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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
____________________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q

☒ |  | QUARTERLY REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2024
or

|  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition Period from to
Commission File No. 001-32141
ASSURED GUARANTY LTD.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Bermuda |  | 98-0429991
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. employer identification no.)

30 Woodbourne Avenue
Hamilton HM 08, Bermuda
(Address of principal executive offices)
(441) 279-5700
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class: | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of exchange on which registered
Common Shares | $0.01 par value per share | AGO | New York Stock Exchange
Assured Guaranty US Holdings Inc. 6.125% Senior Notes due 2028 (and the related guarantee of Registrant) | AGO/28 | New York Stock Exchange
Assured Guaranty US Holdings Inc. 3.150% Senior Notes due 2031 (and the related guarantee of Registrant) | AGO/31 | New York Stock Exchange
Assured Guaranty US Holdings Inc. 3.600% Senior Notes due 2051 (and the related guarantee of Registrant) | AGO/51 | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of registrant’s Common Shares ($0.01 par value) outstanding as of August 6, 2024 was 52,635,580 (includes 21,413 unvested restricted shares).

Table of Contents
ASSURED GUARANTY LTD.
INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

|  | Page
PART I | Financial Information | 1
Item 1. | Financial Statements: | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited) for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited) for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 | 6
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 8
| 1. Business and Basis of Presentation | 8
| 2. Segment Information | 10
| 3. Outstanding Exposure | 15
| 4. Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) | 24
| 5. Contracts Accounted for as Insurance | 32
| 6. Contracts Accounted for as Credit Derivatives | 38
| 7. Investments | 40
| 8. Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles | 45
| 9. Fair Value Measurement | 49
| 10. Income Taxes | 62
| 11. Contingencies | 65
| 12. Shareholders’ Equity | 66
| 13. Earnings Per Share | 69
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 70
| Forward Looking Statements | 70
| Available Information | 71
| Overview | 71
| Business | 71
| Economic Environment | 72
| Key Business Strategies | 73
| Executive Summary | 76
| Financial Performance of Assured Guaranty | 77
| Other Matters | 80
| Results of Operations | 80
| Critical Accounting Estimates | 80
| Results of Operations by Segment | 81
| Insurance Segment | 81
| Asset Management Segment | 90
| Corporate | 90
| Other | 90
| Reconciliation to GAAP | 93
| Non-GAAP Financial Measures | 95
| Insured Portfolio | 99
| Liquidity and Capital Resources | 102
| AGL and its U.S. Holding Companies | 102
| Insurance Subsidiaries | 106
| Investment Portfolio | 109
| Lease Obligations | 112
| Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles | 112
| Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows | 113
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 114
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 114
PART II | Other Information | 115
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 115
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 115
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 115
Item 5. | Other Matters | 115
Item 6. | Exhibits | 116
Signatures |  | 117

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)
(dollars in millions except share data)

| As of
| June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |
Investments: |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value, net of allowance for credit loss of $69 and $77 (amortized cost of $6,478 and $6,746) | $ | 6,006 |  |  | $ | 6,307 |
Fixed-maturity securities, trading, at fair value | 221 |  |  | 318 |
Short-term investments, at fair value | 1,717 |  |  | 1,661 |
Other invested assets (includes $4 and $3, at fair value) | 882 |  |  | 829 |
Total investments | 8,826 |  |  | 9,115 |
Cash | 92 |  |  | 97 |
Premiums receivable, net of commissions payable | 1,472 |  |  | 1,468 |
Deferred acquisition costs | 169 |  |  | 161 |
Salvage and subrogation recoverable | 293 |  |  | 298 |
Financial guaranty variable interest entities’ assets (includes $160 and $174, at fair value) | 160 |  |  | 328 |
Assets of consolidated investment vehicles (includes $357 and $331, at fair value) | 378 |  |  | 366 |
Other assets (includes $125 and $123, at fair value) | 698 |  |  | 706 |
Total assets | $ | 12,088 |  |  | $ | 12,539 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Unearned premium reserve | $ | 3,662 |  |  | $ | 3,658 |
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserve | 294 |  |  | 376 |
Long-term debt | 1,696 |  |  | 1,694 |
Credit derivative liabilities, at fair value | 38 |  |  | 53 |
Financial guaranty variable interest entities’ liabilities, at fair value (with recourse $383 and $543, without recourse $10 and $11) | 393 |  |  | 554 |
Other liabilities | 410 |  |  | 439 |
Total liabilities | 6,493 |  |  | 6,774 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 3, 7 and 11) |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |
Common shares ($0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized; 53,185,707 and 56,217,305 shares issued and outstanding) | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Retained earnings | 5,929 |  |  | 6,070 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax of $(75) and $(67) | (392) |  |  | (359) |
Deferred equity compensation | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total shareholders’ equity attributable to Assured Guaranty Ltd. | 5,539 |  |  | 5,713 |
Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 8) | 56 |  |  | 52 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 5,595 |  |  | 5,765 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 12,088 |  |  | $ | 12,539 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
1

Table of Contents
Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)
(dollars in millions except share data)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earned premiums | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 166 |
Net investment income | 81 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 170 |
Asset management fees | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 53 |
Net realized investment gains (losses) | (6) |  |  | (9) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (11) |
Fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives | 6 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 106 |
Fair value gains (losses) on committed capital securities | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (15) |
Fair value gains (losses) on financial guaranty variable interest entities | (1) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (8) |
Fair value gains (losses) on consolidated investment vehicles | 11 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 64 |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) on remeasurement | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 48 |
Fair value gains (losses) on trading securities | 17 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 38 |
Other income (loss) | 9 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 32 |
Total revenues | 202 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 447 |  |  | 643 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expenses (benefit) | (2) |  |  | 55 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 59 |
Interest expense | 23 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 43 |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 6 |
Employee compensation and benefit expenses | 48 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 152 |
Other operating expenses | 41 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 126 |
Total expenses | 113 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 386 |
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in earnings (losses) of investees | 89 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 209 |  |  | 257 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of investees | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 7 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 94 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 264 |
Less: Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 13 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 41 |
Net income (loss) | 81 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 223 |
Less: Noncontrolling interests | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 17 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Assured Guaranty Ltd. | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 206 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.43 |  |  | $ | 2.09 |  |  | $ | 3.38 |  |  | $ | 3.46 |
Diluted | $ | 1.41 |  |  | $ | 2.06 |  |  | $ | 3.31 |  |  | $ | 3.40 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
2

Table of Contents
Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited)
(in millions)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income (loss) | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 223 |
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments with no credit impairment, net of tax provision (benefit) of $(4), $(6), $(9), and $8 | (12) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (41) |  |  | 59 |
Investments with credit impairment, net of tax provision (benefit) of $1, $(3), $1 and $(2) | 7 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 8 |  |  | (5) |
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on investments | (5) |  |  | (40) |  |  | (33) |  |  | 54 |
Change in instrument-specific credit risk on financial guaranty variable interest entities’ liabilities with recourse, net of tax provision (benefit) | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Other, net of tax provision (benefit) | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (5) |  |  | (38) |  |  | (33) |  |  | 57 |
Comprehensive income (loss) | 76 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 280 |
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 17 |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Assured Guaranty Ltd. | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 263 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

Table of Contents
Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
(dollars in millions, except share data)
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024

|  |  |  | Shareholders’ Equity Attributable to Assured Guaranty Ltd. |  |  |  |
| Common Shares Outstanding |  |  | Common Shares Par Value |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Deferred Equity Compensation |  | Total |  | Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests |  | Shareholders’ Equity
As of March 31, 2024 | 55,081,584 |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6,014 |  |  | $ | (387) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,629 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 5,682 |
Net income | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 81 |
Dividends ($0.31 per share) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |
Common shares repurchases | (1,928,328) |  |  |  | — |  |  | (154) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (154) |  |  | — |  |  | (154) |
Share-based compensation | 32,451 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Distributions | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |
As of June 30, 2024 | 53,185,707 |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,929 |  |  | $ | (392) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,539 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 5,595 |

For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023

|  |  |  | Shareholders’ Equity Attributable to Assured Guaranty Ltd. |  |  |  |
| Common Shares Outstanding |  |  | Common Shares Par Value |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Deferred Equity Compensation |  | Total |  | Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests |  | Shareholders’ Equity
As of March 31, 2023 | 59,274,112 |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,638 |  |  | $ | (420) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,220 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 5,415 |
Net income | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 126 |
Dividends ($0.28 per share) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |
Common shares repurchases | (453,942) |  |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |
Share-based compensation | 29,974 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Reclassification to liabilities | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | (16) |
Contributions | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 17 |
Distributions | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18) |  |  | (18) |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38) |  |  | — |  |  | (38) |  |  | — |  |  | (38) |
As of June 30, 2023 | 58,850,144 |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,732 |  |  | $ | (458) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,276 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 5,455 |

4

Table of Contents
Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
(dollars in millions, except share data)
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024

|  |  |  | Shareholders’ Equity Attributable to Assured Guaranty Ltd. |  |  |  |
| Common Shares Outstanding |  |  | Common Shares Par Value |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Deferred Equity Compensation |  | Total |  | Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests |  | Shareholders’ Equity
As of December 31, 2023 | 56,217,305 |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6,070 |  |  | $ | (359) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,713 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 5,765 |
Net income | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 187 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 187 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 194 |
Dividends ($0.62 per share) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (36) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (36) |  |  | — |  |  | (36) |
Common shares repurchases | (3,467,606) |  |  |  | — |  |  | (285) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (285) |  |  | — |  |  | (285) |
Share-based compensation | 436,008 |  |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |
Distributions | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | (3) |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33) |  |  | — |  |  | (33) |  |  | — |  |  | (33) |
As of June 30, 2024 | 53,185,707 |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,929 |  |  | $ | (392) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,539 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 5,595 |

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023

|  |  |  | Shareholders’ Equity Attributable to Assured Guaranty Ltd. |  |  |  |
| Common Shares Outstanding |  |  | Common Shares Par Value |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Deferred Equity Compensation |  | Total |  | Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests |  | Shareholders’ Equity
As of December 31, 2022 | 59,013,040 |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,577 |  |  | $ | (515) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,064 |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | 5,292 |
Net income | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 206 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 206 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 223 |
Dividends ($0.56 per share) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |
Common shares repurchases | (490,311) |  |  |  | — |  |  | (26) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26) |  |  | — |  |  | (26) |
Share-based compensation | 327,415 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Reclassification to liabilities | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | (16) |
Contributions | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 20 |
Distributions | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (70) |  |  | (70) |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 57 |  |  | — |  |  | 57 |  |  | — |  |  | 57 |
As of June 30, 2023 | 58,850,144 |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,732 |  |  | $ | (458) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,276 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 5,455 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
(in millions)

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | 436 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale: |  |  |
Purchases | (607) |  |  | (290) |
Sales | 488 |  |  | 694 |
Maturities and paydowns | 402 |  |  | 298 |
Short-term investments with original maturities of over three months: |  |  |
Purchases | (1) |  |  | (13) |
Sales | — |  |  | 4 |
Maturities and paydowns | 3 |  |  | 15 |
Net sales (purchases) of short-term investments with original maturities of less than three months | (58) |  |  | (845) |
Sales of fixed-maturity securities, trading | 141 |  |  | — |
Paydowns of financial guaranty variable interest entities’ assets | 12 |  |  | 14 |
Purchases of and contributions to other invested assets | (71) |  |  | (15) |
Sales of and return of capital from other invested assets | 33 |  |  | 11 |
Other | (2) |  |  | (1) |
Net cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities | 340 |  |  | (128) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Dividends paid | (36) |  |  | (35) |
Repurchases of common shares | (281) |  |  | (26) |
Net paydowns of financial guaranty variable interest entities’ liabilities | (152) |  |  | (14) |
Other | (28) |  |  | (15) |
Cash flows from consolidated investment vehicles: |  |  |
Repayment of collateralized loan obligations | — |  |  | (1) |
Repayment of warehouse financing debt | — |  |  | (166) |
Borrowing (payment) under credit facilities | — |  |  | (4) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests from consolidated investment vehicles | (3) |  |  | (72) |
Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities | (500) |  |  | (333) |
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes | (1) |  |  | 2 |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | (177) |  |  | (23) |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 286 |  |  | 207 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 184 |

(continued on next page)
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - (Continued)
(in millions)

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Supplemental cash flow information |  |  |
Income taxes paid (received) | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Interest paid on long-term debt | 45 |  |  | 41 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities: |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale, received as salvage | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | 20 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | 20 |
| As of
| June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2023
Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash to the condensed consolidated balance sheets: |  |  |
Cash | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 114 |
Restricted cash (included in other assets) | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Cash and cash equivalents of consolidated investment vehicles (See Note 8) | 15 |  |  | 49 |
Cash (included in assets held for sale) | — |  |  | 20 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of period | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 184 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
1. Business and Basis of Presentation
Business
Assured Guaranty Ltd. (AGL and, together with its subsidiaries, Assured Guaranty or the Company) is a Bermuda-based holding company that provides, through its wholly owned operating subsidiaries, credit protection products to the United States (U.S.) and non-U.S. public finance (including infrastructure) and structured finance markets. Assured Guaranty also participates in the asset management business.
Insurance
Through its insurance subsidiaries, the Company applies its credit underwriting judgment, risk management skills and capital markets experience primarily to offer financial guaranty insurance that protects holders of debt instruments and other monetary obligations from defaults in scheduled payments. If an obligor defaults on a scheduled payment due on an obligation, including a scheduled principal or interest payment (collectively, debt service), the Company is required under its unconditional and irrevocable financial guaranty to pay the amount of the shortfall to the holder of the obligation. The Company markets its financial guaranty insurance directly to issuers and underwriters of public finance and structured finance securities as well as to investors in such obligations. The Company guarantees obligations issued principally in the U.S. and the United Kingdom (U.K.), and also guarantees obligations issued in other countries and regions, including Western Europe. The Company also provides specialty insurance and reinsurance on transactions with risk profiles similar to those of its structured finance exposures written in financial guaranty form.
Asset Management
Until July 1, 2023, the Company served as an investment advisor to primarily collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) and opportunity funds, through Assured Investment Management LLC (AssuredIM LLC) and its investment management affiliates (together with AssuredIM LLC, AssuredIM). Beginning July 1, 2023, the Company participates in the asset management business through its ownership interest in Sound Point Capital Management, LP (Sound Point, LP) and certain of its investment management affiliates (together with Sound Point, LP, Sound Point), as described below.
On July 1, 2023, Assured Guaranty contributed to Sound Point, LP most of its asset management business, other than that conducted by Assured Healthcare Partners LLC (AHP) (AssuredIM Contributed Business), as contemplated by the transaction agreement entered into with Sound Point on April 5, 2023 (Transaction Agreement). Assured Guaranty received, subject to certain potential post-closing adjustments, approximately 30% of the common interests in Sound Point, LP, and certain other interests in Sound Point.
In addition, in accordance with the terms of a letter agreement (Letter Agreement), effective July 1, 2023, Assured Guaranty Municipal Corp. (AGM) and Assured Guaranty Inc. (AG, formerly known as Assured Guaranty Corp., and, together with AGM, the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries) (i) engaged Sound Point as their sole alternative credit manager and (ii) transitioned to Sound Point the management of certain existing alternative investments and related commitments. The Letter Agreement also provides that, within the first two years of Sound Point’s engagement, the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries, including through their investment subsidiary AG Asset Strategies LLC (AGAS), would, subject to regulatory approval, cure terms and other terms of the Letter Agreement, make new investments in funds, other vehicles and separately managed accounts managed by Sound Point which, when aggregated with the alternative investments and commitments transitioned from AssuredIM and any reinvestments (collectively, Sound Point Investments), and investments made by other Assured Guaranty affiliates, will total $1 billion. The Letter Agreement contemplates a long-term investment partnership between Sound Point and Assured Guaranty, whereby the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries have agreed to reinvest all returns of capital from Sound Point Investments for a period of 15 years, until July 1, 2038. Similarly, the Letter Agreement provides for reinvestment by the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries of all gains and dividends from Sound Point Investments for the first two years of Sound Point’s engagement, and reinvestment of half of all such gains and dividends thereafter until July 1, 2033 (the transactions contemplated under the Transaction Agreement and the Letter Agreement, the Sound Point Transaction). On July 1, 2028, the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries may choose to reduce the amounts invested or required to be reinvested in certain Sound Point Investments under the Letter Agreement, subject to adjustment in Assured Guaranty’s portion of its ownership interest in Sound Point. To the extent not required to be reinvested by the Letter Agreement, all proceeds from Sound Point Investments received in accordance with their operative investment documents can be distributed to the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries. See Note 7, Investments.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
In July 2023, Assured Guaranty sold all of its equity interests in AHP, which manages healthcare funds, to an entity owned and controlled by the managing partner of AHP (AHP Transaction). In connection with the AHP Transaction, the Company agreed to remain a strategic investor in certain AHP managed funds, is retaining its portion of carried interest in certain AHP managed funds, and received other consideration.
Upon closing of the Sound Point Transaction and the AHP Transaction, the Company deconsolidated most of the corresponding AssuredIM entities (which had previously been classified as held for sale) and reported an investment in Sound Point that is accounted for under the equity method. In connection with the Sound Point Transaction and AHP Transaction, the Company reevaluated its consolidation conclusion for each consolidated investment vehicle (CIV) and deconsolidated all but three CIVs. See Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles. After the Sound Point Transaction and AHP Transaction, the Company continues to consolidate the general partner of a fund that Sound Point now manages and reports any performance fees in “other income.”
Prior to the Sound Point Transaction and AHP Transaction, the Company received management fees, as well as performance fees, incentive allocations or carried interest (collectively referred to as performance fees) in exchange for AssuredIM providing investment advisory services to manage investment funds and CLOs. Prior to the Sound Point Transaction and the AHP Transaction, these fees were reported in “asset management fees” in the condensed consolidated financial statements.
The Company recognized expenses of $24 million and $31 million during the three-month period ended June 30, 2023 (second quarter 2023) and the six-month period ended June 30, 2023, (six months 2023) respectively, associated with the Sound Point Transaction and AHP Transaction.
Assets and Liabilities Held For Sale
The Company designated certain assets and liabilities supporting the Insurance segment as held for sale in the first quarter of 2023. The held for sale assets and liabilities were $28 million (reported in “other assets”) and $2 million (reported in “other liabilities”), respectively, as of June 30, 2024.
Basis of Presentation
The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). In management’s opinion, all material adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company, including its consolidated variable interest entities (VIEs), are reflected in the periods presented and are of a normal, recurring nature. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements are as of June 30, 2024 and cover the three-month period ended June 30, 2024 (second quarter 2024), second quarter 2023, the six-month period ended June 30, 2024 (six months 2024) and six months 2023. Certain financial information that is normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been condensed or omitted. The year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. Certain prior year balances have been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation.
The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of AGL, its direct and indirect subsidiaries, and its consolidated financial guaranty VIEs (FG VIEs) and CIVs. See Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles. Intercompany accounts and transactions between and among all consolidated entities have been eliminated. All amounts are reported in U.S. dollars, unless otherwise specified.
These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
The Company’s principal insurance subsidiaries are:
•AG, domiciled in Maryland;
•Assured Guaranty UK Limited, organized in the U.K.;
•Assured Guaranty (Europe) SA (AGE), organized in France;
•Assured Guaranty Re Ltd. (AG Re), domiciled in Bermuda; and
•Assured Guaranty Re Overseas Ltd. (AGRO), domiciled in Bermuda.
U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries - Stock Redemptions and Merger
In May 2024, the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) approved, and AGM implemented, the redemption of approximately $100 million of its shares of common stock from its parent, Assured Guaranty Municipal Holdings Inc. (AGMH). Until August 1, 2024, AGM was a principal insurance subsidiary of the Company.
Effective August 1, 2024, AGM merged with and into AG, with AG as the surviving company. In connection with the merger, the Maryland Insurance Administration (MIA) approved, and on August 5, 2024 AG implemented, the redemption of approximately $300 million of its shares of common stock from its parent, AGMH, in exchange for cash of $172 million and the remainder in alternative investments.
The merger transaction is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial condition.
Investment Subsidiary and U.S. Holding Companies
AG owns (and until August 1, 2024 AG and AGM jointly owned) an investment subsidiary, AGAS, which invests in funds managed by Sound Point, AHP, and, prior to July 1, 2023, AssuredIM (Sound Point and AHP funds, some of which were formerly known as AssuredIM funds).
AGL directly or indirectly owns several holding companies, two of which - Assured Guaranty US Holdings Inc. (AGUS) and AGMH (collectively the U.S. Holding Companies) - have public debt outstanding.
Recent Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU require disclosure of significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM), extend certain annual disclosures to interim periods, and permit more than one measure of segment profit or loss to be reported under certain conditions. This ASU is effective in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company will adopt this ASU during the fourth quarter of 2024 and apply its amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented in its consolidated financial statements.
In December 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments require enhanced annual disclosures regarding the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company will apply the amendments in this ASU prospectively to all annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The adoption of this ASU will affect certain of the Company’s income tax disclosures.
2. Segment Information
The Company reports its results of operations in two segments: Insurance and Asset Management. The Company separately reports the results of its Corporate division and the effects of consolidating FG VIEs and CIVs. This presentation is consistent with the manner in which the Company’s CODM reviews the business to assess performance and allocate resources.
The Insurance segment primarily consists of: (i) the Company’s insurance subsidiaries; and (ii) AGAS. Prior to July 1, 2023, the Asset Management segment consisted of AssuredIM, which provided asset management services to third-party investors, as well as to AG, AGM and AGAS. Since July 2023, the Company participates in the asset management business through its ownership interest in Sound Point as described in Note 1, Business and Basis of Presentation. Beginning in the third
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
quarter of 2023, the Asset Management segment primarily includes the results of the Company’s equity method investment in Sound Point.
The Corporate division primarily consists of: (i) interest expense and any losses on the extinguishment of the U.S. Holding Companies’ debt; and (ii) other corporate operating expenses of AGL and the U.S. Holding Companies.
The Other category in the tables below primarily includes the effect of consolidating FG VIEs, CIVs, intersegment eliminations and, prior to July 1, 2023, the reclassification of reimbursable fund expenses. See Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
The segment results differ from the consolidated financial statements in certain respects. The Insurance segment includes: (i) premiums and losses from the financial guaranty insurance policies issued by the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries that guarantee the FG VIEs’ debt; and (ii) the insurance segment’s share of earnings from investments in funds managed by Sound Point (prior to July 1, 2023, AssuredIM) and AHP funds in “equity in earnings (losses) of investees.” Under GAAP, (i) FG VIEs are consolidated by the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries and the premiums and losses/recoveries associated with the financial guaranty policies associated with the FG VIEs’ debt are eliminated (the reconciliation tables below present the FG VIEs and related eliminations in “other”); and (ii) CIVs are consolidated by either AGUS or AGAS (in the reconciliation tables below, the CIVs and related eliminations of the Insurance segment’s “equity in earnings (losses) of investees” associated with AGAS’ ownership interest in CIVs are presented in “other”). Until July 1, 2023, under GAAP, reimbursable fund expenses were shown as a component of asset management fees and included in total revenues, whereas in the Asset Management segment in the tables below these expenses were netted in “segment expenses.”
The Company analyzes the operating performance of each segment using “segment adjusted operating income (loss).” Results for each segment include specifically identifiable expenses as well as intersegment expense allocations, as applicable, based on time studies and other cost allocation methodologies based on headcount or other metrics. Segment adjusted operating income is defined as “net income (loss) attributable to AGL,” adjusted for the following items, which primarily affect the Insurance segment and Corporate division:
•Elimination of realized gains (losses) on the Company’s investments, except for gains and losses on securities classified as trading.
•Elimination of non-credit impairment-related unrealized fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives that are recognized in net income, which is the amount of unrealized fair value gains (losses) in excess of the present value of the expected estimated economic credit losses, and non-economic payments.
•Elimination of fair value gains (losses) on the Company’s committed capital securities (CCS) that are recognized in net income.
•Elimination of foreign exchange gains (losses) on remeasurement of net premium receivables and loss and loss adjustment expense (LAE) reserves that are recognized in net income.
•The tax effects related to the above adjustments, which are determined by applying the statutory tax rate in each of the jurisdictions that generate these adjustments.
The Company does not report assets by reportable segment as the CODM does not assess performance and allocate resources based on assets.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
The following table presents information for the Company’s operating segments. Intersegment revenues include transactions between and among the segments, the Corporate division and other.
Segment Information

|  | Second Quarter
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | Insurance |  | Asset Management |  | Insurance |  | Asset Management
|  | (in millions)
Third-party revenues |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | 19 |
Intersegment revenues |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 11 |
Segment revenues |  | 189 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 224 |  |  | 30 |
Segment expenses |  | 70 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 33 |
Segment equity in earnings (losses) of investees |  | 15 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Less: Segment provision (benefit) for income taxes |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | (1) |
Segment adjusted operating income (loss) |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | (2) |

|  | Six Months
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | Insurance |  | Asset Management |  | Insurance |  | Asset Management
|  | (in millions)
Third-party revenues |  | $ | 413 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 409 |  |  | $ | 44 |
Intersegment revenues |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 27 |
Segment revenues |  | 418 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 414 |  |  | 71 |
Segment expenses |  | 155 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 75 |
Segment equity in earnings (losses) of investees |  | 55 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |
Less: Segment provision (benefit) for income taxes |  | 53 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 37 |  |  | (1) |
Segment adjusted operating income (loss) |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | (3) |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
The tables below present a reconciliation of significant components of segment information to the comparable consolidated amounts.
Reconciliation of Segment Information to Consolidated Information
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024

|  |  |  |  | Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Investees |  | Less: |  | Net Income (Loss) Attributable to AGL
| Revenues |  | Expenses |  |  | Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes |  | Noncontrolling Interests |
| (in millions)
Segments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 116 |
Asset Management | 7 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total segments | 196 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 116 |
Corporate division | 4 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |
Other | 4 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (1) |
Subtotal | 204 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 80 |
Reconciling items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on investments | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |
Non-credit impairment-related unrealized fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Fair value gains (losses) on CCS | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) on remeasurement of premiums receivable and loss and LAE reserves | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax effect | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total consolidated | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 78 |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Reconciliation of Segment Information to Consolidated Information
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023

|  |  |  |  | Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Investees |  | Less: |  | Net Income (Loss) Attributable to AGL
| Revenues |  | Expenses |  |  | Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes |  | Noncontrolling Interests |
| (in millions)
Segments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance | $ | 224 |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 106 |
Asset Management | 30 |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |
Total segments | 254 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |
Corporate division | 2 |  |  | 60 |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | (50) |
Other | (3) |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (18) |
Subtotal | 253 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 36 |
Reconciling items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on investments | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |
Non-credit impairment-related unrealized fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives | 89 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |
Fair value gains (losses) on CCS | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) on remeasurement of premiums receivable and loss and LAE reserves | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |
Tax effect | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | (19) |
Total consolidated | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 125 |

Reconciliation of Segment Information to Consolidated Information
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024

|  |  |  |  | Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Investees |  | Less: |  | Net Income (Loss) Attributable to AGL
| Revenues |  | Expenses |  |  | Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes |  | Noncontrolling Interests |
| (in millions)
Segments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance | $ | 418 |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 265 |
Asset Management | 8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total segments | 426 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | 266 |
Corporate division | 9 |  |  | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | (72) |
Other | 20 |  |  | (10) |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | (1) |
Subtotal | 455 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 193 |
Reconciling items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on investments | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Non-credit impairment-related unrealized fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives | 11 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Fair value gains (losses) on CCS | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) on remeasurement of premiums receivable and loss and LAE reserves | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |
Tax effect | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total consolidated | $ | 447 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 187 |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Reconciliation of Segment Information to Consolidated Information
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023

|  |  |  |  | Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Investees |  | Less: |  | Net Income (Loss) Attributable to AGL
| Revenues |  | Expenses |  |  | Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes |  | Noncontrolling Interests |
| (in millions)
Segments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance | $ | 414 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 223 |
Asset Management | 71 |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Total segments | 485 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | 220 |
Corporate division | 4 |  |  | 108 |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | (94) |
Other | 32 |  |  | 15 |  |  | (28) |  |  | (6) |  |  | 17 |  |  | (22) |
Subtotal | 521 |  |  | 387 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 104 |
Reconciling items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on investments | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |
Non-credit impairment-related unrealized fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives | 102 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |
Fair value gains (losses) on CCS | (15) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15) |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) on remeasurement of premiums receivable and loss and LAE reserves | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |
Tax effect | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | (21) |
Total consolidated | $ | 643 |  |  | $ | 386 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 206 |

3. Outstanding Exposure
The Company sells credit protection primarily in financial guaranty insurance form. The Company may also sell credit protection by issuing policies that guarantee payment obligations under credit default swaps (CDS). The Company’s guaranties of CDS are generally structured such that the circumstances giving rise to the Company’s obligation to make loss payments are similar to those for its financial guaranty insurance contracts.
The Company seeks to limit its exposure to losses by underwriting obligations that it views to be investment grade at inception, although on occasion it may underwrite new issuances that it views to be below-investment-grade (BIG), typically as part of its loss mitigation strategy for existing troubled exposures. The Company also seeks to acquire portfolios of insurance from financial guarantors that are no longer writing new business by acquiring such companies, providing reinsurance on, or novating, a portfolio of insurance; in such instances, it evaluates the risk characteristics of the target portfolio, which may include some BIG exposures, as a whole in the context of the proposed transaction. The Company diversifies its insured portfolio across sector and geography and, in the structured finance portfolio, generally requires subordination or collateral to protect it from loss. Reinsurance may be used in order to reduce net exposure to certain insured transactions.
Public finance obligations insured by the Company primarily consist of general obligation bonds supported by the taxing powers of U.S. state or municipal governmental authorities, as well as tax-supported bonds, revenue bonds and other obligations supported by covenants from state or municipal governmental authorities or other municipal obligors to impose and collect fees and charges for public services or specific infrastructure projects. The Company includes within public finance obligations those obligations backed by the cash flow from leases or other revenues from projects serving substantial public purposes, including utilities, toll roads, healthcare facilities and government office buildings as well as obligations issued by U.S. and non-U.S. sovereign and sub-sovereign issuers and governmental authorities.
Structured finance obligations insured by the Company are generally issued by special purpose entities, including VIEs, and backed by pools of assets having an ascertainable cash flow or market value or other specialized financial obligations. Some of these VIEs are consolidated as described in Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles. Unless otherwise specified, the outstanding par and debt service amounts presented in this note include outstanding exposures on these VIEs whether or not they are consolidated.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
The Company also provides specialty insurance and reinsurance on transactions with risk profiles similar to those of its structured finance exposures written in financial guaranty form.
Surveillance Categories
The Company segregates its insured portfolio into investment grade and BIG surveillance categories to facilitate the appropriate allocation of resources to monitoring and loss mitigation efforts and to aid in establishing the appropriate cycle for periodic review of each exposure. BIG exposures include all exposures with internal credit ratings below BBB-.
The Company’s internal credit ratings are based on internal assessments of the likelihood of default and loss severity in the event of default. Internal credit ratings are expressed on a ratings scale similar to that used by the rating agencies and generally reflect an approach similar to that employed by the rating agencies, except that the Company’s internal credit ratings focus on future performance rather than lifetime performance.
The Company monitors its insured portfolio and refreshes its internal credit ratings on individual exposures in quarterly, semi-annual or annual cycles based on the Company’s view of the exposure’s credit quality, loss potential, volatility and sector. Ratings on exposures in sectors identified as under the most stress or with the most potential volatility are reviewed every quarter, although the Company may also review a rating in response to developments impacting a credit when a ratings review is not scheduled. For assumed exposures, the Company may use the ceding company’s credit ratings of transactions where it is impractical for it to assign its own rating.
Exposures identified as BIG are subjected to further review to determine the probability of a loss. See Note 4, Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered). Surveillance personnel then assign each BIG transaction to one of the three BIG surveillance categories described below based upon whether a future loss is expected and whether a claim has been paid. The Company uses the pre-tax book yield of the relevant subsidiary’s investment portfolio to calculate the present value of projected payments and recoveries and determine whether a future loss is expected in order to assign the appropriate BIG surveillance category to a transaction. For financial statement measurement purposes, the Company uses risk-free rates, which are determined each quarter, to calculate the expected loss.
More extensive monitoring and intervention are employed for all BIG surveillance categories, with internal credit ratings reviewed quarterly. For purposes of determining the appropriate surveillance category, the Company expects “future losses” on a transaction when the Company believes there is at least a 50% chance that, on a present value basis, it will in the future pay claims on that transaction that will not be fully reimbursed. The three BIG surveillance categories are:
•BIG 1: Below-investment-grade transactions showing sufficient deterioration to make future losses possible, but for which none are currently expected.
•BIG 2: Below-investment-grade transactions for which future losses are expected but for which no claims (other than liquidity claims, which are claims that the Company expects to be reimbursed within one year) have yet been paid.
•BIG 3: Below-investment-grade transactions for which future losses are expected and on which claims (other than liquidity claims) have been paid.
Financial Guaranty Exposure
The Company measures its financial guaranty exposure in terms of (i) gross and net par outstanding and (ii) gross and net debt service.
The Company typically guarantees the payment of debt service when due. Since most of these payments are due in the future, the Company generally uses gross and net par outstanding as a proxy for its financial guaranty exposure. Gross par outstanding generally represents the principal amount of the insured obligation at a point in time. Net par outstanding equals gross par outstanding net of any reinsurance. The Company includes in its par outstanding calculation the impact of any consumer price index inflator to the reporting date as well as, in the case of accreting (zero-coupon) obligations, accretion to the reporting date. Non-U.S. dollar denominated par outstanding is translated at the spot rate at the end of the reporting period.
The Company has, from time to time, purchased securities that it has insured, and for which it had expected losses to be paid, in order to mitigate the economic effect of insured losses (Loss Mitigation Securities). The Company excludes amounts attributable to Loss Mitigation Securities from par and debt service outstanding and instead reports Loss Mitigation Securities
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
in the investment portfolio. The Company manages such securities as investments and not insurance exposure. As of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company excluded net par outstanding of $1.2 billion attributable to Loss Mitigation Securities.
Gross debt service outstanding represents the sum of all estimated future debt service payments on the insured obligations, on an undiscounted basis. Net debt service outstanding equals gross debt service outstanding net of any reinsurance. Future debt service payments include the estimated impact of any consumer price index inflator after the reporting date as well as, in the case of accreting (zero-coupon) obligations, accretion after the reporting date.
The Company calculates its debt service outstanding as follows:
•for insured obligations that are not supported by homogeneous pools of assets (which category includes most of the Company’s public finance transactions), as the total estimated contractual future debt service due through maturity, regardless of whether the obligations may be called and, in the case of obligations where principal payments are due when an underlying asset makes a principal payment, the Company believes the obligations will be repaid prior to contractual maturity; and
•for insured obligations that are supported by homogeneous pools of assets that are contractually permitted to prepay principal (which category includes, for example, residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS)), as the total estimated expected future debt service due on insured obligations through their respective expected terms, which includes the Company’s expectations as to whether the obligations may be called and, in the case of obligations where principal payments are due when an underlying asset makes a principal payment, when the Company expects principal payments to be made prior to contractual maturity.
The calculation of debt service requires the use of estimates, which the Company updates periodically, including estimates and assumptions for the expected remaining term of insured obligations supported by homogeneous pools of assets, updated interest rates for floating and variable rate insured obligations, behavior of consumer price indices for obligations with consumer price index inflators, foreign exchange rates and other assumptions based on the characteristics of each insured obligation. Debt service is a measure of the estimated maximum potential exposure to insured obligations before considering the Company’s various legal rights to the underlying collateral and other remedies available to it under its financial guaranty contract.
Actual debt service may differ from estimated debt service due to refundings, terminations, negotiated restructurings, prepayments, changes in interest rates on variable rate insured obligations, consumer price index behavior differing from that projected, changes in foreign exchange rates on non-U.S. dollar denominated insured obligations and other factors.
Financial Guaranty Portfolio
Debt Service and Par Outstanding

| As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
| Gross |  | Net |  | Gross |  | Net
| (in millions)
Debt Service |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public finance | $ | 393,346 |  |  | $ | 393,272 |  |  | $ | 386,494 |  |  | $ | 386,419 |
Structured finance | 11,839 |  |  | 11,413 |  |  | 11,543 |  |  | 11,217 |
Total financial guaranty | $ | 405,185 |  |  | $ | 404,685 |  |  | $ | 398,037 |  |  | $ | 397,636 |
Par Outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public finance | $ | 244,232 |  |  | $ | 244,176 |  |  | $ | 239,352 |  |  | $ | 239,296 |
Structured finance | 10,646 |  |  | 10,220 |  |  | 10,183 |  |  | 9,857 |
Total financial guaranty | $ | 254,878 |  |  | $ | 254,396 |  |  | $ | 249,535 |  |  | $ | 249,153 |

