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Contracts Accounted for as Insurance | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Insurance [Abstract] |
Contracts Accounted for as Insurance | Contracts Accounted for as InsuranceThe portfolio of outstanding exposures discussed in Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, and Note 4, Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered), includes contracts that are accounted for as insurance contracts, derivatives, and consolidated FG VIEs. Amounts presented in this note relate only to contracts accounted for as insurance, unless otherwise specified. See Note 6, Contracts Accounted for as Credit Derivatives, for amounts related to CDS and Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles, for amounts that are accounted for as consolidated FG VIEs. Premiums Accounting Policy Financial guaranty contracts that meet the scope exception under derivative accounting guidance are subject to industry specific guidance for financial guaranty insurance. The accounting for contracts that fall under the financial guaranty insurance definition is consistent whether contracts are written on a direct basis, assumed from another financial guarantor, ceded to another insurer, or acquired in a business combination. Premiums receivable represent the present value of contractual or expected future premium collections discounted using risk-free rates. Unearned premium reserve represents deferred premium revenue less claim payments made (net of recoveries received) that have not yet been recognized in the statement of operations (contra-paid). The following discussion relates to the deferred premium revenue component of the unearned premium reserve, while the contra-paid is discussed below under “Losses and Recoveries”. The amount of deferred premium revenue at contract inception is determined as follows: •For premiums received upfront on financial guaranty insurance contracts that were originally underwritten by the Company, deferred premium revenue is equal to the amount of cash received. Upfront premiums typically relate to public finance transactions. •For premiums received in installments on financial guaranty insurance contracts that were originally underwritten by the Company, deferred premium revenue is the present value (discounted at risk free rates) of either: (i) contractual premiums due; or (ii) in cases where the underlying collateral is composed of homogeneous pools of assets, the expected premiums to be collected over the life of the contract. To be considered a homogeneous pool of assets, prepayments must be contractually allowable, the amount of prepayments must be probable, and the timing and amount of prepayments must be reasonably estimable. Installment premiums typically relate to structured finance and infrastructure transactions, where the insurance premium rate is determined at the inception of the contract but the insured par is subject to prepayment throughout the life of the transaction. •For financial guaranty insurance contracts acquired in a business combination, deferred premium revenue is equal to the fair value of the Company’s stand-ready obligation portion of the insurance contract at the date of acquisition based on what a hypothetical similarly rated financial guaranty insurer would have charged for the contract at that date and not the actual cash flows under the insurance contract. The amount of deferred premium revenue may differ significantly from cash collections primarily due to fair value adjustments recorded in connection with a business combination. When the Company adjusts prepayment assumptions or expected premium collections for obligations backed by homogeneous pools of assets, an adjustment is recorded to the deferred premium revenue, with a corresponding adjustment to premiums receivable. Premiums receivable are discounted at the risk-free rate at inception and such discount rate is updated only when changes to prepayment assumptions are made that change the expected date of final maturity. Accretion of the discount on premiums receivable is reported in “net earned premiums”. The Company recognizes deferred premium revenue as earned premium over the contractual period or expected period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided. As premium revenue is recognized, a corresponding decrease to the deferred premium revenue is recorded. The amount of insurance protection provided is a function of the insured par amount outstanding. Accordingly, the proportionate share of premium revenue recognized in a given reporting period is a constant rate calculated based on the relationship between the insured par amounts outstanding in the reporting period compared with the sum of each of the insured par amounts outstanding for all periods. When an insured financial