acquisition-related costs, debt refinancing and redemption costs, loss on the sale of a business, pension settlements, unrealized gains or losses on equity securities, and non-recurring items.
On June 1, 2022, our acquisition of Tekfor became effective and we began consolidating the results of Tekfor on that date, which are reported in our Metal Forming segment. In the first quarter of 2023, we moved a plant location that was previously reported under our Driveline segment to our Metal Forming segment in order to better align our product and process technologies. The amounts in the tables below for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 have been recast to reflect this reorganization.
The following tables represent information by reportable segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in millions):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
|  | Driveline |  | Metal Forming |  |  |  |  |  | Total
Sales |  | $ | 1,061.2 |  |  | $ | 624.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,686.0 |
Less: Intersegment sales |  | — |  |  | 134.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 134.1 |
Net external sales |  | $ | 1,061.2 |  |  | $ | 490.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,551.9 |
Segment Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 137.3 |  |  | $ | 19.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 156.8 |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
|  | Driveline |  | Metal Forming |  |  |  |  |  | Total
Sales |  | $ | 1,043.2 |  |  | $ | 634.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,677.3 |
Less: Intersegment sales |  | — |  |  | 142.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 142.1 |
Net external sales |  | $ | 1,043.2 |  |  | $ | 492.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,535.2 |
Segment Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 137.0 |  |  | $ | 61.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 198.4 |

30

AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
|  | Driveline |  | Metal Forming |  |  |  |  |  | Total
Sales |  | $ | 3,161.5 |  |  | $ | 1,878.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,039.6 |
Less: Intersegment sales |  | 0.1 |  |  | 423.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 423.1 |
Net external sales |  | $ | 3,161.4 |  |  | $ | 1,455.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,616.5 |
Segment Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 403.5 |  |  | $ | 120.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 523.8 |
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
|  | Driveline |  | Metal Forming |  |  |  |  |  | Total
Sales |  | $ | 3,113.3 |  |  | $ | 1,716.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,830.2 |
Less: Intersegment sales |  | — |  |  | 420.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 420.5 |
Net external sales |  | $ | 3,113.3 |  |  | $ | 1,296.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,409.7 |
Segment Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 392.2 |  |  | $ | 197.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 589.6 |

The following table represents a reconciliation of Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA to consolidated income (loss) before income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (in millions)
Total segment adjusted EBITDA | $ | 156.8 |  |  | $ | 198.4 |  |  | $ | 523.8 |  |  | $ | 589.6 |
Interest expense | (50.8) |  |  | (44.8) |  |  | (151.5) |  |  | (132.2) |
Depreciation and amortization | (120.4) |  |  | (124.8) |  |  | (365.8) |  |  | (367.1) |
Restructuring and acquisition-related costs | (3.5) |  |  | (7.9) |  |  | (16.2) |  |  | (26.4) |
Unrealized loss on equity securities | (1.2) |  |  | (2.3) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (24.0) |
Debt refinancing and redemption costs | (0.3) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (6.0) |
Non-recurring items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Malvern Fire insurance recoveries, net | — |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.4 |
Acquisition-related fair value inventory adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5.0) |
Gain on bargain purchase of business | — |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 13.0 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | (19.4) |  |  | $ | 20.8 |  |  | $ | (11.2) |  |  | $ | 48.3 |

31

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
This management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Unless the context otherwise requires, references to "we," "our," "us" or "AAM" shall mean collectively (i) American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc. (Holdings), a Delaware corporation, (ii) American Axle & Manufacturing, Inc. (AAM, Inc.), a Delaware corporation, and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, and, (iii) Metaldyne Performance Group, Inc. (MPG) and its direct and indirect subsidiaries. AAM Inc. and MPG are wholly owned subsidiaries of Holdings.
COMPANY OVERVIEW
As a leading global tier 1 automotive and mobility supplier, AAM designs, engineers and manufactures Driveline and Metal Forming technologies to support electric, hybrid, and internal combustion vehicles. Headquartered in Detroit with over 80 facilities in 18 countries, AAM is bringing the future faster for a safer and more sustainable tomorrow.
Major Customers
We are a primary supplier of driveline components to General Motors Company (GM) for its full-size rear-wheel drive (RWD) light trucks, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and crossover vehicles manufactured in North America, supplying a significant portion of GM’s rear axle and four-wheel drive and all-wheel drive (4WD/AWD) axle requirements for these vehicle platforms. We also supply GM with various products from our Metal Forming segment. Sales to GM were approximately 39% of our consolidated net sales for the first nine months of 2023 and 40% for both the first nine months of 2022 and the full year 2022.
We also supply driveline system products to Stellantis N.V. (Stellantis) for programs including the heavy-duty Ram full-size pickup trucks and its derivatives and the AWD Chrysler Pacifica. In addition, we sell various products to Stellantis from our Metal Forming segment. Sales to Stellantis were approximately 17% of our consolidated net sales for the first nine months of 2023 and 18% for both the first nine months of 2022 and the full year 2022.
We are also a supplier to Ford Motor Company (Ford) for driveline system products on certain vehicle programs including the Bronco Sport, Maverick, Edge, Escape and Lincoln Nautilus, and we also sell various products to Ford from our Metal Forming segment. Sales to Ford were approximately 12% of our consolidated net sales for the first nine months of 2023, 11% for the first nine months of 2022 and 12% for the full year 2022.
No other customer represented 10% or more of consolidated net sales during these periods.
Work Stoppage of the International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America (UAW)
In the third quarter of 2023, the collective bargaining agreements between the UAW and our three largest customers expired and the UAW initiated work stoppages at certain of the manufacturing locations of these customers. As a result, we estimate that our sales and pre-tax income were impacted by approximately $15 million and $4 million, respectively, in the third quarter of 2023.
The work stoppages continued into the fourth quarter of 2023 and, in late October, the UAW reached tentative agreements with each of our three largest customers. We estimate that the total third quarter and fourth quarter impact of the work stoppages on our sales will be in the range of $70 million to $100 million and the total impact on pre-tax income will be in the range of $25 million to $40 million, assuming that production begins to resume during the first week of November. In the event that the work stoppages resume, because the tentative agreements are not ratified or otherwise, the total impact on our sales and pre-tax income, and therefore our results of operations and cash flows, could be significantly greater.
32