In addition to amounts shown in the table above, the Company had outstanding commitments to provide guaranties of $1.1 billion of public finance gross par and $1.6 billion of structured finance gross par as of June 30, 2024. These commitments are contingent on the satisfaction of all conditions set forth in the guaranties and may expire unused or be canceled at the counterparty’s request. Therefore, the total commitment amount does not necessarily reflect actual future guaranteed amounts.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Also, in connection with a potential transaction that would accelerate the run-off of the insured portfolio of Financial Guaranty Insurance Company (FGIC) (the Proposed Transaction) pursuant to the First Amended Plan of Rehabilitation for FGIC, dated June 4, 2013, the Company and FGIC are parties to a novation agreement dated as of February 8, 2024 (the Agreement) pursuant to which certain FGIC policies insuring approximately $353 million of public finance (including infrastructure) gross par and approximately $50 million of structured finance gross par as of December 31, 2023 may in the future be novated to the Company in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Agreement. The Proposed Transaction, including the novation of certain FGIC policies to the Company, is subject in all respects to review and approval by NYDFS, the reopening of FGIC’s rehabilitation proceeding, and ultimate approval by the Supreme Court of the State of New York. In the event the Proposed Transaction does not occur on or prior to September 30, 2025, either the Company or FGIC has the right to terminate the Agreement in accordance with its terms.
Financial Guaranty Portfolio by Internal Rating
As of June 30, 2024

|  | Public Finance U.S. |  | Public Finance Non-U.S. |  | Structured Finance U.S |  | Structured Finance Non-U.S |  | Total
Rating Category |  | Net Par Outstanding |  | % |  | Net Par Outstanding |  | % |  | Net Par Outstanding |  | % |  | Net Par Outstanding |  | % |  | Net Par Outstanding |  | %
|  | (dollars in millions)
AAA |  | $ | 27 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 2,066 |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | $ | 682 |  |  | 7.8 | % |  | $ | 445 |  |  | 30.5 | % |  | $ | 3,220 |  |  | 1.2 | %
AA |  | 18,100 |  |  | 9.3 |  |  | 3,164 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 5,623 |  |  | 64.2 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 26,961 |  |  | 10.6 |
A |  | 106,415 |  |  | 54.7 |  |  | 13,437 |  |  | 27.1 |  |  | 902 |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | 853 |  |  | 58.4 |  |  | 121,607 |  |  | 47.8 |
BBB |  | 66,561 |  |  | 34.2 |  |  | 29,831 |  |  | 60.2 |  |  | 625 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 97,106 |  |  | 38.2 |
BIG |  | 3,490 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 1,085 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 927 |  |  | 10.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,502 |  |  | 2.2 |
Total net par outstanding |  | $ | 194,593 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 49,583 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 8,759 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,461 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 254,396 |  |  | 100.0 | %

Financial Guaranty Portfolio by Internal Rating
As of December 31, 2023

|  | Public Finance U.S. |  | Public Finance Non-U.S. |  | Structured Finance U.S |  | Structured Finance Non-U.S |  | Total
Rating Category |  | Net Par Outstanding |  | % |  | Net Par Outstanding |  | % |  | Net Par Outstanding |  | % |  | Net Par Outstanding |  | % |  | Net Par Outstanding |  | %
|  | (dollars in millions)
AAA |  | $ | 110 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | $ | 2,062 |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | $ | 867 |  |  | 10.0 | % |  | $ | 465 |  |  | 38.0 | % |  | $ | 3,504 |  |  | 1.4 | %
AA |  | 17,883 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | 3,379 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 4,517 |  |  | 52.3 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | 25,868 |  |  | 10.4 |
A |  | 102,945 |  |  | 54.1 |  |  | 12,968 |  |  | 26.5 |  |  | 1,639 |  |  | 19.0 |  |  | 571 |  |  | 46.6 |  |  | 118,123 |  |  | 47.4 |
BBB |  | 66,080 |  |  | 34.7 |  |  | 29,467 |  |  | 60.1 |  |  | 574 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | 96,221 |  |  | 38.6 |
BIG |  | 3,271 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 1,131 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 1,035 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,437 |  |  | 2.2 |
Total net par outstanding |  | $ | 190,289 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 49,007 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 8,632 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,225 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 249,153 |  |  | 100.0 | %

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Financial Guaranty Portfolio
Components of BIG Net Par Outstanding
As of June 30, 2024

| BIG Net Par Outstanding |  | Net Par
| BIG 1 |  | BIG 2 |  | BIG 3 |  | Total BIG |  | Outstanding
|  |  |  |  | (in millions) |  |  |  |
Public finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance | $ | 1,594 |  |  | $ | 952 |  |  | $ | 944 |  |  | $ | 3,490 |  |  | 194,593 |
Non-U.S. public finance | 560 |  |  | 525 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,085 |  |  | 49,583 |
Public finance | 2,154 |  |  | 1,477 |  |  | 944 |  |  | 4,575 |  |  | 244,176 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS | 16 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 800 |  |  | 845 |  |  | 1,585 |
Other structured finance | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 8,635 |
Structured finance | 16 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 859 |  |  | 927 |  |  | 10,220 |
Total | $ | 2,170 |  |  | $ | 1,529 |  |  | $ | 1,803 |  |  | $ | 5,502 |  |  | $ | 254,396 |

Financial Guaranty Portfolio
Components of BIG Net Par Outstanding
As of December 31, 2023

| BIG Net Par Outstanding |  | Net Par
| BIG 1 |  | BIG 2 |  | BIG 3 |  | Total BIG |  | Outstanding
|  |  |  |  | (in millions) |  |  |  |
Public finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance | $ | 1,257 |  |  | $ | 926 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |  |  | $ | 3,271 |  |  | $ | 190,289 |
Non-U.S. public finance | 1,131 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,131 |  |  | 49,007 |
Public finance | 2,388 |  |  | 926 |  |  | 1,088 |  |  | 4,402 |  |  | 239,296 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS | 22 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 883 |  |  | 941 |  |  | 1,774 |
Other structured finance | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 8,083 |
Structured finance | 22 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 950 |  |  | 1,035 |  |  | 9,857 |
Total | $ | 2,410 |  |  | $ | 989 |  |  | $ | 2,038 |  |  | $ | 5,437 |  |  | $ | 249,153 |

Financial Guaranty Portfolio
BIG Net Par Outstanding and Number of Risks
As of June 30, 2024

|  | Net Par Outstanding |  | Number of Risks (2)
Description |  | Financial Guaranty Insurance (1) |  | Credit Derivatives |  | Total |  | Financial Guaranty Insurance (1) |  | Credit Derivatives |  | Total
|  | (dollars in millions)
BIG 1 |  | $ | 2,159 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 2,170 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 91 |
BIG 2 |  | 1,526 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,529 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 15 |
BIG 3 |  | 1,783 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 1,803 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 113 |
Total BIG |  | $ | 5,468 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 5,502 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 219 |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Financial Guaranty Portfolio
BIG Net Par Outstanding and Number of Risks
As of December 31, 2023

|  | Net Par Outstanding |  | Number of Risks (2)
Description |  | Financial Guaranty Insurance (1) |  | Credit Derivatives |  | Total |  | Financial Guaranty Insurance (1) |  | Credit Derivatives |  | Total
|  | (dollars in millions)
BIG 1 |  | $ | 2,394 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 2,410 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 97 |
BIG 2 |  | 979 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 989 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 15 |
BIG 3 |  | 2,010 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 2,038 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 116 |
Total BIG |  | $ | 5,383 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 5,437 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 228 |

_____________________
(1) Includes FG VIEs.
(2) A risk represents the aggregate of the financial guaranty policies that share the same revenue source for purposes of making debt service payments.
Exposure to Puerto Rico
All of the Company’s insured exposure to various authorities and public corporations of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico or the Commonwealth) is rated BIG. As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s only remaining outstanding insured Puerto Rico exposure subject to a payment default was the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA).
Puerto Rico Par and Debt Service Schedules
The following tables show the Company’s insured exposure to various authorities and public corporations of Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico
Gross Par and Gross Debt Service Outstanding

| Gross Par Outstanding |  | Gross Debt Service Outstanding
| As of |  | As of
| June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (in millions)
Exposure to Puerto Rico | $ | 976 |  |  | $ | 1,120 |  |  | $ | 1,268 |  |  | $ | 1,526 |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Puerto Rico
Net Par Outstanding

| As of
| June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (in millions)
Defaulted Puerto Rico Exposures |  |  |
PREPA | $ | 624 |  |  | $ | 624 |
Total Defaulted | 624 |  |  | 624 |
Resolved Puerto Rico Exposures (1) |  |  |
Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority (PRHTA) (Transportation revenue) | 204 |  |  | 244 |
PRHTA (Highway revenue) | 24 |  |  | 128 |
Total Resolved | 228 |  |  | 372 |
Non-Defaulting Puerto Rico Exposures (2) |  |  |
Municipal Finance Agency (MFA) | 108 |  |  | 108 |
Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA) and University of Puerto Rico (U of PR) | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total Non-Defaulting | 109 |  |  | 109 |
Total net exposure to Puerto Rico | $ | 961 |  |  | $ | 1,105 |

____________________
(1) Resolved pursuant to the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions (as defined below). All of the Toll Bonds (as defined below) received from the PRHTA under the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions for the insured PRHTA bonds have been sold or redeemed; therefore, the remaining amounts owed for the insured PRHTA bonds are payable in full by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries under their financial guaranty policies and are no longer dependent on the credit of the PRHTA. See Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
(2) All debt service on these insured exposures have been paid to date without any insurance claim being made on the Company.
The following table shows the scheduled amortization of the obligations of the Puerto Rico authorities and public corporations that the Company insures. The Company guarantees payment of interest and principal when those amounts are scheduled to be paid and cannot be required to pay on an accelerated basis, although in certain circumstances it may elect to do so. In the event that obligors default on their obligations, the Company would only be required to pay the shortfall between the debt service due in any given period and the amount paid by the obligors.
Amortization Schedule of Puerto Rico
Net Par Outstanding and Net Debt Service Outstanding
As of June 30, 2024

| Scheduled Net Par Amortization |  | Scheduled Net Debt Service Amortization
| (in millions)
2024 (July 1 - September 30) | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 131 |
2024 (October 1 - December 31) | — |  |  | 3 |
Subtotal 2024 | 110 |  |  | 134 |
2025 | 84 |  |  | 124 |
2026 | 140 |  |  | 177 |
2027 | 120 |  |  | 151 |
2028 | 81 |  |  | 106 |
2029-2033 | 197 |  |  | 282 |
2034-2038 | 132 |  |  | 170 |
2039-2041 | 97 |  |  | 106 |
Total | $ | 961 |  |  | $ | 1,250 |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
PREPA
As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s net par outstanding on insured PREPA obligations was $624 million. The PREPA bonds are secured by a lien on the net revenues of the electric system.
The default of PREPA’s obligations has been the subject of restructuring negotiations, mediation and litigation since 2014. On April 8, 2022, the United States District Court of the District of Puerto Rico (Federal District Court of Puerto Rico) issued an order appointing three U.S. Bankruptcy Judges as members of a PREPA mediation team. The Federal District Court of Puerto Rico also entered a separate order establishing the terms and conditions of mediation. The Financial Oversight and Management Board (the FOMB) which was established under the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA) filed an initial plan of adjustment and disclosure statement for PREPA with the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico on December 16, 2022.
On March 22, 2023, the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico held that the PREPA bondholders had perfected liens only in revenues that had been deposited in the sinking fund established under the PREPA trust agreement and related funds over which the bond trustee had control but did not have a lien on future revenues until deposited in those funds. The Federal District Court of Puerto Rico also held, however, that PREPA bondholders do have recourse under the PREPA trust agreement in the form of an unsecured net revenue claim. At that time, the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico declined to value the unsecured net revenue claim or the method for its determination. The ultimate value of the claim, according to the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico, should be determined through a claim estimation proceeding.
On June 26, 2023 the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico issued an opinion and order estimating the unsecured net revenue claim to be $2.4 billion as of July 3, 2017. Subject to their appeal of the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico’s ruling on the scope of lien, PREPA bondholders had sought an unsecured net revenue claim of approximately $8.5 billion.
On November 17, 2023, the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico approved the supplemental disclosure statement (Supplemental Disclosure Statement) supporting the PREPA plan of adjustment filed by the FOMB (as amended or modified from time to time). On February 16, 2024, FOMB filed with the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico its most recent plan of adjustment for PREPA, the Modified Fourth Amended Title III Plan of Adjustment (FOMB PREPA Plan). The Supplemental Disclosure Statement and the FOMB PREPA Plan are based on the last revised PREPA fiscal plan certified by the FOMB on June 23, 2023. The confirmation hearing for the FOMB PREPA Plan occurred in March 2024. At the end of the hearing, the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico stated that it was taking the confirmation of the FOMB PREPA Plan under advisement and gave no indication of timing for an opinion or order.
On November 28, 2023, the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico finally adjudicated all claims and counterclaims in the PREPA lien challenge adversary proceeding. On November 30, 2023, the Company filed a notice of appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (First Circuit) for portions of the March 22, 2023 decision, including the lien scope ruling and the need for a claim estimation proceeding, as well as the June 26, 2023 claim estimation ruling. On January 29, 2024, the First Circuit heard oral arguments for the Company’s appeals. On June 12, 2024, the First Circuit issued its opinion on the appeal, holding that bondholders have a claim against PREPA for the full principal amount of the bonds, plus matured interest, that there was no need for a claim estimation proceeding because the PREPA bonds specify the amount that PREPA legally owes bondholders, and that the claim is secured by PREPA’s net revenues, including future net revenues. On July 10, 2024, the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico ordered FOMB and bondholders to resume mediation and instituted a 60-day stay of all FOMB PREPA Plan litigation. The Federal District Court of Puerto Rico most recently extended the term of mediation on July 30, 2024, extending the term to October 31, 2024.
Resolved Puerto Rico Exposures
In 2022, as a result of the resolution of the Company’s exposure to insured Puerto Rico credits experiencing payment default other than PREPA (2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions), the Company received cash, new general obligation bonds (New GO Bonds), new bonds backed by toll revenues (Toll Bonds, and together with New GO Bonds, New Recovery Bonds) and contingent value instruments (CVIs). The CVIs are intended to provide creditors with additional recoveries tied to the outperformance of the Puerto Rico 5.5% Sales and Use Tax receipts against May 2020 certified fiscal plan projections, subject to annual and lifetime caps. Cash, New Recovery Bonds and CVIs received pursuant to the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions are collectively referred to as Plan Consideration. As of June 30, 2024, all but $221 million in CVIs (at fair value) had been sold or redeemed. As of June 30, 2024, remaining CVIs are reported in fixed-maturity securities, trading. See Note 7, Investments. The Company may sell in the future any CVIs it continues to hold.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
As of June 30, 2024, the Company had $228 million of insured net par outstanding of legacy PRHTA bonds. This net par outstanding primarily represents the Company’s exposure in respect of legacy insured PRHTA bondholders who elected to receive custody receipts that represent an interest in the legacy insurance policy plus Plan Consideration, as described below. The remaining amounts owed for insured PRHTA bonds are payable in full by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries under their financial guaranty policies and are no longer dependent on the credit of PRHTA. The Company consolidates the trusts in which the PRHTA obligations are reported. See Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
Certain insured bondholders elected to receive custody receipts representing an interest in custodial trusts that hold the legacy insurance policy plus Plan Consideration that were reported in FG VIEs’ assets at the time of the receipt. The Company’s insurance policy continues to guarantee principal and interest coming due on the legacy insured bonds in accordance with the terms of such insurance policy on the originally scheduled legacy bond interest and principal payment dates.
Non-Defaulting Puerto Rico Exposures
As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $109 million of remaining non-defaulting Puerto Rico net par outstanding related primarily to the MFA. The MFA exposures are secured by a lien on local tax revenues and remain current on debt service payments.
Puerto Rico Litigation
Currently, there are numerous legal actions relating to the default by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and certain of its instrumentalities on debt service payments, and related matters, and the Company is a party to a number of them. The Company has taken legal action, and may take additional legal action in the future, to enforce its rights with respect to the remaining Puerto Rico obligations it still insures. In addition, the Commonwealth, the FOMB and others have taken legal action naming the Company as party.
Certain legal actions involving the Company and relating to the Commonwealth, Puerto Rico Convention Center District Authority, Puerto Rico Infrastructure Financing Authority or PRHTA, were resolved on March 15, 2022, and all remaining legal actions involving the Company and relating to PRHTA were resolved on December 6, 2022, in connection with the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions. There remains one active proceeding related to PREPA, while there are a number of unresolved proceedings involving the Company and relating to the default by the Commonwealth or its instrumentalities that remain stayed pending the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico’s determination on the PREPA plan of adjustment. See Outstanding Exposure, Exposure to Puerto Rico, for a description of the PREPA proceeding.
The unresolved proceedings initiated in the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico involving the Company and relating to the default by the Commonwealth or its instrumentalities that remain stayed pending the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico’s determination on the FOMB PREPA Plan are:
•U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries motion to compel the FOMB to certify the PREPA restructuring support agreement executed in May 2019 (PREPA RSA) for implementation under Title VI of PROMESA.
•U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries motion to dismiss PREPA’s Title III Bankruptcy proceeding or, in the alternative, to lift the PROMESA automatic stay to allow for the appointment of a receiver.
•Adversary complaint by certain fuel line lenders of PREPA against the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries, among other parties, including various PREPA bondholders and bond insurers, seeking, among other things, declarations that there is no valid lien securing the PREPA bonds unless and until such lenders are paid in full, as well as orders subordinating the PREPA bondholders’ lien and claims to such lenders’ claims, and declaring the PREPA RSA null and void.
•U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries motion to intervene in lawsuit by the retirement system for PREPA employees against, among others, the FOMB, PREPA, the Commonwealth, and the trustee for PREPA bondholders seeking, among other things, declarations that there is no valid lien securing the PREPA bonds other than on amounts in the sinking funds, and order subordinating the PREPA bondholders’ lien and claim to the PREPA employees’ claims.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Specialty Business
The Company also guarantees specialty business with risk profiles similar to those of its structured finance exposures written in financial guaranty form.
Specialty Business

|  | As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
|  | Gross Exposure |  | Net Exposure |  | Gross Exposure |  | Net Exposure
|  | (in millions)
Insurance securitizations (1) |  | $ | 1,430 |  |  | $ | 1,099 |  |  | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 1,043 |
Diversified real estate (2) |  | 1,498 |  |  | 1,498 |  |  | 1,569 |  |  | 1,569 |
Pooled corporate obligations |  | 796 |  |  | 796 |  |  | 488 |  |  | 488 |
Aircraft residual value insurance |  | 308 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 355 |  |  | 200 |

____________________
(1) Insurance securitizations exposure is projected to reach $1.6 billion gross in 2026 and $1.3 billion net in 2027.
(2) Excess-of-loss guaranty of a minimum amount of billed rent on a diversified portfolio of real estate properties with an internal rating of AA that matures in 2042. This guaranty is accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 460, Guarantees.
All exposures in the table above are rated investment-grade, except gross exposure of $144 million and net exposure of $84 million of aircraft residual value insurance as of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
4. Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered)
Net expected loss to be paid (recovered) is equal to the present value of expected future cash outflows for loss and
LAE payments, net of: (i) inflows for expected salvage, subrogation and other recoveries; (ii) excess spread on underlying
collateral, as applicable; and (iii) amounts ceded to reinsurers. Cash flows are discounted at current risk-free rates. The Company updates the discount rates each quarter and reflects the effect of such changes in economic loss development.
Expected cash outflows and inflows are probability weighted cash flows that reflect management’s assumptions about the likelihood of all possible outcomes based on all information available to the Company. Those assumptions consider the relevant facts and circumstances and are consistent with the information tracked and monitored through the Company’s surveillance and risk management functions. Expected loss to be paid (recovered) is important in that it represents the present value of amounts that the Company expects to pay or recover in future periods for all contracts.
Insured obligations with expected losses that were purchased by the Company are referred to as Loss Mitigation Securities and are recorded in the investment portfolio at fair value, excluding the value of the Company’s insurance. Concurrently, the Company reduces any related expected loss to be paid (recovered). For Loss Mitigation Securities, the difference between the purchase price of the insured obligation and the fair value excluding the value of the Company’s insurance (on the date of acquisition) is treated as a paid loss. See Note 7, Investments, and Note 9, Fair Value Measurement.
Similarly, in cases where issuers of insured obligations elected (or where an issuer and the Company negotiated) to deliver the underlying collateral, insured obligation, or a new security to the Company, expected loss to be paid (recovered) is adjusted accordingly and the asset received is prospectively accounted for under the applicable guidance for that instrument.
Economic loss development represents the change in net expected loss to be paid (recovered) attributable to the effects of changes in the economic performance of insured transactions, changes in assumptions based on observed market trends, changes in discount rates, accretion of discount and the economic effects of loss mitigation efforts.
In order to effectively evaluate and manage the economics and liquidity of the entire insured portfolio, management assigns ratings and calculates expected loss to be paid (recovered), on a contract-by-contract basis, in the same manner for all its exposures regardless of form or differing accounting models. The exposure reported in Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, includes policies accounted for under various accounting models depending on the characteristics of the contract and the Company’s control rights. The three primary models are: (i) insurance, as described in Note 5, Contracts Accounted for as Insurance; (ii) derivatives, as described in Note 6, Contracts Accounted for as Credit Derivatives, and Note 9, Fair Value Measurement; and (iii) FG VIE consolidation, as described in Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Consolidated Investment Vehicles. The Company has paid and expects to pay future losses and/or recover past losses on policies which fall under each of these accounting models. This note provides information regarding expected claim payments to be made and/or recovered under all contracts in the insured portfolio.
Loss Estimation Process
The Company’s loss reserve committees estimate expected loss to be paid (recovered) for all contracts by reviewing analyses that consider various scenarios with corresponding probabilities assigned to them. Depending upon the characteristics of the risk, the Company’s view of the potential size of any loss and the information available to the Company, that analysis may be based upon individually developed cash flow models, internal credit rating assessments, sector-driven loss severity assumptions and/or judgmental assessments. In the case of its assumed business, the Company may conduct its own analysis as just described or, depending on the Company’s view of the potential size of any loss and the information available to the Company, the Company may use loss estimates provided by ceding insurers. Each quarter, the Company’s loss reserve committees review and refresh their loss projection assumptions, scenarios and the probabilities they assign to those scenarios based on developments during the period and their view of future performance.
The financial guaranties issued by the Company insure the credit performance of the guaranteed obligations over an extended period of time, in some cases over 30 years, and in most circumstances the Company has no right to cancel such financial guaranties. As a result, the Company’s estimate of ultimate loss on a policy is subject to significant uncertainty over the life of the insured transaction. Credit performance can be affected by, among other things, economic, fiscal and financial market and political developments over the life of most contracts.
The Company does not use traditional actuarial approaches to determine its estimates of expected losses. The determination of expected loss to be paid (recovered) is an inherently subjective process involving numerous estimates, assumptions and judgments by management, using both internal and external data sources with regard to frequency, and severity of loss, economic projections, governmental actions, legal developments, negotiations, recovery rates, delinquency and prepayment rates, timing of cash flows and other factors that affect credit performance. These estimates, assumptions and judgments, and the factors on which they are based, may change materially over a reporting period, and have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements. Each quarter, the Company may revise its scenarios and update its assumptions, including the probability weightings of its scenarios, based on public as well as nonpublic information obtained through its surveillance and loss mitigation activities.
Changes over a reporting period in the Company’s loss estimates for public finance obligations supported by specified revenue streams, such as revenue bonds issued by toll road authorities, municipal utilities or airport authorities, generally will be influenced by factors impacting their revenue levels, such as changes in demand; changing demographics; and other economic factors, especially if the obligations do not benefit from financial support from other tax revenues or governmental authorities. Changes over a reporting period in the Company’s loss estimates for its tax-supported and general obligation public finance transactions generally will be influenced by factors impacting the public issuer’s ability and willingness to pay, such as changes in the economy and population of the relevant area; changes in the issuer’s ability or willingness to raise taxes, decrease spending or receive federal assistance; new legislation; rating agency actions that affect the issuer’s ability to refinance maturing obligations or issue new debt at a reasonable cost; changes in the priority or amount of pensions and other obligations owed to workers; developments in restructuring or settlement negotiations; and other political and economic factors. Changes in loss estimates may also be affected by the Company’s loss mitigation efforts and other variables.
Changes in the Company’s loss estimates for structured finance transactions generally will be influenced by factors impacting the performance of the assets supporting those transactions. For example, changes over a reporting period in the Company’s loss estimates for its RMBS transactions may be influenced by factors such as the level and timing of loan defaults experienced, changes in housing prices, results from the Company’s loss mitigation activities and other variables.
Net economic loss development (benefit) over a reporting period may be attributable to a number of interrelated factors such as changes in discount rates, improvement or deterioration of transaction performance, changes in charge-offs, loss mitigation activity, changes to projected default curves, changes in severity rates and outcome of disputed issues. Actual losses will ultimately depend on future events, transaction performance or other factors that are difficult to predict. As a result, the Company’s current projections of certain losses may be subject to considerable uncertainty and may not reflect the Company’s ultimate claims paid.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
In some instances, the terms of the Company’s policy or the terms of certain workout orders and resolutions give it the option to pay principal losses that have been recognized in the transaction but which it is not yet required to pay, thereby reducing the amount of guaranteed interest due in the future. The Company has sometimes exercised this option, which results in an acceleration of cash outflows but reduces overall losses paid.
Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) and Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit)
by Accounting Model

|  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) |  | Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit)
|  | As of |  | Second Quarter |  | Six Months
Accounting Model |  | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (in millions)
Insurance (see Note 5) |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 68 |
FG VIEs (see Note 8) (1) |  | 242 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (14) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (9) |
Credit derivatives (see Note 6) |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total |  | $ | 447 |  |  | $ | 505 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 60 |

____________________
(1) The net expected loss to be paid for FG VIEs primarily relates to trusts established as part of the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions (Puerto Rico Trusts) that were consolidated.
The following tables present a roll forward of net expected loss to be paid (recovered) for all contracts, which are accounted for under one of the following accounting models: insurance, derivative or FG VIE. The Company used risk-free rates for U.S. dollar denominated obligations that ranged from 4.28% to 5.33% with a weighted average of 4.55% as of June 30, 2024 and 3.79% to 5.40% with a weighted average of 4.10% as of December 31, 2023. Net expected losses to be paid for U.S. dollar denominated transactions represented approximately 91.8% and 96.1% of the total as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered)
Roll Forward

|  | Second Quarter |  | Six Months
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Net expected loss to be paid (recovered), beginning of period |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 505 |  |  | $ | 522 |
Economic loss development (benefit) due to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accretion of discount |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Changes in discount rates |  | 1 |  |  | (6) |  |  | (2) |  |  | 4 |
Changes in timing and assumptions |  | 16 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 47 |
Total economic loss development (benefit) |  | 21 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 60 |
Net (paid) recovered losses |  | (7) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (72) |  |  | (22) |
Net expected loss to be paid (recovered), end of period |  | $ | 447 |  |  | $ | 560 |  |  | $ | 447 |  |  | $ | 560 |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered)
Roll Forward by Sector

|  | Second Quarter 2024
Sector |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of March 31, 2024 |  | Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit) |  | Net (Paid) Recovered Losses (1) |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of June 30, 2024
|  | (in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 378 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | 374 |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | 20 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |
Public finance |  | 398 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 411 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS |  | (2) |  |  | (10) |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |
Other structured finance |  | 37 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 36 |
Structured finance |  | 35 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 9 |  |  | 36 |
Total |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 447 |

|  | Second Quarter 2023
Sector |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of March 31, 2023 |  | Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit) |  | Net (Paid) Recovered Losses (1) |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of June 30, 2023
|  | (in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 380 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 433 |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | 13 |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Public finance |  | 393 |  |  | 54 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 443 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS |  | 82 |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |
Other structured finance |  | 42 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 44 |
Structured finance |  | 124 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (2) |  |  | 117 |
Total |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | 560 |

|  | Six Months 2024
Sector |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of December 31, 2023 |  | Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit) |  | Net (Paid) Recovered Losses (1) |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of June 30, 2024
|  | (in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 398 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (33) |  |  | $ | 374 |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | 20 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |
Public finance |  | 418 |  |  | 26 |  |  | (33) |  |  | 411 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS |  | 43 |  |  | (13) |  |  | (30) |  |  | — |
Other structured finance |  | 44 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 36 |
Structured finance |  | 87 |  |  | (12) |  |  | (39) |  |  | 36 |
Total |  | $ | 505 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (72) |  |  | $ | 447 |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued

|  | Six Months 2023
Sector |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of December 31, 2022 |  | Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit) |  | Net (Paid) Recovered Losses (1) |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of June 30, 2023
|  | (in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | (28) |  |  | $ | 433 |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | 9 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Public finance |  | 412 |  |  | 59 |  |  | (28) |  |  | 443 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS |  | 66 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 11 |  |  | 73 |
Other structured finance |  | 44 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 44 |
Structured finance |  | 110 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 117 |
Total |  | $ | 522 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | (22) |  |  | $ | 560 |

____________________
(1) Net of ceded paid losses, whether or not such amounts have been settled with reinsurers. Ceded paid losses are typically settled 45 days after the end of the reporting period. Such amounts are recorded as reinsurance recoverable on paid losses in “other assets.”
The tables above include (i) net LAE paid of $13 million, $5 million, $20 million and $8 million for second quarter 2024, second quarter 2023, six months 2024 and six months 2023, respectively, and (ii) net expected LAE to be paid of $11 million as of June 30, 2024 and $22 million as of December 31, 2023, respectively.
Public Finance
The largest components of the public finance net expected losses to be paid (recovered) related to certain Puerto Rico and healthcare exposures. See Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, for a discussion of Puerto Rico exposures.
Certain BIG healthcare exposures are experiencing rising labor costs due to competition for labor and shortages in certain markets. Additionally, inflation has continued to increase the cost of medical supplies, medical equipment, and pharmacy products, while hospitals with large Medicaid and Medicare payor mixes have not seen reimbursement levels keep pace with rising costs. The combined revenue and expense challenges have led to cash flow and liquidity stress in certain transactions. In addition, certain credits are struggling to make necessary capital expenditures and improvements to facilities.
The total net expected loss to be paid for troubled U.S. public finance exposures is net of an assumed future recovery of claims already paid. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, that assumed future recovery was $197 million and $193 million, respectively. The Company’s net expected losses to be paid (recovered) incorporate management’s probability weighted estimates of all possible scenarios. Economic loss development in second quarter 2024 and six months 2024 was primarily attributable to certain healthcare exposures.
U.S. RMBS Loss Projections
The Company projects losses on its insured U.S. RMBS on a transaction-by-transaction basis by projecting the performance of the underlying pool of mortgages over time and then applying the structural features (e.g., payment priorities and tranching) of the RMBS and any expected representation and warranty recoveries/payables to the projected performance of the collateral over time. The resulting projected claim payments or reimbursements are then discounted using risk-free rates.
Each period the Company reviews the assumptions it uses to make RMBS loss projections with consideration of updates on the performance of its insured transactions (including early-stage delinquencies, late-stage delinquencies and loss severity) as well as the residential property market and economy in general. To the extent it observes changes, it makes a judgment as to whether those changes are normal fluctuations or part of a more prolonged trend. The assumptions that the Company uses to project RMBS losses are shown in the sections below.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit)
U.S. RMBS

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
First lien U.S. RMBS | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | — |
Second lien U.S. RMBS | (8) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (4) |

First Lien U.S. RMBS Loss Projections: Alt-A, Prime, Option ARM and Subprime
The majority of projected losses in first lien U.S. RMBS transactions are expected to come from non-performing mortgage loans (those that are or have recently been two or more payments behind, have been modified, are in foreclosure, or have been foreclosed upon). Changes in the amount of non-performing loans from the amount projected in the previous period are one of the primary drivers of loss projections in this portfolio. Collateral losses are projected to be offset by recoveries on deferred principal balances. In order to project the number of defaults arising from these delinquent and foreclosed loans, the Company applies a liquidation rate assumption to loans in each of various non-performing categories. The Company arrived at its liquidation rates based on data purchased from a third-party provider and assumptions about how delays in the foreclosure process and loan modifications may ultimately affect the rate at which loans are liquidated. Each quarter the Company reviews recent data and (if necessary) adjusts its liquidation rates based on its observations. The following table shows liquidation assumptions for various non-performing and re-performing categories.
First Lien U.S. RMBS Liquidation Rates

| As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
| Range (1) |  | Range (1)
Current but recently delinquent | 20% |  | 20%
30 – 59 Days Delinquent | 30 | % | – | 35% |  | 30 | % | – | 35%
60 – 89 Days Delinquent | 40 | % | – | 45% |  | 40 | % | – | 45%
90+ Days Delinquent | 45 | % | – | 60% |  | 45 | % | – | 60%
Bankruptcy | 40 | % | – | 50% |  | 40 | % | – | 50%
Foreclosure | 55 | % | – | 65% |  | 55 | % | – | 65%
Real Estate Owned | 100% |  | 100%

