DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risk associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. To manage a portion of these inherent risks, we may purchase certain types of derivative financial instruments based on management's judgment of the trade-off between risk, opportunity and cost. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. The impact of hedge ineffectiveness was not significant in any of the periods presented.

CURRENCY DERIVATIVE CONTRACTS From time to time, we use foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the effects of fluctuations in exchange rates relating to certain foreign currencies. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had currency forward contracts outstanding with a total notional amount of $228.1 million and $206.9 million, respectively, that hedge our exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates for certain payroll expenses into the third quarter of 2027 and the purchase of certain direct and indirect inventory and other working capital items into the fourth quarter of 2025.

In January 2025, in connection with the Business Combination, we entered into a foreign currency forward contract with a notional value of £571.0 million to fix the U.S. dollar equivalent associated with the cash consideration that is expected to be payable to the Dowlais shareholders upon closing of the Business Combination. This foreign currency forward contract is non-designated and will be recognized at fair value each reporting period up to, and including, the closing of the Business Combination with changes in fair value recognized in foreign exchange gains and losses in Other income (expense), net in our Consolidated Statement of Operations.

FIXED-TO-FIXED CROSS-CURRENCY SWAP In 2022, we discontinued an existing fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap, which was in an asset position of $9.7 million on the date that it was discontinued. Also in 2022, we entered into a new fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap to reduce the variability of functional currency equivalent cash flows associated with changes in exchange rates on certain Euro-based intercompany loans.

In the second quarter of 2024, we discontinued our existing €200.0 million fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap that was designated as a cash flow hedge and entered into a new fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap that is designated as a fair value hedge. The fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap reduces the variability of functional currency equivalent cash flows associated with changes in exchange rates on certain Euro-based intercompany loans. At December 31, 2024, we had a notional amount outstanding under the fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap of €175.0 million, which was equivalent to $181.2 million. The fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap hedges our exposure to changes in exchange rates on the intercompany loans through the second quarter of 2027.

VARIABLE-TO-FIXED INTEREST RATE SWAP In 2022, we discontinued an existing variable-to-fixed interest rate swap, which was in an asset position of $6.1 million on the date that it was discontinued. In 2022, and in the first quarter of 2023, we entered into new variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps to reduce the variability of cash flows associated with interest payments on our variable rate debt. In the third quarter of 2023, we discontinued these variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps, which were in an asset position of $27.2 million on the date that they were discontinued.

Also in the third quarter of 2023, we entered into new variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps to reduce the variability of cash flows associated with interest payments on our variable rate debt. As of December 31, 2024, we have $700.0 million notional amount hedged in relation to our variable-to-fixed interest rate swap into the third quarter of 2027, $200.0 million of which continues into the fourth quarter of 2029.

The following table summarizes the reclassification of pre-tax derivative gains and losses into net income (loss) from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for those derivative instruments designated as cash flow and fair value hedges under ASC 815 - Derivatives and Hedging:


	Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified into Net Income (Loss)	Gain (Loss) Reclassified During the Twelve Months Ended December 31,						Total of Financial Statement Line Item		Gain (Loss) Expected to be Reclassified During the Next 12 Months
		2024		2023		2022		2024
		(in millions)
Currency forward contracts	Cost of Goods Sold	$	11.9	$	19.9	$	6.5	$	5,383.5	$	(13.7)
Fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap	Other Income (Expense), net	13.2		(6.6)		13.7		(20.0)		—
Variable-to-fixed interest rate swap	Interest Expense	2.5		3.6		2.7		(186.0)		4.1

See Note 7 - Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) for amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) during the years ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The following table summarizes the amount and location of gains and losses recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for those derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815:


	Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Income (Loss)	Gain (Loss) Recognized During the Twelve Months Ended December 31,						Total of Financial Statement Line Item
		2024		2023		2022		2024
		(in millions)

Currency forward contracts	Other Income (Expense), Net	$	(5.0)	$	4.7	$	2.5	$	(20.0)

CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK In the normal course of business, we provide credit to customers. We periodically evaluate the creditworthiness of our customers and we maintain reserves for potential credit losses.

Sales to General Motors Company (GM) were approximately 42% of our consolidated net sales in 2024, 39% in 2023, and 40% in 2022. Accounts and other receivables due from GM were $334.2 million at year-end 2024 and $305.7 million at year-end 2023. Sales to Stellantis N.V. (Stellantis), were approximately 13% of our consolidated net sales in 2024, 16% in 2023 and 18% in 2022. Accounts and other receivables due from Stellantis were $97.2 million at year-end 2024 and $108.1 million at year-end 2023. Sales to Ford Motor Company (Ford) were approximately 13% of our consolidated net sales in 2024 and 12% in 2023 and 2022. Accounts and other receivables due from Ford were $95.5 million at year-end 2024 and $118.1 million at year end 2023. No other single customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated net sales in any year presented.

In addition, our total GM postretirement cost sharing asset was $120.4 million as of December 31, 2024 and $120.0 million as of December 31, 2023. See Note 8 - Employee Benefit Plans for more detail on this cost sharing asset.

We diversify the concentration of invested cash and cash equivalents among different financial institutions and we monitor the selection of counterparties to other financial instruments to avoid unnecessary concentrations of credit risk.