Supply Chain Constraints Impacting the Automotive Industry
During the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, the automotive industry continued to experience significant disruptions in the supply chain, including volatility in metal, commodity and utility costs, shortages of certain raw materials and components, including semiconductor chips, increased transportation costs, higher labor costs and labor shortages. As a result, we have continued to experience volatility in our production schedules, including manufacturing downtime, often with limited notice from customers, higher inventory levels and increased labor costs, which have negatively impacted our results of operations and cash flows during these periods. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we experienced lower margins at certain of our locations as a result of production inefficiencies and capacity constraints due, in part, to labor shortages impacting our operations. We continue to work with customers and suppliers in our effort to protect continuity of supply as we expect these challenges to continue throughout 2023. Due to the ongoing uncertainty associated with these supply chain constraints, the ultimate impact on our net sales, results of operations and cash flows is unknown.
Effect of New Regulatory Pronouncements
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule - Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, Governance, and Incident Disclosure
On July 26, 2023, the SEC adopted “Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, Governance, and Incident Disclosure,” a rule that enhances and standardizes disclosures regarding cybersecurity risk management and governance, as well as material cybersecurity incidents. Under this rule, companies will now be required to make annual disclosures describing their processes for identifying and managing material cybersecurity risks, how management assesses and manages such risks, and the Board of Directors’ oversight of cybersecurity risks. Companies must also disclose in a Form 8-K the nature, scope and timing of any material cybersecurity incidents identified and the material impact or reasonably likely material impact on the company.
This rule becomes effective 30 days after publication in the Federal Register, and requires public companies to comply with the annual cybersecurity risk disclosure requirements beginning with fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2023, and to comply with the Form 8-K disclosure of material cybersecurity incidents beginning on December 18, 2023.
33

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS –– THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2023 AS COMPARED TO THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022
Net Sales

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | Percent Change
Net sales |  | $ | 1,551.9 |  |  | $ | 1,535.2 |  |  | $ | 16.7 |  |  | 1.1 | %

The increase in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to the third quarter of 2022, primarily reflects increased production volumes on certain vehicle programs that we support, including those associated with program launches in 2023 from our new and incremental business backlog, partially offset by a net reduction in sales of approximately $20 million associated with the effect of metal market pass-throughs to our customers and the impact of foreign exchange related to translation adjustments.
Cost of Goods Sold

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | Percent Change
Cost of goods sold |  | $ | 1,421.3 |  |  | $ | 1,357.8 |  |  | $ | 63.5 |  |  | 4.7 | %

The change in cost of goods sold reflects approximately $40 million primarily related to increased production volumes on certain vehicle programs that we support, as well as the impact of the $13 million recorded as a result of the field action with one of our largest customers as further described in Note 9 - Product Warranties. The remainder of the change in cost of goods sold primarily reflects increased manufacturing costs, primarily labor costs, as well as the impact of production inefficiencies at certain of our locations due, in part, to labor shortages. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, material costs were approximately 57% of total cost of goods sold, as compared to approximately 60% for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease in material costs as a percentage of cost of goods sold was primarily the result of lower metal costs and increased labor costs in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to the third quarter of 2022.
Gross Profit

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | Percent Change
Gross profit |  | $ | 130.6 |  |  | $ | 177.4 |  |  | $ | (46.8) |  |  | (26.4) | %

Gross margin was 8.4% in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to 11.6% in the third quarter of 2022. Gross profit and gross margin were impacted by the factors discussed in Net Sales and Cost of Goods Sold above.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (SG&A)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | Percent Change
Selling, general & administrative expenses |  | $ | 81.8 |  |  | $ | 85.7 |  |  | $ | (3.9) |  |  | (4.6) | %

SG&A as a percentage of net sales was 5.3% in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to 5.6% of net sales in the third quarter of 2022. Research and development (R&D) expense, net of customer engineering, design and development (ED&D) recoveries, was approximately $35.8 million in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to $35.4 million in the third quarter of 2022. The decrease in SG&A expense is primarily related to lower compensation-related expense.
34