____________________
(1) The ranges represent variation in calculated liquidation rates across RMBS sectors.
While the Company uses the liquidation rates above to project defaults of non-performing loans (including current loans that were recently modified or delinquent), it projects defaults on presently current loans by applying a conditional default rate (CDR) curve. The start of that CDR curve is based on the defaults the Company projects will emerge from currently nonperforming, recently nonperforming and modified loans. The total amount of expected defaults from the non-performing loans is translated into a constant CDR (i.e., the CDR plateau), which, if applied for each of the next 36 months, results in the projection of the defaults that are expected to emerge from the various delinquency categories. The CDR thus calculated individually on the delinquent collateral pool for each RMBS is then used as the starting point for the CDR curve used to project defaults of the presently performing loans.
In the most heavily weighted scenario (the base scenario), after the 36-month CDR plateau period, each transaction’s CDR is projected to improve over 12 months to a final CDR of 5% of the CDR plateau. In the base scenario, the Company assumes the final CDR will be reached one year after the 36-month CDR plateau period. Under the Company’s methodology, defaults projected to occur in the first 36 months represent defaults that can be attributed to loans that were recently modified or delinquent, or that are currently delinquent or in foreclosure, while the defaults projected to occur using the projected CDR trend after the first 36-month period represent defaults attributable to borrowers that are currently performing or are projected to re-perform.
Another important driver of loss projections is loss severity, which is the amount of loss the transaction incurs on a loan after the application of net proceeds from the disposal of the underlying property. The Company assumes in the base scenario that recent (still historically elevated) loss severities will improve after loans with accumulated delinquencies and foreclosure cost are liquidated. The Company is assuming in the base scenario that recent severity levels generally will continue
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
for another 18 months. The Company determines its initial loss severity based on recent experience. Each quarter, the Company reviews available data and (if necessary) adjusts its severities based on its observations. The Company then assumes that loss severities begin returning to levels consistent with underwriting assumptions beginning after the initial 18-month period, declining to 40% in the base scenario over 2.5 years.
The Company incorporates a recovery assumption into its loss modeling to reflect observed trends in recoveries of deferred principal balances of modified first lien loans. For transactions where the Company has detailed loan information, the Company assumes, in the base scenario, that 30% of the deferred loan balances will eventually be recovered upon sale of the collateral or refinancing of the loans.
The following table shows the range as well as the average, weighted by outstanding net insured par, for key assumptions used in the calculation of expected loss to be paid (recovered) for individual transactions for vintage 2004 - 2008 first lien U.S. RMBS.
Key Assumptions in Base Scenario Expected Loss Estimates
First Lien U.S. RMBS

| As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
| Range |  | Weighted Average |  | Range |  | Weighted Average
Plateau CDR | 0.0 | % | - | 12.8% |  | 3.9% |  | 0.0 | % | - | 10.0% |  | 4.2%
Final CDR | 0.0 | % | - | 0.6% |  | 0.2% |  | 0.0 | % | - | 0.5% |  | 0.2%
Initial loss severity | 50% |  |  |  | 50% |  |

The rate at which the principal amount of loans is voluntarily prepaid may impact both the amount of losses projected (since that amount is a function of the CDR, the loss severity and the loan balance over time) as well as the amount of excess spread (the amount by which the interest paid by the borrowers on the underlying loan exceeds the amount of interest owed on the insured obligations). The assumption for the voluntary conditional prepayment rate (CPR) follows a pattern similar to that of the CDR. The current level of voluntary prepayments is assumed to continue for the plateau period before gradually increasing over 12 months to the final CPR, which is assumed to be 15% in the base scenario. For transactions where the initial CPR is higher than the final CPR, the initial CPR is held constant and the final CPR is not used. These CPR assumptions are the same as those the Company used for December 31, 2023.
In estimating expected losses, the Company modeled and probability weighted sensitivities for first lien U.S. RMBS transactions by varying its assumptions of how fast a recovery is expected to occur. One of the variables used to model sensitivities was how quickly the CDR returned to its modeled equilibrium, which was defined as 5% of the CDR plateau. The Company also stressed CPR and the speed of recovery of loss severity rates. The Company probability weighted a total of five scenarios as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Certain transactions benefit from excess spread when they are supported by large portions of fixed rate assets (either originally fixed or modified to be fixed) but have insured floating rate debt linked to the Secured Overnight Finance Rate (SOFR). An increase in projected SOFR decreases excess spread, while lower SOFR projections result in higher excess spread.
The Company used a similar approach to establish its scenarios as of June 30, 2024 as it used as of December 31, 2023, increasing and decreasing the periods and levels of stress from those used in the base scenario. In the Company’s most stressful scenario where 10% of deferred principal balances are assumed to be recovered, loss severities were assumed to rise and then recover over nine years and the initial ramp-down of the CDR was assumed to occur over 16 months, expected loss to be paid would increase from current projections by approximately $26 million for all first lien U.S. RMBS transactions. In the Company’s least stressful scenario where 50% of deferred principal balances are assumed to be recovered, the CDR plateau was six months shorter (30 months, effectively assuming that liquidation rates would improve) and the CDR recovery was more pronounced (including an initial ramp-down of the CDR over eight months), expected loss to be paid would decrease from current projections by approximately $19 million for all first lien U.S. RMBS transactions.
Second Lien U.S. RMBS Loss Projections
Second lien U.S. RMBS transactions include both home equity lines of credit (HELOC) and closed end second lien mortgages. The Company believes the primary variable affecting its expected losses in second lien U.S. RMBS transactions is the amount and timing of future losses or recoveries in the collateral pool supporting the transactions (including recoveries from
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
previously charged-off loans). Expected losses are also a function of the structure of the transaction, the prepayment speeds of the collateral, the interest rate environment and assumptions about loss severity.
The Company estimates the amount of loans that will default over the next several years by first calculating expected liquidation rates for delinquent loans, and applying liquidation rates to currently delinquent loans in order to arrive at an expected dollar amount of defaults from currently delinquent collateral (plateau period defaults).
Similar to the methodology applied to first lien U.S. RMBS transactions, the Company then calculates a CDR that will cause the targeted amount of liquidations to occur during the plateau period.
For the base scenario, the CDR plateau is held constant for 36 months. Once the plateau period ends, the CDR is assumed to trend down in uniform increments for one year to its final long-term steady state CDR (5% of original plateau).
HELOC loans generally permit the borrower to pay only interest for an initial period (often ten years) and, after that period, require the borrower to make both the monthly interest payment and a monthly principal payment. This causes the borrower's total monthly payment to increase, sometimes substantially, at the end of the initial interest-only period. A substantial number of loans in the Company’s insured transactions had been modified to extend the interest-only period to 15 years. The majority of the modified loans have reset to full amortization.
The Company has observed the performance of the modified loans that have finally reset to full amortization and noted low levels of delinquency, even with substantial increases in monthly payments. This observed performance lowers the level of uncertainty regarding this modified cohort.
When a second lien loan defaults, there is generally a low recovery. The Company assumed, as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, that it will generally recover 2% of future defaulting collateral at the time of charge-off, with additional amounts of post charge-off recoveries projected to come in over time. A second lien on the borrower’s home may be retained in the Company’s second lien transactions after the loan is charged off and the loss applied to the transaction, particularly in cases where the holder of the first lien has not foreclosed. If the second lien is retained and the value of the home increases, the servicer may be able to use the second lien to increase recoveries, either by arranging for the borrower to resume payments or by realizing value upon the sale of the underlying real estate. The Company evaluates its assumptions quarterly based on actual recoveries of charged-off loans observed from period to period and reasonable expectations of future recoveries. In instances where the Company is able to obtain information on the lien status of charged-off loans, it assumes there will be a certain level of future recoveries of the balance of the charged-off loans where the second lien is still intact. The Company’s base scenario recovery assumption for charged-off loans is 40%. Such recoveries are assumed to be received evenly over the next five years.
The rate at which the principal amount of loans is prepaid may impact both the amount of losses projected as well as the amount of excess spread. In the base scenario, an average CPR (based on experience of the past year) is assumed to continue until the end of the plateau before gradually increasing to the final CPR over the same period the CDR decreases. The final CPR is assumed to be 15% for second lien U.S. RMBS transactions (in the base scenario), which is lower than the historical average but reflects the Company’s continued uncertainty about the projected performance of the borrowers in these transactions. For transactions where the initial CPR is higher than the final CPR, the initial CPR is held constant and the final CPR is not used. This pattern is consistent with how the Company modeled the CPR as of December 31, 2023. To the extent that prepayments differ from projected levels, the Company’s projected excess spread and losses could materially change.
In estimating expected losses, the Company modeled and probability weighted five scenarios, each with a different CDR curve applicable to the period preceding the return to the long-term steady state CDR. The Company believes that the level of the elevated CDR and the length of time it will persist, the ultimate prepayment rate and recoveries for charged-off loans are the primary drivers of the amount of losses the collateral will likely suffer.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
The following table shows the range as well as the average, weighted by net par outstanding, for key assumptions used in the calculation of expected loss to be paid (recovered) for individual transactions for vintage 2004 - 2008 HELOCs.
Key Assumptions in Base Scenario Expected Loss Estimates
HELOCs

| As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
| Range |  | Weighted Average |  | Range |  | Weighted Average
Plateau CDR | 0.0 | % | - | 8.2% |  | 2.3% |  | 0.0 | % | - | 9.3% |  | 2.6%
Final CDR | 0.0 | % | - | 0.4% |  | 0.1% |  | 0.0 | % | - | 0.5% |  | 0.1%
Liquidation rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current but recently delinquent | 20% |  |  |  | 20% |  |
30 – 59 Days Delinquent | 30 |  |  |  | 30 |  |
60 – 89 Days Delinquent | 40 |  |  |  | 40 |  |
90+ Days Delinquent | 60 |  |  |  | 60 |  |
Bankruptcy | 55 |  |  |  | 55 |  |
Foreclosure | 55 |  |  |  | 55 |  |
Real Estate Owned | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |  |
Loss severity on future defaults | 98% |  |  |  | 98% |  |
Projected future recoveries on previously charged-off loans | 40% |  |  |  | 40% |  |

The Company continues to evaluate the assumptions affecting its modeling results. The Company believes the most important driver of its projected second lien U.S. RMBS losses is the performance of its HELOC transactions.
The Company modeled scenarios with a longer period of elevated defaults and others with a shorter period of elevated defaults as well as various levels of assumed recoveries. In the Company’s most stressful scenario, assuming 10% recoveries on charged-off loans, increasing the CDR plateau to 42 months and increasing the ramp-down by four months to 16 months (for a total stress period of 58 months) would decrease the expected recovery by approximately $83 million for HELOC transactions. On the other hand, in the Company’s least stressful scenario, assuming 80% recoveries on charged-off loans, reducing the CDR plateau to 30 months and decreasing the length of the CDR ramp-down to eight months (for a total stress period of 38 months) and lowering the ultimate prepayment rate to 10% would increase the expected recovery by approximately $111 million for HELOC transactions.
Recovery Litigation and Dispute Resolution
In the ordinary course of their respective businesses, certain of AGL’s subsidiaries are involved in litigation or other dispute resolution with third parties to recover insurance losses paid or return benefits received in prior periods or prevent or reduce losses in the future. The impact, if any, of these and other proceedings on the amount of recoveries the Company ultimately receives and losses it pays in the future is uncertain, and the impact of any one or more of these proceedings during any quarter or year could be material to the Company’s financial statements.
The Company has asserted claims in a number of legal proceedings in connection with its exposure to Puerto Rico. See Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, for a discussion of the Company’s exposure to Puerto Rico and related recovery litigation being pursued by the Company.
5. Contracts Accounted for as Insurance
The portfolio of outstanding exposures discussed in Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, and Note 4, Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered), includes contracts that are accounted for as insurance contracts, derivatives and consolidated FG VIEs. Amounts presented in this note relate only to contracts accounted for as insurance, unless otherwise specified. See Note 6, Contracts Accounted for as Credit Derivatives, for amounts related to CDS and Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles, for amounts related to consolidated FG VIEs.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Premiums
Net Earned Premiums

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Financial guaranty insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Scheduled net earned premiums | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 139 |
Accelerations from refundings and terminations | 3 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 12 |
Accretion of discount on net premiums receivable | 8 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 13 |
Financial guaranty insurance net earned premiums | 83 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 164 |
Specialty net earned premiums | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |
Net earned premiums | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 166 |

Gross Premium Receivable,
Net of Commissions Payable on Assumed Business
Roll Forward

| Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Beginning of year | $ | 1,468 |  |  | $ | 1,298 |
Less: Specialty insurance premium receivable | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Financial guaranty insurance premiums receivable | 1,467 |  |  | 1,297 |
Gross written premiums on new business, net of commissions | 220 |  |  | 171 |
Gross premiums received, net of commissions | (188) |  |  | (120) |
Adjustments: |  |  |
Changes in the expected term and debt service assumptions | (29) |  |  | 9 |
Accretion of discount, net of commissions on assumed business | 11 |  |  | 13 |
Foreign exchange gain (loss) on remeasurement | (10) |  |  | 46 |
Financial guaranty insurance premium receivable | 1,471 |  |  | 1,416 |
Specialty insurance premium receivable | 1 |  |  | 1 |
June 30, | $ | 1,472 |  |  | $ | 1,417 |

Approximately 68% and 70% of gross premiums receivable, net of commissions payable, at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the pound sterling and euro.
The timing and cumulative amount of actual collections and net earned premiums may differ from those of expected collections and of expected net earned premiums in the table below due to factors such as foreign exchange rate fluctuations, counterparty collectability issues, accelerations, commutations, restructurings, changes in the consumer price indices, changes in expected lives and new business.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Financial Guaranty Insurance
Expected Future Premium Collections and Earnings

| As of June 30, 2024
| Future Premiums to be Collected (1) |  | Future Net Premiums to be Earned (2)
| (in millions)
2024 (July 1 - September 30) | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 74 |
2024 (October 1 - December 31) | 39 |  |  | 73 |
Subtotal 2024 | 98 |  |  | 147 |
2025 | 128 |  |  | 276 |
2026 | 111 |  |  | 258 |
2027 | 106 |  |  | 243 |
2028 | 99 |  |  | 229 |
2029-2033 | 401 |  |  | 939 |
2034-2038 | 296 |  |  | 621 |
2039-2043 | 224 |  |  | 396 |
After 2043 | 417 |  |  | 540 |
Total | $ | 1,880 |  |  | 3,649 |
Future accretion |  |  | 407 |
Total future net earned premiums |  |  | $ | 4,056 |

____________________
(1) Net of assumed commissions payable.
(2) Net of reinsurance.
Selected Information for Financial Guaranty Insurance Policies with Premiums Paid in Installments

| As of
| June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (dollars in millions)
Premiums receivable, net of commissions payable | $ | 1,471 |  | $ | 1,467
Deferred premium revenue | 1,815 |  | 1,768
Weighted-average risk-free rate used to discount premiums | 2.3% |  | 2.1%
Weighted-average period of premiums receivable (in years) | 12.5 |  | 12.5

Losses and Recoveries
Loss reserves and salvage are discounted at risk-free rates for U.S. dollar denominated financial guaranty insurance obligations that ranged from 4.28% to 5.33% with a weighted average of 4.59% as of June 30, 2024 and 3.79% to 5.40% with a weighted average of 4.17% as of December 31, 2023.
The following tables provide information on net reserve (salvage), which includes loss and LAE reserves and salvage and subrogation recoverable, both net of reinsurance.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Net Reserve (Salvage) by Sector

|  | As of
Sector |  | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 119 |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Public finance |  | 86 |  |  | 120 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS |  | (123) |  |  | (87) |
Other structured finance |  | 36 |  |  | 42 |
Structured finance |  | (87) |  |  | (45) |
Total |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 75 |

The table below provides a reconciliation of net expected loss to be paid (recovered) for financial guaranty insurance contracts to net expected loss to be expensed. Expected loss to be paid (recovered) for financial guaranty insurance contracts differs from expected loss to be expensed due to: (i) the contra-paid, which represents the claim payments made and recoveries received that have not yet been recognized in the statements of operations; (ii) salvage and subrogation recoverable for transactions that are in a net recovery position where the Company has not yet received recoveries on claims previously paid (and therefore recognized in income but not yet received); and (iii) loss reserves that have already been established (and therefore expensed but not yet paid).
Reconciliation of Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered)
to Net Expected Loss to be Expensed
Financial Guaranty Insurance Contracts

| As of June 30, 2024
| (in millions)
Net expected loss to be paid (recovered) - financial guaranty insurance | $ | 200 |
Contra-paid, net | 21 |
Salvage and subrogation recoverable, net | 292 |
Loss and LAE reserve - financial guaranty insurance contracts, net of reinsurance | (288) |
Net expected loss to be expensed (present value) | $ | 225 |

The following table provides a schedule of the expected timing of net expected losses to be expensed. The amount and timing of actual loss and LAE may differ from the estimates shown below due to factors such as accelerations, commutations, changes in expected lives and updates to loss estimates. This table excludes amounts related to FG VIEs, which are eliminated in consolidation.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Net Expected Loss to be Expensed
Financial Guaranty Insurance Contracts

| As of June 30, 2024
| (in millions)
2024 (July 1 - September 30) | $ | 3 |
2024 (October 1 - December 31) | 3 |
Subtotal 2024 | 6 |
2025 | 12 |
2026 | 18 |
2027 | 18 |
2028 | 18 |
2029-2033 | 78 |
2034-2038 | 49 |
2039-2043 | 13 |
After 2043 | 13 |
Net expected loss to be expensed (present value) | 225 |
Future accretion | (71) |
Total expected future loss and LAE | $ | 154 |

The following table presents the loss and LAE (benefit) reported in the condensed consolidated statements of operations by sector for insurance contracts.
Loss and LAE (Benefit) by Sector

|  | Second Quarter |  | Six Months
Sector |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 52 |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Public finance |  | 1 |  |  | 56 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 52 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 4 |
Other structured finance |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Structured finance |  | (3) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | 7 |
Loss and LAE (benefit) |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 59 |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
The following tables provide information on financial guaranty insurance contracts categorized as BIG.
Financial Guaranty Insurance
BIG Transaction Loss Summary
As of June 30, 2024

| Gross |  | Net Total BIG
| BIG 1 |  | BIG 2 |  | BIG 3 |  | Total BIG |
| (dollars in millions)
Number of risks (1) | 90 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 212 |
Remaining weighted-average period (in years) | 11.1 |  | 13.0 |  | 6.7 |  | 10.2 |  | 10.3
Outstanding exposure: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Par | $ | 2,165 |  |  | $ | 1,526 |  |  | $ | 1,792 |  |  | $ | 5,483 |  |  | $ | 5,468 |
Interest | 1,146 |  |  | 1,201 |  |  | 639 |  |  | 2,986 |  |  | 2,983 |
Total (2) | $ | 3,311 |  |  | $ | 2,727 |  |  | $ | 2,431 |  |  | $ | 8,469 |  |  | $ | 8,451 |
Expected cash outflows (inflows) | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 410 |  |  | $ | 1,470 |  |  | $ | 1,981 |  |  | $ | 1,971 |
Potential recoveries (3) | (275) |  |  | (336) |  |  | (1,241) |  |  | (1,852) |  |  | (1,842) |
Subtotal | (174) |  |  | 74 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 129 |
Discount | 38 |  |  | 42 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 71 |  |  | 71 |
Expected losses to be paid (recovered) | $ | (136) |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 220 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 200 |
Deferred premium revenue | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 293 |
Reserves (salvage) | $ | (172) |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (4) |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Financial Guaranty Insurance
BIG Transaction Loss Summary
As of December 31, 2023

| Gross |  | Net Total BIG
| BIG 1 |  | BIG 2 |  | BIG 3 |  | Total BIG |
| (dollars in millions)
Number of risks (1) | 95 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 217 |
Remaining weighted-average period (in years) | 9.6 |  | 15.9 |  | 7.5 |  | 9.9 |  | 10.0
Outstanding exposure: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Par | $ | 2,400 |  |  | $ | 979 |  |  | $ | 2,019 |  |  | $ | 5,398 |  |  | $ | 5,383 |
Interest | 1,126 |  |  | 896 |  |  | 818 |  |  | 2,840 |  |  | 2,836 |
Total (2) | $ | 3,526 |  |  | $ | 1,875 |  |  | $ | 2,837 |  |  | $ | 8,238 |  |  | $ | 8,219 |
Expected cash outflows (inflows) | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 1,585 |  |  | $ | 1,948 |  |  | $ | 1,938 |
Potential recoveries (3) | (376) |  |  | (78) |  |  | (1,214) |  |  | (1,668) |  |  | (1,659) |
Subtotal | (200) |  |  | 109 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 280 |  |  | 279 |
Discount | 56 |  |  | (22) |  |  | (53) |  |  | (19) |  |  | (19) |
Expected losses to be paid (recovered) | $ | (144) |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 318 |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  | $ | 260 |
Deferred premium revenue | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 305 |  |  | $ | 305 |
Reserves (salvage) | $ | (181) |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 72 |

____________________
(1) A risk represents the aggregate of the financial guaranty policies that share the same revenue source for purposes of making debt service payments.
(2)Includes amounts related to FG VIEs.
(3)Represents expected inflows from future payments by obligors pursuant to restructuring agreements, settlements, excess spread on any underlying collateral and other estimated recoveries. Potential recoveries also include recoveries on certain investment grade credits, related mainly to exposures that were previously BIG and for which claims have been paid in the past.
6. Contracts Accounted for as Credit Derivatives
Amounts presented in this note relate only to contracts accounted for as derivatives, which are primarily CDS.
The Company’s credit derivatives are generally governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. documentation and have certain characteristics that differ from financial guaranty insurance contracts. For example, the Company’s control rights with respect to a reference obligation under a CDS may be more limited than when the Company issues a financial guaranty insurance contract. In addition, there are more circumstances under which the Company may be obligated to make payments. Similar to a financial guaranty insurance contract, the Company would be obligated to pay if the obligor failed to make a scheduled payment of principal or interest in full. In certain credit derivative transactions, the Company also specifically agreed to pay if the obligor were to become bankrupt or if the reference obligation were restructured. Furthermore, in certain credit derivative transactions, the Company may be required to make a payment due to an event that is unrelated to the performance of the obligation referenced in the credit derivative. If events of default or termination events specified in the credit derivative documentation were to occur, the non-defaulting or the non-affected party, which may be either the Company or the counterparty, depending upon the circumstances, may decide to terminate a credit derivative prior to maturity. In that case, the Company may be required to make a termination payment to its swap counterparty upon such termination. Absent such an event of default or termination event, the Company may not unilaterally terminate a credit derivative contract; however, the Company on occasion has mutually agreed to terminate certain CDS with related counterparties.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
The components of the Company’s credit derivative net par outstanding by sector are presented in the table below. The estimated remaining weighted average life of credit derivatives was 10.1 years and 11.1 years as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Credit Derivatives (1)

|  | As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
Sector |  | Net Par Outstanding |  | Net Fair Value Asset (Liability) |  | Net Par Outstanding |  | Net Fair Value Asset (Liability)
|  | (in millions)
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 1,068 |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | 1,149 |  |  | $ | (15) |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | 1,488 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 1,522 |  |  | (20) |
U.S. structured finance |  | 160 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 322 |  |  | (13) |
Non-U.S. structured finance |  | 922 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 615 |  |  | (2) |
Total |  | $ | 3,638 |  |  | $ | (34) |  |  | $ | 3,608 |  |  | $ | (50) |

____________________
(1) Expected loss to be paid was $2 million as of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Fair Value Gains (Losses) on Credit Derivatives

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Realized gains (losses) and other settlements | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) | 5 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 105 |
Fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 106 |

The impact of changes in credit spreads will vary based upon the volume, tenor, interest rates and other market conditions at the time these fair values are determined. In addition, since each transaction has unique collateral and structural terms, the change in fair value of each transaction may vary considerably. The fair value of credit derivative contracts generally also reflects the Company’s own credit cost based on the price to purchase credit protection on AG. The Company determines its own credit risk primarily based on quoted CDS prices traded on AG at each balance sheet date.
CDS Spread on AG (in basis points)

| As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | As of June 30, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
Five-year CDS spread | 67 |  | 66 |  | 99 |  | 63
One-year CDS spread | 22 |  | 23 |  | 39 |  | 26

Fair Value of Credit Derivative Assets (Liabilities)
and Effect of AG Credit Spread

| As of
| June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (in millions)
Fair value of credit derivatives before effect of AG credit spread | $ | (57) |  |  | $ | (76) |
Plus: Effect of AG credit spread | 23 |  |  | 26 |
Net fair value of credit derivatives | $ | (34) |  |  | $ | (50) |

The fair value of CDS contracts as of June 30, 2024, before considering the benefit applicable to AG’s credit spread, is a direct result of the relatively wider credit spreads under current market conditions compared to those at the time of underwriting for certain underlying credits with longer tenor.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
7. Investments
The majority of the investment portfolio comprises investment grade fixed-maturity securities managed by three outside managers. The Company has established investment guidelines for these investment managers regarding credit quality, exposure to a particular sector and exposure to a particular obligor within a sector.
The remainder of the investment portfolio primarily consists of (i) Loss Mitigation Securities; (ii) CVIs received in connection with the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions; (iii) equity method investments; and (iv) short-term investments. Equity method investments primarily consist of the investment in Sound Point and fund investments across a variety of strategies.
Investment Portfolio
Carrying Value

| As of
| June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (in millions)
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale (1): |  |  |
Externally managed | $ | 5,298 |  |  | $ | 5,372 |
Loss Mitigation Securities | 465 |  |  | 459 |
Other | 243 |  |  | 476 |
Fixed-maturity securities, trading - Puerto Rico, CVIs (2) | 221 |  |  | 318 |
Short-term investments | 1,717 |  |  | 1,661 |
Other invested assets: |  |  |
Equity method investments: |  |  |
Sound Point | 413 |  |  | 429 |
Alternative investments (3) | 462 |  |  | 394 |
Other | 7 |  |  | 6 |
Total (4) | $ | 8,826 |  |  | $ | 9,115 |

____________________
(1) 9.4% and 9.2% of fixed-maturity securities, available for sale, were rated BIG or not rated as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. BIG rated securities consisted primarily of Loss Mitigation Securities.
(2) These securities are not rated.
(3) Excludes certain investments in funds that are consolidated and accounted for as CIVs. See Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
(4) The aggregate carrying value of the Company’s investments in Sound Point and Sound Point managed funds was $641 million and $631 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
The Company’s alternative investment commitments as of June 30, 2024 include $734 million in unfunded commitments, and funded investments with a fair value of $810 million, for a total of $1.5 billion, including a $1 billion commitment to invest in Sound Point managed alternative investments. Capital allocated to alternative investments was committed to several funds pursuing various strategies, including CLOs, middle market senior lending, asset-based/specialty finance and private healthcare investing. See Note 1, Business and Basis of Presentation, for a description of the Sound Point Transaction. As of June 30, 2024, three funds in which the Company invests are accounted for as CIVs. See Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
Accrued investment income, which is reported in “other assets,” was $66 million as of June 30, 2024 and $71 million as of December 31, 2023.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Available-for-Sale Fixed-Maturity Securities by Security Type
As of June 30, 2024

Security Type |  | Percent of Total (1) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
|  | (dollars in millions)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions |  | 35 | % |  | $ | 2,239 |  |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | (105) |  |  | $ | 2,145 |
U.S. government and agencies |  | 1 |  |  | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 72 |
Corporate securities (2) |  | 37 |  |  | 2,358 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 8 |  |  | (214) |  |  | 2,146 |
Mortgage-backed securities (3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RMBS |  | 9 |  |  | 565 |  |  | (21) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (69) |  |  | 477 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) |  | 3 |  |  | 204 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | 198 |
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CLOs |  | 6 |  |  | 412 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 411 |
Other |  | 8 |  |  | 538 |  |  | (28) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (24) |  |  | 487 |
Non-U.S. government securities |  | 1 |  |  | 85 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15) |  |  | 70 |
Total available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 6,478 |  |  | $ | (69) |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | (441) |  |  | $ | 6,006 |

Available-for-Sale Fixed-Maturity Securities by Security Type
As of December 31, 2023

Security Type |  | Percent of Total (1) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
|  | (dollars in millions)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions |  | 41 | % |  | $ | 2,733 |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | (92) |  |  | $ | 2,661 |
U.S. government and agencies |  | 1 |  |  | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 60 |
Corporate securities (2) |  | 34 |  |  | 2,327 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 17 |  |  | (197) |  |  | 2,141 |
Mortgage-backed securities (3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RMBS |  | 6 |  |  | 428 |  |  | (21) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (68) |  |  | 342 |
CMBS |  | 2 |  |  | 157 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | 151 |
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CLOs |  | 7 |  |  | 456 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 450 |
Other |  | 7 |  |  | 465 |  |  | (37) |  |  | — |  |  | (26) |  |  | 402 |
Non-U.S. government securities |  | 2 |  |  | 115 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15) |  |  | 100 |
Total available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 6,746 |  |  | $ | (77) |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | (417) |  |  | $ | 6,307 |

____________________
(1)Based on amortized cost.
(2)Includes securities issued by taxable universities and hospitals.
(3)U.S. government-agency obligations were approximately 61% and 42% of mortgage-backed securities as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, based on fair value.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Gross Unrealized Loss by Length of Time
for Available-for-Sale Fixed-Maturity Securities for Which a Credit Loss was Not Recorded
As of June 30, 2024

| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss
| (dollars in millions)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | $ | 572 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 1,231 |  |  | $ | (100) |  |  | $ | 1,803 |  |  | $ | (104) |
U.S. government and agencies | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 61 |  |  | (6) |
Corporate securities | 332 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 1,316 |  |  | (170) |  |  | 1,648 |  |  | (173) |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RMBS | 147 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 141 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 288 |  |  | (13) |
CMBS | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | 116 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 144 |  |  | (6) |
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CLOs | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 178 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 210 |  |  | (1) |
Other | 66 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 23 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 89 |  |  | (2) |
Non-U.S. government securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 66 |  |  | (15) |
Total | $ | 1,205 |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | 3,104 |  |  | $ | (311) |  |  | $ | 4,309 |  |  | $ | (320) |
Number of securities (1) |  |  | 395 |  |  |  |  | 1,291 |  |  |  |  | 1,668 |

Gross Unrealized Loss by Length of Time
for Available-for-Sale Fixed-Maturity Securities for Which a Credit Loss was Not Recorded
As of December 31, 2023

| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss
| (dollars in millions)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | $ | 641 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 931 |  |  | $ | (87) |  |  | $ | 1,572 |  |  | $ | (91) |
U.S. government and agencies | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 33 |  |  | (6) |
Corporate securities | 72 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1,426 |  |  | (152) |  |  | 1,498 |  |  | (153) |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RMBS | 27 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 124 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 151 |  |  | (9) |
CMBS | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 148 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 151 |  |  | (6) |
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CLOs | 22 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 379 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 401 |  |  | (7) |
Other | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 27 |  |  | (1) |
Non-U.S. government securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 95 |  |  | (15) |
Total | $ | 766 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 3,162 |  |  | $ | (281) |  |  | $ | 3,928 |  |  | $ | (288) |
Number of securities (1) |  |  | 274 |  |  |  |  | 1,266 |  |  |  |  | 1,525 |

___________________
(1) The number of securities does not add across because lots consisting of the same securities have been purchased at different times and appear in both categories above (i.e., less than 12 months and 12 months or more). If a security appears in both categories, it is counted only once in the total column.
The Company considered the credit quality, cash flows, interest rate movements, ability to hold a security to recovery and intent to sell a security in determining whether a security had a credit loss. The Company has determined that the unrealized losses recorded as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were primarily related to higher interest rates rather than credit quality. As of June 30, 2024, the Company did not intend to and was not required to sell investments in an unrealized loss position prior to expected recovery in value. As of June 30, 2024, of the securities in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit loss was not recorded, 478 securities had unrealized losses in excess of 10% of their carrying value,
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
whereas as of December 31, 2023, 409 securities had unrealized losses in excess of 10% of their carrying value. The total unrealized loss for these securities was $234 million as of June 30, 2024 and $200 million as of December 31, 2023.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities by contractual maturity as of June 30, 2024 are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Distribution of Available-for-Sale Fixed-Maturity Securities by Contractual Maturity
As of June 30, 2024

| Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
| (in millions)
Due within one year | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | 243 |
Due after one year through five years | 1,347 |  |  | 1,281 |
Due after five years through 10 years | 1,656 |  |  | 1,573 |
Due after 10 years | 2,458 |  |  | 2,234 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |
RMBS | 565 |  |  | 477 |
CMBS | 204 |  |  | 198 |
Total | $ | 6,478 |  |  | $ | 6,006 |

Based on fair value, fixed-maturity securities, short-term investments and cash that are either held in trust for the benefit of third-party ceding insurers in accordance with statutory requirements, placed on deposit to fulfill state licensing requirements or otherwise pledged or restricted, totaled $74 million as of June 30, 2024 and $234 million as of December 31, 2023. The investment portfolio also contains securities that are held in trust by certain AGL subsidiaries or are otherwise restricted for the benefit of other AGL subsidiaries in accordance with statutory and regulatory requirements with a fair value of $1,152 million and $1,154 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Income from Investments
The components of income derived from the investment portfolio are presented in the following tables.
Income from Investments

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Investment income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Externally managed | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 105 |
Loss Mitigation Securities | 7 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 22 |
Puerto Rico, New Recovery Bonds | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Other | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |
Short-term investments | 22 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 32 |
Other invested assets | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Investment income | 82 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 172 |
Investment expenses | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |
Net investment income | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 170 |
Fair value gains (losses) on trading securities (1) | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 38 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of investees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sound Point (2) | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |
Funds (3) | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |
Other | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 7 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of investees | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 7 |

____________________
(1) Fair value gains on trading securities pertaining to securities still held as of June 30, 2024 were $14 million for second quarter 2024 and $31 million for six months 2024, respectively. Fair value gains on trading securities pertaining to securities still held as of June 30, 2023 were $40 million for second quarter 2023 and $38 million for six months 2023, respectively.
(2) Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2023, equity in earnings (losses) includes the Company’s share of the earnings of Sound Point, which is reported on a one-quarter lag.
(3) Sound Point and AHP funds, and, prior to July 1 2023, AssuredIM funds.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Realized Investment Gains (Losses)
The table below presents the components of net realized investment gains (losses). Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are determined using the specific identification method.
Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Gross realized gains on sales of available-for-sale securities (1) | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 19 |
Gross realized losses on sales of available-for-sale securities | (4) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (15) |
Net foreign currency gains (losses) | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |
Change in the allowance for credit losses and intent to sell (2) | (2) |  |  | (10) |  |  | 8 |  |  | (15) |
Other net realized gains (losses) | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Net realized investment gains (losses) | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (11) |

____________________
(1) Gross realized gains and losses in six months 2023 related primarily to sales of New Recovery Bonds received as part of the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions.
(2) Change in allowance for credit losses for all periods was primarily related to Loss Mitigation Securities.
The proceeds from sales of fixed-maturity securities classified as available-for-sale were $129 million in second quarter 2024, $239 million in second quarter 2023, $488 million in six months 2024 and $694 million in six months 2023.
The following table presents the roll forward of allowance for the credit losses on available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities.
Roll Forward of Allowance for Credit Losses
for Available-for-Sale Fixed-Maturity Securities

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 65 |
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses were previously recognized | 2 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 14 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 79 |