obligation is retired before its maturity, the financial guaranty insurance contract is extinguished, and any nonrefundable deferred premium revenue related to that contract is accelerated and recognized as premium revenue. The Company assesses the need for an allowance for credit loss on premiums receivables each reporting period. For assumed reinsurance contracts, net earned premiums reported in the consolidated statements of operations are calculated based upon data received from ceding companies; however, some ceding companies report premium data between 30 and 90 days after the end of the reporting period. The Company estimates net earned premiums for the lag period. Differences between such estimates and actual amounts are recorded in the period in which the actual amounts are determined. When installment premiums are related to assumed reinsurance contracts, the Company assesses the credit quality and available liquidity of the ceding companies and the impact of any potential regulatory constraints to determine the collectability of such amounts. Ceded unearned premium reserve is recorded as an asset. Direct, assumed and ceded earned premiums are presented together as net earned premiums in the statement of operations. Any premiums related to FG VIEs are eliminated upon consolidation. Insurance Contracts’ Premium Information Net Earned Premiums
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| (in millions)
Financial guaranty insurance: |  |  |  |  |
Scheduled net earned premiums | $ | 287 |  |  | $ | 322 |  |  | $ | 334 |
Accelerations from refundings and terminations (1) | 179 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 129 |
Accretion of discount on net premiums receivable | 24 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 20 |
Financial guaranty insurance net earned premiums | 490 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 483 |
Specialty net earned premiums | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |
Net earned premiums | $ | 494 |  |  | $ | 414 |  |  | $ | 485 |
____________________ (1) 2022 accelerations include $133 million related to the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions. See Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, for additional information. Gross Premium Receivable, Net of Commissions Payable on Assumed Business Roll Forward
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| (in millions)
Beginning of year | $ | 1,372 |  |  | $ | 1,372 |  |  | $ | 1,286 |
Less: Specialty insurance premium receivable | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Financial guaranty insurance premiums receivable | 1,371 |  |  | 1,371 |  |  | 1,284 |
Gross written premiums on new business, net of commissions | 356 |  |  | 369 |  |  | 462 |
Gross premiums received, net of commissions | (345) |  |  | (383) |  |  | (426) |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |
Changes in the expected term and debt service assumptions | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (10) |
Accretion of discount, net of commissions on assumed business | 24 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 18 |
Foreign exchange gain (loss) on remeasurement | (111) |  |  | (22) |  |  | 43 |
Expected recovery of premiums previously written off | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |
Financial guaranty insurance premium receivable | 1,297 |  |  | 1,371 |  |  | 1,371 |
Specialty insurance premium receivable | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
December 31, | $ | 1,298 |  |  | $ | 1,372 |  |  | $ | 1,372 |
Approximately 74% and 78% of gross premiums receivable, net of commissions payable at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the pound sterling and euro. The timing and cumulative amount of actual collections and net earned premiums may differ from those of expected collections and of expected net earned premiums in the table below due to factors such as foreign exchange rate fluctuations, counterparty collectability issues, accelerations, commutations, restructurings, changes in the consumer price index changes in expected lives and new business. Financial Guaranty Insurance Expected Future Premium Collections and Earnings
| As of December 31, 2022
| Future Premiums to be Collected (1) |  | Future Net Premiums to be Earned (2)
| (in millions)
2023 (January 1 - March 31) | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 69 |
2023 (April 1 - June 30) | 32 |  |  | 69 |
2023 (July 1 - September 30) | 25 |  |  | 69 |
2023 (October 1 - December 31) | 29 |  |  | 68 |
Subtotal 2023 | 129 |  |  | 275 |
2024 | 92 |  |  | 260 |
2025 | 90 |  |  | 244 |
2026 | 87 |  |  | 229 |
2027 | 82 |  |  | 214 |
2028-2032 | 348 |  |  | 898 |
2033-2037 | 241 |  |  | 608 |
2038-2042 | 167 |  |  | 370 |
After 2042 | 352 |  |  | 521 |
Total | $ | 1,588 |  |  | 3,619 |