Amortization of Intangible Assets Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $21.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and $21.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022.
Restructuring and Acquisition-Related Costs Restructuring and acquisition-related costs were $3.5 million in the third quarter of 2023 and $7.9 million in the third quarter of 2022. See Note 2 - Restructuring and Acquisition-Related Costs for additional detail regarding our restructuring, acquisition and integration activity.
Operating Income Operating income was $23.9 million in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to $62.3 million in the third quarter of 2022. Operating margin was 1.5% in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to 4.1% in the third quarter of 2022. The changes in operating income and operating margin were primarily due to factors discussed in Net Sales, Cost of Goods Sold and SG&A above.
Interest Expense and Interest Income Interest expense was $50.8 million in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to $44.8 million in the third quarter of 2022. The weighted-average interest rate of our long-term debt outstanding was 6.7% in the third quarter of 2023 and 5.7% in the third quarter of 2022.
Interest income was $7.1 million in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to $5.4 million in the third quarter of 2022.
Debt Refinancing and Redemption Costs In the three months ended September 30, 2023, we expensed $0.3 million for the write-off of a portion of the unamortized debt issuance costs that we had been amortizing over the expected life of our Term Loan A and Term Loan B facilities as a result of voluntary prepayments made on these facilities.
In the third quarter of 2022, we made a voluntary prepayment of $50.0 million on our Term Loan B Facility. As a result, we expensed approximately $0.2 million for the write-off of a portion of the unamortized debt issuance costs that we had been amortizing over the expected life of this borrowing.
Gain on Bargain Purchase of Business On June 1, 2022, our acquisition of Tekfor became effective, which resulted in a gain on bargain purchase of $1.4 million in the third quarter of 2022 as a result of measurement period adjustments recorded during the period. See Note 14 - Acquisitions and Dispositions for additional detail on this acquisition.
Unrealized Loss on Equity Securities We have an investment in the equity securities of REE Automotive, an e-mobility company. These equity securities are measured at fair value each reporting period with changes in fair value reported through an unrealized gain or loss within Other income (expense), net in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of September 30, 2023, our investment in REE shares was valued at $0.7 million resulting in an unrealized loss of $1.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized an unrealized loss of $2.3 million on this investment.
Other Income (Expense), Net Other income (expense), net includes the net effect of foreign exchange gains and losses, our proportionate share of earnings from equity in unconsolidated subsidiaries, and all components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs other than service cost. Other income (expense), net was income of $1.9 million in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to expense of $1.0 million in the third quarter of 2022.
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Income Tax Expense (Benefit) Income tax was a benefit of $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to a benefit of $5.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Our effective income tax rate was 10.3% in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to (27.4)% in the third quarter of 2022.
For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset on the current year estimated disallowed interest expense in the U.S. For the three months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized a net income tax benefit of approximately $7.5 million related to the release of a valuation allowance in a foreign jurisdiction.
Our effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023 varies from our effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2022 primarily as a result of the impact of the discrete items noted above and the mix of earnings on a jurisdictional basis. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, our effective income tax rate varies from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the unfavorable impact related to the disallowed interest expense deductions in the U.S., net of the impact of the reduction in unrecognized tax benefits, as well as favorable foreign tax rates and the impact of tax credits. For the three months ended September 30, 2022, our effective income tax rate varies from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to a benefit from foreign derived intangible income deductions, the change in jurisdictional mix of earnings, favorable foreign tax rates and the impact of tax credits.
Net Income (Loss) and Earnings (Loss) Per Share (EPS) Our net loss was $17.4 million in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to net income of $26.5 million in the third quarter of 2022. Diluted loss per share was $0.15 per share in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to earnings of $0.22 per share in the third quarter of 2022. Net income (loss) and EPS for the third quarters of 2023 and 2022 were primarily impacted by the factors discussed above.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS –– NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2023 AS COMPARED TO NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022
Net Sales

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | Percent Change
Net sales |  | $ | 4,616.5 |  |  | $ | 4,409.7 |  |  | $ | 206.8 |  |  | 4.7 | %

The increase in the first nine months of 2023, as compared to the first nine months of 2022, primarily reflects approximately $178 million as a result of our acquisition of Tekfor that was completed in the second quarter of 2022 and increased production volumes on certain vehicle programs that we support, including those associated with program launches in 2023 from our new and incremental business backlog. These increases were partially offset by a reduction in sales of approximately $106 million associated with the effect of metal market pass-throughs to our customers and the impact of foreign exchange related to translation adjustments.
Cost of Goods Sold

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | Percent Change
Cost of goods sold |  | $ | 4,147.1 |  |  | $ | 3,872.0 |  |  | $ | 275.1 |  |  | 7.1 | %

The change in cost of goods sold in the first nine months of 2023, as compared to the first nine months of 2022, primarily reflects approximately $184 million as a result of our acquisition of Tekfor, as well as approximately $121 million primarily associated with the impact of increased production volumes on certain vehicle programs that we support. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, material costs were approximately 57% of total costs of goods sold as compared to approximately 61% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease in material costs as a percentage of cost of goods sold was primarily the result of lower metal costs and increased labor costs in the first nine months of 2023, as compared to the first nine months of 2022.
Gross Profit

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | Percent Change
Gross profit |  | $ | 469.4 |  |  | $ | 537.7 |  |  | $ | (68.3) |  |  | (12.7) | %

Gross margin was 10.2% in the first nine months of 2023 as compared to 12.2% in the first nine months of 2022. Gross profit and gross margin were impacted by the factors discussed in Net Sales and Cost of Goods Sold above.
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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (SG&A)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | Percent Change
Selling, general & administrative expenses |  | $ | 271.2 |  |  | $ | 256.6 |  |  | $ | 14.6 |  |  | 5.7 | %