The Company did not purchase any securities with credit deterioration during the periods presented.
8. Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles
FG VIEs
Structured Finance and Other FG VIEs
The insurance subsidiaries provide financial guaranties with respect to debt obligations of special purpose entities, including VIEs, but do not act as the servicer or collateral manager for any VIE obligations they guarantee. The transaction structure generally provides certain financial protections to the insurance subsidiaries. This financial protection can take several forms, the most common of which are overcollateralization, first loss protection (or subordination) and excess spread. In the case of overcollateralization (i.e., the principal amount of the securitized assets exceeds the principal amount of the structured finance obligations), the structure allows defaults of the securitized assets before a default is experienced on the structured finance obligation guaranteed by the insurance subsidiaries. In the case of first loss, the insurance subsidiaries’ financial guaranty insurance policy only covers a senior layer of losses experienced by multiple obligations issued by the VIEs. The first loss exposure with respect to the assets is either retained by the seller or sold off in the form of equity or mezzanine debt to
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
other investors. In the case of excess spread, the financial assets contributed to VIEs generate interest income that is in excess of the interest payments on the debt issued by the VIE. Such excess spread is typically distributed through the transaction’s cash flow waterfall and may be used to create additional credit enhancement, applied to redeem debt issued by the VIE (thereby, creating additional overcollateralization), or distributed to equity or other investors in the transaction.
The insurance subsidiaries are not primarily liable for the debt obligations issued by the structured finance and other FG VIEs (which excludes the Puerto Rico Trusts described below) they insure and would only be required to make payments on those insured debt obligations in the event that the issuer of such debt obligations defaults on any principal or interest due and only for the amount of the shortfall. AGL’s and its insurance subsidiaries’ creditors do not have any rights with regard to the collateral supporting the debt issued by the structured finance and other FG VIEs. Proceeds from sales, maturities, prepayments and interest from such underlying collateral may only be used to pay debt service on the respective FG VIEs’ liabilities.
As part of the terms of its financial guaranty contracts, the insurance subsidiaries obtain certain protective rights with respect to the VIE that give them additional controls over a VIE. These protective rights are triggered by the occurrence of certain events, such as failure to be in compliance with a covenant due to poor deal performance or a deterioration in a servicer’s or collateral manager’s financial condition. At deal inception, the insurance subsidiaries typically are not deemed to control the VIE; however, once a trigger event occurs, the insurance subsidiaries’ control of the VIE typically increases. The Company continuously evaluates its power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of VIEs that have debt obligations insured by the insurance subsidiaries and, accordingly, where they are obligated to absorb VIE losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The insurance subsidiaries are deemed to be the control party for certain VIEs under GAAP, typically when their protective rights give them the power to both terminate and replace the transaction’s servicer or collateral manager, which are characteristics specific to the Company’s financial guaranty contracts. If the protective rights that could make the insurance subsidiaries the control party have not been triggered, then the VIE is not consolidated. If the insurance subsidiaries are deemed to no longer have those protective rights, the VIE is deconsolidated.
The structured finance and other FG VIEs’ liabilities that are guaranteed by the insurance subsidiaries are considered to be with recourse, because the insurance subsidiaries guarantee the payment of principal and interest regardless of the performance of the related FG VIEs’ assets. The structured finance and other FG VIEs’ liabilities that are not guaranteed by the insurance subsidiaries are considered to be without recourse, because the payment of principal and interest of these liabilities is wholly dependent on the performance of the FG VIEs’ assets.
The Company has elected the fair value option (FVO) for all assets and all liabilities of the structured finance and other FG VIEs. Upon initial adoption of the accounting guidance for VIEs in 2010, the Company elected to fair value its structured finance and other FG VIEs’ assets and liabilities as the carrying amount transition method was not practical. To allow for consistency in the accounting for the assets and liabilities of its consolidated FG VIEs other than the Puerto Rico Trusts, the Company elected the FVO. The change in fair value of all structured finance and other FG VIEs’ assets and liabilities is reported in “fair value gains (losses) on FG VIEs” in the condensed consolidated statement of operations, except for the change in fair value attributable to change in instrument-specific credit risk (ISCR) on the structured finance and other FG VIEs’ liabilities, which is reported in other comprehensive income (OCI). As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company consolidated 23 and 24 structured finance and other FG VIEs, respectively.
Puerto Rico Trusts
With respect to certain insured securities covered by the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions, insured bondholders were permitted to elect to receive custody receipts that represent an interest in the legacy insurance policy plus cash and investments. At least one separate custodial trust was set up for each legacy insured bond, and the trusts are deconsolidated when their liabilities are paid off. For those who made the election above, distributions of Plan Consideration are passed through to insured bondholders under the custody receipts to the extent of any cash or proceeds of new securities held in the custodial trust and are applied to make payments and/or prepayments of amounts due under the legacy insured bonds. The Company’s insurance policy continues to guarantee principal and interest coming due on the legacy insured bonds in accordance with the terms of such insurance policy on the originally scheduled legacy bond interest and principal payment dates to the extent that distributions of Plan Consideration are insufficient to pay or prepay such amounts after giving effect to the distributions described in the immediately preceding sentence. In the case of insured bondholders who elected to receive custody receipts, the Company retains the right to satisfy its obligations under the insurance policy with respect to the related legacy insured
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
bonds at any time thereafter, with 30 days’ notice, by paying 100% of the then outstanding principal amount of insured bonds plus accrued interest.
By December 31, 2023, substantially all of the securities in the Puerto Rico Trusts had been called, and the assets in the Puerto Rico Trusts consisted primarily of cash. In January 2024, such cash proceeds were used to pay down a portion of the liabilities of the Puerto Rico Trusts. The remaining liabilities of the Puerto Rico Trusts will be paid by AG under its financial guaranty policies and are no longer dependent on the credit of PRHTA. For the Puerto Rico Trust liabilities, the Company elected the FVO in order to simplify the accounting for these instruments. As of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 the Company consolidated 24 custodial trusts established as part of the Puerto Rico resolutions reached in 2022. See Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, Exposure to Puerto Rico.
Components of FG VIEs’ Assets and Liabilities
Net fair value gains and losses on FG VIEs are expected to reverse to zero by the maturity of the FG VIEs’ debt, except for net premiums received and net claims paid by the insurance subsidiaries under the financial guaranty insurance contracts. The Company’s estimate of expected loss to be paid (recovered) for FG VIEs is included in Note 4, Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered).
The table below shows the carrying value of FG VIEs’ assets and liabilities segregated by type of collateral.
Consolidated FG VIEs by Type of Collateral

| As of
| June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (in millions)
FG VIEs’ assets: |  |  |
U.S. RMBS first lien | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 145 |
U.S. RMBS second lien | 25 |  |  | 28 |
Puerto Rico Trusts’ assets (includes $2 and $1 at fair value) (1) | 2 |  |  | 155 |
Total FG VIEs’ assets | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | 328 |
FG VIEs’ liabilities with recourse: |  |  |
U.S. RMBS first lien | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | 156 |
U.S. RMBS second lien | 19 |  |  | 21 |
Puerto Rico Trusts’ liabilities | 219 |  |  | 366 |
Total FG VIEs’ liabilities with recourse | $ | 383 |  |  | $ | 543 |
FG VIEs’ liabilities without recourse: |  |  |
U.S. RMBS first lien | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Total FG VIEs’ liabilities without recourse | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 11 |

____________________
(1) Includes $154 million of cash as December 31, 2023.
The inception-to-date change in fair value of the FG VIEs’ liabilities with recourse (all of which are measured at fair value under the FVO) attributable to the ISCR is calculated by holding all current period assumptions constant for each security and isolating the effect of the change in the insurance subsidiaries’ CDS spread from the most recent date of consolidation to the current period. The ISCR amount is determined by using expected cash flows at the original date of consolidation, discounted at the effective yield, less current expected cash flows discounted at that same original effective yield.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Selected Information for FG VIEs’ Assets and Liabilities
Measured under the FVO

| As of
| June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (in millions)
Excess of unpaid principal over fair value of: |  |  |
FG VIEs’ assets | $ | 262 |  |  | $ | 259 |
FG VIEs’ liabilities with recourse | 32 |  |  | 25 |
FG VIEs’ liabilities without recourse | 16 |  |  | 16 |
Unpaid principal balance for FG VIEs’ assets that were 90 days or more past due | 27 |  |  | 29 |
Unpaid principal for FG VIEs’ liabilities with recourse (1) | 415 |  |  | 568 |

____________________
(1) FG VIEs’ liabilities with recourse will mature at various dates ranging from 2024 through 2041.
CIVs
CIVs consist of certain Sound Point funds for which the Company is the primary beneficiary or has a controlling interest. The Company consolidates investment vehicles that are VIEs when it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, based on its power to direct the most significant activities of each VIE and its level of economic interest in the entities.
The assets and liabilities of the Company’s CIVs are held within separate legal entities. The assets of the CIVs are not available to creditors of the Company, other than creditors of the applicable CIVs. In addition, creditors of the CIVs have no recourse against the assets of the Company, other than the assets of such applicable CIVs. Liquidity available at the Company’s CIVs is not available for corporate liquidity needs, except to the extent of the Company’s investment in the funds, subject to redemption provisions. Changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities of CIVs, interest income and expense, and gains and losses on consolidation and deconsolidation of CIVs are reported in “fair value gains (losses) on CIVs” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company consolidated three CIVs.
Assets and Liabilities of CIVs

| As of
| June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (in millions)
Assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 35 |
Equity securities | 93 |  |  | 83 |
Structured products | 264 |  |  | 248 |
Other | 6 |  |  | — |
Total assets (1) | $ | 378 |  |  | $ | 366 |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Other liabilities (2) | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Total liabilities | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 4 |

____________________
(1) Includes investments with Sound Point affiliated entities of $319 million and $281 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(2) The balance is reported in “other liabilities” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and includes $3 million with Sound Point affiliated entities as of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the CIVs included derivative contracts with average notional amounts of $39 million and $41 million, respectively. Derivative instruments, which include forward foreign currency contracts, serve as a component of the CIVs’ investment strategies. The fair value of derivative contracts is reported in the “assets of CIVs” or “other liabilities” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Noncontrolling Interest in CIVs
Noncontrolling interest (NCI) represents the portion of the consolidated funds not owned by the Company and includes ownership interests of third parties and former employees. The NCI is non-redeemable and presented on the statement of shareholders’ equity.
Other Consolidated VIEs
In certain instances where the Company consolidates a VIE that was established as part of a loss mitigation negotiated settlement that results in the termination of the obligations under the original financial guaranty insurance or insured credit derivative contract, the Company classifies the assets and liabilities of that VIE in the line items that most accurately reflect the nature of such assets and liabilities, as opposed to within FG VIEs’ assets and FG VIEs’ liabilities. The largest of these VIEs had assets of $92 million and liabilities of $7 million as of December 31, 2023, which were reported in “investments” and “credit derivative liabilities” on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. In the first quarter of 2024, the Company deconsolidated the largest of these VIEs.
Non-Consolidated VIEs
As described in Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, the Company monitors all policies in the insured portfolio. Of the approximately 15 thousand policies monitored as of June 30, 2024, approximately 14 thousand policies are not within the scope of FASB ASC 810 because these financial guaranties relate to the debt obligations of governmental organizations or financing entities established by a governmental organization. The majority of the remaining policies involve transactions where the Company is not deemed to currently have control over the FG VIEs’ most significant activities. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company identified 59 and 68 policies, respectively, that contain provisions and experienced events that may trigger consolidation.
The Company holds variable interests in VIEs which are not consolidated, as the Company is not the primary beneficiary. As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s maximum exposure to losses relating to these VIEs was $412 million, which is limited to the carrying value of these assets.
9. Fair Value Measurement
The Company carries a significant portion of its assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (i.e., exit or transfer price). The price represents the price available in the principal market for the asset or liability. If there is no principal market, then the price is based on a hypothetical market that maximizes the value received for an asset or minimizes the amount paid for a liability (i.e., the most advantageous market).
Fair value is based on quoted market prices, where available. If listed prices or quotes are not available, fair value is based on either (i) internally developed models that primarily use, as inputs, market-based or independently sourced market parameters (including, but not limited to, yield curves, interest rates, and debt prices) or (ii) discounted cash flows using a third party’s proprietary pricing models. In addition to market information, when applicable, the models also incorporate transaction details, such as the instrument’s maturity and contractual features that reduce the Company’s credit exposure (e.g., collateral rights).
Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality, the Company’s creditworthiness and constraints on liquidity. As markets and products develop and the pricing transparency for certain products changes, the Company may refine its methodologies and assumptions. During six months 2024, no changes were made to the Company’s valuation models that had (or are expected to have) a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets or statements of operations and comprehensive income.
The Company’s valuation methods produce fair values that may not be indicative of net realizable value or future fair values. The use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a materially different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
The categorization within the fair value hierarchy is determined based on whether the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect Company estimates of market assumptions. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes model inputs into three broad levels, with Level 1 being the highest and Level 3 the lowest. The categorization, of an asset or liability, within the hierarchy is based on the lowest level of significant input to its valuation.
Level 1—Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. The Company generally defines an active market as a market in which trading occurs at significant volumes. Active markets generally are more liquid and have a lower bid-ask spread than an inactive market.
Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and observable inputs other than quoted prices, such as interest rates or yield curves and other inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market inputs.
Level 3—Model derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. Financial instruments are considered Level 3 when their values are (i) determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar techniques and (ii) at least one significant model assumption or input is unobservable. Level 3 financial instruments also include those for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.
There was a transfer of securities into Level 3 in the investment portfolio and in CIVs due to changes in observability of pricing inputs in six months 2024. There were no other transfers from or into Level 3 during the periods presented.
Carried at Fair Value
Fixed-Maturity Securities
The fair value of fixed-maturity securities is generally based on prices received from third-party pricing services or alternative pricing sources that provide reasonable levels of price transparency. The pricing services prepare estimates of fair value using their pricing models, which take into account: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data, industry and economic events and sector groupings. Additional valuation factors that can be taken into account are nominal spreads and liquidity adjustments. The pricing services evaluate each asset class based on relevant market and credit information, perceived market movements and sector news.
In many cases, benchmark yields have proven to be more reliable indicators of the market for a security, as compared to reported trades for infrequently traded securities and distressed transactions. The extent of the use of each input is dependent on the asset class and the market conditions. The valuation of fixed-maturity securities is more subjective when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market-based inputs.
As of June 30, 2024, the Company used models to price 177 securities. All Level 3 securities were priced with the assistance of independent third parties. The pricing is based on a discounted cash flow approach using the third party’s proprietary pricing models. The models use inputs such as projected prepayment speeds; severity assumptions; recovery lag assumptions; estimated default rates (determined based on an analysis of collateral attributes, historical collateral performance, borrower profiles and other features relevant to the evaluation of collateral credit quality); home price appreciation/depreciation rates based on macroeconomic forecasts; and recent trading activity. The yield used to discount the projected cash flows is determined by reviewing various attributes of the security including collateral type, weighted average life, sensitivity to losses, vintage, and convexity, in conjunction with market data on comparable securities. Significant changes to any of these inputs could have materially changed the expected timing of cash flows within these securities which could have significantly affected the fair value of the securities.
Short-Term Investments
Short-term investments that are traded in active markets are classified as Level 1 as their value is based on quoted market prices. Securities such as discount notes are classified as Level 2 because these securities are typically not actively traded due to their approaching maturity and, as such, their cost approximates fair value.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Other Assets
Committed Capital Securities
Each of AG and AGM have entered into put agreements with four separate custodial trusts allowing each of AG and AGM to issue an aggregate of $200 million of non-cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred securities to the trusts in exchange for cash.
The arrangement entails four custodial trusts (Woodbourne Capital Trust I, II, III and IV) relating to AG and four custodial trusts (Sutton Capital Trust I, II, III and IV) relating to AGM, each of which issued $50 million face amount of “committed capital securities” (CCS) and invested the proceeds of that issuance in eligible assets that would enable the trust to have the cash necessary to respond to AG’s or AGM’s exercise, respectively, of a put option.
The put option consists of a right that each of AG and AGM have, pursuant to separate put agreements that AG and AGM entered into with each of the trusts, to issue to each trust $50 million of non-cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred stock, in exchange for an equivalent amount of cash (i.e., an aggregate of $200 million for each of AG and AGM). When AG or AGM exercises its put option, the relevant trust(s) must liquidate the portfolio of high-quality, liquid assets that it currently maintains and use the liquidation proceeds to purchase AG or AGM preferred stock, as applicable. The put agreements have no scheduled termination date or maturity, but may be terminated upon the occurrence of certain specified events. None of the events that would give rise to a termination of the put agreements have occurred.
Effective August 1, 2024, AGM merged with and into AG, with AG as the surviving company. Accordingly, effective as of August 1, 2024, all rights and obligations of AGM became rights and obligations of AG, including those under the CCS, and AG has the ability to exercise put options to raise up to $400 million of capital at any time.
The fair value of CCS, which is reported in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, represents the difference between the present value of the remaining expected put option premium payments under the put agreements, and the estimated present value of the amounts that the Company would hypothetically have to pay as of the reporting date for a comparable security. The change in fair value of the CCS are reported in “fair value gains (losses) on committed capital securities” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The estimated cost of the Company’s CCS as of the reporting date is based on several factors, including AGM and AG CDS spreads, the Company’s publicly traded debt and an estimation of the securities’ remaining term. The CCS are classified as Level 3.
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans
The Company classified assets included in the Company’s various supplemental executive retirement plans as either Level 1 or Level 2. The fair value of these assets is based on the observable published daily values of the underlying mutual funds included in the plans (Level 1) or based upon the NAV of the funds if a published daily value is not available (Level 2). The NAVs are based on observable information. The change in fair value of these assets is reported in “other operating expenses” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Contracts Accounted for as Credit Derivatives
The Company’s credit derivatives, which primarily consist of insured CDS contracts, qualify as derivatives under GAAP that require fair value measurement, with changes in fair value reported in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company does not enter into CDS contracts with the intent to trade these contracts and may not unilaterally terminate a CDS contract absent an event of default or termination event that entitles the Company to terminate such contract. The Company and its counterparties have negotiated the termination of certain contracts from time to time. Transactions are generally terminated for an amount that approximates the present value of future premiums or a negotiated amount, rather than fair value.
The terms of the Company’s CDS contracts differ from more standardized credit derivative contracts sold by companies outside the financial guaranty industry. The non-standard terms generally include the absence of collateral support agreements or immediate settlement provisions, and the Company’s insured exposure benefits from relatively high attachment points or other protections. Management considers the non-standard terms of the Company’s credit derivative contracts in determining the fair value of these contracts.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
There is no established market where financial guaranty insured credit derivatives are actively traded; therefore, management has determined that the exit market for the Company’s credit derivatives is a hypothetical one based on its entry market. Due to the lack of quoted prices and other observable inputs for its instruments or for similar instruments, the Company determines the fair value of its credit derivative contracts primarily through internally developed, proprietary models that use both observable and unobservable market data inputs, and such contracts are therefore classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. There are multiple unobservable inputs deemed significant to the valuation model, most importantly the Company’s estimate of the value of the non-standard terms and conditions of its credit derivative contracts and how the Company’s own credit spread affects the pricing of its transactions.
The fair value of the Company’s credit derivative contracts generally represents the difference between the present value of remaining premiums the Company expects to receive and the estimated present value of premiums that a financial guarantor of comparable credit-worthiness would hypothetically charge at the reporting date for the same protection. The fair value of the Company’s credit derivatives depends on a number of factors, including notional amount of the contract, expected term, credit spreads, changes in interest rates, the credit ratings of referenced entities, the Company’s own credit risk and remaining contractual cash flows. The expected remaining contractual premium cash flows are the most readily observable inputs since they are based on the CDS contractual terms. Credit spreads capture the effect of recovery rates and performance of underlying assets of these contracts, among other factors. Consistent with previous years, market conditions as of June 30, 2024 were such that market prices of the Company’s CDS contracts were not available.
Assumptions and Inputs
The various inputs and assumptions that are key to the measurement of the Company’s fair value for CDS contracts are as follows: the gross spread, the allocation of gross spread among the bank profit, net spread and hedge cost and the weighted average life (which is based on debt service schedules).
The primary sources of information used to determine gross spread and the fair value for CDS contracts include actual collateral credit spreads (if up-to-date and reliable market-based spreads are available), transactions priced or closed during a specific quarter within a specific asset class and specific rating, and information provided by the counterparty of the CDS. Credit spreads may also be interpolated based upon market indices adjusted to reflect the non-standard terms of the Company’s CDS contracts, or extrapolated based upon transactions of similar asset classes, similar ratings, and similar time to maturity.
The Company’s pricing model considers not only how credit spreads on its insured risks affect pricing, but also how the Company’s own credit spread affects the pricing of its transactions. The amount of premium a financial guaranty insurance market participant can demand (or “current premium”) is inversely related to the cost of credit protection on the insurance company as measured by market credit spreads assuming all other assumptions remain constant. This is because the buyers of credit protection typically hedge a portion of their risk to the financial guarantor, because the contractual terms of the Company’s contracts typically do not require the posting of collateral by the guarantor. The extent of the hedge depends on the types of instruments insured and the current market conditions.
The Company’s own credit risk is factored into the determination of the current premium based on the quoted market price for credit protection bought on the Company, as reflected by quoted market prices on CDS contracts referencing AG. AGM’s CDS spreads do not significantly affect the fair value of derivatives because of the characteristics of the derivative contracts remaining in its portfolio. The Company obtains the quoted price of CDS contracts traded on AG from market data sources published by third parties. As the cost to acquire CDS protection referencing AG increases, the amount of premium the Company retains on a transaction generally decreases.
In the Company’s valuation model, the current premium is not permitted to go below the minimum rate that the Company would charge to assume similar risks in the reporting period. This assumption can have the effect of limiting the amount of unrealized gains that are recognized on certain CDS contracts. Approximately 15.8% and 11.5%, based on fair value, of the Company’s CDS contracts were fair valued using this minimum premium as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
A credit derivative liability on protection sold is the result of contractual cash inflows on in-force transactions that are lower than what a hypothetical financial guarantor could receive if it sold protection on the same risk as of the reporting date. If the Company were able to freely exchange these contracts (i.e., assuming its contracts did not contain proscriptions on transfer and there was a viable exchange market), it would realize a loss representing the difference between the lower contractual premiums to which it is entitled and the current market premiums for a similar contract. The Company determines the fair value
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
of its CDS contracts by applying the difference between the current premium and the contractual premium for the remaining duration of each contract to the notional value of such contract and then discounting such amounts using the applicable discount rate corresponding to the weighted average remaining life of the contract. The rates used to discount future expected premium cash flows ranged from 3.58% to 4.89% as of June 30, 2024 and 3.26% to 4.81% as of December 31, 2023.
The Company’s credit derivative valuation model is a consistent approach that takes into account the transaction structure and the key drivers of market value and maximizes the use of market-driven inputs whenever they are available. However, because there is no exit market or any actual exit transactions, the Company’s exit market is a hypothetical one based on the Company’s entry market and there is a very limited and illiquid market in which to validate the reasonableness of the fair values developed by the Company’s model.
FG VIEs’ Assets and Liabilities
FG VIEs include Puerto Rico Trusts and structured finance and other FG VIEs. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, assets in the Puerto Rico Trusts, consisted of one fixed-maturity debt security classified as Level 3. The Company elected the FVO for the Puerto Rico Trusts’ liabilities and they are classified as Level 3. Structured finance and other FG VIEs’ assets and liabilities are carried at fair value under the FVO and are classified as Level 3.
The fair value of the residential mortgage loan FG VIEs’ assets is generally sensitive to changes in estimated prepayment speeds; estimated default rates (determined on the basis of an analysis of collateral attributes such as: historical collateral performance, borrower profiles and other features relevant to the evaluation of collateral credit quality); yields implied by market prices for similar securities; and, as applicable, house price depreciation/appreciation rates based on macroeconomic forecasts. Significant changes to some of these inputs could have materially changed the fair value of the FG VIEs’ assets and the implied collateral losses within these transactions. In general, the fair value of the FG VIEs’ assets is most sensitive to changes in the projected collateral losses, where an increase in collateral losses typically leads to a potential decrease in the fair value of FG VIEs’ assets, while a decrease in collateral losses typically leads to an increase in the fair value of FG VIEs’ assets.
The prices of the assets and liabilities of the FG VIEs are generally determined with the assistance of an independent third party, based on a discounted cash flow approach. The third party pricing service utilizes an internal model to determine an appropriate yield at which to discount the cash flows of the security, by factoring in collateral types, weighted-average lives and other structural attributes specific to the security being priced. The expected yield is further calibrated by utilizing algorithms designed to aggregate market color, received by the independent third party, on comparable bonds.
The models used to price the FG VIEs’ liabilities (other than the liabilities of the Puerto Rico Trusts) generally apply the same inputs used in determining fair value of FG VIEs’ assets. For those liabilities insured by the Company, the benefit of the Company’s insurance policy guaranteeing the timely payment of debt service is also taken into account. The liabilities of the Puerto Rico Trusts are priced based on the value of the assets in the Puerto Rico Trusts including the value of the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries’ financial guaranty policies.
Significant changes to any of the inputs described above could materially change the timing of expected losses within an insured transaction. This is a significant factor in determining the implied benefit of the Company’s insurance policy which guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest for the insured tranches of debt issued by the FG VIEs. In general, extending the timing of expected loss payments by the Company typically leads to a decrease in the value of the Company’s insurance and a decrease in the fair value of the Company’s FG VIEs’ liabilities with recourse, while a shortening of the timing of expected loss payments by the Company typically could lead to an increase in the value of the Company’s insurance and an increase in the fair value of the Company’s FG VIEs’ liabilities with recourse.
The change in fair value of FG VIEs’ assets and liabilities is reported in “fair value gains (losses) on FG VIEs” in the condensed consolidated statement of operations, except for the change in fair value attributable to change in ISCR on FG VIEs’ liabilities, which is reported in other comprehensive income.. Interest income and interest expense are derived from the trustee reports and also included in “fair value gains (losses) on FG VIEs.”
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Assets and Liabilities of CIVs
Investments held by CIVs which are quoted on a national securities exchange are valued at their last reported sale price on the date of determination. Investments held by CIVs which are traded over-the-counter reflect third-party data generally at the average of dealer offer and bid prices. The valuation methodology may include, but is not limited to: (i) performing price comparisons with similar investments; (ii) obtaining valuation-related information from issuers; (iii) calculating the present value of future cash flows; (iv) assessing other data related to the investment that is an indication of value; (v) obtaining information provided by third parties; and/or (vi) evaluating information provided by the investment manager. Inputs may include dealer price quotations, yield curves, credit curves, forward/CDS/index spreads, prepayments rates, strike and expiry dates, volatility statistics and other factors.
Significant changes to any of the inputs described above could have a material effect on the fair value of the consolidated assets and liabilities.
Amounts recorded at fair value in the Company’s financial statements are presented in the tables below.
Fair Value Hierarchy of Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
As of June 30, 2024

| Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in millions)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,138 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 2,145 |
U.S. government and agencies | — |  |  | 72 |  |  | — |  |  | 72 |
Corporate securities | — |  |  | 2,146 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,146 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RMBS | — |  |  | 327 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 477 |
CMBS | — |  |  | 198 |  |  | — |  |  | 198 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 103 |  |  | 795 |  |  | 898 |
Non-U.S. government securities | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |
Total fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale | — |  |  | 5,054 |  |  | 952 |  |  | 6,006 |
Fixed-maturity securities, trading | — |  |  | 221 |  |  | — |  |  | 221 |
Short-term investments | 1,713 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,717 |
Other invested assets (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
FG VIEs’ assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 160 |  |  | 160 |
Assets of CIVs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93 |  |  | 93 |
Structured products | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 264 |
Total assets of CIVs | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 318 |  |  | 357 |
Other assets | 61 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 125 |
Total assets carried at fair value | $ | 1,774 |  |  | $ | 5,374 |  |  | $ | 1,442 |  |  | $ | 8,590 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit derivative liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 38 |
FG VIEs’ liabilities (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 393 |  |  | 393 |
Total liabilities carried at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 431 |  |  | $ | 431 |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Fair Value Hierarchy of Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
As of December 31, 2023

| Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in millions)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,655 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 2,661 |
U.S. government and agencies | — |  |  | 60 |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |
Corporate securities | — |  |  | 2,141 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,141 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RMBS | — |  |  | 188 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 342 |
CMBS | — |  |  | 151 |  |  | — |  |  | 151 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | 803 |  |  | 852 |
Non-U.S. government securities | — |  |  | 100 |  |  | — |  |  | 100 |
Total fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale | — |  |  | 5,344 |  |  | 963 |  |  | 6,307 |
Fixed-maturity securities, trading | — |  |  | 318 |  |  | — |  |  | 318 |
Short-term investments | 1,657 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,661 |
Other invested assets (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
FG VIEs’ assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 174 |  |  | 174 |
Assets of CIVs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities and warrants | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 83 |
Structured products | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 248 |
Total assets of CIVs | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 331 |
Other assets | 55 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 123 |
Total assets carried at fair value | $ | 1,712 |  |  | $ | 5,780 |  |  | $ | 1,425 |  |  | $ | 8,917 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit derivative liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 53 |
FG VIEs’ liabilities (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 554 |  |  | 554 |
Total liabilities carried at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 607 |  |  | $ | 607 |

___________________
(1) Includes Level 3 mortgage loans that are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis.
(2) Includes FG VIEs’ liabilities with recourse and FG VIEs’ liabilities without recourse. See Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
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Table of Contents
Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The tables below present a roll forward of the Company’s Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis during second quarter 2024, second quarter 2023, six months 2024 and six months 2023.
Roll Forward of Level 3 Assets (Liabilities) at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Second Quarter 2024

| Fixed-Maturity Securities, Available-for-Sale |  |  |  | Assets of CIVs |  |  |
| Obligations of State and Political Subdivisions |  | RMBS |  | Asset- Backed Securities |  | FG VIEs’ Assets |  | Equity Securities |  | Structured Products |  | Other (7) |
| (in millions)
Fair value as of March 31, 2024 | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 821 |  |  | $ | 167 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 220 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |
Total pre-tax realized and unrealized gains (losses) recorded in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | 4 |  | (1) | 1 |  | (1) | (1) |  | (2) | 4 |  | (4) | (9) |  | (4) | 2 |  | (3)
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |
Purchases | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |
Sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |
Settlements | (1) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (34) |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Fair value as of June 30, 2024 | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 795 |  |  | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 225 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) related to financial instruments held as of June 30, 2024 included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (2) |  | (2) | $ | 5 |  | (4) | $ | (8) |  | (4) | $ | 2 |  | (3)
OCI | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1) |  |

Roll Forward of Level 3 Assets (Liabilities) at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Second Quarter 2024

| Credit Derivative Liability, net (5) |  | FG VIEs’ Liabilities (8) |
| (in millions)
Fair value as of March 31, 2024 | $ | (39) |  |  | $ | (399) |  |
Total pre-tax realized and unrealized gains (losses) recorded in: |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | 6 |  | (6) | — |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | 2 |  |
Settlements | (1) |  |  | 4 |  |
Fair value as of June 30, 2024 | $ | (34) |  |  | $ | (393) |  |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) related to financial instruments held as of June 30, 2024 included in: |  |  |  |
Earnings | $ | 3 |  | (6) | $ | 2 |  | (2)
OCI |  |  | $ | 2 |  |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Roll Forward of Level 3 Assets (Liabilities) at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Second Quarter 2023

| Fixed-Maturity Securities, Available-for-Sale |  |  |  | Assets of CIVs |  |  |
| Obligations of State and Political Subdivisions |  | RMBS |  | Asset- Backed Securities |  | FG VIEs’ Assets |  | Equity Securities |  | Corporate Securities |  | Structured Products |  | Other (7) |
| (in millions)
Fair value as of March 31, 2023 | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 795 |  |  | $ | 197 |  |  | $ | 329 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |
Total pre-tax realized and unrealized gains (losses) recorded in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | 1 |  | (1) | 4 |  | (1) | (3) |  | (1) | (2) |  | (2) | 7 |  | (4) | (1) |  | (4) | — |  |  | 3 |  | (3)
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (1) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Purchases | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (80) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |
Settlements | (1) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |
Fair value as of June 30, 2023 | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33 |  |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) related to financial instruments held as of June 30, 2023 included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  | (2) | $ | (33) |  | (4) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  | (3)
OCI | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |

Roll Forward of Level 3 Assets (Liabilities) at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Second Quarter 2023

| Credit Derivative Liability, net (5) |  | FG VIEs’ Liabilities (8) |  | Liabilities of CIVs (9) |
| (in millions)
Fair value as of March 31, 2023 | $ | (148) |  |  | $ | (704) |  |  | $ | (4,220) |  |
Total pre-tax realized and unrealized gains (losses) recorded in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | 91 |  | (6) | (2) |  | (2) | 17 |  | (4)
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (5) |  |
Settlements | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 9 |  |
Fair value as of June 30, 2023 | $ | (57) |  |  | $ | (699) |  |  | $ | (4,199) |  |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) related to financial instruments held as of June 30, 2023 included in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings | $ | 91 |  | (6) | $ | 4 |  | (2) | $ | (2) |  | (4)
OCI |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |

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Table of Contents
Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Roll Forward of Level 3 Assets (Liabilities) at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Six Months 2024

| Fixed-Maturity Securities, Available-for-Sale |  |  |  | Assets of CIVs |  |  |
| Obligations of State and Political Subdivisions |  | RMBS |  | Asset- Backed Securities |  | FG VIEs’ Assets |  | Equity Securities |  | Structured Products |  | Other (7) |
| (in millions)
Fair value as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 803 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |
Total pre-tax realized and unrealized gains (losses) recorded in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | 7 |  | (1) | 17 |  | (1) | (3) |  | (2) | 12 |  | (4) | (5) |  | (4) | (8) |  | (3)
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Purchases | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |
Sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (20) |  |  | — |  |
Settlements | (1) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (64) |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Transfers into Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |
Fair value as of June 30, 2024 | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 795 |  |  | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 225 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) related to financial instruments held as of June 30, 2024 included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (5) |  | (2) | $ | 12 |  | (4) | $ | (2) |  | (4) | $ | (8) |  | (3)
OCI | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |

Roll Forward of Level 3 Assets (Liabilities) at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Six Months 2024

| Credit Derivative Liability, net (5) |  | FG VIEs’ Liabilities (8) |
| (in millions)
Fair value as of December 31, 2023 | $ | (50) |  |  | $ | (554) |  |
Total pre-tax realized and unrealized gains (losses) recorded in: |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | 16 |  | (6) | 9 |  | (2)
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |
Settlements | — |  |  | 152 |  |
Fair value as of June 30, 2024 | $ | (34) |  |  | $ | (393) |  |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) related to financial instruments held as of June 30, 2024 included in: |  |  |  |
Earnings | $ | 7 |  | (6) | $ | 4 |  | (2)
OCI |  |  | $ | — |  |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Roll Forward of Level 3 Assets (Liabilities) at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Six Months 2023

| Fixed-Maturity Securities, Available-for-Sale |  |  |  | Assets of CIVs |  |  |
| Obligations of State and Political Subdivisions |  | RMBS |  | Asset- Backed Securities |  | FG VIEs’ Assets |  | Equity Securities and Warrants |  | Corporate Securities |  | Structured Products |  | Other (7) |
| (in millions)
Fair value as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 794 |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |
Total pre-tax realized and unrealized gains (losses) recorded in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | 1 |  | (1) | 7 |  | (1) | — |  |  | (1) |  | (2) | 40 |  | (4) | (3) |  | (4) | 2 |  | (4) | (13) |  | (3)
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Purchases | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (85) |  |  | (15) |  |  | (48) |  |  | — |  |
Settlements | (2) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (15) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |
Fair value as of June 30, 2023 | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33 |  |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) related to financial instruments held as of June 30, 2023 included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  | (2) | $ | (1) |  | (4) | $ | (3) |  | (4) | $ | — |  |  | $ | (13) |  | (3)
OCI | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |

Roll Forward of Level 3 Assets (Liabilities) at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Six Months 2023

| Credit Derivative Liability, net (5) |  | FG VIEs’ Liabilities (8) |  | Liabilities of CIVs (9) |
| (in millions)
Fair value as of December 31, 2022 | $ | (162) |  |  | $ | (715) |  |  | $ | (4,154) |  |
Total pre-tax realized and unrealized gains (losses) recorded in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | 106 |  | (6) | 1 |  | (2) | (45) |  | (4)
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (13) |  |
Settlements | (1) |  |  | 14 |  |  | 13 |  |
Fair value as of June 30, 2023 | $ | (57) |  |  | $ | (699) |  |  | $ | (4,199) |  |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) related to financial instruments held as of June 30, 2023 included in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings | $ | 105 |  | (6) | $ | 2 |  | (2) | $ | (67) |  | (4)
OCI |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (13) |  |

____________________
(1)Included in “net realized investment gains (losses)” and “net investment income.”
(2)Included in “fair value gains (losses) on FG VIEs.”
(3)Reported in “fair value gains (losses) on CCS,” “net investment income” and “other income (loss).”
(4)Reported in “fair value gains (losses) on CIVs.”
(5)Represents the net position of credit derivatives. Credit derivative assets (reported in “other assets”) and credit derivative liabilities (presented as a separate line item) are shown as either assets or liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets based on policy.
(6)Reported in “fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives.”
(7)Includes CCS and other invested assets.
(8)Includes FG VIEs’ liabilities with recourse and FG VIEs’ liabilities without recourse.
(9)Includes primarily various tranches of CLO debt. The CLOs were collateralized financing entities that were consolidated until the Sound Point Transaction occurred on July 1, 2023.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Level 3 Fair Value Disclosures
Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Inputs
As of June 30, 2024

Financial Instrument Description |  | Fair Value Assets (Liabilities) (in millions) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | Range |  | Weighted Average (4)
Investments (2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of state and political subdivisions |  | $ | 7 |  |  | Yield |  | 6.0 | % | - | 20.0% |  | 7.9%
RMBS |  | 150 |  |  | CPR |  | 1.3 | % | - | 17.0% |  | 3.0%
|  |  |  | CDR |  | 1.7 | % | - | 18.7% |  | 5.4%
|  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 50.0 | % | - | 125.0% |  | 80.5%
|  |  |  | Yield |  | 7.8 | % | - | 11.5% |  | 9.1%
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CLOs |  | 411 |  |  | Discount margin |  | 0.8 | % | - | 9.4% |  | 2.3%
Others |  | 384 |  |  | Yield |  | 7.7 | % | - | 10.1% |  | 7.8%
FG VIEs’ assets (1) |  | 160 |  |  | CPR |  | 0.2 | % | - | 21.8% |  | 7.2%
|  |  |  | CDR |  | 1.3 | % | - | 41.0% |  | 10.5%
|  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 45.0 | % | - | 100.0% |  | 83.0%
|  |  |  | Yield |  | 5.4 | % | - | 11.0% |  | 9.6%
Assets of CIVs (3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | 93 |  |  | Discount rate |  | 19.9 | % | - | 30.7% |  | 20.7%
|  |  |  | Market multiple-price to book |  | 1.05x |  |
|  |  |  | Market multiple-price to earnings |  | 5.50x |  |
|  |  |  | Terminal growth rate |  | 4.0% |  |
|  |  |  | Exit multiple-price to book |  | 1.05x |  |
|  |  |  | Exit multiple-price to earnings |  | 5.50x |  |
Structured products |  | 225 |  |  | Yield |  | 10.7 | % | - | 30.7% |  | 17.9%
Other assets (1) |  | 4 |  |  | Implied Yield |  | 7.6 | % | - | 8.1% |  | 7.8%
|  |  |  | Term (years) |  | 10 years |  |
Credit derivative liabilities, net (1) |  | (34) |  |  | Hedge cost (in basis points) (bps) |  | 11.4 | - | 26.7 |  | 15.7
|  |  |  | Bank profit (in bps) |  | 79.8 | - | 293.2 |  | 146.2
|  |  |  | Internal floor (in bps) |  | 10.0 |  |
|  |  |  | Internal credit rating |  | AAA | - | CCC |  | A
FG VIEs’ liabilities (1) |  | (393) |  |  | CPR |  | 0.2 | % | - | 21.8% |  | 7.2%
|  |  |  | CDR |  | 1.3 | % | - | 41.0% |  | 10.5%
|  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 45.0 | % | - | 100.0% |  | 83.0%
|  |  |  | Yield |  | 5.1 | % | - | 11.0% |  | 6.3%

___________________
(1) Discounted cash flow is used as the primary valuation technique.
(2) Excludes several investments reported in “other invested assets” with a fair value of $4 million.
(3) The primary valuation technique uses the income and/or market approach; the key inputs to the valuation are yield/discount rates and market multiples.
(4) Weighted average is calculated as a percentage of current par outstanding for all categories except for assets of CIVs, for which it is calculated as a percentage of fair value.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Inputs
As of December 31, 2023

Financial Instrument Description |  | Fair Value Assets (Liabilities) (in millions) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | Range |  | Weighted Average (4)
Investments (2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of state and political subdivisions |  | $ | 6 |  |  | Yield |  | 7.4 | % | - | 22.5% |  | 7.8%
RMBS |  | 154 |  |  | CPR |  | 0.1 | % | - | 15.0% |  | 3.4%
|  |  |  | CDR |  | 1.5 | % | - | 18.8% |  | 5.6%
|  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 50.0 | % | - | 125.0% |  | 82.6%
|  |  |  | Yield |  | 7.5 | % | - | 11.3% |  | 8.9%
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CLOs |  | 450 |  |  | Discount margin |  | 1.1 | % | - | 9.5% |  | 2.6%
Others |  | 353 |  | Yield |  | 6.2 | % | - | 11.7% |  | 7.8%
FG VIEs’ assets (1) |  | 174 |  |  | CPR |  | 0.2 | % | - | 21.4% |  | 7.8%
|  |  |  | CDR |  | 1.3 | % | - | 41.0% |  | 10.4%
|  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 45.0 | % | - | 100.0% |  | 82.9%
|  |  |  | Yield |  | 5.5 | % | - | 10.9% |  | 9.4%
Assets of CIVs (3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | 80 |  |  | Discount rate |  | 20.9% |  |
|  |  |  | Market multiple-price to book |  | 1.10x |  |
|  |  |  | Market multiple-price to earnings |  | 5.50x |  |
|  |  |  | Terminal growth rate |  | 4.0% |  |
|  |  |  | Exit multiple-price to book |  | 1.10x |  |
|  |  |  | Exit multiple-price to earnings |  | 5.50x |  |
Structured products |  | 189 |  | Yield |  | 14.7 | % | - | 21.4% |  | 18.0%
Other assets (1) |  | 13 |  |  | Implied Yield |  | 7.8 | % | - | 8.4% |  | 8.1%
|  |  |  | Term (years) |  | 10 years |  |
Credit derivative liabilities, net (1) |  | (50) |  |  | Hedge cost (in bps) |  | 10.2 | - | 26.5 |  | 15.8
|  |  |  | Bank profit (in bps) |  | 105.6 | - | 302.6 |  | 158.6
|  |  |  | Internal floor (in bps) |  | 10.0 |  |
|  |  |  | Internal credit rating |  | AAA | - | CCC |  | A
FG VIEs’ liabilities (1) |  | (554) |  |  | CPR |  | 0.2 | % | - | 21.4% |  | 7.8%
|  |  |  | CDR |  | 1.3 | % | - | 41.0% |  | 10.4%
|  |  |  | Loss severity |  | 45.0 | % | - | 100.0% |  | 82.9%
|  |  |  | Yield |  | 5.0 | % | - | 10.7% |  | 5.8%

____________________
(1) Discounted cash flow is used as the primary valuation technique.
(2) Excludes several investments reported in “other invested assets” with a fair value of $3 million.
(3) The primary valuation technique uses the income and/or market approach, the key inputs to the valuation are yield/discount rates and market multiples.
(4) Weighted average is calculated as a percentage of current par outstanding for all categories except for assets of CIVs, for which it is calculated as a percentage of fair value.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Not Carried at Fair Value
Financial Guaranty Insurance Contracts
Fair value is based on management’s estimate of what a similarly rated financial guaranty insurance company would demand to acquire the Company’s in-force book of financial guaranty insurance business. It is based on a variety of factors that include pricing assumptions management has observed for portfolio transfers, commutations and acquisitions that have occurred in the financial guaranty market, and also includes adjustments for stressed losses, ceding commissions and return on capital. The Company classified the fair value of financial guaranty insurance contracts as Level 3.
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt issued by the U.S. Holding Companies is valued by broker-dealers using independent third-party pricing sources and standard market conventions and classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The market conventions utilize market quotations, market transactions for the Company’s comparable instruments, and to a lesser extent, similar instruments in the broader insurance industry.
Assets and Liabilities of CIVs
Cash equivalents are recorded at cost which approximates fair value. Due from/to brokers and counterparties primarily consists of cash, margin deposits, cash collateral with the clearing brokers and various counterparties and the net amounts receivable/payable for securities transactions that had not settled at the balance sheet date. Due from/to brokers and counterparties represents balances on a net-by counterparty basis on the condensed consolidated balance sheets where a contractual right of offset exists under an enforceable netting arrangement. The cash at brokers is partially related to derivative contracts; its use is therefore restricted until the derivative contracts are closed. The carrying value approximates fair value of these items and are considered Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.
The carrying amount and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments not carried at fair value are presented in the following table.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

| As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
| Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value
| (in millions)
Assets (liabilities): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets of CIVs | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 19 |
Other assets (including other invested assets) | 75 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 80 |
Financial guaranty insurance contracts (1) | (2,172) |  |  | (1,860) |  |  | (2,244) |  |  | (1,811) |
Long-term debt | (1,696) |  |  | (1,569) |  |  | (1,694) |  |  | (1,593) |
Other liabilities | (32) |  |  | (32) |  |  | (15) |  |  | (15) |

____________________
(1) Carrying amount includes the assets and liabilities related to financial guaranty insurance contract premiums, losses and salvage and subrogation and other recoverables net of reinsurance.
10. Income Taxes
Overview
AGL is a tax resident in the U.K. although it remains a Bermuda-based company and its administrative and head office functions continue to be carried on in Bermuda.
Under Bermuda law, there was no Bermuda income, corporate or profits tax or withholding tax, capital gains tax or capital transfer tax payable by AGL or the Bermuda Subsidiaries (collectively, AG Re, AGRO and Cedar Personnel Ltd.) in 2023 and six months 2024.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
In July of 2023, the U.K. government passed legislation to implement the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development’s (OECD) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Pillar Two income inclusion rule. This includes a multinational top-up tax which will apply to large multinational corporations for accounting periods beginning on or after December 31, 2023. This applies to AGL and its subsidiaries, requiring a minimum effective rate of 15% in all jurisdictions in which they operate.
On December 27, 2023 the Bermuda government enacted a corporate income tax at the rate of 15% which will apply the Bermuda Subsidiaries for accounting periods starting on or after January 1, 2025. The enactment of the corporate income tax regime required the Company to recognize Bermuda deferred taxes for the first time and was recognized in the period that includes the date of enactment. An economic transition adjustment (ETA) equal to the difference between the fair market value and the carrying value of assets and liabilities of each of the Company’s Bermuda insurance subsidiaries as of September 30, 2023 resulted in the establishment of a deferred tax asset and corresponding benefit of $189 million reported in the fourth quarter of 2023 consolidated statement of operations. The ETA is expected to be utilized over 10 to 15 years, beginning in 2025.
AGL’s U.S., U.K. and French subsidiaries are subject to income taxes imposed by U.S., U.K. and French authorities, respectively, and file applicable tax returns. In addition, AGRO, a Bermuda domiciled company, has elected under Internal Revenue Code Section 953(d) to be taxed as a U.S. domestic corporation.
AGUS files a consolidated federal income tax return with all of its U.S. subsidiaries. Assured Guaranty Overseas US Holdings Inc. and its subsidiaries, AGRO and AG Intermediary Inc., file their own consolidated federal income tax return.
Tax Assets (Liabilities)
Deferred and Current Tax Assets (Liabilities)

| As of
| June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (in millions)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 250 |
Net current tax assets (liabilities) | 7 |  |  | (9) |

Valuation Allowance
The Company came to the conclusion that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be fully realized after weighing all positive and negative evidence available as required under GAAP. The positive evidence that was considered included the cumulative income the Company has earned over the last three years and the significant unearned premium income to be included in taxable income. The positive evidence outweighs any negative evidence that exists. As such, the Company believes that no valuation allowance is necessary in connection with the remaining deferred tax assets. The Company will continue to analyze the need for a valuation allowance on a quarterly basis.
Changes in market conditions during 2024 and 2023, including rising interest rates, resulted in the recording of deferred tax assets related to net unrealized tax capital losses. When assessing recoverability of these deferred tax assets, the Company considers the ability and intent to hold the underlying securities to recovery in value, if necessary, as well as other factors as noted above. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, based on all available evidence, including capital loss carryback capacity, the Company concluded that the deferred tax assets related to the unrealized tax capital losses on the available-for-sale securities portfolios are, more likely than not, expected to be realized.
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company’s provision for income taxes for interim financial periods is not based on an estimated annual effective rate due, for example, to the variability in loss reserves, fair value of its credit derivatives and VIEs and foreign exchange gains and losses which prevents the Company from projecting a reliable estimated annual effective tax rate and pre-tax income for the full year 2024. A discrete calculation of the provision is calculated for each interim period.
The Company’s overall effective tax rate fluctuates based on the distribution of income across jurisdictions. The effective tax rates reflect the proportion of income recognized by each of the Company’s operating subsidiaries, with
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
•U.S. subsidiaries taxed at the U.S. marginal corporate income tax rate of 21%,
•the French subsidiary taxed at the French marginal corporate tax rate of 25%,
•Bermuda Subsidiaries taxed at the Bermuda marginal corporate tax rate of 0%, unless subject to U.S. tax by election, and
•U.K. subsidiaries taxed at the U.K. marginal corporate tax rate of 25% for periods starting April 1, 2023 and 19% for periods ending on or before March 31, 2023. Effective January 1, 2024, the U.K. adopted a global minimum tax rate of 15% under the OECD’s BEPS Pillar Two rules.
A reconciliation of the difference between the provision for income taxes and the expected tax provision at statutory rates in taxable jurisdictions is presented below.
Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Expected tax provision (benefit) | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 43 |
Tax-exempt interest | (2) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (6) |
NCI | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (3) |
State taxes | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 7 |
Foreign taxes | (3) |  |  | (4) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Global minimum tax | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |
Other | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (1) |
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 41 |
Effective tax rate | 14.5 | % |  | 12.6 | % |  | 18.6 | % |  | 15.6 | %

The expected tax provision (benefit) is calculated as the sum of pre-tax income in each jurisdiction multiplied by the statutory tax rate of the jurisdiction by which it will be taxed. Where there is a pre-tax loss in one jurisdiction and pre-tax income in another, the total combined expected tax rate may be higher or lower than any of the individual statutory rates.
The following tables present pre-tax income and revenue by jurisdiction.
Pre-tax Income (Loss) by Tax Jurisdiction

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
U.S. | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | 225 |
Bermuda | 17 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 58 |
U.K. | (7) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (15) |
France | (3) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (4) |
Total | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 264 |

Revenue by Tax Jurisdiction

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
U.S. | $ | 166 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | $ | 528 |
Bermuda | 31 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 93 |
U.K. | 5 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 21 |
France | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |
Total | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 447 |  |  | $ | 643 |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Pre-tax income by jurisdiction may be disproportionate to revenue by jurisdiction to the extent that insurance losses incurred are disproportionate.
Audits
As of June 30, 2024, AGUS had open tax years with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for 2018 forward and is currently under audit for the 2018 and 2019 tax years. As of June 30, 2024, Assured Guaranty Overseas US Holdings Inc. had open tax years with the IRS for 2020 forward and is not currently under audit with the IRS. In September 2022, His Majesty’s Revenue & Customs (HMRC) completed a business risk review of Assured Guaranty that commenced in July 2022 and assigned a low-risk rating for corporate taxes in the U.K. In December 2023, HMRC issued an inquiry into the Company’s 2021 U.K. tax returns. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's U.K. subsidiaries had open tax years with HMRC for 2021 forward. The Company’s French subsidiary is not currently under examination and has open tax years of 2020 forward.
11. Contingencies
Legal Proceedings
Lawsuits arise in the ordinary course of the Company’s business. It is the opinion of the Company’s management, based upon the information available, that the expected outcome of litigation against the Company, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, although an adverse resolution of litigation against the Company in a fiscal quarter or year could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or liquidity in that particular quarter or year.
In addition, in the ordinary course of their respective businesses, certain of AGL’s insurance subsidiaries are involved in litigation with third parties to recover insurance losses paid in prior periods or prevent or reduce losses in the future. For example, the Company is involved in a number of legal actions in the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico to enforce or defend its rights with respect to the obligations it insures of Puerto Rico and its related PREPA. There remains one active proceeding related to PREPA, while there are a number of unresolved proceedings related to PREPA that remain stayed pending the Federal District Court of Puerto Rico’s determination on the PREPA plan of adjustment. See Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, Exposure to Puerto Rico, for a description of such actions. The impact, if any, of these and other proceedings on the amount of recoveries the Company receives and losses it pays in the future is uncertain, and the impact of any one or more of these proceedings during any quarter or year could be material to the Company’s results of operations in that particular quarter or year. In the first quarter of 2023, the Company reduced its previously recorded accrual of $20 million to zero in connection with developments in litigation.
The Company also receives subpoenas and interrogatories from regulators from time to time.
Litigation
On November 28, 2011, Lehman Brothers International (Europe) (in administration) (LBIE) sued AG Financial Products Inc. (AGFP), an affiliate of AG, which, in the past, had provided credit protection to counterparties under CDS. AG acts as the credit support provider of AGFP under these CDS. LBIE’s complaint, which was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York (the Court), asserted a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing based on AGFP's termination in December 2008 of nine credit derivative transactions between LBIE and AGFP and asserted claims for breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing based on AGFP’s termination in July 2009 of 28 other credit derivative transactions between LBIE and AGFP and AGFP’s calculation of the termination payment in connection with those 28 other credit derivative transactions. Following defaults by LBIE, AGFP had terminated the transactions in question in compliance with the agreement between AGFP and LBIE, and properly calculated that LBIE owes AGFP approximately $4 million for the claims which were dismissed (as described below) and approximately $21 million in connection with the termination of the other credit derivative transactions, whereas LBIE asserted in the complaint that AGFP owes LBIE a termination payment of approximately $1.4 billion. On March 15, 2013, the Court granted AGFP’s motion to dismiss in respect of the count relating to the nine credit derivative transactions and narrowed LBIE’s claim with respect to the 28 other credit derivative transactions. Following a bench trial, on March 8, 2023, the Court rendered its decision and found in favor of AGFP. On June 30, 2023, the clerk entered judgment in favor of AGFP in the amount of approximately $54 million plus post-judgment simple interest at an annual rate of 8%. On July 1, 2023, AGFP moved the Court to award it approximately $58 million for attorneys’ fees and expenses AGFP incurred through March 2023. The parties reached a confidential settlement with respect to this motion for attorneys’ fees, and AGFP withdrew the motion without prejudice on October 30, 2023. On
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
September 22, 2023, LBIE appealed the Court’s post-trial decision to the New York Appellate Division’s First Judicial Department (Appellate Division). On March 14, 2024, the Appellate Division affirmed the Court’s judgment. On April 15, 2024, LBIE moved for leave to reargue its appeal before the Appellate Division or to appeal to the New York Court of Appeals, which the Appellate Division denied on July 18, 2024. The Company continues to evaluate developments related to this case including any issues associated with any further appeals by the plaintiff. The Company did not accrue in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the judgment it was awarded or the attorneys’ fees it sought.
12. Shareholders’ Equity
Other Comprehensive Income
The following tables present the changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) and the effect of reclassifications out of AOCI into the respective lines in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) by Component
Second Quarter 2024

| Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments with: |  | ISCR on FG VIEs’ Liabilities with Recourse |  | Cumulative Translation Adjustment |  | Cash Flow Hedge |  | Total AOCI
| No Credit Impairment |  | Credit Impairment |  |  |  |
| (in millions)
Balance, March 31, 2024 | $ | (231) |  |  | $ | (103) |  |  | $ | (21) |  |  | $ | (37) |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (387) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | (15) |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |
Less: Amounts reclassified from AOCI to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized investment gains (losses) | (4) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |
Total before tax | (4) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |
Tax (provision) benefit | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total amount reclassified from AOCI, net of tax | (3) |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (12) |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |
Balance, June 30, 2024 | $ | (243) |  |  | $ | (96) |  |  | $ | (20) |  |  | $ | (38) |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (392) |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) by Component
Second Quarter 2023

| Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments with: |  | ISCR on FG VIEs’ Liabilities with Recourse |  | Cumulative Translation Adjustment |  | Cash Flow Hedge |  | Total AOCI
| No Credit Impairment |  | Credit Impairment |  |  |  |
| (in millions)
Balance, March 31, 2023 | $ | (254) |  |  | $ | (105) |  |  | $ | (24) |  |  | $ | (43) |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (420) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | (30) |  |  | (18) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (46) |
Less: Amounts reclassified from AOCI to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized investment gains (losses) | 1 |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |
Fair value gains (losses) on FG VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total before tax | 1 |  |  | (10) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (9) |
Tax (provision) benefit | (1) |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total amount reclassified from AOCI, net of tax | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (8) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (30) |  |  | (10) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (38) |
Balance, June 30, 2023 | $ | (284) |  |  | $ | (115) |  |  | $ | (22) |  |  | $ | (42) |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (458) |

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) by Component
Six Months 2024

| Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments with: |  | ISCR on FG VIEs’ Liabilities with Recourse |  | Cumulative Translation Adjustment |  | Cash Flow Hedge |  | Total AOCI
| No Credit Impairment |  | Credit Impairment |  |  |  |
| (in millions)
Balance, December 31, 2023 | $ | (202) |  |  | $ | (104) |  |  | $ | (20) |  |  | $ | (38) |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (359) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | (46) |  |  | 14 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33) |
Less: Amounts reclassified from AOCI to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized investment gains (losses) | (6) |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Fair value gains (losses) on FG VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Total before tax | (6) |  |  | 8 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Tax (provision) benefit | 1 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Total amount reclassified from AOCI, net of tax | (5) |  |  | 6 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (41) |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33) |
Balance, June 30, 2024 | $ | (243) |  |  | $ | (96) |  |  | $ | (20) |  |  | $ | (38) |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (392) |

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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) by Component
Six Months 2023

| Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments with: |  | ISCR on FG VIEs’ Liabilities with Recourse |  | Cumulative Translation Adjustment |  | Cash Flow Hedge |  | Total AOCI
| No Credit Impairment |  | Credit Impairment |  |  |  |
| (in millions)
Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | (343) |  |  | $ | (110) |  |  | $ | (23) |  |  | $ | (45) |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (515) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 61 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |
Less: Amounts reclassified from AOCI to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized investment gains (losses) | 4 |  |  | (15) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |
Fair value gains (losses) on FG VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |
Interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total before tax | 4 |  |  | (15) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (12) |
Tax (provision) benefit | (2) |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total amount reclassified from AOCI, net of tax | 2 |  |  | (12) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (11) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 59 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 57 |
Balance, June 30, 2023 | $ | (284) |  |  | $ | (115) |  |  | $ | (22) |  |  | $ | (42) |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (458) |

Share Repurchases
On May 2, 2024, AGL’s Board of Directors (the Board) authorized the repurchase of an additional $300 million of its common shares. As of August 6, 2024, the Company was authorized to purchase $275 million of its common shares. The Company expects to repurchase shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The timing, form and amount of the share repurchases under the program are at the discretion of management and will depend on a variety of factors, including funds available at the parent company, other potential uses for such funds, market conditions, the Company’s capital position, legal requirements and other factors. The repurchase program may be modified, extended or terminated by the Board at any time. It does not have an expiration date.
Share Repurchases

Period |  | Number of Shares Repurchased |  | Total Payments (1) (in millions) |  | Average Price Paid Per Share (1)
2023 (January 1 - March 31) |  | 36,369 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 62.23 |
2023 (April 1 - June 30) |  | 453,942 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 53.08 |
2023 (July 1- September 30) |  | 1,065,902 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 59.67 |
2023 (October 1- December 31) |  | 1,659,680 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 65.83 |
Total 2023 |  | 3,215,893 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 61.95 |
2024 (January 1 - March 31) |  | 1,539,278 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 84.07 |
2024 (April 1 - June 30) |  | 1,928,328 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 78.50 |
2024 (July 1 - August 6) |  | 599,497 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 79.96 |
Total 2024 |  | 4,067,103 |  |  | $ | 329 |  |  | $ | 80.82 |

____________________
(1) Excludes commissions and excise taxes.
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Assured Guaranty Ltd.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), Continued
13. Earnings Per Share
Computation of Earnings Per Share

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions, except per share amounts)
Basic Earnings Per Share (EPS): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to AGL | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 206 |
Less: Distributed and undistributed income (loss) available to nonvested shareholders | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Distributed and undistributed income (loss) available to common shareholders of AGL and subsidiaries, basic | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 205 |
Basic shares | 54.1 |  |  | 59.2 |  |  | 54.9 |  |  | 59.1 |
Basic EPS | $ | 1.43 |  |  | $ | 2.09 |  |  | $ | 3.38 |  |  | $ | 3.46 |
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distributed and undistributed income (loss) available to common shareholders of AGL and subsidiaries, basic | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 205 |
Plus: Re-allocation of undistributed income (loss) available to nonvested shareholders of AGL and subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Distributed and undistributed income (loss) available to common shareholders of AGL and subsidiaries, diluted | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 205 |
Basic shares | 54.1 |  |  | 59.2 |  |  | 54.9 |  |  | 59.1 |
Dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock awards | 0.9 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.2 |
Diluted shares | 55.0 |  |  | 60.1 |  |  | 56.1 |  |  | 60.3 |
Diluted EPS | $ | 1.41 |  |  | $ | 2.06 |  |  | $ | 3.31 |  |  | $ | 3.40 |
Potentially dilutive securities excluded from computation of EPS because of antidilutive effect | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Forward Looking Statements
This Form 10-Q contains information that includes or is based upon forward looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward looking statements give the expectations or forecasts of future events of Assured Guaranty Ltd. (AGL) and its subsidiaries (collectively with AGL, Assured Guaranty or the Company). These statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts and relate to future operating or financial performance.
Any or all of Assured Guaranty’s forward looking statements herein are based on current expectations and the current economic environment and may turn out to be incorrect. Assured Guaranty’s actual results may vary materially from those expressed in, or implied or projected by, the forward-looking information and statements. Among factors that could cause actual results to differ adversely are:
(i) significant changes in inflation, interest rates, the world’s credit markets or segments thereof, credit spreads, foreign exchange rates or general economic conditions, including the possibility of a recession or stagflation; (ii) geopolitical risk, terrorism and political violence risk, including those arising out of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and intentional or accidental escalation between The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Russia, conflict in the Middle East and confrontation over Iran’s nuclear program, the polarized political environment of the 2024 United States (U.S.) presidential election and U.S. – China strategic competition; (iii) cybersecurity risk and the impacts of artificial intelligence, machine learning and other technological advances, including potentially increasing the risks of malicious cyber attacks, dissemination of misinformation, and disruption of markets; (iv) the possibility of a U.S. government shutdown, payment defaults on the debt of the U.S. government or instruments issued, insured or guaranteed by related institutions, agencies or instrumentalities, and downgrades to their credit ratings; (v) developments in the world’s financial and capital markets, including stresses in the financial condition of banking institutions in the U.S. and the possibility that increasing participation of unregulated financial institutions in these markets results in losses or lower valuations of assets, reduced liquidity and credit and/or contraction of these markets, that adversely affect repayment rates of insured obligors, Assured Guaranty’s insurance loss or recovery experience, or investments of Assured Guaranty; (vi) reduction in the amount of available insurance opportunities and/or in the demand for Assured Guaranty’s insurance; (vii) the possibility that budget or pension shortfalls or other factors will result in credit losses or liquidity claims on obligations of state, territorial and local governments and their related authorities and public corporations that Assured Guaranty insures or reinsures; (viii) insured losses, including losses with respect to related legal proceedings, in excess of those expected by Assured Guaranty or the failure of Assured Guaranty to realize loss recoveries that are assumed in its expected loss estimates for insurance exposures, including as a result of the final resolution of Assured Guaranty’s Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) exposure or the amounts recovered on securities received in connection with the resolution of Puerto Rico exposures already resolved; (ix) the impact of Assured Guaranty satisfying its obligations under insurance policies with respect to legacy insured Puerto Rico bonds; (x) increased competition, including from new entrants into the financial guaranty industry, nonpayment insurance and other forms of capital saving or risk syndication available to banks and insurers; (xi) the possibility that investments made by Assured Guaranty for its investment portfolio, including alternative investments, do not result in the benefits anticipated or subject Assured Guaranty to reduced liquidity at a time it requires liquidity, or to other negative or unanticipated consequences; (xii) the impacts of Assured Guaranty’s transactions with Sound Point Capital Management, LP (Sound Point, LP) and certain of its investment management affiliates (together with Sound Point, LP, Sound Point) and/or Assured Healthcare Partners LLC (AHP) on Assured Guaranty and its relationships with its shareholders, regulators, rating agencies, employees and the obligors it insures and on the asset management business contributed to Sound Point, LP and on the business of AHP and their relationships with their respective clients and employees; (xiii) the possibility that strategic transactions made by Assured Guaranty, including the transactions with Sound Point and/or AHP and/or merger of Assured Guaranty Municipal Corp. (AGM) with and into Assured Guaranty Inc. (AG, formerly Assured Guaranty Corp.), do not result in the benefits anticipated or subject Assured Guaranty to negative consequences; (xiv) the inability to control the business, management or policies of entities in which Assured Guaranty holds a minority interest; (xv) the impact of market volatility on the fair value of Assured Guaranty’s assets and liabilities subject to mark-to-market, including certain of its investments, contracts accounted for as derivatives, its committed capital securities, its consolidated investment vehicles and certain consolidated variable interest entities (VIEs); (xvi) rating agency action, including a ratings downgrade, a change in outlook, the placement of ratings on watch for downgrade, or a change in rating criteria, at any time, of AGL or any of its insurance subsidiaries, and/or of any securities AGL or any of its subsidiaries have issued, and/or of transactions that AGL’s insurance subsidiaries have insured; (xvii) the inability of Assured Guaranty to access external sources of capital on acceptable terms; (xviii) changes in applicable accounting policies or practices; (xix) changes in applicable laws or regulations, including insurance, bankruptcy and tax laws, or other governmental actions; (xx) difficulties with the execution of Assured Guaranty’s business strategy; (xxi) loss of key personnel; (xxii) the effects of mergers, acquisitions and divestitures;
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(xxiii) public health crises, including pandemics and endemics, and the governmental and private actions taken in response to such events; (xxiv) natural or man-made catastrophes; (xxv) the impact of climate change on Assured Guaranty’s business and regulatory actions taken related to such risk; (xxvi) other risk factors identified in AGL’s filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC); (xxvii) other risks and uncertainties that have not been identified at this time; and (xxviii) management’s response to these factors.
The foregoing review of important factors should not be construed as exhaustive, and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this Form 10-Q, as well as the risk factors included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company undertakes no obligation to update publicly or review any forward looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law. Investors are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures the Company makes on related subjects in the Company’s reports filed with the SEC.
If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if the Company’s underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from what the Company projected. Any forward looking statements in this Form 10-Q reflect the Company’s current views with respect to future events and are subject to these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to its operations, results of operations, growth strategy and liquidity.
For these statements, the Company claims the protection of the safe harbor for forward looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act).
Available Information
The Company maintains an internet web site at www.assuredguaranty.com. The Company makes available, free of charge, on its web site (under www.assuredguaranty.com/sec-filings) the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13 (a) or 15 (d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. The Company also makes available, free of charge, through its web site (under www.assuredguaranty.com/governance) links to the Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines, the Company’s Global Code of Ethics, AGL’s Bye-Laws and the charters for the committees of its Board of Directors. In addition, the SEC maintains a web site (at www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.
The Company routinely posts important information for investors on its web site (under www.assuredguaranty.com/company-statements and, more generally, under the Investor Information tab at www.assuredguaranty.com/investor-information and Businesses tab at www.assuredguaranty.com/businesses). The Company also maintains a social media account on LinkedIn (www.linkedin.com/company/assured-guaranty/). The Company uses its web site and may use its social media account as a means of disclosing material information and for complying with its disclosure obligations under SEC Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure). Accordingly, investors should monitor the Company Statements, Investor Information and Businesses portions of the Company’s web site as well as the Company’s social media account on LinkedIn, in addition to following the Company’s press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, presentations and webcasts.
The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, the Company’s web site or social media account is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this report.
Overview
Business
The Company reports its results of operations in two distinct segments, Insurance and Asset Management, consistent with the manner in which the Company’s chief operating decision maker reviews the business to assess performance and allocate resources. The Company’s Corporate division and other activities (including financial guaranty VIEs (FG VIEs) and consolidated investment vehicles (CIVs)) are presented separately.
In the Insurance segment, the Company provides credit protection products to the U.S. and non-U.S. public finance (including infrastructure) and structured finance markets. Until July 1, 2023, the Company served as investment advisor to collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) and opportunity funds, through Assured Investment Management LLC (AssuredIM LLC) and its investment management affiliates (together with AssuredIM LLC, AssuredIM). Beginning July 1, 2023, the
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Company participates in the asset management business through its ownership interest in Sound Point. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 1, Business and Basis of Presentation.
The Corporate division primarily consists of: (i) interest expense and any losses on the extinguishment of the debt of Assured Guaranty US Holdings Inc. (AGUS) and Assured Guaranty Municipal Holdings Inc. (AGMH) (the U.S. Holding Companies); and (ii) other corporate operating expenses of AGL and the U.S. Holding Companies. The Other category in the segment tables below primarily includes the effect of consolidating FG VIEs and CIVs (FG VIE and CIV consolidation), intersegment eliminations and, prior to July 1, 2023, the reclassification of reimbursable fund expenses. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 2, Segment Information.
Economic Environment
Real gross domestic product increased at an annual rate of 2.8% in the three-month period ended June 30, 2024 (second quarter 2024), compared to an increase of 1.4% in the three-month period ended March 31, 2024 (first quarter 2024), according to the second quarter 2024 advance estimate news release issued by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. At the end of June 2024, the U.S. unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, stood at 4.1%, higher than where it stood at the end of first quarter 2024 at 3.8%. The Company believes a more robust economy makes it less likely that obligors whose obligations it guarantees will default.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the inflation rate in the U.S. before seasonal adjustment for the 12-month period ending June 2024, as measured by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, was 3.0%, as compared to 3.5% for the 12-month period ending March 2024. According to the United Kingdom’s (U.K.) Office for National Statistics, the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs rose 2.8% for the 12 months through June 2024, down from 3.8% for the 12 months ended March 2024. Consumer price inflation in the U.K. increases reported net par outstanding for certain U.K. exposures with approximately $22.7 billion of net par outstanding as of June 30, 2024, and also increases projected future installment premiums on the portion of such exposure that pays at least a portion of the premium on an installment basis over the term of the exposure.
With the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) acknowledging the need to combat inflation, in March 2022 the FOMC began again raising the target range for the federal funds rate and stated that it would reduce its holdings of treasury securities and agency debt and agency mortgage-backed securities. From March 2022 through July 2023, the FOMC raised the federal funds rate from a range of 0% to 0.25% where it started 2022 to a target range of 5.25% to 5.50%. Since its July 2023 meeting, the FOMC has maintained the federal funds rate at 5.25% to 5.50%, including through its most recent meeting held July 30-31, 2024, stating that it would continue to assess additional information and its implications for monetary policy. The FOMC has repeatedly declared that it seeks to achieve maximum employment and inflation at the rate of 2% over the longer run. In considering any adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the FOMC has indicated it will carefully assess incoming data, the evolving outlook, and the balance of risks, and that it does not expect it will be appropriate to reduce the target range until it has greater confidence that inflation is moving sustainably towards 2%. These assessments will take into account a wide range of information, including readings on labor market conditions, inflation pressures and inflation expectations, and financial and international developments.
The level and direction of interest rates and credit spreads impact the Company in numerous ways. On the one hand, higher interest rates may reduce the fair value of fixed-maturity securities currently held in the Company’s investment portfolio, dampen municipal bond issuance and negatively impact the finances of some of the obligors whose payments the Company insures. On the other hand, higher interest rates increase the base on which the Company charges premium in most U.S. municipal bond transactions. Higher interest rates also are often accompanied by wider spreads, which may also increase the level of premiums it can charge for those products.
The 30-year AAA Municipal Market Data (MMD) rate is a measure of interest rates in the Company’s largest financial guaranty insurance market, U.S. public finance. The MMD rate averaged 3.82% for the quarter ended June 2024, higher than the 3.57% average for the quarter ended March 2024, and higher than the 3.41% average for the quarter ended June 2023. Meanwhile, the difference, or credit spread, between the 30-year BBB-rated general obligation relative to the 30-year AAA MMD averaged 90 basis points (bps) in the quarter ended June 2024, which is slightly narrower than the 92 bps average for the quarter ended March 2024, and narrower than the 101 bps average for the quarter ended June 2023. The Company believes that, wider spreads could permit it to increase its premium rates on new business, and higher interest rates may also increase the amount the Company can earn on its largely fixed-maturity securities.
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Additionally, the Company believes that higher interest rates are discouraging some homeowners from moving as many are locked into lower mortgage interest rates at the homes in which they reside, which, in turn, is restricting housing inventory and leading to an increase in home prices as demand outpaces supply. The increase in housing prices may benefit distressed residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) the Company insures. The National Association of Realtors reported that year-over-year existing-home sales decreased 5.4% from June 2023 to June 2024, while the median existing-home sales price increased 4.1% from June 2023 ($410,100) to June 2024 ($426,900).
Key Business Strategies
The Company continually evaluates its business strategies and is currently pursuing key business strategies in three areas: (i) insurance; (ii) asset management and alternative investments; and (iii) capital management.
Insurance
The Company seeks to grow the insurance business through new business production, acquisitions of legacy financial guarantors or reinsurance or novation of their insured portfolios, and to continue to mitigate losses in its current insured portfolio.
Growth of the Insured Portfolio
The Company seeks to grow its financial guaranty insurance portfolio through new business production in each of its markets: public finance (including infrastructure) and structured finance. The Company believes high-profile defaults by municipal obligors, such as Puerto Rico, Detroit, Michigan and Stockton, California as well as events such as the COVID-19 pandemic have led to increased awareness of the value of bond insurance and stimulated demand for the product. The Company believes there will be continued demand for its insurance in this market because, for those exposures that the Company guarantees, it undertakes the tasks of credit selection, analysis, negotiation of terms, surveillance and, if necessary, loss mitigation. The Company believes that its insurance: (i) encourages retail investors, who typically have fewer resources than the Company for analyzing municipal bonds, to purchase such bonds; (ii) enables institutional investors to operate more efficiently; and (iii) allows smaller, less well-known issuers to gain market access on a more cost-effective basis.
The low interest rate environment and tight U.S. municipal credit spreads from when the financial crisis began in 2008 through early 2020 dampened demand for bond insurance compared to the levels before the financial crisis. After the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, credit spreads initially widened as a result of market concerns about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on some municipal credits, thereby improving demand for financial guaranty insurance even in a low interest rate environment, before narrowing again in 2022. The Company believes that, over time, wider credit spreads may improve demand for bond insurance.
In certain segments of the infrastructure and structured finance markets, the Company believes its financial guaranty product is competitive with other financing options. For example, certain investors may receive advantageous capital requirement treatment with the addition of the Company’s guaranty. The Company considers its involvement in both infrastructure and structured finance transactions to be beneficial because such transactions diversify both the Company’s business opportunities and its risk profile beyond U.S. public finance. The timing of new business production in the infrastructure and structured finance sectors is influenced by typically long lead times and therefore may vary from period to period.
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U.S. Municipal Market Data and Bond Insurance Penetration Rates (1)
Based on Sale Date

