<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2023 Workiva-->
<!--r:dff9d5e9-9cb2-4921-9b78-d65085739ddf,g:4a087554-acaf-48f2-9436-9f809b0a9ac1-->
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:ago="http://www.assuredguaranty.com/20231101" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:dtr-types1="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2020-01-21" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://www.assuredguaranty.com/20231101">
  <xs:import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2023/elts/us-gaap-2023.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xlink-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2020-01-21" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2020-01-21/types.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/exch/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/exch/2023/exch-2023.xsd"/>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="ago-20231101_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="ago-20231101_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="ago-20231101_def.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/definitionLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:roleType id="CoverPageCoverPage" roleURI="http://www.assuredguaranty.com/role/CoverPageCoverPage">
        <link:definition>0000001 - Document - Cover Page Cover Page</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
    </xs:appinfo>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:element id="ago_AssuredGuarantyUSHoldingsInc6125SeniorNotesDue2028Member" abstract="true" name="AssuredGuarantyUSHoldingsInc6125SeniorNotesDue2028Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="ago_AssuredGuarantyUSHoldingsInc3150SeniorNotesDue2031Member" abstract="true" name="AssuredGuarantyUSHoldingsInc3150SeniorNotesDue2031Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="ago_AssuredGuarantyUSHoldingsInc3600SeniorNotesDue2051Member" abstract="true" name="AssuredGuarantyUSHoldingsInc3600SeniorNotesDue2051Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
</xs:schema>
