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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Notes) | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Text Block] | 4. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS Goodwill The following table provides a reconciliation of changes in goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:
|  |  |  |  | Consolidated
|  |  |  |  | (in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  | $ | 181.6 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  | (0.6) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  | $ | 181.0 |
We conduct our annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter of each year, as well as whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate a possible impairment. In performing this test, we utilize a third-party valuation specialist to assist management in determining the fair value of our reporting units. Fair value of each reporting unit is estimated based on a combination of discounted cash flows and the use of pricing multiples derived from an analysis of comparable public companies multiplied against historical and/or anticipated financial metrics of each reporting unit. These calculations contain uncertainties as they require management to make assumptions including, but not limited to, market comparables, future cash flows of the reporting units, and appropriate discount and long-term growth rates. This fair value determination is categorized as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. At September 30, 2023, accumulated goodwill impairment losses were $1,435.5 million. All remaining goodwill is attributable to our Driveline reporting unit. Other Intangible Assets The following table provides a reconciliation of the gross carrying amount and associated accumulated amortization for AAM's other intangible assets, which are all subject to amortization:
| September 30, |  | December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
| (in millions)
Capitalized computer software | $ | 53.4 |  |  | $ | (47.7) |  |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 52.2 |  |  | $ | (43.2) |  |  | $ | 9.0 |
Customer platforms | 856.2 |  |  | (412.3) |  |  | 443.9 |  |  | 856.2 |  |  | (364.7) |  |  | 491.5 |
Customer relationships | 53.0 |  |  | (22.2) |  |  | 30.8 |  |  | 53.0 |  |  | (19.7) |  |  | 33.3 |
Technology and other | 153.9 |  |  | (81.0) |  |  | 72.9 |  |  | 154.1 |  |  | (71.7) |  |  | 82.4 |
Total | $ | 1,116.5 |  |  | $ | (563.2) |  |  | $ | 553.3 |  |  | $ | 1,115.5 |  |  | $ | (499.3) |  |  | $ | 616.2 |
Amortization expense for our intangible assets was $21.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and $21.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, and was $64.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and $64.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Estimated amortization expense for the years 2023 through 2027 is expected to be in the range of approximately $80 million to $85 million per year.

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