| Six Months 2024 |  | Six Months 2023 |  | Year Ended December 31, 2023
| (dollars in billions, except number of issues and percentages)
Par: |  |  |  |  |
New municipal bonds issued | $ | 236.7 |  |  | $ | 172.5 |  |  | $ | 362.8 |
Total insured | $ | 19.4 |  |  | $ | 15.6 |  |  | $ | 31.8 |
Insured by Assured Guaranty | $ | 10.8 |  |  | $ | 9.8 |  |  | $ | 19.5 |
Number of issues: |  |  |  |  |
New municipal bonds issued | 4,027 |  |  | 3,525 |  |  | 7,268 |
Total insured | 767 |  |  | 622 |  |  | 1,397 |
Insured by Assured Guaranty | 330 |  |  | 290 |  |  | 645 |
Bond insurance market penetration based on: |  |  |  |  |
Par | 8.2 | % |  | 9.0 | % |  | 8.8 | %
Number of issues | 19.0 | % |  | 17.6 | % |  | 19.2 | %
Single A par sold | 27.2 | % |  | 36.8 | % |  | 31.1 | %
Single A transactions sold | 65.3 | % |  | 62.3 | % |  | 61.6 | %
$25 million and under par sold | 23.0 | % |  | 22.3 | % |  | 24.6 | %
$25 million and under transactions sold | 24.1 | % |  | 21.2 | % |  | 23.6 | %

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(1) Source: The amounts in the table are those reported by Thomson Reuters. The table excludes Corporate-CUSIP transactions insured by Assured Guaranty, certain of which the Company also considers to be public finance business.
The Company also considers opportunities to acquire financial guaranty portfolios, whether by acquiring financial guarantors that are no longer actively writing new business or their insured portfolios, generally through reinsurance or novations. These transactions enable the Company to improve its future earnings and deploy excess capital.
Merger of the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries
On August 1, 2024, AGM merged with and into AG, with AG as the surviving company. Upon the merger all liabilities of AGM, including insurance policies issued or assumed by AGM, became obligations of AG. The Company believes that the combination of AG and AGM will simplify Assured Guaranty’s organizational and capital structure and grow its business. The combined company, as compared with either AG or AGM before the merger, has a larger, more highly diversified insured portfolio, a larger investment portfolio and a larger capital base, creating a more efficient capital structure and greater claims-paying resources.
In addition, the combined company, as compared with either AG or AGM before the merger, has larger regulatory single risk limits. Such limits are applicable to each financial guaranty insurer for obligations issued by a single entity and backed by a single revenue source. Since the combined company has greater policyholder’s surplus and contingency reserves, as compared to standalone AG or AGM before the merger, the dollar amounts for its single risk limits on obligations issued by a single entity and backed by a single revenue source are also greater.
Prior to the merger, AG had been directly owned by AGUS. As a result of the merger, effective as of August 1, 2024, AG is directly owned by AGMH, a subsidiary of AGUS.
Loss Mitigation
In an effort to avoid, reduce or recover losses and potential losses in its insurance portfolio, the Company employs a number of strategies.
In the public finance area, the Company believes its experience and the resources it is prepared to deploy, as well as its ability to provide bond insurance or other contributions as part of a solution, result in more favorable outcomes in distressed public finance situations than would be the case without its participation. This has been illustrated by the Company’s role in negotiating various agreements in connection with the restructuring of obligations of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and various obligations of its related authorities and public corporations, as well as Detroit, Michigan and Stockton, California. The
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Company will also, where appropriate, pursue litigation to enforce its rights. For example, the Company initiated a number of legal actions to enforce its rights with respect to obligations of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and various obligations of its related authorities and public corporations.
In 2022, as a result of the resolution of the Company’s exposure to insured Puerto Rico credits experiencing payment default other than PREPA (2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions), the Company received cash, new general obligation bonds (New GO Bonds), new bonds backed by toll revenues (Toll Bonds, and together with New GO Bonds, New Recovery Bonds) and contingent value instruments (CVIs). The CVIs are intended to provide creditors with additional recoveries tied to the outperformance of the Puerto Rico 5.5% Sales and Use Tax receipts against May 2020 certified fiscal plan projections, subject to annual and lifetime caps. The Company may sell in the future any CVIs it continues to hold. The Company continues to work to resolve its remaining unresolved defaulted Puerto Rico exposure, PREPA. For more information about developments in Puerto Rico and related recovery litigation being pursued by the Company, see Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, and the “—Insured Portfolio” section below.
The Company is, and for several years has been, working with the servicers of some of the RMBS transactions it insures to encourage the servicers to provide alternatives to distressed borrowers that will encourage them to continue making payments on their loans to help improve the performance of the related RMBS.
The Company may also purchase attractively priced obligations, including below-investment-grade (BIG) obligations, that it has insured and for which it had expected losses to be paid, in order to mitigate the economic effect of insured losses (Loss Mitigation Securities). The fair value of Loss Mitigation Securities as of June 30, 2024 (excluding the value of the Company’s insurance) was $465 million.
In some instances, the terms of the Company’s policy or the terms of certain workout orders and resolutions give it the option to pay principal on an accelerated basis on an obligation on which it has paid a claim, thereby reducing the amount of guaranteed interest due in the future. The Company has at times exercised this option, which uses cash but reduces projected future losses. The Company may also facilitate the issuance of refunding bonds, by either providing insurance on the refunding bonds or purchasing refunding bonds, or both. Refunding bonds may provide the issuer with payment relief.
Asset Management and Alternative Investments
Until July 1, 2023, the Company pursued its asset management strategy through AssuredIM. Upon the closing of the transaction with Sound Point (Sound Point Transaction) and the transaction with AHP (AHP Transaction), effective as of July 1, 2023, the Company participates in the asset management business through its ownership interest in Sound Point, and no longer directly manages investments for third parties. The Company’s ownership interest in Sound Point furthers its strategy of participating in a fee-based earnings stream independent of the risk-based premiums generated by its financial guaranty business. The Sound Point business was strengthened by the addition of AssuredIM’s assets under management (AUM) (excluding AUM relating to AHP). See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 1, Business and Basis of Presentation, for a description of the Sound Point Transaction and the AHP Transaction.
The Company expects its relationship with Sound Point to also enhance its alternative investment opportunities. The Company has agreed to invest an aggregate amount of $1.5 billion in alternative investments, including $1 billion in Sound Point managed investments.
Capital Management
The Company has developed strategies to efficiently manage capital within the Assured Guaranty group.
From 2013 through August 6, 2024, the Company has repurchased 148 million common shares for approximately $5.2 billion, representing approximately 76% of the total shares outstanding at the beginning of the repurchase program in 2013. On May 2, 2024, the AGL Board of Directors (the Board) authorized the repurchase of an additional $300 million of the Company’s common shares. Under this and previous authorizations, as of August 6, 2024, the Company was authorized to purchase $275 million of its common shares. Shares may be repurchased from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The timing, form and amount of the share repurchases under the program are at the discretion of management and will depend on a variety of factors, including funds available at the parent company, other potential uses for such funds, market conditions, the Company’s capital position, legal requirements and other factors. The repurchase program may be modified, extended or terminated by the Board at any time and it does not have an expiration date. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 12, Shareholders’ Equity, for additional information about the Company’s repurchases of its common shares.
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Summary of Share Repurchases

| Amount (1) |  | Number of Shares |  | Average price per share (1)
| (in millions, except per share data)
2013 - 2023 | $ | 4,860 |  |  | 144.09 |  |  | $ | 33.73 |
2024 (first quarter) | 129 |  |  | 1.54 |  |  | 84.07 |
2024 (second quarter) | 152 |  |  | 1.93 |  |  | 78.50 |
2024 (through August 6) | 48 |  |  | 0.60 |  |  | 79.96 |
Cumulative repurchases since the beginning of 2013 | $ | 5,189 |  |  | 148.16 |  |  | 35.02 |

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(1) Excludes commissions and excise taxes.
As of June 30, 2024, the estimated accretive effect of the cumulative repurchases of common shares since the beginning of 2013 was approximately: $51.21 per share in shareholders’ equity attributable to AGL, $55.44 per share in adjusted operating shareholders’ equity and $93.47 per share in adjusted book value.
In May 2024, the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) approved, and AGM implemented, the redemption of approximately $100 million of its shares of common stock from AGMH.
In connection with the merger of AGM into AG, the Maryland Insurance Administration (MIA) approved, and on August 5, 2024 AG implemented, the redemption of approximately $300 million of its shares of common stock from AGMH in exchange for cash of $172 million and the remainder in alternative investments.
The Company considers the appropriate mix of debt and equity in its capital structure. In 2023, the Company issued $350 million in 6.125% Senior Notes due in 2028 and used the proceeds primarily to redeem $330 million of 5% Senior Notes due in 2024. Since the second quarter of 2017, AGUS has also purchased $154 million in principal of AGMH’s outstanding Junior Subordinated Debentures.
The Company may choose to redeem or make additional purchases of this or other Company debt in the future. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — AGL and its U.S. Holding Companies.”
Executive Summary
This executive summary of management’s discussion and analysis highlights selected information and may not contain all of the information that is important to readers of this Quarterly Report. For a more detailed description of events, trends and uncertainties, as well as the capital, liquidity, credit, operational and market risks and the critical accounting policies and estimates affecting the Company, this Quarterly Report should be read in its entirety and in addition to the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The primary drivers of volatility in the Company’s net income include: loss and loss adjustment expense (LAE), changes in fair value of credit derivatives, FG VIEs, CIVs, CVIs and committed capital securities (CCS), as well as foreign exchange gains (losses), the level of refundings of insured obligations, changes in the value of the Company’s alternative investments, the effects of any large transactions, settlements, commutations and loss mitigation strategies, among other factors. Changes in laws and regulations, among other factors, may also have a significant effect on reported net income or loss in a given reporting period.
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Financial Performance of Assured Guaranty
Financial Results

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions, except per share amounts)
GAAP |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to AGL | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 206 |
Net income (loss) attributable to AGL per diluted share | $ | 1.41 |  |  | $ | 2.06 |  |  | $ | 3.31 |  |  | $ | 3.40 |
Weighted average diluted shares | 55.0 |  |  | 60.1 |  |  | 56.1 |  |  | 60.3 |
Non-GAAP |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted operating income (loss) (1) | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 104 |
Adjusted operating income per diluted share | $ | 1.44 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |  |  | $ | 3.41 |  |  | $ | 1.72 |
Weighted average diluted shares | 55.0 |  |  | 60.1 |  |  | 56.1 |  |  | 60.3 |
Components of total adjusted operating income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance segment | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 223 |
Asset Management segment | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (3) |
Corporate division | (35) |  |  | (50) |  |  | (72) |  |  | (94) |
Other (2) | (1) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (22) |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 104 |
Insurance Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross written premiums (GWP) | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 181 |
Present value of new business production (PVP) (1) | 155 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 218 |  |  | 203 |
Gross par written | 9,423 |  |  | 8,974 |  |  | 13,166 |  |  | 14,337 |

| As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
| Amount |  | Per Share |  | Amount |  | Per Share
| (in millions, except per share amounts)
Shareholders’ equity attributable to AGL | $ | 5,539 |  |  | $ | 104.15 |  |  | $ | 5,713 |  |  | $ | 101.63 |
Adjusted operating shareholders' equity (1) | 5,844 |  |  | 109.88 |  |  | 5,990 |  |  | 106.54 |
Adjusted book value (1) | 8,598 |  |  | 161.65 |  |  | 8,765 |  |  | 155.92 |
Common shares outstanding (3) | 53.2 |  |  |  |  | 56.2 |  |  |

____________________
(1) See “— Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a definition of the financial measures that were not determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP), a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, if available, and for additional details.
(2) Relates to the effect of consolidating FG VIEs and CIVs.
(3) See “— Overview — Key Business Strategies — Capital Management” above for information on common share repurchases.
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Condensed Consolidated Results of Operations
Condensed Consolidated Results of Operations

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earned premiums | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 166 |
Net investment income | 81 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 170 |
Asset management fees | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 53 |
Net realized investment gains (losses) | (6) |  |  | (9) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (11) |
Fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives | 6 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 106 |
Fair value gains (losses) on CCS | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (15) |
Fair value gains (losses) on FG VIEs | (1) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (8) |
Fair value gains (losses) on CIVs | 11 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 64 |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) on remeasurement | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 48 |
Fair value gains (losses) on trading securities | 17 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 38 |
Other income (loss) | 9 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 32 |
Total revenues | 202 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 447 |  |  | 643 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE (benefit) | (2) |  |  | 55 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 59 |
Interest expense | 23 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 43 |
Amortization of deferred acquisition cost (DAC) | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 6 |
Employee compensation, benefit and other operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset management subsidiaries | 4 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 88 |
Insurance and other subsidiaries | 85 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 190 |
Total expenses | 113 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 386 |
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in earnings (losses) of investees | 89 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 209 |  |  | 257 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of investees | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 7 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 94 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 264 |
Less: Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 13 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 41 |
Net income (loss) | 81 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 223 |
Less: Noncontrolling interests | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 17 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Assured Guaranty Ltd. | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 206 |
Effective tax rate | 14.5 | % |  | 12.6 | % |  | 18.6 | % |  | 15.6 | %

Second Quarter 2024 Compared with Second Quarter 2023
Net income attributable to AGL for second quarter 2024 was lower compared with the three-month period ended June 30, 2023 (second quarter 2023) primarily due to:
•lower fair value gains on credit derivatives,
•foreign exchange gains on remeasurement in second quarter 2023, and
•lower fair value gains on trading securities in second quarter 2024.
These decreases were offset in part by:
•loss and LAE benefit in second quarter 2024 compared with loss and LAE in second quarter 2023, and
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•employee compensation and operating expenses associated with the Sound Point Transaction and AHP Transaction of $24 million in second quarter 2023.
Six Months 2024 Compared with Six Months 2023
Net income attributable to AGL for six months 2024 was lower compared with the six-month period ended June 30, 2023 (six months 2023) primarily due to:
•lower fair value gains on credit derivatives,
•foreign exchange losses on remeasurement in six months 2024, compared with gains in six months 2023,
•lower fair value gains on CIVs, and
•lower other income mainly due to the reversal of a previously recorded litigation accrual of $20 million in six months 2023.
These decreases were offset in part by:
•a benefit in loss and LAE in six months 2024 compared with a loss and LAE in six months 2023,
•higher net earned premiums in six months 2024 compared with six months 2023 primarily due to one large refunded transaction, and
•employee compensation and operating expenses associated with the Sound Point Transaction and AHP Transaction of $31 million in six months 2023.
The Company’s effective tax rate reflects the proportion of income recognized by each of the Company’s operating subsidiaries, with U.S. subsidiaries generally taxed at the U.S. marginal corporate income tax rate of 21%, U.K. subsidiaries taxed at the U.K. marginal corporate tax rate of 19% prior to March 31, 2023 and 25% after April 1, 2023, the French subsidiary taxed at the French marginal corporate tax rate of 25%, and Assured Guaranty Re Ltd. (AG Re) and Cedar Personnel Ltd. taxed at the Bermuda marginal corporate tax rate of 0%. Effective January 1, 2024, the U.K. adopted a global minimum tax rate of 15% under the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Pillar Two rules. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 10, Income Taxes.
Adjusted Operating Income
Adjusted operating income in second quarter 2024 was $80 million compared with $36 million in second quarter 2023. The increase was primarily due to a benefit in loss expense in second quarter 2024 compared with loss expense in second quarter 2023 and employee compensation and operating expenses associated with the Sound Point Transaction and AHP Transaction in second quarter 2023, partially offset by lower fair value gains on Puerto Rico CVIs..
Adjusted operating income in six months 2024 was $193 million, compared with $104 million in six months 2023. The increase was primarily due to a benefit in loss expense in six months 2024, compared with a loss expense in six months 2023. employee compensation and operating expenses associated with the Sound Point Transaction and AHP Transaction in six months 2023, and higher net earned premiums from refundings in six months 2024, partially offset by the release of a litigation accrual in six months 2023.. See “— Results of Operations — Reconciliation to GAAP” for the reconciliation of net income (loss) attributable to AGL to adjusted operating income (loss).
Book Value and Adjusted Book Value
Shareholders’ equity attributable to AGL as of June 30, 2024 decreased compared with December 31, 2023, primarily due to share repurchases of $281 million and dividends of $36 million, offset in part by net income of $187 million. Adjusted operating shareholders’ equity and adjusted book value also decreased primarily due to share repurchases and dividends, partially offset by operating income of $193 million and, in the case of adjusted book value, GWP of $193 million. See “— Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for the reconciliation of shareholders’ equity attributable to AGL to adjusted operating shareholders' equity and adjusted book value.
On a per share basis, shareholders’ equity attributable to AGL, adjusted operating shareholders’ equity and adjusted book value increased as of June 30, 2024 compared with December 31, 2023, due, in part, to the accretive effect of the share repurchase program. See “— Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for the reconciliation of shareholders’ equity attributable to AGL to adjusted operating shareholders' equity and adjusted book value.
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Other Matters
Inflation
By some key measures, consumer price inflation in the U.S. and the U.K. was higher in recent years than it has been in decades, and interest rates generally increased. Consumer price inflation in the U.K. can impact the Company directly by increasing exposure for certain index-linked U.K. debt with par that accretes with increasing inflation, and also increasing projected future installment premiums on the portion of such exposure that pays at least some of the premium on an installment basis over the term of the exposure. Consumer price inflation may also impact the Company indirectly to the extent it makes it more difficult for obligors to make their debt payments, and may be accompanied by higher interest rates.
Higher interest rates impact the Company in numerous other ways. For example, higher interest rates are often accompanied by wider credit spreads, which may make the Company’s credit enhancement products more attractive in the market and increase the level of premiums it can charge for that product. Despite the recent increases in interest rates since 2022, the pace of credit spread widening was more modest and market penetration of municipal bond insurance in the U.S. public finance market remained relatively flat compared to 2021 when interest rates were lower. Over time, higher interest rates also increase the amount the Company can earn on its largely fixed-maturity investment portfolio. However, higher interest rates may, in turn, reduce the fair value of its largely fixed-rate fixed-maturity investment portfolio, dampen municipal bond issuance and negatively impact the finances of some insured obligors.
See “ — Overview — Economic Environment.”
Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has led to the imposition of economic sanctions by many western countries against Russia and certain Russian individuals, dislocation in global energy markets, massive refugee movements, and payment default by certain Russian credits. The economic sanctions imposed by western governments, along with decisions by private companies regarding their presence in Russia, continue to reduce western economic ties to Russia and to reshape global economic and political ties more generally, and the Company cannot predict all of the potential effects of the conflict on the world or on the Company.
The Company’s surveillance and treasury functions have reviewed the Company’s insurance and investment portfolios, respectively, and have identified no material direct exposure to Ukraine or Russia. In fact, the Company’s direct insurance exposure to eastern Europe generally is limited to approximately $233 million in net par outstanding as of June 30, 2024, comprising $194 million net par exposure to the sovereign debt of Poland and $39 million net par exposure to a toll road in Hungary. The Company rates all such exposure investment grade.
Middle East Conflict
In light of recent events in the Middle East, the Company’s surveillance and treasury functions have reviewed the Company’s insurance and investment portfolios, respectively, for exposures to the Middle East. After review, the Company’s surveillance and treasury functions have identified no material direct exposure to such area. The Company’s direct insurance exposure to the Middle East is generally limited to approximately $69 million in net par outstanding as of June 30, 2024, comprised of funded commitments to subscription finance facilities; however, such exposure may increase to a total of approximately $102 million to the extent all unfunded commitments under the facilities are ultimately funded. The Company rates all such insurance exposure investment grade.
Results of Operations
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires the application of accounting policies that often involve a significant degree of judgment and require the Company to make estimates and assumptions, based on available information, that affect the amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements. Estimates are inherently subject to change and actual results could differ from those estimates, and the differences may be material to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Critical estimates and assumptions are periodically evaluated based on historical developments, market conditions, industry trends and other information that is reasonable under the circumstances. There can be no assurance that actual results
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will conform to estimates and assumptions and that reported results of operations will not be materially different in the future due to changes in these estimates and assumptions.
Listed below are the accounting policies and estimates that the Company believes are most dependent on the application of judgment and assumptions.
•Expected loss to be paid (recovered);
•Fair value of certain assets and liabilities, primarily:
•Investments (primarily Loss Mitigation Securities and alternative investments)
•Assets and liabilities of CIVs
•Assets and liabilities of FG VIEs
•Credit derivatives;
•Acquisition date fair value of the equity method investment in Sound Point;
•Impairments of equity method investments and financial instruments; and
•Income tax assets and liabilities, including the recoverability of all deferred tax assets (liabilities) and in particular the Bermuda deferred tax asset reported in 2023.
See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, Business and Basis of Presentation, of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Company’s significant accounting policies which includes a reference to the applicable note where further details regarding the significant estimates and assumptions are provided, as well as Part II, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details regarding the sensitivity analyses.
Results of Operations by Segment
The Company analyzes the operating performance of each segment using each segment’s adjusted operating income as described in Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 2, Segment Information.
Insurance Segment Results
Insurance Segment Results

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Segment revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earned premiums and credit derivative revenues | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 172 |
Net investment income | 81 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 172 |
Fair value gains (losses) on trading securities | 17 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 38 |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) on remeasurement | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Other income (loss) | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 29 |
Total segment revenues | 189 |  |  | 224 |  |  | 418 |  |  | 414 |
Segment expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss expense (benefit) | — |  |  | 44 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 53 |
Amortization of DAC | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 6 |
Employee compensation and benefit expenses | 40 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 75 |
Other operating expenses | 27 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 55 |
Total segment expenses | 70 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 189 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of investees | 15 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 35 |
Segment adjusted operating income (loss) before income taxes | 134 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 318 |  |  | 260 |
Less: Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 18 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 37 |
Segment adjusted operating income (loss) | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 223 |

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Net Earned Premiums and Credit Derivative Revenues
Premiums are earned over the contractual lives, or in the case of insured obligations backed by homogeneous pools of assets, the remaining expected lives, of financial guaranty insurance contracts. The Company periodically estimates remaining expected lives of its insured obligations backed by homogeneous pools of assets and makes prospective adjustments for such changes in expected lives. Scheduled net earned premiums decrease each year unless replaced by a higher amount of new business, or books of business acquired in business combinations. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 5, Contracts Accounted for as Insurance, Premiums, for additional information.
Net earned premiums due to accelerations are attributable to changes in the expected lives of insured obligations driven by: (i) refundings of insured obligations; or (ii) terminations of insured obligations either through negotiated agreements or the exercise of the Company’s contractual rights to make claim payments on an accelerated basis.
Refundings occur in the public finance market when municipalities and other public finance issuers pay down insured obligations prior to their originally scheduled maturities. Refundings tend to increase when issuers can refinance their debt obligations at lower rates than they are currently paying. The premiums associated with the insured obligations of municipalities and other public finance issuers are generally received upfront when the obligations are issued and insured. When issuers pay down insured obligations, the Company is no longer on risk for payment defaults, and therefore accelerates the recognition of the remaining nonrefundable deferred premium revenue. The amortization of the Company’s outstanding book of business along with the previously high levels of refunding activity and the higher interest rate environment has led to a lower volume of refunding opportunities over the last several years.
Terminations are generally negotiated agreements with beneficiaries resulting in the extinguishment of the Company’s insurance obligation. Terminations have been more common in the structured finance asset class, but may also occur in the public finance asset class. While each termination may have different terms, they all result in the expiration of the Company’s insurance risk, the acceleration of the recognition of the associated deferred premium revenue and the reduction of any remaining premiums receivable.
Insurance Segment
Net Earned Premiums and Credit Derivative Revenues

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Net earned premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial guaranty insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public finance |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Scheduled net earned premiums (1) | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 123 |
Refundings and terminations | 3 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 12 |
Total public finance | 67 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 135 |
Structured finance |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Scheduled net earned premiums (1) | 16 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 31 |
Accelerations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Total structured finance | 16 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 31 |
Specialty insurance and reinsurance | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |
Total net earned premiums | 84 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 204 |  |  | 168 |
Credit derivative revenues | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 4 |
Total net earned premiums and credit derivative revenues | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 172 |

____________________
(1) Includes accretion of discount.
Net earned premiums and credit derivative revenues increased in six months 2024 compared with six months 2023 primarily due to a large refunded transaction in the first quarter of 2024. As of June 30, 2024, $3.7 billion of net deferred premium revenue on financial guaranty insurance remained to be earned over the life of the insurance contracts.
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New Business Production
Gross Written Premiums and
New Business Production

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
GWP |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public finance—U.S. | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 100 |
Public finance—non-U.S. | 25 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 45 |
Structured finance—U.S. | 2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 33 |
Structured finance—non-U.S. | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |
Total GWP | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 181 |
PVP (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public finance—U.S. | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 99 |
Public finance—non-U.S. | 33 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 36 |
Structured finance—U.S. | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 30 |
Structured finance—non-U.S. (2) | 2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 38 |
Total PVP | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 203 |
Gross Par Written (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public finance—U.S. | $ | 7,043 |  |  | $ | 7,747 |  |  | $ | 9,952 |  |  | $ | 10,654 |
Public finance—non-U.S. | 1,572 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 1,572 |  |  | 609 |
Structured finance—U.S. | 214 |  |  | 252 |  |  | 694 |  |  | 834 |
Structured finance—non-U.S. (2) | 594 |  |  | 726 |  |  | 948 |  |  | 2,240 |
Total gross par written | $ | 9,423 |  |  | $ | 8,974 |  |  | $ | 13,166 |  |  | $ | 14,337 |

____________________
(1) PVP and Gross Par Written in the table above are based on “close date,” when the transaction settles. See “— Non-GAAP Financial Measures — PVP or Present Value of New Business Production.” PVP was discounted at 5.0% in second quarter 2024 and six months 2024 and 4.0% in second quarter 2023 and six months 2023.
(2) Six months 2023 PVP and gross par written include the present value of future gross revenues and exposure, respectively, associated with a financial guaranty written by the Company that, under GAAP, is accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 460, Guarantees.
Second Quarter 2024
U.S. public finance GWP and PVP in second quarter 2024 were higher than the comparable GWP and PVP in second quarter 2023, primarily due to two large transportation revenue transactions that were closed in second quarter 2024. The Company’s direct par written represented 58% of the total U.S. municipal market insured issuance in second quarter 2024, compared with 64% in second quarter 2023, and the Company’s penetration of all municipal issuance was 5.2% in second quarter 2024 compared with 6.5% in second quarter 2023.
In second quarter 2024, non-U.S. public finance GWP and PVP were higher than GWP and PVP in second quarter 2023 primarily due to secondary market guaranties of several U.K. regulated utility and airport transactions in second quarter 2024.
Six Months 2024
U.S. public finance GWP and PVP in six months 2024 were higher than GWP and PVP in six months 2023, primarily due to several large transportation revenue transactions. The Company’s direct par written represented 56% of the total U.S. municipal market insured issuance in six months 2024, compared with 63% in six months 2023, and the Company’s penetration of all municipal issuance was 4.6% in six months 2024 compared with 5.7% in six months 2023.
Six months 2024, non-U.S. public finance GWP and PVP were lower than GWP and PVP in six months 2023. New business in six months 2024 primarily included secondary market guaranties of several U.K. regulated utility and airport transactions, as well as the annual renewal of certain liquidity guarantees.
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In six months 2024, structured finance GWP and PVP were $19 million and $25 million, respectively, compared with GWP and PVP of $36 million and $68 million, respectively, in six months 2023. Structured finance GWP and PVP in six months 2024 were primarily attributable to insurance securitization and subscription finance transactions.
Business activity in the non-U.S. public finance and structured finance sectors typically has long lead times and therefore may vary from period to period.
Financial Strength Ratings
Demand for the financial guaranties issued by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries may be impacted by changes in the credit ratings assigned to them by the rating agencies. The financial strength ratings (or similar ratings) assigned to AGL’s insurance subsidiaries, along with the date of the most recent rating action (or confirmation) by the rating agency assigning the rating, are shown in the table below.

| S&P Global Ratings, a division of Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (S&P) |  | Kroll Bond Rating Agency |  | Moody’s Ratings (Moody’s) |  | A.M. Best Company, Inc.
AG | AA (stable) (5/28/24) |  | AA+ (stable) (10/20/23) |  | A1 (stable) (7/10/24) |  | —
AG Re | AA (stable) (5/28/24) |  | — |  | — |  | —
Assured Guaranty Re Overseas Ltd. (AGRO) | AA (stable) (5/28/24) |  | — |  | — |  | A+ (stable) (7/19/24)
Assured Guaranty UK Limited (AGUK) | AA (stable) (5/28/24) |  | AA+ (stable) (10/20/23) |  | A1 (stable) (7/10/24) |  | —
Assured Guaranty (Europe) SA (AGE) | AA (stable) (5/28/24) |  | AA+ (stable) (10/20/23) |  | — |  | —

Ratings are subject to continuous rating agency review and revision or withdrawal at any time. In addition, the Company periodically assesses the value of each rating assigned to each of its companies, and as a result of such assessment may request that a rating agency add or drop a rating from certain of its companies. There can be no assurance that any of the rating agencies will not take negative action on the financial strength ratings (or similar ratings) of AGL’s insurance subsidiaries in the future or cease to rate one or more of AGL’s insurance subsidiaries, either voluntarily or at the request of that subsidiary.
Income from Investments
Net investment income is a function of the yield that the Company earns on available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities and short-term investments and the size of such portfolio. The investment yield on fixed-maturity securities is a function of market interest rates at the time of investment as well as the type, credit quality and maturity of the securities in this portfolio.
CVIs issued by Puerto Rico and received as part of the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions are classified as trading with changes in fair value reported in “fair value gains (losses) on trading securities” in the condensed consolidated statements on operations. The fair value of such instruments as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $221 million and $318 million, respectively.
Equity method investments in the Insurance segment include investments that AGAS makes in certain alternative investments, primarily Sound Point and AHP funds. The income (loss) on such investments is reported in “equity in earnings (losses) of investees” and typically represents the Company’s share of earnings of its investees.
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Insurance Segment
Income from Investments

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Net investment income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Externally managed | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 105 |
Loss Mitigation Securities | 8 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 24 |
Puerto Rico, New Recovery Bonds | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Other | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |
Short-term investments | 19 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 28 |
Intercompany loans | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |
Other investment assets | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Investment income | 82 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 175 |
Investment expenses | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (3) |
Net investment income | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 172 |
Fair value gains (losses) on trading securities | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 38 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of investees |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CLOs | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 16 |
Private healthcare investing | (2) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |
Asset-based/specialty finance | 7 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 3 |
Middle market direct lending | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |
Other | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 7 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of investees | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 35 |