Future accretion |  |  | 293 |
Total future net earned premiums |  |  | $ | 3,912 |
____________________ (1) Net of assumed commissions payable. (2) Net of reinsurance. Selected Information for Financial Guaranty Insurance Policies with Premiums Paid in Installments
| As of December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
| (dollars in millions)
Premiums receivable, net of commissions payable | $ | 1,297 |  | $ | 1,371
Deferred premium revenue | $ | 1,663 |  | $ | 1,663
Weighted-average risk-free rate used to discount premiums | 1.8% |  | 1.6%
Weighted-average period of premiums receivable (in years) | 12.9 |  | 12.7
Policy Acquisition Costs Accounting Policy Policy acquisition costs that are directly related and essential to successful insurance contract acquisition, as well as ceding commission income and expense on ceded and assumed reinsurance contracts, are deferred and reported net. Capitalized policy acquisition costs include the cost of underwriting personnel attributable to successful underwriting efforts. The Company conducts an annual time study, which requires the use of judgement, to estimate the amount of costs to be deferred. Ceding commission expense on assumed reinsurance contracts and ceding commission income on ceded reinsurance contracts that are associated with premiums received in installments are calculated at their contractually defined commission rates, discounted consistent with premiums receivable for all future periods, and included in DAC, with a corresponding offset to net premiums receivable or reinsurance balances payable. DAC is amortized in proportion to net earned premiums. Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs includes the accretion of discount on ceding commission receivable and payable. When an insured obligation is retired early, the remaining related DAC is expensed at that time. Costs incurred for soliciting potential customers, market research, training, administration, unsuccessful acquisition efforts, and product development as well as overhead costs are charged to expense as incurred. Expected losses and LAE, investment income, and the remaining costs of servicing the insured or reinsured business, are considered in determining the recoverability of DAC. Policy Acquisition Costs Roll Forward of Deferred Acquisition Costs
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| (in millions)
Beginning of year | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 111 |
Costs deferred during the period | 30 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 24 |
Costs amortized during the period | (14) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (16) |
December 31, | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 119 |
Losses and Recoveries Accounting Policies Loss and LAE Reserve Loss and LAE reserve reported on the balance sheet relates only to direct and assumed reinsurance contracts that are accounted for as insurance, substantially all of which are financial guaranty insurance contracts. The corresponding reserve ceded to reinsurers is reported as reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and reported in other assets. Any loss and LAE reserves related to FG VIEs are eliminated upon consolidation. Any expected losses to be paid (recovered) on credit derivatives are reflected in the fair value of credit derivatives. Under financial guaranty insurance accounting, the sum of unearned premium reserve and loss and LAE reserve represents the Company’s stand‑ready obligation. At contract inception, the entire stand-ready obligation is represented entirely by unearned premium reserve. Unearned premium reserve is deferred premium revenue, less claim payments (net of recoveries received) that have not yet been recognized in the statement of operations (contra-paid). A loss and LAE reserve for a financial guaranty insurance contract is recorded only to the extent, and for the amount, that expected loss to be paid plus contra-paid (total losses) exceed the deferred premium revenue, on a contract-by-contract basis. As a result, the Company has expected loss to be paid that has not yet been expensed. Such amounts will be recognized in future periods as deferred premium revenue amortizes into income. When a claim or LAE payment is made on a contract, it first reduces any recorded loss and LAE reserve. To the extent there is insufficient loss and LAE reserve on a contract, then such claim payment is recorded as contra-paid, which reduces the unearned premium reserve. The contra-paid is recognized in “loss and loss adjustment expenses (benefit)” in the consolidated statement of operations when and for the amount that total losses exceed the remaining deferred premium revenue on the insurance contract. “Loss and loss adjustment expenses (benefit)” in the consolidated statement of operations is