SG&A as a percentage of net sales was 5.9% in the first nine months of 2023 as compared to 5.8% of net sales in the first nine months of 2022. R&D expense, net of ED&D recoveries, was approximately $115.7 million in the first nine months of 2023, as compared to $105.3 million in the first nine months of 2022. In addition to the increase in R&D expense, the change in SG&A expense is primarily related to higher compensation-related expense, as well as the impact of nine months of Tekfor results for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to four months of Tekfor results from the acquisition effective date on June 1, 2022 through September 30, 2022.
Amortization of Intangible Assets Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $64.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to $64.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
Restructuring and Acquisition-Related Costs Restructuring and acquisition-related costs were $16.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $26.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
On June 1, 2022, our acquisition of Tekfor became effective. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we incurred $5.8 million of acquisition-related costs associated with this acquisition. Acquisition-related costs primarily consist of advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and certain other professional or consulting fees incurred.
In 2023, we expect to incur approximately $10 million to $20 million of total restructuring charges. In addition, we expect to incur up to $10 million of integration costs in 2023 associated with our acquisition of Tekfor. See Note 2 - Restructuring and Acquisition-Related Costs for additional detail regarding our restructuring, acquisition and integration activity.
Operating Income Operating income was $117.8 million in the first nine months of 2023 as compared to $190.3 million in the first nine months of 2022. Operating margin was 2.6% in the first nine months of 2023, as compared to 4.3% in the first nine months of 2022. The changes in operating income and operating margin were due primarily to the factors discussed in Net Sales, Cost of Goods Sold and SG&A above.
Interest Expense and Interest Income Interest expense was $151.5 million in the first nine months of 2023 as compared to $132.2 million in the first nine months of 2022. The weighted-average interest rate of our long-term debt outstanding was 6.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 5.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. We expect our interest expense for the full year 2023 to be approximately $195 million to $205 million.
Interest income was $18.9 million in the first nine months of 2023 as compared to $11.6 million in the first nine months of 2022.
Debt Refinancing and Redemption Costs In the first nine months of 2023, we made voluntary prepayments on our Term Loan A and Term Loan B facilities and expensed $0.3 million for the write-off of a portion of the unamortized debt issuance costs that we had been amortizing over the expected life of these borrowings.
In the first nine months of 2022, we amended and restated our existing Credit Agreement. See Note 5 - Long-Term Debt for further detail on the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. As a result, we incurred $0.2 million of third-party debt refinancing costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
Also in the first nine months of 2022, we made voluntary prepayments of $100.0 million on our Term Loan B Facility. As a result, we expensed approximately $0.6 million for the write-off of a portion of the unamortized debt issuance costs that we had been amortizing over the expected life of this borrowing.
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In addition, in the first nine months of 2022, we used the proceeds from the upsized Term Loan A Facility to voluntarily redeem a portion of our 6.25% Notes due 2026. This resulted in a principal payment of $220 million and $0.2 million in accrued interest. We also expensed approximately $1.8 million for the write-off of a portion of the unamortized debt issuance costs that we had been amortizing over the expected life of the borrowing, and approximately $3.4 million for the payment of an early redemption premium.
Gain on Bargain Purchase of Business On June 1, 2022, our acquisition of Tekfor became effective, which resulted in a gain on bargain purchase of $13.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. See Note 14 - Acquisitions and Dispositions for additional detail on this acquisition.
Unrealized Loss on Equity Securities We have an investment in the equity securities of REE Automotive, an e-mobility company. These equity securities are measured at fair value each reporting period with changes in fair value reported through an unrealized holding gain or loss within Other income (expense), net in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. We recognized an unrealized loss on our investment in REE shares of $1.2 million and $24.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively.
Other Income (Expense), Net Other income (expense), net includes the net effect of foreign exchange gains and losses, our proportionate share of earnings from equity in unconsolidated subsidiaries, and all components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs other than service cost. Other income (expense), net was income of $5.1 million in the first nine months of 2023 as compared to expense of $4.4 million in the first nine months of 2022.
Income Tax Expense (Benefit) Income tax expense was $3.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to a benefit of $2.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Our effective income tax rate was (29.5)% in the first nine months of 2023 as compared to (4.3)% in the first nine months of 2022.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset on the current year estimated disallowed interest expense in the U.S. Also during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a valuation allowance against a portion of the deferred tax asset on prior year disallowed interest expense in the U.S. and reduced our liability for unrecognized income tax benefits and related interest and penalties as a result of a change in estimate on previously recorded unrecognized tax benefits in certain jurisdictions, resulting in net tax expense of $3.4 million. This was partially offset by a $3.2 million income tax benefit recognized as a result of the release of a valuation allowance in a foreign jurisdiction during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Our effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 varies from our effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 primarily as a result of the impact of the discrete items noted above, a net tax benefit of approximately $7.5 million related to release of a valuation allowance in a foreign jurisdiction recognized in the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the mix of earnings on a jurisdictional basis, and as a result of the $13.0 million gain on bargain purchase of business that was recognized in the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was not subject to income tax.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our effective income tax rate varies from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the unfavorable impact related to the disallowed interest expense deductions in the U.S., net of the impact of the reduction in unrecognized tax benefits, as well as favorable foreign tax rates and the impact of tax credits. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, our effective income tax rate varies from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to a benefit from foreign derived intangible income deductions, the release of a valuation allowance in a foreign jurisdiction, the change in jurisdictional mix of earnings, favorable foreign tax rates, the impact of tax credits and as a result of the gain on bargain purchase of business that was recognized.
Due to the uncertainty associated with the extent and ultimate impact of the UAW work stoppage, as well as the significant supply chain constraints affecting the automotive industry, including volatility in metal and commodity costs, higher utility costs, increased transportation costs, higher labor costs and labor shortages, we may experience lower than projected earnings in certain jurisdictions in future periods, and as a result, it is reasonably possible that changes in valuation allowances could be recognized in future periods and such changes could be material to our financial statements.
Net Income (Loss) and Earnings (Loss) Per Share (EPS) Our net loss was $14.5 million in the first nine months of 2023 as compared to net income of $50.4 million in the first nine months of 2022. Diluted EPS was a loss of $0.12 per share in the first nine months of 2023 as compared to earnings of $0.42 per share in the first nine months of 2022. Net income (loss) and EPS for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022 were primarily impacted by the factors discussed above.
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SEGMENT REPORTING
Our business is organized into Driveline and Metal Forming segments, with each representing a reportable segment under ASC 280 - Segment Reporting. The results of each segment are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to assess the performance of the segment and make decisions regarding the allocation of resources to the segments.
Our product offerings by segment are as follows:
•Driveline products consist primarily of front and rear axles, driveshafts, differential assemblies, clutch modules, balance shaft systems, disconnecting driveline technology, and electric and hybrid driveline products and systems for light trucks, SUVs, crossover vehicles, passenger cars and commercial vehicles; and
•Metal Forming products consist primarily of engine, transmission, driveline and safety-critical components for traditional internal combustion engine and electric vehicle architectures including light vehicles, commercial vehicles and off-highway vehicles, as well as products for industrial markets.
On June 1, 2022, our acquisition of Tekfor became effective and we began consolidating the results of Tekfor on that date, which are reported in our Metal Forming segment. In the first quarter of 2023, we moved a plant location that was previously reported under our Driveline segment to our Metal Forming segment in order to better align our product and process technologies. The amounts in the tables below for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 have been recast to reflect this reorganization.
The following table represents sales by reportable segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Driveline | $ | 1,061.2 |  |  | $ | 1,043.2 |  |  | $ | 3,161.5 |  |  | $ | 3,113.3 |
Metal Forming | 624.8 |  |  | 634.1 |  |  | 1,878.1 |  |  | 1,716.9 |
Eliminations | (134.1) |  |  | (142.1) |  |  | (423.1) |  |  | (420.5) |
Net sales | $ | 1,551.9 |  |  | $ | 1,535.2 |  |  | $ | 4,616.5 |  |  | $ | 4,409.7 |