Net investment income for second quarter 2024 and six months 2024 decreased compared to second quarter 2023 and six months 2023, primarily due to lower income on Loss Mitigation Securities and lower average balances in the externally managed portfolio, which were partially offset by higher short-term income as a result of higher short-term interest rates and higher average balances in the short-term investment portfolio. The overall pre-tax book yield of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities and short-term investments was 4.08% as of June 30, 2024 and 3.89% as of June 30, 2023.
Equity in earnings (losses) of investees for second quarter 2024 and six months 2024 increased compared to second quarter 2023 and six months 2023, primarily due to higher balances in the alternative investment portfolio and fair value gains on alternative investments.
Other Income (Loss)
The decrease in “other income (loss)” in six months 2024 was primarily attributable to the reversal of a previously recorded litigation accrual of $20 million in six months 2023. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 11, Contingencies, for additional information.
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Economic Loss Development
The insured portfolio includes policies accounted for under several different accounting models depending on the characteristics of the contract and the Company’s control rights. For a discussion of methodologies and significant estimates for expected loss to be paid (recovered), see Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4, Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered), of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The GAAP accounting policies for measurement and recognition for each type of contract are described in the notes listed below in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K:
•Note 5 for contracts accounted for as insurance;
•Note 6 for contracts accounted for as credit derivatives;
•Note 8 for FG VIEs; and
•Note 9 for fair value methodologies for credit derivatives and FG VIEs’ assets and liabilities.
In order to efficiently evaluate and manage the economics of the entire insured portfolio, management compiles and analyzes expected loss information for all policies on a consistent basis. The discussion of losses that follows encompasses expected losses on all contracts in the insured portfolio regardless of accounting model, unless otherwise specified. Net expected loss to be paid (recovered) is equal to the present value of expected future cash outflows for loss and LAE payments, net of: (i) inflows for expected salvage, subrogation and other recoveries; (ii) excess spread on underlying collateral, as applicable; and (iii) amounts ceded to reinsurers. Assumptions used in the determination of the net expected loss to be paid (recovered) such as delinquency, severity, discount rates and expected time frames to recovery are consistent by sector regardless of the accounting model used.
Current risk-free rates are used to discount expected losses at the end of each reporting period. Therefore, changes in such rates from period to period affect economic loss development and loss and LAE. However, the effect of changes in discount rates is not indicative of actual credit impairment or improvement in the period. The weighted average discount rates used to discount expected losses (recoveries) for U.S. denominated exposures were 4.55% and 4.10% as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
The composition of economic loss development (benefit) by accounting model and by sector is presented in the tables that follow, and the drivers of economic loss development (benefit) are discussed below.
Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) and Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit)
by Accounting Model

|  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) |  | Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit)
|  | As of |  | Second Quarter |  | Six Months
Accounting Model |  | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (in millions)
Insurance |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 68 |
FG VIEs (1) |  | 242 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (14) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (9) |
Credit derivatives |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total |  | $ | 447 |  |  | $ | 505 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 60 |
Net exposure rated BIG |  | $ | 5,586 |  |  | $ | 5,521 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

____________________
(1) The expected loss to be paid for FG VIEs primarily relates to trusts established as part of the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions (Puerto Rico Trusts). See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, and Note 4, Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered).
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Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered)
Roll Forward by Sector

|  | Second Quarter 2024
Sector |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of March 31, 2024 |  | Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit) (2) |  | Net (Paid) Recovered Losses (1) |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of June 30, 2024
|  | (in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 378 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | 374 |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | 20 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |
Public finance |  | 398 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 411 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS |  | (2) |  |  | (10) |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |
Other structured finance |  | 37 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 36 |
Structured finance |  | 35 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 9 |  |  | 36 |
Total |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 447 |

|  | Second Quarter 2023
Sector |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of March 31, 2023 |  | Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit) (2) |  | Net (Paid) Recovered Losses (1) |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of June 30, 2023
|  | (in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 380 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 433 |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | 13 |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Public finance |  | 393 |  |  | 54 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 443 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS |  | 82 |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |
Other structured finance |  | 42 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 44 |
Structured finance |  | 124 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (2) |  |  | 117 |
Total |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | 560 |

|  | Six Months 2024
Sector |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of December 31, 2023 |  | Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit) (2) |  | Net (Paid) Recovered Losses (1) |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of June 30, 2024
|  | (in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 398 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (33) |  |  | $ | 374 |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | 20 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |
Public finance |  | 418 |  |  | 26 |  |  | (33) |  |  | 411 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS |  | 43 |  |  | (13) |  |  | (30) |  |  | — |
Other structured finance |  | 44 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 36 |
Structured finance |  | 87 |  |  | (12) |  |  | (39) |  |  | 36 |
Total |  | $ | 505 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (72) |  |  | $ | 447 |

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|  | Six Months 2023
Sector |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of December 31, 2022 |  | Net Economic Loss Development (Benefit) (2) |  | Net (Paid) Recovered Losses (1) |  | Net Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered) as of June 30, 2023
|  | (in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance |  | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | (28) |  |  | $ | 433 |
Non-U.S. public finance |  | 9 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Public finance |  | 412 |  |  | 59 |  |  | (28) |  |  | 443 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS |  | 66 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 11 |  |  | 73 |
Other structured finance |  | 44 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 44 |
Structured finance |  | 110 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 117 |
Total |  | $ | 522 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | (22) |  |  | $ | 560 |

____________________
(1) Net of ceded paid losses, whether or not such amounts have been settled with reinsurers. Ceded paid losses are typically settled 45 days after the end of the reporting period. Such amounts are recorded as reinsurance recoverable on paid losses in “other assets.”
(2) Effect of changes in the risk-free rates included in economic loss development (benefit) was a loss of $1 million in second quarter 2024, a benefit of $6 million in second quarter 2023, a benefit of $2 million in six months 2024 and a loss of $4 million in six months 2023.
Second Quarter 2024 Net Economic Loss Development
Public Finance: The economic loss development on U.S. and non-U.S public finance exposures in second quarter 2024 was $12 million and $17 million, respectively, and was primarily attributable to certain healthcare exposures.
U.S. RMBS: The economic benefit attributable to U.S. RMBS was $10 million and was primarily attributable to a $4 million benefit from improved transaction performance, $4 million of higher recoveries for secured second lien charged-off loans and a $2 million benefit from changes in discount rates.
See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 4, Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered), for additional information.
Second Quarter 2023 Net Economic Loss Development
Public Finance: The economic loss development on U.S. exposures in second quarter 2023 was $57 million and was primarily attributable to $78 million for certain Puerto Rico and healthcare exposures, partially offset by higher projected recoveries of $21 million in other municipal exposures.
U.S. RMBS: The economic benefit attributable to U.S. RMBS was $9 million and was primarily attributable to a $7 million benefit related to higher recoveries for secured second lien charged-off loans, a $5 million benefit related to improved performance in certain transactions, and $3 million benefit related to changes in discount rates, partially offset by losses of $6 million related to lower excess spread.
Six Months 2024 Net Economic Loss Development
Public Finance: The economic loss development on U.S. and non-U.S. public finance exposures in six months 2024 was $9 million and $17 million, respectively, and was primarily attributable to certain healthcare exposures.
U.S. RMBS: The economic benefit attributable to U.S. RMBS was $13 million and was mainly attributable to an $8 million benefit related to higher recoveries for second lien charged-off loans, a $4 million benefit related to improved performance in certain transactions and a $4 million benefit related to changes in discount rates, partially offset by a $3 million loss related to lower excess spread.
See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 4, Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered), for additional information.
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Six Months 2023 Net Economic Loss Development
Public Finance: The economic loss development on U.S. public finance exposures in six months 2023 was $58 million, which was primarily attributable to $81 million for certain Puerto Rico and healthcare exposures, partially offset by higher projected recoveries of $23 million in other municipal exposures.
U.S. RMBS: The net benefit attributable to U.S. RMBS was $4 million and was mainly attributable to a $14 million benefit related to higher recoveries for second lien charged-off loans, and a $9 million benefit related to improved performance in certain transactions, partially offset by a $15 million loss related to the return of certain funds previously received, a $2 million loss related to changes in discount rates and a $2 million loss related to lower excess spread.
Insurance Segment Loss Expense
The primary differences between net economic loss development and the amount reported as “loss and LAE (benefit)” in the consolidated statements of operations are that loss and LAE (benefit): (i) considers deferred premium revenue in the calculation of loss reserves for financial guaranty insurance contracts; (ii) eliminates loss and LAE related to FG VIEs; and (iii) does not include estimated losses on credit derivatives.
Insurance segment loss expense includes loss and LAE on financial guaranty insurance contracts and losses on credit derivatives, without giving effect to eliminations related to the consolidation of FG VIEs.
For financial guaranty insurance contracts, each transaction’s expected loss to be expensed is compared with the deferred premium revenue of that transaction. Expected loss to be expensed represents past or expected future net claim payments that have not yet been expensed. Such amounts will be expensed in future periods as deferred premium revenue amortizes into income on financial guaranty insurance policies. Expected loss to be expensed is the Company’s projection of incurred losses that will be recognized in future periods, excluding accretion of discount. When the expected loss to be expensed exceeds the deferred premium revenue, a loss is recognized in income for the amount of such excess. Therefore, the timing of loss recognition in income does not necessarily coincide with the timing of the actual credit impairment or improvement reported in net economic loss development. Transactions (particularly BIG transactions) acquired in business combinations or seasoned portfolios assumed from legacy financial guaranty insurers generally have the largest deferred premium revenue balances. To the extent that a BIG transaction has a large deferred premium revenue, the difference between economic development and loss and LAE may be significant.
While expected loss to be paid (recovered) is an important measure that provides the present value of amounts that the Company expects to pay or recover in future periods on all contracts, expected loss to be expensed is important because it presents the Company’s projection of net expected losses that will be recognized in the consolidated statement of operations in future periods as deferred premium revenue amortizes into income for financial guaranty insurance policies.
The amount of Insurance segment loss expense, which includes all policies regardless of form, is a function of the amount of economic loss development discussed above and the deferred premium revenue amortization in a given period, on a contract-by-contract basis. The following table presents the Insurance segment loss expense (benefit).
Insurance Segment
Loss Expense (Benefit)

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
U.S. public finance | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 46 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. RMBS | (6) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (4) |  |  | 3 |
Other structured finance | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Structured finance | (3) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Total Insurance segment loss expense (benefit) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 53 |

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Asset Management Segment Results
Asset Management Segment Results

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Segment revenues | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 71 |
Segment expenses | 4 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 75 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of investees | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |
Segment adjusted operating income (loss) before income taxes | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (4) |
Less: Provision (benefit) for income taxes | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |
Segment adjusted operating income (loss) | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (3) |

Results in the table above represent (i) asset management and performance fees, amortization of intangible assets and compensation and other operating expenses of AssuredIM in second quarter 2023 and six months 2023, (ii) losses from Sound Point of $3 million in second quarter 2024 and $1 million in six months 2024 (Sound Point results are reported on a one quarter lag), net of the amortization of finite-lived intangible assets associated with the basis difference in Sound Point, (iii) an impairment loss of $3 million in six months 2024 for a smaller financial services advisory firm with a carrying value of $4 million and (iv) other asset management related income.
Corporate Division Results
Corporate Division Results

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Revenues | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 26 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 47 |
Employee compensation and benefit expenses | 8 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 18 |
Other operating expenses | 10 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 43 |
Total expenses | 44 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 108 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) before income taxes | (40) |  |  | (58) |  |  | (82) |  |  | (104) |
Less: Provision (benefit) for income taxes | (5) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (10) |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | $ | (35) |  |  | $ | (50) |  |  | $ | (72) |  |  | $ | (94) |

Corporate division interest expense primarily relates to debt issued by the U.S. Holding Companies, and also includes intersegment interest expense. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — AGL and its U.S. Holding Companies, Intercompany Loans Payable,” for additional information.
Corporate division employee compensation and benefits expenses are an allocation of expenses based on time studies and represent the costs incurred and time spent on holding company activities, capital management, corporate oversight and governance including Board of Director expenses, legal fees and other direct or allocated expenses. The decrease in operating expenses in second quarter 2024 and six months 2024 compared with second quarter 2023 and six months 2023 was primarily due to expenses related to the Sound Point Transaction and AHP Transaction in 2023, and a value added tax adjustment in six months 2023, partially offset by increases in premises related expenses. Transaction related expenses in the Corporate division for Sound Point and AHP were $21 million for second quarter 2023 and $25 million for six months 2023.
Other (Effect of Consolidating FG VIEs and CIVs)
The effect of consolidating FG VIEs and CIVs, intersegment eliminations and reclassifications of reimbursable fund expenses to revenue are presented in “other.” See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 2, Segment Information.
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The types of entities the Company consolidates when it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary primarily include: (i) Puerto Rico Trusts; (ii) other entities whose debt obligations the insurance subsidiaries insure; and (iii) investment vehicles such as (a) Sound Point funds and (b) prior to July 1, 2023, AHP funds, collateralized financing entities and CLO warehouses. The Company eliminates the effects of intercompany transactions between its FG VIEs and CIVs and its insurance and asset management subsidiaries, as well as intercompany transactions between CIVs.
Consolidating FG VIEs (as opposed to accounting for the related insurance contracts in the Insurance segment) has a significant gross-up effect on the consolidated financial statements, and includes: (i) the establishment of the FG VIEs’ assets and liabilities and related changes in fair value on the condensed consolidated financial statements; (ii) eliminating the premiums and losses/recoveries associated with the financial guaranty insurance contracts between the insurance subsidiaries and the FG VIEs; and (iii) eliminating the investment balances associated with the insurance subsidiaries’ purchases of the debt obligations of the FG VIEs.
Consolidating CIVs (as opposed to accounting for them as equity method investments) has a significant effect on assets, liabilities and cash flows, and includes: (i) the establishment of the assets and liabilities of the CIVs, and related changes in fair value; (ii) eliminating the asset management fees earned by AssuredIM from the CIVs (prior to July 1, 2023); (iii) eliminating the equity method investments of the insurance subsidiaries and AGAS, and related equity in earnings (losses) of investees; and (iv) establishing noncontrolling interest for amounts not owned by the Company. The economic effect of the U.S Insurance Subsidiaries’ ownership interests in CIVs is presented in the Insurance segment as equity in earnings (losses) of investees, while the effect of CIVs is presented as separate line items (“fair value gains (losses) on consolidated investment vehicles” and “noncontrolling interest) on a consolidated basis.
The table below reflects the effect of consolidating FG VIEs and CIVs on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The amounts represent: (i) the revenues and expenses of the FG VIEs and the CIVs and (ii) the consolidation adjustments and eliminations between consolidated FG VIEs or CIVs and the operating and investment subsidiaries.
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Effect of Consolidating FG VIEs and CIVs on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
Increase (Decrease)

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Effect on Financial Statement Line Item | (in millions)
Fair value gains (losses) on FG VIEs (1) | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (8) |
Fair value gains (losses) on CIVs | 11 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 64 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of investees (2) | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |  |  | (28) |
Other (3) | (1) |  |  | (25) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (39) |
Effect on income before tax | 2 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 6 |  |  | (11) |
Less: Tax provision (benefit) | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |
Effect on net income (loss) | 2 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 6 |  |  | (5) |
Less: Effect on noncontrolling interests (4) | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 17 |
Effect on net income (loss) attributable to AGL | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (18) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (22) |
By Type of VIE |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FG VIEs | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (15) |
CIVs | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (7) |
Effect on net income (loss) attributable to AGL | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (18) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (22) |

____________________
(1) Changes in fair value of the FG VIEs’ assets and liabilities that are attributable to factors other than (i) changes in the Company’s own credit risk on FG VIE liabilities with recourse and (ii) unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities.
(2) Represents the elimination of the equity in earnings (losses) of investees of AGAS and the other subsidiaries’ investments in certain alternative investments, primarily Sound Point and AHP funds (and prior to July 1, 2023, AssuredIM managed funds).
(3) Includes net earned premiums, net investment income, foreign exchange gains (losses) on remeasurement, other income (loss), loss and LAE (benefit), and for second quarter 2023 and six months 2023, other operating expenses and asset management fees.
(4) Represents the proportion of consolidated funds managed by Sound Point and, prior to July 1, 2023, AssuredIM funds’ income that is not attributable to AGAS’ or any other subsidiaries’ ownership interest.
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Reconciliation to GAAP
Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) Attributable to AGL
to Adjusted Operating Income (Loss)

| Second Quarter 2024 |  | Second Quarter 2023
| Total |  | Per Diluted Share |  | Total |  | Per Diluted Share
| (in millions, except per share amounts)
Net income (loss) attributable to AGL | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 1.41 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 2.06 |
Less pre-tax adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on investments | (6) |  |  | (0.11) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (0.14) |
Non-credit impairment-related unrealized fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives | 3 |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 1.48 |
Fair value gains (losses) on CCS | 1 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) on remeasurement of premiums receivable and loss and LAE reserves | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | 0.43 |
Total pre-tax adjustments | (2) |  |  | (0.03) |  |  | 108 |  |  | 1.77 |
Less tax effect on pre-tax adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19) |  |  | (0.31) |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 1.44 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |
Gain (loss) related to FG VIE and CIV consolidation (net of tax provision (benefit) of $0 and $(5)) included in adjusted operating income | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (0.03) |  |  | $ | (18) |  |  | $ | (0.30) |

| Six Months 2024 |  | Six Months 2023
| Total |  | Per Diluted Share |  | Total |  | Per Diluted Share
| (in millions, except per share amounts)
Net income (loss) attributable to AGL | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 3.31 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 3.40 |
Less pre-tax adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on investments | 2 |  |  | 0.04 |  |  | (11) |  |  | (0.17) |
Non-credit impairment-related unrealized fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives | 13 |  |  | 0.23 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 1.68 |
Fair value gains (losses) on CCS | (9) |  |  | (0.16) |  |  | (15) |  |  | (0.25) |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) on remeasurement of premiums receivable and loss and LAE reserves | (12) |  |  | (0.21) |  |  | 46 |  |  | 0.75 |
Total pre-tax adjustments | (6) |  |  | (0.10) |  |  | 123 |  |  | 2.01 |
Less tax effect on pre-tax adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21) |  |  | (0.33) |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 3.41 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 1.72 |
Gain (loss) related to FG VIE and CIV consolidation (net of tax provision (benefit) of $0 and $(6)) included in adjusted operating income | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (0.02) |  |  | $ | (22) |  |  | $ | (0.35) |

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Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)
The table below presents the components of net realized investment gains (losses).
Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Gross realized gains on sales of available-for-sale securities | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 19 |
Gross realized losses on sales of available-for-sale securities | (4) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (15) |
Net foreign currency gains (losses) | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |
Change in the allowance for credit losses and intent to sell | (2) |  |  | (10) |  |  | 8 |  |  | (15) |
Other net realized gains (losses) | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Net realized investment gains (losses) | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (11) |

Non-Credit Impairment-Related Unrealized Fair Value Gains (Losses) on Credit Derivatives
Changes in the fair value of credit derivatives occur because of changes in the Company’s own credit rating and credit spreads, collateral credit spreads, notional amounts, credit ratings of the referenced entities, expected terms, realized gains (losses) and other settlements, interest rates and other market factors. The components of changes in fair value of credit derivatives related to credit derivative revenues and changes in expected losses are included in Insurance segment results. Non-credit impairment-related changes in unrealized fair value gains and losses on credit derivatives are not included in the Insurance segment measure of adjusted operating income because they do not represent actual claims or losses and are expected to reverse to zero as the exposure approaches its maturity date. Changes in the fair value of the Company’s credit derivatives that do not reflect actual or expected claims or credit losses have no impact on the Company’s statutory claims-paying resources, rating agency capital or regulatory capital positions. Unrealized gains (losses) on credit derivatives may fluctuate significantly in future periods. Except for underlying credit impairment, which is recognized as loss expense in the Insurance segment, the fair value adjustments on credit derivatives in the insured portfolio are non-economic adjustments that reverse to zero over the remaining term of that portfolio. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 9, Fair Value Measurement, for additional information.
Second quarter 2024 and six months 2024 non-credit impairment-related unrealized fair value gains were generated primarily due to the termination of certain structured finance policies. Second quarter 2023 and six months 2023 non-credit impairment-related unrealized fair value gains were primarily generated by lower collateral asset spreads. For six months 2023, the increased cost to buy protection on AG, as the market cost of AG’s credit protection increased during the period, also contributed to the gain.
Fair Value Gains (Losses) on CCS
Fair value losses on CCS in six months 2024 and six months 2023 were primarily due to a tightening in market spreads. Fair value gains (losses) of CCS are heavily affected by, and in part fluctuate with, changes in market spreads and interest rates, credit spreads and other market factors and are not expected to result in an economic gain or loss.
Foreign Exchange Gain (Loss) on Remeasurement
Foreign exchange gains and losses in all periods primarily relate to remeasurement of long-dated premiums receivable, for which the Company records the present value of future installment premiums, and are mainly due to changes in the exchange rate of the pound sterling and, to a lesser extent, the euro relative to the U.S. dollar. Approximately 68% and 70% of gross premiums receivable, net of commissions payable as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the pound sterling and euro. Premiums on European infrastructure and structured finance transactions typically are paid, in whole or in part, on an installment basis, whereas premiums on U.S. public finance transactions are often paid upfront.
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The following table presents the foreign exchange rates as of the balance sheet dates.
Foreign Exchange Rates
U.S. Dollar Per Foreign Currency

| As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | As of June 30, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
Pound sterling | $1.265 |  | $1.273 |  | $1.270 |  | $1.208
Euro | $1.071 |  | $1.104 |  | $1.091 |  | $1.071

Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The Company discloses both: (i) financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP; and (ii) financial measures not determined in accordance with GAAP (non-GAAP financial measures). Financial measures identified as non-GAAP should not be considered substitutes for GAAP financial measures. The primary limitation of non-GAAP financial measures is the potential lack of comparability to financial measures of other companies, whose definitions of non-GAAP financial measures may differ from those of the Company.
The Company believes its presentation of non-GAAP financial measures provides information that is necessary for analysts to calculate their estimates of Assured Guaranty’s financial results in their research reports on Assured Guaranty and for investors, analysts and the financial news media to evaluate Assured Guaranty’s financial results.
GAAP requires the Company to consolidate entities where it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary which include:
•FG VIEs, which the Company does not own and where its exposure is limited to its obligation under the financial guaranty insurance contract, and
•CIVs in which certain subsidiaries invest.
The Company discloses the effect of FG VIE and CIV consolidation that is embedded in each non-GAAP financial measure, as applicable. The Company believes this information may also be useful to analysts and investors evaluating Assured Guaranty’s financial results. In the case of both the consolidated FG VIEs and the CIVs, the economic effect on the Company of each of the consolidated FG VIEs and CIVs is reflected primarily in the results of the Insurance segment.
Management of the Company and AGL’s Board of Directors use non-GAAP financial measures further adjusted to remove the effect of FG VIE and CIV consolidation (which the Company refers to as its core financial measures), as well as GAAP financial measures and other factors, to evaluate the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and progress towards long-term goals. The Company uses core financial measures in its decision-making process for and in its calculation of certain components of management compensation. The financial measures that the Company uses to help determine compensation are: (1) adjusted operating income, further adjusted to remove the effect of FG VIE and CIV consolidation; (2) adjusted operating shareholders’ equity, further adjusted to remove the effect of FG VIE and CIV consolidation; (3) adjusted book value per share, further adjusted to remove the effect of FG VIE and CIV consolidation; and (4) PVP.
Management believes that many investors, analysts and financial news reporters use adjusted operating shareholders’ equity and/or adjusted book value, each further adjusted to remove the effect of FG VIE and CIV consolidation, as the principal financial measures for valuing AGL’s current share price or projected share price and also as the basis of their decision to recommend, buy or sell AGL’s common shares. Management also believes that many of the Company’s fixed income investors also use adjusted operating shareholders’ equity, further adjusted to remove the effect of FG VIE and CIV consolidation, to evaluate the Company’s capital adequacy.
Adjusted operating income, further adjusted for the effect of FG VIE and CIV consolidation, enables investors and analysts to evaluate the Company’s financial results in comparison with the consensus analyst estimates distributed publicly by financial databases.
The following paragraphs define each non-GAAP financial measure disclosed by the Company and describe why it is useful. To the extent there is a directly comparable GAAP financial measure, a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure and the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is presented below.
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Adjusted Operating Income
Management believes that adjusted operating income is a useful measure because it clarifies the understanding of the operating results of the Company. Adjusted operating income is defined as net income (loss) attributable to AGL, as reported under GAAP, adjusted for the following:
1) Elimination of realized gains (losses) on the Company’s investments, except for gains and losses on securities classified as trading. The timing of realized gains and losses, which depends largely on market credit cycles, can vary considerably across periods. The timing of sales is largely subject to the Company’s discretion and influenced by market opportunities, as well as the Company’s tax and capital profile.
2) Elimination of non-credit impairment-related unrealized fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives that are recognized in net income, which is the amount of unrealized fair value gains (losses) in excess of the present value of the expected estimated economic credit losses, and non-economic payments. Such fair value adjustments are heavily affected by, and in part fluctuate with, changes in market interest rates, the Company’s credit spreads, and other market factors and are not expected to result in an economic gain or loss.
3) Elimination of fair value gains (losses) on the Company’s CCS that are recognized in net income. Such amounts are affected by changes in market interest rates, the Company’s credit spreads, price indications on the Company’s publicly traded debt and other market factors and are not expected to result in an economic gain or loss.
4) Elimination of foreign exchange gains (losses) on remeasurement of net premium receivables and loss and LAE reserves that are recognized in net income. Long-dated receivables and loss and LAE reserves represent the present value of future contractual or expected cash flows. Therefore, the current period’s foreign exchange remeasurement gains (losses) are not necessarily indicative of the total foreign exchange gains (losses) that the Company will ultimately recognize.
5) The tax effects related to the above adjustments, which are determined by applying the statutory tax rate in each of the jurisdictions that generate these adjustments.
See “— Results of Operations — Reconciliation to GAAP” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) attributable to AGL to adjusted operating income (loss).
Adjusted Operating Shareholders’ Equity and Adjusted Book Value
Management believes that adjusted operating shareholders’ equity is a useful measure because it excludes the fair value adjustments on investments, credit derivatives and CCS that are not expected to result in economic gain or loss.
Adjusted operating shareholders’ equity is defined as shareholders’ equity attributable to AGL, as reported under GAAP, adjusted for the following:
1) Elimination of non-credit impairment-related unrealized fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives, which is the amount of unrealized fair value gains (losses) in excess of the present value of the expected estimated economic credit losses, and non-economic payments. Such fair value adjustments are heavily affected by, and in part fluctuate with, changes in market interest rates, credit spreads and other market factors and are not expected to result in an economic gain or loss.
2) Elimination of fair value gains (losses) on the Company’s CCS. Such amounts are affected by changes in market interest rates, the Company’s credit spreads, price indications on the Company’s publicly traded debt, and other market factors and are not expected to result in an economic gain or loss.
3) Elimination of unrealized gains (losses) on the Company’s investments that are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI). The AOCI component of the fair value adjustment on the investment portfolio is not deemed economic because the Company generally holds these investments to maturity and therefore would not recognize an economic gain or loss.
4) The tax effects related to the above adjustments, which are determined by applying the statutory tax rate in each of the jurisdictions that generate these adjustments.
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Management uses adjusted book value, further adjusted to remove the effect of FG VIE and CIV consolidation, to measure the intrinsic value of the Company, excluding franchise value. Adjusted book value per share, further adjusted for FG VIE and CIV consolidation (core adjusted book value), is one of the key financial measures used in determining the amount of certain long-term compensation elements to management and employees and used by rating agencies and investors. Management believes that adjusted book value is a useful measure because it enables an evaluation of the Company’s in-force premiums and revenues net of expected losses. Adjusted book value is adjusted operating shareholders’ equity, as defined above, further adjusted for the following:
1) Elimination of deferred acquisition costs, net. These amounts represent net deferred expenses that have already been paid or accrued and will be expensed in future accounting periods.
2) Addition of the net present value of estimated net future revenue. See below.
3) Addition of the deferred premium revenue on financial guaranty contracts in excess of expected loss to be expensed, net of reinsurance. This amount represents the present value of the expected future net earned premiums, net of the present value of expected losses to be expensed, which are not reflected in GAAP equity.
4) The tax effects related to the above adjustments, which are determined by applying the statutory tax rate in each of the jurisdictions that generate these adjustments.
The unearned premiums and revenues included in adjusted book value will be earned in future periods, but actual earnings may differ materially from the estimated amounts used in determining current adjusted book value due to changes in foreign exchange rates, prepayment speeds, terminations, credit defaults and other factors.
Reconciliation of Shareholders’ Equity Attributable to AGL
to Adjusted Operating Shareholders’ Equity and Adjusted Book Value

| As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
| Total |  | Per Share |  | Total |  | Per Share
| (dollars in millions, except share amounts)
Shareholders’ equity attributable to AGL | $ | 5,539 |  |  | $ | 104.15 |  |  | $ | 5,713 |  |  | $ | 101.63 |
Less pre-tax adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-credit impairment-related unrealized fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives | 47 |  |  | 0.89 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 0.61 |
Fair value gains (losses) on CCS | 4 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 0.22 |
Unrealized gain (loss) on investment portfolio | (400) |  |  | (7.53) |  |  | (361) |  |  | (6.40) |
Less taxes | 44 |  |  | 0.83 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 0.66 |
Adjusted operating shareholders’ equity | 5,844 |  |  | 109.88 |  |  | 5,990 |  |  | 106.54 |
Pre-tax adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Deferred acquisition costs | 169 |  |  | 3.19 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 2.87 |
Plus: Net present value of estimated net future revenue | 190 |  |  | 3.58 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 3.54 |
Plus: Net deferred premium revenue on financial guaranty contracts in excess of expected loss to be expensed | 3,424 |  |  | 64.37 |  |  | 3,436 |  |  | 61.12 |
Plus taxes | (691) |  |  | (12.99) |  |  | (699) |  |  | (12.41) |
Adjusted book value | $ | 8,598 |  |  | $ | 161.65 |  |  | $ | 8,765 |  |  | $ | 155.92 |
Gain (loss) related to FG VIE and CIV consolidation included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted operating shareholders’ equity (net of tax provision (benefit) of $1 and $1) | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |
Adjusted book value (net of tax provision (benefit) of $(1) and $0) | (2) |  |  | (0.04) |  |  | — |  |  | — |

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Net Present Value of Estimated Net Future Revenue
Management believes that this amount is a useful measure because it enables an evaluation of the present value of estimated net future revenue for non-financial guaranty insurance contracts. This amount represents the net present value of estimated future revenue from these contracts (other than credit derivatives with net expected losses), net of reinsurance, ceding commissions and premium taxes.
Future installment premiums are discounted at the approximate average pre-tax book yield of fixed-maturity securities purchased during the prior calendar year, other than Loss Mitigation Securities. The discount rate is recalculated annually and updated as necessary. Net present value of estimated future revenue for an obligation may change from period to period due to a change in the discount rate or due to a change in estimated net future revenue for the obligation, which may change due to changes in foreign exchange rates, prepayment speeds, terminations, credit defaults or other factors that affect par outstanding or the ultimate maturity of an obligation. There is no corresponding GAAP financial measure.
PVP or Present Value of New Business Production
Management believes that PVP is a useful measure because it enables the evaluation of the value of new business production in the Insurance segment by taking into account the value of estimated future installment premiums on all new contracts underwritten in a reporting period as well as additional installment premiums and fees on existing contracts (which may result from supplements or fees or from the issuer not calling an insured obligation the Company projected would be called), regardless of form, which management believes GAAP gross written premiums and changes in fair value of credit derivatives do not adequately measure. PVP in respect of contracts written in a specified period is defined as gross upfront and installment premiums received and the present value of gross estimated future installment premiums.
Future installment premiums are discounted at the approximate average pre-tax book yield of fixed-maturity securities purchased during the prior calendar year, other than certain fixed-maturity securities such as Loss Mitigation Securities. The discount rate is recalculated annually and updated as necessary. Under GAAP, financial guaranty installment premiums are discounted at a risk-free rate. Additionally, under GAAP, management records future installment premiums on financial guaranty insurance contracts covering non-homogeneous pools of assets based on the contractual term of the transaction, whereas for PVP purposes, management records an estimate of the future installment premiums the Company expects to receive, which may be based upon a shorter period of time than the contractual term of the transaction.
Actual installment premiums may differ from those estimated in the Company’s PVP calculation due to factors including, but not limited to, changes in foreign exchange rates, prepayment speeds, terminations, credit defaults or other factors that affect par outstanding or the ultimate maturity of an obligation.
Reconciliation of GWP to PVP

| Second Quarter 2024 |  | Second Quarter 2023
| Public Finance |  | Structured Finance |  |  |  | Public Finance |  | Structured Finance |  |
| U.S. |  | Non - U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non - U.S. |  | Total |  | U.S. |  | Non - U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non - U.S. |  | Total
| (in millions)
GWP | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 95 |
Less: Installment GWP and other GAAP adjustments (1) | 85 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 58 |
Upfront GWP | 18 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |
Plus: Installment premiums and other (2) | 98 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 54 |
PVP | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 91 |

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| Six Months 2024 |  | Six Months 2023
| Public Finance |  | Structured Finance |  |  |  | Public Finance |  | Structured Finance |  |
| U.S. |  | Non - U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non - U.S. |  | Total |  | U.S. |  | Non - U.S. |  | U.S. |  | Non - U.S. |  | Total
| (in millions)
GWP | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 181 |
Less: Installment GWP and other GAAP adjustments (1) | 97 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 127 |
Upfront GWP | 50 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |
Plus: Installment premiums and other (2) | 109 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 149 |
PVP | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 203 |

___________________
(1) Includes the present value of new business on installment policies discounted at the prescribed GAAP discount rates, GWP adjustments on existing installment policies due to changes in assumptions and other GAAP adjustments.
(2) Includes the present value of future premiums and fees on new business paid in installments, discounted at the approximate average pre-tax book yield of fixed-maturity securities purchased during the prior calendar year, other than certain fixed-maturity securities such as Loss Mitigation Securities. Six months 2023 also includes the present value of future premiums and fees associated with other guaranties written by the Company that, under GAAP, are accounted for under ASC 460, Guarantees.
Insured Portfolio
Financial Guaranty Exposure
The following tables present information in respect of the financial guaranty insured portfolio to supplement the disclosures and discussion provided in Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 3, Outstanding Exposure.
The following table presents the financial guaranty portfolio by sector, net of cessions to reinsurers. It includes all financial guaranty contracts outstanding as of the dates presented, regardless of the form written (i.e., credit derivative form or traditional financial guaranty insurance form) or the applicable accounting model (i.e., insurance, derivative or FG VIE).
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Financial Guaranty Portfolio
Net Par Outstanding by Sector

|  | As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
Sector |  | (dollars in millions)
Public finance: |  |  |  |
U.S. public finance: |  |  |  |
General obligation |  | $ | 76,598 |  |  | $ | 74,609 |
Tax backed |  | 32,977 |  |  | 33,060 |
Municipal utilities |  | 28,808 |  |  | 29,300 |
Transportation |  | 24,889 |  |  | 22,052 |
Healthcare |  | 12,640 |  |  | 12,604 |
Infrastructure finance |  | 8,704 |  |  | 8,796 |
Higher education |  | 7,397 |  |  | 7,250 |
Housing revenue |  | 1,135 |  |  | 1,152 |
Investor-owned utilities |  | 327 |  |  | 329 |
Renewable energy |  | 167 |  |  | 167 |
Other public finance |  | 951 |  |  | 970 |
Total U.S. public finance |  | 194,593 |  |  | 190,289 |
Non-U.S public finance: |  |  |  |
Regulated utilities |  | 22,123 |  |  | 20,545 |
Infrastructure finance |  | 14,918 |  |  | 15,430 |
Sovereign and sub-sovereign |  | 9,468 |  |  | 9,869 |
Renewable energy |  | 1,958 |  |  | 2,030 |
Pooled infrastructure |  | 1,116 |  |  | 1,133 |
Total non-U.S. public finance |  | 49,583 |  |  | 49,007 |
Total public finance |  | 244,176 |  |  | 239,296 |
Structured finance: |  |  |  |
U.S. structured finance: |  |  |  |
Insurance securitizations |  | 4,648 |  |  | 4,379 |
RMBS |  | 1,585 |  |  | 1,774 |
Pooled corporate obligations |  | 693 |  |  | 631 |
Financial products |  | 470 |  |  | 464 |
Consumer receivables |  | 256 |  |  | 314 |
Subscription finance facilities |  | 256 |  |  | 178 |
Other structured finance |  | 851 |  |  | 892 |
Total U.S. structured finance |  | 8,759 |  |  | 8,632 |
Non-U.S. structured finance: |  |  |  |
Subscription finance facilities |  | 726 |  |  | 444 |
Pooled corporate obligations |  | 401 |  |  | 425 |
RMBS |  | 236 |  |  | 252 |
Other structured finance |  | 98 |  |  | 104 |
Total non-U.S. structured finance |  | 1,461 |  |  | 1,225 |
Total structured finance |  | 10,220 |  |  | 9,857 |
Total net par outstanding |  | $ | 254,396 |  |  | $ | 249,153 |