presented net of cessions to reinsurers. Salvage and Subrogation Recoverable When the Company becomes entitled to the cash flow from the underlying collateral of, or other recoveries in relation to, an insured exposure under salvage and subrogation rights as a result of a claim payment or estimated future claim payment, it reduces the expected loss to be paid on the contract. Such reduction in expected loss to be paid can result in one of the following: (i) a reduction in the corresponding loss and LAE reserve with a benefit to the consolidated statement of operations; (ii) no effect on the consolidated balance sheet or statements of operations, if total loss is not in excess of deferred premium revenue; or (iii) the recording of a salvage asset with a benefit to the consolidated statements of operations if the transaction is in a net recovery position at the reporting date. The ceded component of salvage and subrogation recoverable is reported in “other liabilities”. Expected Loss to be Expensed Expected loss to be expensed represents past or expected future financial guaranty insurance net claim payments that have not yet been expensed. Such amounts will be expensed in future periods as deferred premium revenue amortizes into income. Expected loss to be expensed is the Company’s projection of incurred losses that will be recognized in future periods, excluding accretion of discount. Insurance Contracts’ Loss Information Loss reserves and salvage are discounted at risk-free rates for U.S. dollar denominated financial guaranty insurance obligations that ranged from 3.82% to 4.69% with a weighted average of 4.15% as of December 31, 2022, and 0.0% to 1.98% with a weighted average of 1.02% as of December 31, 2021. The following tables provide information on net reserve (salvage), which includes loss and LAE reserves and salvage and subrogation recoverable, both net of reinsurance. Net Reserve (Salvage) by Sector
|  | As of December 31,
Sector |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 60 |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Public finance |  | 72 |  |  | 61 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS |  | (77) |  |  | (24) |
Other structured finance |  | 42 |  |  | 42 |
Structured finance |  | (35) |  |  | 18 |
Total |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 79 |
Components of Net Reserve (Salvage)
| As of December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
| (in millions)
Loss and LAE reserve | $ | 296 |  |  | $ | 869 |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses (1) | (3) |  |  | (5) |
Loss and LAE reserve, net | 293 |  |  | 864 |
Salvage and subrogation recoverable | (257) |  |  | (801) |
Salvage and subrogation reinsurance payable (2) | 1 |  |  | 16 |
Salvage and subrogation recoverable, net | (256) |  |  | (785) |
Net reserve (salvage) | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 79 |
____________________ (1) Reported in “other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets. (2) Reported in “other liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets. The table below provides a reconciliation of net expected loss to be paid (recovered) for financial guaranty insurance contracts to net expected loss to be expensed. Expected loss to be paid (recovered) for financial guaranty insurance contracts differs from expected loss to be expensed due to: (i) the contra-paid, which represents the claim payments made and recoveries received that have not yet been recognized in the statements of operations; (ii) salvage and subrogation recoverable for transactions that are in a net recovery position where the Company has not yet received recoveries on claims previously paid (and therefore recognized in income but not yet received); and (iii) loss reserves that have already been established (and therefore expensed but not yet paid). Reconciliation of Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) to Net Expected Loss to be Expensed Financial Guaranty Insurance Contracts
| As of December 31, 2022
| (in millions)
Net expected loss to be paid (recovered) - financial guaranty insurance | $ | 201 |
Contra-paid, net | 23 |
Salvage and subrogation recoverable, net | 256 |
Loss and LAE reserve - financial guaranty insurance contracts, net of reinsurance | (289) |
Net expected loss to be expensed (present value) | $ | 191 |
The following table provides a schedule of the expected timing of net expected losses to be expensed. The amount and timing of actual loss and LAE may differ from the estimates shown below due to factors such as accelerations, commutations, changes in expected lives and updates to loss estimates. This table excludes amounts related to FG VIEs, which are eliminated in consolidation. Net Expected Loss to be Expensed Financial Guaranty Insurance Contracts
| As of December 31, 2022