The increase in Driveline sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, is primarily the result of increased production volumes on certain vehicle programs that we support, including those associated with program launches in 2023 from our new and incremental business backlog. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, there was a reduction in Driveline sales of approximately $14 million and $76 million, respectively, associated with the effect of metal market pass-throughs to our customers and the impact of foreign exchange translation.
The change in Metal Forming sales for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily reflects a net reduction of approximately $6 million associated with the effect of metal market pass-throughs to our customers and the impact of foreign exchange translation.
The increase in Metal Forming sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily reflects approximately $178 million associated with the acquisition of Tekfor and the impact of increased production volumes on certain vehicle programs that we support, partially offset by a net reduction of approximately $30 million associated with the effect of metal market pass-throughs to our customers and the impact of foreign exchange translation.
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We use Segment Adjusted EBITDA as the measure of earnings to assess the performance of each segment and determine the resources to be allocated to the segments. The amounts for Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Driveline | $ | 137.3 |  |  | $ | 137.0 |  |  | $ | 403.5 |  |  | $ | 392.2 |
Metal Forming | 19.5 |  |  | 61.4 |  |  | 120.3 |  |  | 197.4 |
Total segment adjusted EBITDA | $ | 156.8 |  |  | $ | 198.4 |  |  | $ | 523.8 |  |  | $ | 589.6 |

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, the increase in Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the Driveline segment was primarily attributable to the impact of increased production volumes on certain vehicle programs that we support, partially offset by increased labor costs and program launch costs.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the increase in Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the Driveline segment was primarily attributable to the impact of increased production volumes on certain vehicle programs that we support, as well as approximately $27 million attributable to the net impact of metal market pass-throughs to our customers and the impact of foreign exchange translation. These favorable impacts were partially offset by increased labor costs and program launch costs.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the Metal Forming segment was impacted by $13 million of expense related to a field action with one of our largest customers as further described in Note 9 - Product Warranties. The remainder of the change in Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the Metal Forming segment was attributable to increased manufacturing costs, primarily labor costs, as well as the impact of production inefficiencies at certain of our locations due, in part, to labor shortages.
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Reconciliation of Non-GAAP and GAAP Information
In addition to results reported in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) in this MD&A, we have provided certain non-GAAP financial measures such as EBITDA and Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA. Such information is reconciled to its closest GAAP measure in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission rules below.
We define EBITDA to be earnings before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA is defined as EBITDA for our reportable segments excluding the impact of restructuring and acquisition-related costs, debt refinancing and redemption costs, loss on the sale of a business, pension settlements, unrealized gains or losses on equity securities, and non-recurring items. We believe that EBITDA and Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA are meaningful measures of performance as they are commonly utilized by management and investors to analyze operating performance and entity valuation. Our management, the investment community and the banking institutions routinely use EBITDA and Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA, together with other measures, to measure our operating performance relative to other Tier 1 automotive suppliers and to assess the relative mix of Adjusted EBITDA by segment. We also believe that Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA is a meaningful measure as it is used for operational planning and decision-making purposes. EBITDA and Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA are also key metrics used in our calculation of incentive compensation. These non-GAAP financial measures are not and should not be considered a substitute for any GAAP measure. Additionally, non-GAAP financial measures as presented by AAM may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (17.4) |  |  | $ | 26.5 |  |  | $ | (14.5) |  |  | $ | 50.4 |
Interest expense |  | 50.8 |  |  | 44.8 |  |  | 151.5 |  |  | 132.2 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | (2.0) |  |  | (5.7) |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | (2.1) |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 120.4 |  |  | 124.8 |  |  | 365.8 |  |  | 367.1 |
EBITDA |  | $ | 151.8 |  |  | $ | 190.4 |  |  | $ | 506.1 |  |  | $ | 547.6 |
Restructuring and acquisition-related costs |  | 3.5 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 16.2 |  |  | 26.4 |
Debt refinancing and redemption costs |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 6.0 |
Unrealized loss on equity securities |  | 1.2 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 24.0 |
Non-recurring items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Malvern Fire insurance recoveries, net |  | — |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | — |  |  | (6.4) |
Gain on bargain purchase of business |  | — |  |  | (1.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (13.0) |
Acquisition-related fair value inventory adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.0 |
Total segment adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 156.8 |  |  | $ | 198.4 |  |  | $ | 523.8 |  |  | $ | 589.6 |