| (in millions)
2023 (January 1 - March 31) | $ | 2 |
2023 (April 1 - June 30) | 2 |
2023 (July 1 - September 30) | 3 |
2023 (October 1 - December 31) | 3 |
Subtotal 2023 | 10 |
2024 | 12 |
2025 | 13 |
2026 | 17 |
2027 | 15 |
2028-2032 | 61 |
2033-2037 | 43 |
2038-2042 | 8 |
After 2042 | 12 |
Net expected loss to be expensed | 191 |
Future accretion | 82 |
Total expected future loss and LAE | $ | 273 |
The following table presents the loss and LAE (benefit) reported in the consolidated statements of operations by sector for insurance contracts. Amounts presented are net of reinsurance. Loss and LAE (Benefit) by Sector
|  | Year Ended December 31,
Sector |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | (146) |  |  | $ | 225 |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | 5 |
Public finance |  | 125 |  |  | (155) |  |  | 230 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS |  | (112) |  |  | (69) |  |  | (34) |
Other structured finance |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 7 |
Structured finance |  | (109) |  |  | (65) |  |  | (27) |
Loss and LAE (benefit) |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | (220) |  |  | $ | 203 |
In each of the years presented, the primary component of U.S. public finance loss and LAE (benefit) was Puerto Rico exposures. The following tables provide information on financial guaranty insurance contracts categorized as BIG. Financial Guaranty Insurance BIG Transaction Loss Summary As of December 31, 2022
| Gross |  | Net Total BIG
| BIG 1 |  | BIG 2 |  | BIG 3 |  | Total BIG |
| (dollars in millions)
Number of risks (1) | 122 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 247 |
Remaining weighted-average period (in years) | 11.3 |  | 8.7 |  | 7.6 |  | 9.8 |  | 9.8
Outstanding exposure: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Par | $ | 3,363 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 2,318 |  |  | $ | 5,852 |  |  | $ | 5,835 |
Interest | 2,177 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 894 |  |  | 3,148 |  |  | 3,144 |
Total (2) | $ | 5,540 |  |  | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | 3,212 |  |  | $ | 9,000 |  |  | $ | 8,979 |
Expected cash outflows (inflows) | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | 1,771 |  |  | $ | 2,020 |  |  | $ | 2,008 |
Potential recoveries (3) | (294) |  |  | (79) |  |  | (1,364) |  |  | (1,737) |  |  | (1,725) |
Subtotal | (166) |  |  | 42 |  |  | 407 |  |  | 283 |  |  | 283 |
Discount | 35 |  |  | (13) |  |  | (104) |  |  | (82) |  |  | (82) |
Expected losses to be paid (recovered) | $ | (131) |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 303 |  |  | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | 201 |
Deferred premium revenue | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 345 |
Reserves (salvage) | $ | (174) |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 33 |
Financial Guaranty Insurance BIG Transaction Loss Summary As of December 31, 2021
| Gross |  | Net Total BIG
| BIG 1 |  | BIG 2 |  | BIG 3 |  | Total BIG |
| (dollars in millions)
Number of risks (1) | 117 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 262 |
Remaining weighted-average period (in years) | 7.6 |  | 8.9 |  | 8.9 |  | 8.5 |  | 8.5
Outstanding exposure: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Par | $ | 2,437 |  |  | $ | 177 |  |  | $ | 4,745 |  |  | $ | 7,359 |  |  | $ | 7,293 |
Interest | 1,000 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 1,942 |  |  | 2,978 |  |  | 2,962 |
Total (2) | $ | 3,437 |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 6,687 |  |  | $ | 10,337 |  |  | $ | 10,255 |
Expected cash outflows (inflows) | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 4,820 |  |  | $ | 4,971 |  |  | $ | 4,918 |
Potential recoveries (3) | (656) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (3,829) |  |  | (4,495) |  |  | (4,430) |
Subtotal | (545) |  |  | 30 |  |  | 991 |  |  | 476 |  |  | 488 |
Discount | 19 |  |  | (3) |  |  | (145) |  |  | (129) |  |  | (129) |
Expected losses to be paid (recovered) | $ | (526) |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 846 |  |  | $ | 347 |  |  | $ | 359 |
Deferred premium revenue | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 350 |  |  | $ | 437 |  |  | $ | 435 |
Reserves (salvage) | $ | (549) |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 584 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 74 |