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our primary liquidity needs are to fund debt service obligations, capital expenditures, R&D spending, including further development of our electrification product portfolio, and working capital requirements, in addition to advancing our strategic initiatives. We believe that operating cash flow, available cash and cash equivalent balances and available borrowing capacity under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and foreign credit facilities will be sufficient to meet these needs.
At September 30, 2023, we had nearly $1.6 billion of liquidity consisting of approximately $616 million of cash and cash equivalents, approximately $877 million of available borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and approximately $83 million of available borrowings under foreign credit facilities. We have no significant debt maturities before 2026.
Operating Activities In the first nine months of 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was $343.2 million as compared to $300.4 million in the first nine months of 2022. The following factors impacted cash from operating activities in the first nine months of 2023, as compared to the first nine months of 2022:
Impact of Supply Chain Constraints During the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, the automotive industry experienced significant disruptions in the supply chain, including volatility in metal, commodity and utility costs, shortages of certain raw materials and components, including semiconductor chips, increased transportation costs, higher labor costs and labor shortages. We expect these supply chain constraints and the associated volatility in our operations to continue through 2023.
Accounts receivable For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we experienced an increase in cash flow from operating activities of approximately $138 million related to the change in our accounts receivable balance from December 31, 2022 to September 30, 2023, as compared to the change in our accounts receivable balance from December 31, 2021 to September 30, 2022. This change was primarily attributable to the timing of sales to customers in the applicable periods. The change was also the result of timing of collections on customer receivables as we participate in an early payment program offered by our largest customer, which allows us to sell certain of our North American receivables from this customer to a third party at our discretion. We utilize this program from time to time.
Accounts payable and accrued expenses For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we experienced a decrease in cash flow from operating activities of approximately $43 million related to the change in our accounts payable and accrued expenses balance from December 31, 2022 to September 30, 2023, as compared to the change in our accounts payable and accrued expenses balance from December 31, 2021 to September 30, 2022. This change was primarily attributable to the timing of production and the associated purchases from suppliers within the applicable periods.
Other assets and liabilities For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we experienced an increase in cash flow from operating activities of $27.2 million related to our variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps which were discontinued in the third quarter of 2023 and were in an asset position on the date that they were discontinued.
Income taxes Income taxes paid, net was $41.4 million in the first nine months of 2023, as compared to $28.5 million in the first nine months of 2022. During the first nine months of 2023, we paid $10.1 million as a result of the Notice of Tax Due that was received from the Internal Revenue Service in the fourth quarter of 2022. See Note 10 - Income Taxes for additional detail regarding the Notice of Tax Due. In the first nine months of 2022, we received an income tax refund of $5.4 million related to the utilization of net operating losses under the provisions of the CARES Act.
Interest paid Interest paid was $132.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $117.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The change in interest paid was primarily the result of increased interest rates on our variable rate debt.
Malvern Fire In the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, we received $24.0 million and $14.0 million of cash, respectively, as reimbursements and advances under our insurance policies, of which $7.0 million and $7.7 million, respectively, were associated with operating expenses incurred as a result of the Malvern Fire and have been presented as operating cash inflows in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for these periods. See Note 15 - Manufacturing Facility Fire and Insurance Recovery for additional detail.
Restructuring and acquisition-related costs For the full year 2023, we expect restructuring and acquisition-related payments in cash flows from operating activities to be between $20 million and $30 million, and we expect the timing of cash payments to approximate the timing of charges incurred.
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Pension and other postretirement benefits Due to the availability of our pre-funded pension balances (previous contributions in excess of prior required pension contributions), we expect our regulatory pension funding requirements in 2023 to be less than $1 million. We expect our cash payments for other postretirement benefit obligations in 2023, net of GM cost sharing, to be approximately $14.6 million.
Investing Activities In the first nine months of 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $126.7 million as compared to $197.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Capital expenditures were $138.6 million in the first nine months of 2023 as compared to $117.9 million in the first nine months of 2022. We expect our capital spending in 2023 to be 3.0% to 3.5% of sales.
In the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, in addition to the $7.0 million and $7.7 million, respectively, of cash reimbursements received under our insurance policies associated with operating expenses incurred as a result of the Malvern Fire, we received $17.0 million and $6.3 million, respectively, of cash associated with machinery and equipment that was damaged or destroyed as a result of the Malvern Fire. This cash received has been classified as an investing cash flow based on the nature of the associated loss incurred.
On June 1, 2022, our acquisition of Tekfor became effective and we paid approximately $80 million, net of cash acquired, which was funded entirely with cash on hand. Also in the first nine months of 2022, we made payments for the acquisition of a supplier in Mexico and began to pay the deferred consideration associated with our acquisition of Emporium that was completed in 2021. These payments totaled approximately $8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
Financing Activities In the first nine months of 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $108.2 million, as compared to $147.8 million in the first nine months of 2022. The following factors impacted cash from financing activities in the first nine months of 2023, as compared to the first nine months of 2022:
Senior Secured Credit Facilities Our Senior Secured Credit Facilities are comprised of the Revolving Credit Facility, Term Loan A Facility and Term Loan B Facility. The Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility mature in the first quarter of 2027 and the Term Loan B Facility matures in the fourth quarter of 2029. At September 30, 2023, we had $876.6 million available under the Revolving Credit Facility. This availability reflects a reduction of $48.4 million primarily for standby letters of credit issued against the facility. In the first quarter of 2023, we paid $25.0 million on our Revolving Credit Facility that had been drawn in the fourth quarter of 2022.
On June 28, 2023, Holdings and AAM, Inc. entered into the First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the First Amendment), which covers the period from June 28, 2023 through the filing of our second quarter 2024 results, or earlier at AAM's option, subject to certain conditions (the Amendment Period). The First Amendment, among other things, increased the maximum levels of the total net leverage ratio covenant and reduced the minimum levels of cash interest expense coverage ratio covenant during the Amendment Period, modified certain categories of the applicable margin (determined based on the total net leverage ratio of Holdings) for the duration of the Amendment Period with respect to interest rates under the Term Loan A Facility and the Revolving Credit Facility, and modified certain covenants restricting the ability of Holdings, AAM, Inc. and certain subsidiaries of Holdings to create, incur, assume, or permit to exist certain additional indebtedness and liens and to make or agree to pay or make certain restricted payments, voluntary payments and distributions. The terms of the Term Loan B Facility under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, including maturity dates, interest rates and their applicable margins, remain unchanged. We paid debt issuance costs of $3.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 related to the First Amendment.
As of September 30, 2023, we have prepaid $18.1 million of the outstanding principal on our Term Loan A Facility and Term Loan B Facility. These payments satisfy our obligation for principal payments under the Term Loan A Facility and Term Loan B Facility for the next three quarters.
In March 2022, Holdings and AAM, Inc. entered into the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. The Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, among other things, increased the principal amount of the Term Loan A Facility to $520.0 million, extended the maturity date of the Term Loan A Facility and the Revolving Credit Facility each to March 11, 2027, and established the use under the Term Loan A Facility and Revolving Credit Facility of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) and the minimum Adjusted Term SOFR Rate for Eurodollar-based loans denominated in U.S. Dollars and the Sterling Overnight Index Average (SONIA) and the minimum adjusted daily simple SONIA for loans denominated in Sterling. We expensed $0.2 million of debt refinancing costs, paid accrued interest of $1.0 million, and paid debt issuance costs of $4.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 related to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
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Also in the first nine months of 2022, we made voluntary prepayments of $100.0 million on our Term Loan B Facility. As a result, we expensed approximately $0.6 million for the write-off of a portion of the unamortized debt issuance costs that we had been amortizing over the expected life of this borrowing.
Redemption of 6.25% Notes due 2026 In the first quarter of 2022, we used the proceeds from the upsized Term Loan A Facility to voluntarily redeem a portion of our 6.25% Notes due 2026. This resulted in a principal payment of $220.0 million and $0.2 million in accrued interest. We also expensed approximately $1.8 million for the write-off of a portion of the unamortized debt issuance costs that we had been amortizing over the expected life of the borrowing, and approximately $3.4 million for the payment of an early redemption premium.
Repayment of Tekfor Group Indebtedness Upon the acquisition of Tekfor in June 2022, we assumed $23.4 million of existing Tekfor indebtedness, of which we repaid $10.7 million in the second quarter of 2022.
Foreign credit facilities We utilize local currency credit facilities to finance the operations of certain foreign subsidiaries. At September 30, 2023, $58.9 million was outstanding under our foreign credit facilities, as compared to $72.7 million at December 31, 2022. At September 30, 2023, an additional $82.8 million was available under our foreign credit facilities.
Treasury stock Treasury stock increased by $14.7 million in the first nine months of 2023 to $232.9 million as compared to $218.2 million at year-end 2022, due to the withholding and repurchase of shares of AAM stock to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations due upon the vesting of stock-based compensation.
Subsidiary Guarantees of Registered Debt Securities Our 6.875% Notes, 6.50% Notes, 6.25% Notes, and 5.00% Notes (collectively, the Notes) are senior unsecured obligations of AAM, Inc. (Issuer); all of which are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a joint and several basis, by Holdings and substantially all domestic subsidiaries of AAM, Inc. and MPG Inc (Subsidiary Guarantors). Holdings has no significant assets other than its 100% ownership in AAM, Inc. and MPG Inc., and no direct subsidiaries other than AAM, Inc. and MPG Inc.
Each guarantee by Holdings and/or any of the Subsidiary Guarantors is:
•a senior obligation of the relevant Subsidiary Guarantors;
•the unsecured and unsubordinated obligation of the relevant Subsidiary Guarantors; and
•of equal rank with all other existing and future unsubordinated and unsecured indebtedness of the relevant Subsidiary Guarantors.
Each guarantee by a Subsidiary Guarantor provides by its terms that it will be automatically, fully and unconditionally released and discharged upon:
•any sale, exchange or transfer (by merger or otherwise) of the capital stock of such Subsidiary Guarantor, or the sale or disposition of all the assets of such Subsidiary Guarantor, which sale, exchange, transfer or disposition is made in compliance with the applicable provisions of the indentures;
•the exercise by the issuer of its legal defeasance option or covenant defeasance option or the discharge of the issuer’s obligations under the indentures in accordance with the terms of the indentures; or
•the election of the issuer to affect such a release following the date that such guaranteed Notes have an investment grade rating from both Standard & Poor's Ratings Group, Inc, and Moody's Investors Service, Inc.
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The following represents summarized financial information of AAM Holdings, AAM Inc. and the Subsidiary Guarantors (collectively, the Combined Entities). The information has been prepared on a combined basis and excludes any investments of AAM Holdings, AAM Inc., or the Subsidiary Guarantors in non-guarantor subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and amounts between Combined Entities have been eliminated.