__________________ (1) A risk represents the aggregate of the financial guaranty policies that share the same revenue source for purposes of making debt service payments. (2)Includes amounts related to FG VIEs. (3)Represents expected inflows from future payments by obligors pursuant to restructuring agreements, settlements, excess spread on any underlying collateral and other estimated recoveries. Potential recoveries also include recoveries on certain investment grade credits, related mainly to exposures that were previously BIG and for which claims have been paid in the past. Reinsurance The Company assumes financial guaranty exposure (Assumed Financial Guaranty Business) from third-party insurers, primarily other monoline financial guaranty companies that currently are in runoff (Legacy Monoline Insurers). The Company’s Assumed Financial Guaranty Business represents $14.0 billion, or approximately 3.8%, of the Company’s total gross financial guaranty insured exposure of $370.2 billion, as measured by insured debt service, as of December 31, 2022. The Company’s assumed reinsurance agreements with the Legacy Monoline Insurers are generally subject to termination at the option of the ceding company: (i) if the Company fails to meet certain financial and regulatory criteria; (ii) if the Company fails to maintain a specified minimum financial strength rating(s); or (iii) upon certain changes of control of the Company. Upon termination due to one of the above events, the Company typically would be required to return to the ceding company unearned premiums (net of ceding commissions) and loss reserves, calculated on a U.S. statutory basis, attributable to the Assumed Financial Guaranty Business (plus in certain cases, an additional required amount), after which the Company would be released from liability with respect to such business. As of December 31, 2022, if each third-party insurer ceding financial guaranty business to any of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries had a right to recapture such business, and chose to exercise such right, the aggregate amounts that AGC and AG Re could be required to pay to all such companies would be approximately $234 million and $34 million, respectively. The Company also assumes specialty business at AGRO. AGRO’s assumed reinsurance agreements in respect of this specialty business generally require it to post collateral for the ceding insurer if AGRO fails to maintain a specified minimum financial strength rating. If S&P Global Ratings, a division of Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (S&P) downgrades AGRO’s financial strength rating (currently “AA”) below “A-”, and A.M. Best Company, Inc. downgrades AGRO’s financial strength rating (currently “A+”) below “A-”, AGRO would be required to post, as of December 31, 2022, up to an estimated $12 million of collateral in respect of its assumed specialty business. The Company cedes portions of its gross insured financial guaranty exposure (Ceded Financial Guaranty Business) to third-party insurers. This Ceded Financial Guaranty Business represents $221 million, or approximately 0.1%, of the Company’s total gross insured exposure of $370.2 billion, as measured by insured debt service, as of December 31, 2022. The Company also cedes $483 million of its $1.7 billion in gross insured specialty business. In 2020, the Company reassumed $336 million in par, including $118 million in net par of Puerto Rico exposures, from its largest remaining legacy third-party financial guaranty reinsurer, resulting in a commutation gain of $38 million. Effect of Reinsurance The following table presents the components of premiums and losses reported in the consolidated statements of operations attributable to the Assumed and Ceded Businesses (both financial guaranty and specialty). Effect of Reinsurance on Premiums Written, Premiums Earned and Loss and LAE (Benefit)
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| (in millions)
Premiums Written: |  |  |  |  |
Direct | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | 453 |
Assumed (1) | (17) |  |  | 22 |  |  | 1 |
Ceded (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Net | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | 467 |
Premiums Earned: |  |  |  |  |
Direct | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | 448 |
Assumed | 28 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 41 |
Ceded | (3) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (4) |
Net | $ | 494 |  |  | $ | 414 |  |  | $ | 485 |
Loss and LAE (benefit): |  |  |  |  |
Direct (3) | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (203) |  |  | $ | 182 |
Assumed | (17) |  |  | 5 |  |  | 24 |
Ceded | 1 |  |  | (22) |  |  | (3) |
Net | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | (220) |  |  | $ | 203 |
____________________ (1) Negative assumed premiums written were due to terminations and changes in expected debt service schedules. (2) Positive ceded premiums written were due to commutations and changes in expected debt service schedules. (3) See Note 4, Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered), for additional information on the economic loss development (benefit).

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