Statement of Operations Information | (in millions)
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | Year Ended December 31, 2022
Net sales | $ | 3,336.3 |  |  | $ | 4,429.5 |
Gross profit | 243.0 |  |  | 445.2 |
Income (loss) from operations | (77.6) |  |  | 25.1 |
Net loss | (147.5) |  |  | (59.7) |
Balance Sheet Information | (in millions)
| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Current assets | $ | 1,132.5 |  |  | $ | 1,061.9 |
Noncurrent assets | 2,272.2 |  |  | 2,317.9 |
Current liabilities | 1,524.2 |  |  | 1,360.4 |
Noncurrent liabilities | 3,318.4 |  |  | 3,345.3 |
Redeemable preferred stock | — |  |  | — |
Noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, amounts owed by the Combined Entities to non-guarantor entities totaled approximately $1,075 million and $945 million, respectively, and amounts owed to the Combined Entities from non-guarantor entities totaled approximately $640 million and $620 million, respectively.
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CYCLICALITY AND SEASONALITY
Our operations are cyclical because they are directly related to worldwide automotive production, which is itself cyclical and dependent on general economic conditions and other factors. Typically, our business is also moderately seasonal as our major OEM customers historically have an extended shutdown of operations (normally 1-2 weeks) in conjunction with their model year changeover and an approximate one-week shutdown in the month of December. Our major OEM customers also occasionally have longer shutdowns of operations (up to six weeks) for program changeovers. Accordingly, our quarterly results may reflect these trends.
LITIGATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
We are involved in, or potentially subject to, various legal proceedings or claims incidental to our business. These include, but are not limited to, matters arising out of product warranties, contractual matters, and environmental obligations. Although the outcome of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty, at this time we do not believe that any of these matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We file U.S. federal, state and local income tax returns, as well as foreign income tax returns in jurisdictions throughout the world. We are also subject to examinations of these tax returns by the relevant tax authorities. Negative or unexpected outcomes of these examinations and audits, and any related litigation, could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
We are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign environmental and occupational safety and health laws, regulations and ordinances, including those regulating air emissions, water discharge, waste management and environmental cleanup. We will continue to closely monitor our environmental conditions to ensure that we are in compliance with all laws, regulations and ordinances. We have made, and anticipate continuing to make, capital and other expenditures (including recurring administrative costs) to comply with environmental requirements at our current and former facilities. Such expenditures were not significant in the third quarter of 2023.
We are subject to risks of environmental issues, including impacts of climate-related events, that could result in unforeseen disruptions or costs to our operations. We did not experience any climate-related events in the third quarter of 2023 that we believe could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
MARKET RISK
Our business and financial results are affected by fluctuations in global financial markets, including currency exchange rates and interest rates. Our hedging policy has been developed to manage these risks to an acceptable level based on management’s judgment of the appropriate trade-off between risk, opportunity and cost. We do not hold financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Currency Exchange Risk From time to time, we use foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the effects of fluctuations in exchange rates relating to certain foreign currencies. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had currency forward contracts outstanding with a total notional amount of $212.7 million and $179.9 million, respectively. The potential decrease in fair value of foreign exchange contracts, assuming a 10% adverse change in the foreign currency exchange rates, would be approximately $19.3 million at September 30, 2023 and was $16.4 million at December 31, 2022.
In 2022, we entered into a fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap to reduce the variability of functional currency equivalent cash flows associated with changes in exchange rates on certain Euro-based intercompany loans. We had notional amounts outstanding under fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps of €200.0 million at both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, which was equivalent to $211.3 million and $213.9 million, respectively. The fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap hedges our exposure to changes in exchange rates on the intercompany loans into the second quarter of 2024. The potential decrease in fair value of the fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap, assuming a 10% adverse change in the foreign currency exchange rates, would be approximately $21.1 million at September 30, 2023 and was approximately $21.4 million at December 31, 2022.
Future business operations and opportunities, including the expansion of our business outside North America, may further increase the risk that cash flows resulting from these global operations may be adversely affected by changes in currency exchange rates. If and when appropriate, we intend to manage these risks by creating natural hedges in the structure of our global operations, utilizing local currency funding of these expansions and various types of foreign exchange contracts.
Interest Rate Risk We are exposed to variable interest rates on certain credit facilities. From time to time, we have used interest rate hedging to reduce the effects of fluctuations in market interest rates. In 2022, and in the first quarter of 2023, we entered into variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps to reduce the variability of cash flows associated with interest payments on our variable rate debt. In the third quarter of 2023, we discontinued these variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps, which were in an asset position of $27.2 million on the date that they were discontinued.
Also in the third quarter of 2023, we entered into new variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps to reduce the variability of cash flows associated with interest payments on our variable rate debt. As of September 30, 2023, we have $700.0 million notional amount hedged in relation to our variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps into the third quarter of 2027, $200.0 million of which continues into the fourth quarter of 2029.
The pre-tax earnings and cash flow impact of a one-percentage-point increase in interest rates (approximately 14% of our weighted-average interest rate at September 30, 2023) on our long-term debt outstanding, would be approximately $4.7 million at September 30, 2023 and was approximately $7.5 million at December 31, 2022, on an annualized basis.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the direction of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting and concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) were effective as of September 30, 2023.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Our acquisition of Tekfor Group became effective on June 1, 2022. We are currently integrating policies, processes and operations for the combined company and will continue to evaluate our internal control over financial reporting as we develop and execute our integration plans. The acquired entities will be included in our assessment of AAM's internal control over financial reporting for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There were no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in our December 31, 2022 Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table provides information about our equity security purchases during the quarter ended September 30, 2023:
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Period |  | Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) |  | Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (in millions)
July 1 - July 31, 2023 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
August 1 - August 31, 2023 |  | 1,306 |  |  | 7.53 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 1 - September 30, 2023 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 1,306 |  |  | $ | 7.53 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |

Item 5. Other Information
During the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023, our directors and officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) did not adopt, terminate or modify Rule 10b5-1 or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).
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Item 6. Exhibits

Number |  | Description of Exhibit
*22 |  | Subsidiary Guarantors and Issuers of Guaranteed Securities
*31.1 |  | Certification of David C. Dauch, Chairman of the Board & Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act
*31.2 |  | Certification of Christopher J. May, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act
*32 |  | Certifications of David C. Dauch, Chairman of the Board & Chief Executive Officer and Christopher J. May, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
**101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
**101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
**101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
**101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
**101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
** 104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL contained in Exhibit 101)

* | Filed herewith |  |  |
** | Submitted electronically with this Report. |  |  |

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
(Registrant)
/s/ James G. Zaliwski
James G. Zaliwski
Chief Accounting Officer
November 3, 2023
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