Exposure to Puerto Rico
The following tables present information in respect of the Puerto Rico exposures to supplement the disclosures and discussions provided in “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Insurance Subsidiaries, Financial Guaranty Policies” below and Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 3, Outstanding Exposure.
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Exposure to Puerto Rico by Company
As of June 30, 2024

|  | Net Par Outstanding |  |
|  | AGM |  | AG |  | AG Re |  | Eliminations (1) |  | Total Net Par Outstanding |  | Gross Par Outstanding
|  | (in millions)
Defaulted Puerto Rico Exposures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PREPA |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 624 |  |  | $ | 633 |
Total Defaulted |  | 377 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 180 |  |  | — |  |  | 624 |  |  | 633 |
Resolved Puerto Rico Exposures (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority (PRHTA) (Transportation revenue) |  | 12 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 74 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 204 |  |  | 204 |
PRHTA (Highway revenue) |  | 21 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | 24 |
Total Resolved |  | 33 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 75 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 228 |  |  | 228 |
Non-Defaulting Puerto Rico Exposures (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal Finance Agency (MFA) |  | 84 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 108 |  |  | 114 |
Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA) and University of Puerto Rico (U of PR) |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total Non-Defaulting |  | 84 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 109 |  |  | 115 |
Total exposure to Puerto Rico |  | $ | 494 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | 961 |  |  | $ | 976 |

___________________
(1) Net par outstanding eliminations relate to second-to-pay policies under which an Assured Guaranty insurance subsidiary guaranteed an obligation already insured by another Assured Guaranty insurance subsidiary.
(2) Resolved pursuant to the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions. Consideration (e.g. Toll Bonds and CVIs) received under the HTA Plan related to the remaining insured exposure is reported in FG VIEs’ assets (see Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles).
(3) All debt service on these insured exposures have been paid to date without any insurance claim being made on the Company.
The following tables show the scheduled amortization of the various obligations of Puerto Rico’s authorities and public corporations insured by the Company. The Company guarantees payments of debt service when those amounts are scheduled to be paid and cannot be required to pay on an accelerated basis. In the event that obligors default on their obligations, the Company would only pay the shortfall between the debt service due in any given period and the amount paid by the obligors.
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Amortization Schedule of Net Par of Puerto Rico
As of June 30, 2024

| Scheduled Net Par Amortization
| 2024 (3Q) | 2024 (4Q) | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 - 2033 | 2034 - 2038 | 2039 - 2041 | Total
| (in millions)
Defaulted Puerto Rico Exposures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PREPA | $ | 93 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 68 |  | $ | 105 |  | $ | 105 |  | $ | 68 |  | $ | 176 |  | $ | 9 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 624 |
Total Defaulted | 93 |  | — |  | 68 |  | 105 |  | 105 |  | 68 |  | 176 |  | 9 |  | — |  | 624 |
Resolved Puerto Rico Exposures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PRHTA (Transportation revenue) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 107 |  | 97 |  | 204 |
PRHTA (Highway revenue) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 8 |  | 16 |  | — |  | 24 |
Total Resolved | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 8 |  | 123 |  | 97 |  | 228 |
Non-Defaulting Puerto Rico Exposures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MFA | 16 |  | — |  | 16 |  | 35 |  | 15 |  | 13 |  | 13 |  | — |  | — |  | 108 |
PRASA and U of PR | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |
Total Non-Defaulting | 17 |  | — |  | 16 |  | 35 |  | 15 |  | 13 |  | 13 |  | — |  | — |  | 109 |
Total | $ | 110 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 84 |  | $ | 140 |  | $ | 120 |  | $ | 81 |  | $ | 197 |  | $ | 132 |  | $ | 97 |  | $ | 961 |

Amortization Schedule of Net Debt Service of Puerto Rico
As of June 30, 2024

| Scheduled Net Debt Service Amortization
| 2024 (3Q) | 2024 (4Q) | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 - 2033 | 2034 - 2038 | 2039 - 2041 | Total
| (in millions)
Defaulted Puerto Rico Exposures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PREPA | $ | 105 |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | 92 |  | $ | 126 |  | $ | 122 |  | $ | 80 |  | $ | 200 |  | $ | 9 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 737 |
Total Defaulted | 105 |  | 3 |  | 92 |  | 126 |  | 122 |  | 80 |  | 200 |  | 9 |  | — |  | 737 |
Resolved Puerto Rico Exposures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PRHTA (Transportation revenue) | 5 |  | — |  | 11 |  | 11 |  | 11 |  | 11 |  | 53 |  | 143 |  | 106 |  | 351 |
PRHTA (Highway revenue) | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 15 |  | 18 |  | — |  | 38 |
Total Resolved | 6 |  | — |  | 12 |  | 12 |  | 12 |  | 12 |  | 68 |  | 161 |  | 106 |  | 389 |
Non-Defaulting Puerto Rico Exposures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MFA | 19 |  | — |  | 20 |  | 39 |  | 17 |  | 14 |  | 14 |  | — |  | — |  | 123 |
PRASA and U of PR | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |
Total Non-Defaulting | 20 |  | — |  | 20 |  | 39 |  | 17 |  | 14 |  | 14 |  | — |  | — |  | 124 |
Total | $ | 131 |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | 124 |  | $ | 177 |  | $ | 151 |  | $ | 106 |  | $ | 282 |  | $ | 170 |  | $ | 106 |  | $ | 1,250 |

The remaining amounts owed for insured PRHTA bonds are payable in full by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries under their financial guaranty policies and are no longer dependent on the credit of PRHTA.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
AGL and its U.S. Holding Companies
AGL directly owns (i) AG Re, an insurance company domiciled in Bermuda; and (ii) AGUS, a U.S. holding company with public debt outstanding. AGUS directly owns AGMH, a U.S. holding company with public debt outstanding. As of August 1, 2024, AGMH directly owns AG, an insurance company domiciled in Maryland. Until August 1, 2024, AGMH directly owned AGM, an insurance company domiciled in New York. See “— Overview — Key Business Strategies — Merger of the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries” above. AGUS and AGMH are collectively referred to as the U.S. Holding Companies.
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Sources and Uses of Funds
The liquidity of AGL and its U.S. Holding Companies is largely dependent on dividends, stock redemptions and other distributions from their operating subsidiaries (see “— Insurance Subsidiaries — Distributions from Insurance Subsidiaries” below) and their access to external financing. The operating liquidity requirements of AGL and the U.S. Holding Companies include:
•principal and interest on debt issued by AGUS and AGMH;
•dividends on AGL’s common shares; and
•the payment of operating expenses.
AGL and its U.S. Holding Companies may also require liquidity to:
•make capital investments in their operating subsidiaries and in alternative investments;
•fund acquisitions of new businesses;
•purchase or redeem the Company’s outstanding debt; or
•repurchase AGL’s common shares pursuant to AGL’s share repurchase authorization.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company evaluates its liquidity needs and capital resources in light of holding company expenses and dividend policy, as well as rating agency considerations. The Company also subjects its cash flow projections and its assets to a stress test, maintaining a liquid asset balance of one and a half times its stressed operating company net cash flows. Management believes that AGL will have sufficient liquidity to satisfy its needs over the next twelve months. See “— Overview — Key Business Strategies, Capital Management” above for information on common share repurchases.
Long-Term Debt Obligations
The Company has outstanding long-term debt issued by the U.S. Holding Companies. See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 12, Long-Term Debt and Credit Facilities, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and “— Guarantor and U.S. Holding Companies' Summarized Financial Information,” below.
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U.S. Holding Companies
Long-Term Debt and Intercompany Loans

|  |  |  |  | As of June 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
|  |  |  |  | (in millions)
| Effective Interest Rate |  | Final Maturity |  | Principal Amount
AGUS - long-term debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |
6.125% Senior Notes | 6.125% |  | 2028 |  | $ | 350 |  |  | $ | 350 |
3.15% Senior Notes | 3.15% |  | 2031 |  | 500 |  |  | 500 |
7% Senior Notes | 6.40% |  | 2034 |  | 200 |  |  | 200 |
3.6% Senior Notes | 3.60% |  | 2051 |  | 400 |  |  | 400 |
Series A Enhanced Junior Subordinated Debentures | 3 month CME Term SOFR +2.64% |  | 2066 |  | 150 |  |  | 150 |
AGUS long-term debt |  |  |  |  | 1,600 |  |  | 1,600 |
AGUS - intercompany loans from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AG and AGM | 3.50% |  | 2029 |  | 250 |  |  | 250 |
AGRO | 5.00% |  | 2028 |  | 20 |  |  | 20 |
AGUS intercompany loans |  |  |  |  | 270 |  |  | 270 |
Total AGUS long-term debt and intercompany loans |  |  |  |  | 1,870 |  |  | 1,870 |
AGMH |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Junior Subordinated Debentures (1) | 6.40% |  | 2066 |  | 300 |  |  | 300 |
Total AGMH long-term debt |  |  |  |  | 300 |  |  | 300 |
AGMH’s long-term debt purchased by AGUS (2) |  |  |  |  | (154) |  |  | (154) |
U.S. Holding Company long-term debt |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,016 |  |  | $ | 2,016 |

____________________
(1) If the AGMH Junior Subordinated Debentures are outstanding after December 15, 2036, then the principal amount of the outstanding debentures will bear interest at One-Month Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) Term Secured Overnight Finance Rate (SOFR) plus 2.33%.
(2) Represents principal amount of Junior Subordinated Debentures issued by AGMH that has been purchased by AGUS.
From time to time, AGL and its subsidiaries have entered into intercompany loan facilities. For example, on October 25, 2013, AGL, as borrower, and AGUS, as lender, entered into a revolving credit facility pursuant to which AGL may, from time to time, borrow for general corporate purposes. Under the credit facility, AGUS committed to lend a principal amount not exceeding $225 million in the aggregate. The commitment under the revolving credit facility terminates on October 25, 2033 (the loan commitment termination date). The unpaid principal amount of each loan will bear semi-annual interest at a fixed rate equal to 100% of the then applicable interest rate as determined under Internal Revenue Code Section 1274(d). Accrued interest on all loans will be paid on the last day of each June and December and at maturity. AGL must repay unpaid principal amounts of the loans, if any, by the third anniversary of the loan commitment termination date. AGL has not drawn upon the credit facility.
For more information, see the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 12, Long-Term Debt and Credit Facilities.
Guarantor and U.S. Holding Companies’ Summarized Financial Information
AGL fully and unconditionally guarantees the payment of the principal of, and interest on, the $1,450 million aggregate principal amount of notes issued by the U.S. Holding Companies, the $450 million aggregate principal amount of junior subordinated debentures issued by the U.S. Holding Companies, and the intercompany loans. The following tables include summarized financial information for AGL and the U.S. Holding Companies, excluding their investments in subsidiaries.
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| As of June 30, 2024
| AGL |  | U.S. Holding Companies
| (in millions)
Assets, excluding investments in subsidiaries |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities (1) | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Investment in Sound Point | — |  |  | 413 |
Short-term investments, other invested assets and cash | 10 |  |  | 205 |
Receivables from affiliates (2) | 52 |  |  | — |
Receivable from U.S. Holding Companies | 110 |  |  | — |
Other assets | 6 |  |  | 34 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Long-term debt | — |  |  | 1,696 |
Loans payable to affiliates | — |  |  | 270 |
Payable to affiliates (2) | 10 |  |  | 16 |
Payable to AGL | — |  |  | 110 |
Other liabilities | 10 |  |  | 81 |

____________________
(1) As of June 30, 2024, weighted average durations of AGL’s and the U.S. Holding Companies’ fixed-maturity securities (excluding AGUS’s investment in AGMH’s debt) were 9.2 years and 3.8 years, respectively.
(2) Represents receivable and payables with non-guarantor subsidiaries.

| Six Months 2024
| AGL |  | U.S. Holding Companies
| (in millions)
Revenues | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6 |
Expenses |  |  |
Interest expense | — |  |  | 51 |
Other expenses | 24 |  |  | 7 |
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes and equity in earnings (losses) of investees | (23) |  |  | (52) |
Net income (loss) excluding investments in subsidiaries | (23) |  |  | (45) |

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The following table presents significant cash flow items for AGL and the U.S. Holding Companies (other than investment income, operating expenses and taxes) related to distributions from subsidiaries and outflows for debt service, dividends and other capital management activities.
AGL and U.S. Holding Companies
Selected Cash Flow Items

| Six Months 2024
| AGL |  | U.S. Holding Companies
| (in millions)
Dividends received from subsidiaries (1) | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 111 |
Distributions from equity method investees (2) | — |  |  | 17 |
Interest on intercompany loans | — |  |  | (1) |
Interest paid | — |  |  | (50) |
Investments in subsidiaries | — |  |  | (8) |
Redemption of stock by AGM | — |  |  | 100 |
Dividends paid to AGL | — |  |  | (290) |
Dividends paid | (36) |  |  | — |
Repurchases of common shares (3) | (281) |  |  | — |

____________________
(1) AGL’s dividends include dividends from AGUS.
(2) Represents distributions from Sound Point.
(3) See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 12, Shareholders’ Equity, for additional information about share repurchases and authorizations.
Generally, dividends paid by a U.S. company to a Bermuda holding company are subject to a 30% withholding tax. After AGL became tax resident in the U.K., it became subject to the tax rules applicable to companies resident in the U.K., including the benefits afforded by the U.K.’s tax treaties. The income tax treaty between the U.K. and the U.S. reduces or eliminates the U.S. withholding tax on certain U.S. sourced investment income (to 5% or 0%), including dividends from U.S. subsidiaries to U.K. resident persons entitled to the benefits of the treaty.
For more information, see also Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 12, Long-Term Debt and Credit Facilities, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
External Financing
From time to time, AGL and its subsidiaries have sought external debt or equity financing in order to meet their obligations. External sources of financing may or may not be available to the Company and, if available, the cost of such financing may not be acceptable to the Company.
Insurance Subsidiaries
The Company has several insurance subsidiaries. AG is an insurance subsidiary domiciled in Maryland. As of August 1, 2024, AG owns: (i) AGUK, an insurance subsidiary domiciled in the U.K; and (ii) AGE, an insurance company domiciled in France. Until August 1, 2024, AGM was an insurance subsidiary of the Company domiciled in New York. See “— Overview — Key Business Strategies — Merger of the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries” above. AGUK and AGE are collectively referred to as the European Insurance Subsidiaries. AG Re is an insurance company domiciled in Bermuda, which owns AGRO, an insurance subsidiary, also domiciled in Bermuda.
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Sources and Uses of Funds
Liquidity of the insurance subsidiaries is primarily used to pay for:
•operating expenses,
•claims on the insured portfolio,
•dividends or other distributions to parent,
•reinsurance premiums, and
•capital investments in their own subsidiaries and in alternative investments.
Management believes that the insurance subsidiaries’ liquidity needs for the next twelve months can be met from current cash, short-term investments and operating cash flow, including premium collections and coupon payments as well as scheduled maturities and paydowns from their respective investment portfolios. The Company generally targets a balance of its most liquid assets including cash and short-term securities, U.S. Treasuries, agency RMBS and pre-refunded municipal bonds equal to 1.5 times its projected operating company cash flow needs over the next four quarters. As of June 30, 2024, the Company intended to hold and had the ability to hold securities in an unrealized loss position until the date of anticipated recovery of amortized cost.
Beyond the next twelve months, the ability of the operating subsidiaries to declare and pay dividends may be influenced by a variety of factors, including market conditions, general economic conditions, and, in the case of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries, insurance regulations and rating agency capital requirements.
Financial Guaranty Policies
Insurance policies issued provide, in general, that payments of principal, interest and other amounts insured may not be accelerated by the holder of the obligation. Amounts paid by the Company therefore are typically in accordance with the obligation’s original payment schedule, unless the Company accelerates such payment schedule, at its sole option. Premiums received on financial guaranty contracts are paid either upfront or in installments over the life of the insured obligations.
Payments made in settlement of the Company’s obligations arising from its insured portfolio may, and often do, vary significantly from year to year, depending primarily on the frequency and severity of payment defaults and whether the Company chooses to accelerate its payment obligations in order to mitigate future losses. For example, the Company made substantial claim payments in 2022 in connection with the resolution of certain Puerto Rico credits, and will continue to pay the debt service on the remaining PRHTA insured obligations with a net par of $228 million as of June 30, 2024. The Company is continuing its efforts to resolve the one remaining unresolved Puerto Rico insured exposure that is in payment default, PREPA. The Company had $624 million in insured net par outstanding of PREPA obligations as of June 30, 2024. For more information, see Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, and Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
The terms of the Company’s credit default swaps (CDS) contracts generally are modified from standard CDS contract forms approved by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. such that the circumstances giving rise to the Company’s obligation to make loss payments are similar to those for its financial guaranty insurance contracts. The documentation for certain CDS were negotiated to require the Company to also pay if the obligor becomes bankrupt or if the reference obligation were restructured. Furthermore, some CDS documentation requires the Company to make a payment due to an event that is unrelated to the performance of the obligation referenced in the credit derivative. If events of default or termination events specified in the credit derivative documentation were to occur, the Company may be required to make a cash termination payment to its swap counterparty upon such termination. Any such payment would probably occur prior to the maturity of the reference obligation and be in an amount larger than the amount due for that period on a “pay-as-you-go” basis.
Ordinary Dividends From Insurance Subsidiaries to Holding Companies
The Company anticipates that, for the next twelve months, amounts paid by AGL’s direct and indirect insurance subsidiaries as dividends or other distributions will be a major source of the holding companies’ liquidity. The insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends depends upon their financial condition, results of operations, cash requirements, other potential uses for such funds and compliance with rating agency requirements, and is also subject to restrictions contained in the insurance laws and related regulations of their states of domicile. For more information, see Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 15, Insurance Company Regulatory Requirements, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for a complete discussion of the Company’s dividend restrictions applicable to AG, AG Re and AGRO.
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Dividend restrictions by insurance subsidiary are as follows:
•Effective August 1, 2024, AGM merged with and into AG, with AG as the surviving company. See “— Overview — Key Business Strategies — Merger of the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries” above. The Company expects the remaining amount of ordinary dividends available for distribution by AG, as the surviving company, in the second half of 2024 to be approximately $291.3 million. This expected amount, when combined with the respective $49.2 million and $59.1 million ordinary dividend amounts paid by AGM and AG (together, the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries) in 2024 prior to the merger, would aggregate to $399.6 million of total ordinary dividends available to be paid by the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries in 2024.
•Based on the applicable law and regulations, in 2024 AG Re (a subsidiary of AGL) paid dividends of $47 million in the first six months of the year and has the capacity to (i) make capital distributions in an aggregate amount up to $129 million without the prior approval of the Bermuda Monetary Authority and (ii) declare and pay dividends in an aggregate amount up to approximately $226 million as of June 30, 2024. Such dividend capacity is further limited by (i) the actual amount of AG Re’s unencumbered assets, which amount changes from time to time due in part to collateral posting requirements and which was approximately $203 million as of June 30, 2024, and (ii) the amount of statutory surplus, which as of June 30, 2024 was $36 million.
Ordinary Dividends
From Insurance Company Subsidiaries
to Holding Companies

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Dividends paid by AG Re to AGL | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Dividends paid by AG to AGUS (1) | 24 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 44 |
Dividends paid by AGM to AGMH | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | 40 |

___________________
(1) Prior to the merger of AGM with and into AG, with AG as the surviving company, AG had been directly owned by AGUS. As a result of the merger, effective as of August 1, 2024, AG is directly owned by AGMH, a subsidiary of AGUS.
Stock Redemptions by Insurance Subsidiaries
In May 2024, NYDFS approved, and AGM implemented, the redemption of approximately $100 million of its shares of common stock from AGMH.
In connection with the merger of AGM into AG, the MIA approved, and on August 5, 2024 AG implemented, the redemption of approximately $300 million of its shares of common stock from AGMH in exchange for cash of $172 million and the remainder in alternative investments.
Committed Capital Securities
Each of AG and AGM is party to an arrangement that enables it to access, at its discretion, up to $200 million of capital, at any time, and has the right to use such capital for any purpose, including to pay claims. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 9, Fair Value Measurement.
Effective August 1, 2024, AGM merged with and into AG, with AG as the surviving company. Accordingly, effective as of August 1, 2024, all rights and obligations of AGM became rights and obligations of AG, including those under the CCS, and AG has the ability to access, at its discretion, up to $400 million of capital at any time under the CCS arrangement.
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Investment Portfolio
The Company’s principal objectives in managing its investment portfolio are to: support the highest possible ratings for each operating company, manage investment risk within the context of the underlying portfolio of insurance risk, maintain sufficient liquidity to cover unexpected stress in the insurance portfolio, and maximize after-tax net investment income. Approximately 61% of the total investment portfolio is managed by external parties. In accordance with the Company’s investment guidelines, each of the three external investment managers is required to maintain the Company’s investment portfolio with an overall credit quality rated at a minimum of A+/A1/A+ by S&P/Moody’s/Fitch Inc., respectively.
Changes in interest rates affect the value of the Company’s fixed-maturity securities. As interest rates fall, the fair value of fixed-maturity securities generally increases and, as interest rates rise, the fair value of fixed-maturity securities generally decreases. The Company’s portfolio of fixed-maturity securities primarily consists of investment-grade, liquid instruments. Other invested assets include other alternative investments, which are generally less liquid. For more information about the Investment Portfolio and a detailed description of the Company’s valuation of investments, see Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 7, Investments, and Note 9, Fair Value Measurement.
Investment Portfolio
Carrying Value

| As of
| June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (in millions)
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale | $ | 6,006 |  |  | $ | 6,307 |
Fixed-maturity securities, trading (1) | 221 |  |  | 318 |
Short-term investments | 1,717 |  |  | 1,661 |
Other invested assets (2) | 882 |  |  | 829 |
Total | $ | 8,826 |  |  | $ | 9,115 |

____________________
(1) Represents CVIs received under the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions, which are not rated.
(2) Excludes investments in three Sound Point funds that are consolidated. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
The Company’s available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities had a duration of 4.1 years and 3.9 years as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Available-for-Sale and Trading Fixed-Maturity Securities By Rating
The following table summarizes the ratings distributions of the Company’s available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Ratings generally reflect the lower of Moody’s and S&P classifications, except for (i) Loss Mitigation Securities, which use Assured Guaranty’s internal ratings classifications, or (ii) Puerto Rico securities received under the 2022 Puerto Rico Resolutions, which are not rated.
Distribution of Available-for-Sale Fixed-Maturity Securities by Rating

|  | As of
Rating |  | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
AAA |  | 13.3 | % |  | 13.3 | %
AA |  | 37.8 |  |  | 38.2 |
A |  | 25.9 |  |  | 27.6 |
BBB |  | 13.6 |  |  | 11.7 |
BIG (1) |  | 8.4 |  |  | 7.8 |
Not rated |  | 1.0 |  |  | 1.4 |
Total |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

____________________
(1)Includes primarily Loss Mitigation Securities. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 7, Investments, for additional information.
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Other Investments
Other invested assets, which are generally less liquid than fixed-maturity securities, primarily consist of the investment in Sound Point and alternative investments across a variety of strategies.
The Insurance segment reports the Company’s percentage ownership of Sound Point funds and AHP funds as equity method investments with changes in net asset value (NAV) included in the Insurance segment adjusted operating income. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, three of the funds in which the Company invests are consolidated and the remaining are accounted as equity method investments in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. See “— Commitments” below.
Investment in Assets Managers and Alternative Investments by Strategy
As of June 30, 2024

|  | Investments |  | Consolidation Adjustments (1) |  | Consolidated
|  | (in millions)
Sound Point (1) |  | $ | 413 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 413 |
Alternative investments: |  |  |  |  |  |
CLOs (2) |  | 363 |  |  | (248) |  |  | 115 |
Private healthcare investing |  | 136 |  |  | — |  |  | 136 |
Asset-based/specialty finance |  | 152 |  |  | (64) |  |  | 88 |
Middle market direct lending |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |
Other |  | 135 |  |  | — |  |  | 135 |
Total (3) |  | $ | 1,224 |  |  | $ | (312) |  |  | $ | 912 |

____________________
(1) Certain CLO and asset-based/specialty finance funds are CIVs. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
(2) Represents primarily investments in the equity of U.S. and European CLOs.
(3) Includes $30 million in alternative investments reported in fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Investment in Asset Managers and Alternative Investments by Strategy
As of December 31, 2023

|  | Investments |  | Consolidation Adjustments (1) |  | Consolidated
|  | (in millions)
Sound Point (1) |  | $ | 429 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 429 |
Alternative investments: |  |  |  |  |  |
CLOs (2) |  | 315 |  |  | (223) |  |  | 92 |
Private healthcare investing |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |
Asset-based/specialty finance |  | 166 |  |  | (82) |  |  | 84 |
Middle market direct lending |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |
Other |  | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |
Total (3) |  | $ | 1,168 |  |  | $ | (305) |  |  | $ | 863 |

____________________
(1) Certain CLO and asset-based/specialty finance funds are CIVs. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
(2) Represents primarily investments in the equity of U.S. and European CLOs.
(3) Includes $34 million in alternative investments reported in fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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Change in Fair Value of Alternative Investments by Strategy
Second Quarter 2024

|  | Investments |  | Consolidation Adjustments (1) |  | Consolidated
|  | (in millions)
Sound Point |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3) |
CLOs |  | 7 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 4 |
Private healthcare investing |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |
Asset-based/specialty finance |  | 7 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 3 |
Middle market direct lending |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Other |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Total |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 6 |

____________________
(1) Certain CLO and asset-based/specialty finance funds are CIVs. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
Change in Fair Value of Alternative Investments by Strategy
Second Quarter 2023

|  | Investments |  | Consolidation Adjustments (1) |  | Consolidated
|  | (in millions)
CLOs |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |
Private healthcare investing |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Asset-based/specialty finance |  | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |
Other |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Total |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6 |

____________________
(1) Certain CLO and asset-based/specialty finance funds are CIVs. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
Change in Fair Value of Alternative Investments by Strategy
Six Months 2024

|  | Investments |  | Consolidation Adjustments (1) |  | Consolidated
|  | (in millions)
Sound Point |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |
CLOs |  | 28 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 10 |
Private healthcare investing |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Asset-based/specialty finance |  | 11 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 5 |
Middle market direct lending |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Other |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Total |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | (24) |  |  | $ | 32 |

____________________
(1) Certain CLO and asset-based/specialty finance funds are CIVs. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
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Change in Fair Value of Alternative Investments by Strategy
Six Months 2023

|  | Investments |  | Consolidation Adjustments (1) |  | Consolidated
|  | (in millions)
CLOs |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | — |
Private healthcare investing |  | 9 |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |
Asset-based/specialty finance |  | 3 |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |
Other |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Total |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | (28) |  |  | $ | 8 |

____________________
(1) Certain CLO and asset-based/specialty finance funds are CIVs. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
Beginning in the third quarter of 2023, the Company records an equity method investment in Sound Point pursuant to the Sound Point Transaction described in Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 1, Business and Basis of Presentation.
Commitments
The Company has agreed to invest an aggregate amount of $1.5 billion in alternative investments, including the $1 billion in Sound Point managed investments. Unfunded commitments as of June 30, 2024 were $734 million. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 1, Business and Basis of Presentation, for a description of the Sound Point Transaction.
Restricted Assets
Based on fair value, fixed-maturity securities, short-term investments and cash that are either held in trust for the benefit of third-party ceding insurers in accordance with statutory requirements, placed on deposit to fulfill state licensing requirements or otherwise pledged or restricted, totaled $74 million as of June 30, 2024 and $234 million December 31, 2023. The investment portfolio also contains securities that are held in trust by certain AGL subsidiaries or are otherwise restricted for the benefit of other AGL subsidiaries in accordance with statutory and regulatory requirements with a fair value of $1,152 million and $1,154 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Lease Obligations
The Company has entered into several lease agreements for office space in Bermuda; New York; San Francisco; Asheville, North Carolina; London; Paris; and other locations with various lease terms. See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 17, Leases, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, for a table of minimum lease obligations and other lease commitments.
FG VIEs and CIVs
The Company manages its liquidity needs by evaluating cash flows without the effect of consolidating FG VIEs and CIVs; however, the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include the effect of consolidating FG VIEs and CIVs. The primary sources and uses of cash at Assured Guaranty’s FG VIEs and CIVs are as follows:
•FG VIEs. The primary sources of cash in FG VIEs are the collection of principal and interest on the collateral supporting the debt obligations, and the primary uses of cash are the payment of principal and interest due on the debt obligations. The insurance subsidiaries are not primarily liable for the debt obligations issued by the VIEs they insure and would only be required to make payments on those insured debt obligations in the event that the issuer of such debt obligations defaults on any principal or interest due and only for the amount of the shortfall. AGL’s and its insurance subsidiaries’ creditors do not have any rights with regard to the collateral supporting the debt issued by the FG VIEs. The remaining liabilities of the Puerto Rico Trusts are payable by AG under its financial guaranty policies and are no longer dependent on the credit of PRHTA.
•CIVs. The primary sources and uses of cash in the CIVs are using capital to make investments, generating cash income from investments, paying expenses, distributing cash flow to investors and borrowing funds to finance investments. The assets and liabilities of the Company’s CIVs are held within separate legal entities. The assets of the CIVs are not available to creditors of the Company, other than creditors of the applicable CIVs. In addition, creditors
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of the CIVs have no recourse against the assets of the Company, other than the assets of such applicable CIVs. Liquidity available at the Company’s CIVs is not available for corporate liquidity needs, except to the extent of the Company’s investment in the funds, subject to redemption provisions.
See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles, for additional information.
Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows
The summarized condensed consolidated statements of cash flows in the table below present the cash flow effect for the aggregate of the Insurance and Asset Management businesses and holding companies, separately from the aggregate effect of consolidating FG VIEs and CIVs. In the third quarter of 2023, as a result of the Sound Point Transaction and AHP Transaction, the Company deconsolidated all CLOs and CLO warehouses and certain funds. As a result, beginning July 1, 2023, the Company’s cash flow statements will no longer include all the operating, investing and financing cash flow activity of the deconsolidated CIVs. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 1, Business and Basis of Presentation, and Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles, for additional information.
Summarized Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows

| Second Quarter |  | Six Months
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions)
Net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities, excluding FG VIEs and CIVs operating cash flows | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (7) |
FG VIEs and CIVs operating cash flows | — |  |  | 97 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 443 |
Net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities | 58 |  |  | 124 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 436 |
Net cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities, excluding FG VIEs and CIVs investing cash flows | 90 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 347 |  |  | 108 |
FG VIEs and CIVs investing cash flows | (3) |  |  | (40) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (236) |
Net cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities | 87 |  |  | (34) |  |  | 340 |  |  | (128) |
Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities, excluding FG VIEs and CIVs financing cash flows |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid | (17) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (36) |  |  | (35) |
Repurchases of common shares | (152) |  |  | (24) |  |  | (281) |  |  | (26) |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |  |  | (15) |
FG VIEs and CIVs financing cash flows | (4) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (155) |  |  | (257) |
Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities (1) | (173) |  |  | (37) |  |  | (500) |  |  | (333) |
Effect of exchange rate changes | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 2 |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | (28) |  |  | 54 |  |  | (177) |  |  | (23) |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 137 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 286 |  |  | 207 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 184 |

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(1) Claims paid on consolidated FG VIEs are presented in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows as a component of paydowns on FG VIEs’ liabilities in financing activities as opposed to operating activities.
Cash flows from operations, excluding FG VIEs and CIVs, was an outflow of $4 million in six months 2024 and an outflow of $7 million in six months 2023. The decrease in cash outflows, other than those of the FG VIEs and CIVs, during six months 2024 was primarily due to $68 million increase in premiums received, $15 million increase in return on capital from equity method investees, $14 million increase in interest on short-term investments and Sound Point Transaction and AHP Transaction expenses in 2023, which were partially offset by a $56 million increase in tax payments, a $49 million increase in net claim payments and inclusion of cash flows for asset management subsidiaries in the six months 2023 prior to the Sound
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Point Transaction. Cash flows from operations attributable to FG VIEs and CIVs were outflows in six months 2024 and inflows in six months 2023. Cash flow from operations in second quarter 2023 included the operating activities of the CLOs and CLO warehouses in the first half of 2023 prior to the Sound Point Transaction. The condensed consolidated statements of cash flows present the investing activities of the consolidated Sound Point funds, which were formerly known as AssuredIM funds, and CLOs as cash flows from operations.
Investing activities primarily consisted of net sales (purchases) of fixed-maturity and short-term investments and paydowns on and sales of FG VIEs’ assets. The increase in investing cash inflows in six months 2024 compared with the six months 2023 was mainly attributable to net purchases of short-term and fixed-maturity securities in the six months 2023 and lower net sales of fixed-maturity securities in six months 2024, and higher sales of trading securities in six months 2024. In six months 2024, investing inflows were used to fund claim payments and share repurchases. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, for additional information.
Financing activities primarily consist of (i) AGL share repurchases and dividends, (ii) paydowns of FG VIEs’ liabilities, and (iii) until July 1, 2023, CLO issuances and CLO warehouse financing activities. The CIVs’ financing cash flows mainly included repayments of CLO warehouse financing debt and distributions from noncontrolling interests to CIVs. Six months 2024 FG VIE financing cash flows included the par paydown of Puerto Rico Trust liabilities of $144 million. See Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 8, Financial Guaranty Variable Interest Entities and Consolidated Investment Vehicles.
From July 1, 2024 through August 6, 2024, the Company repurchased an additional 599,497 of common shares. As of August 6, 2024, the Company was authorized to purchase $275 million of its common shares. For more information about the Company’s share repurchases and authorizations, see Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 12, Shareholders’ Equity.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
There were no material changes to the market risks to which the Company is exposed since December 31, 2023.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Assured Guaranty’s management, with the participation of AGL’s President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, information required to be disclosed by AGL in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act and ensuring that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Management of the Company, with the participation of its President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2024. Based on their evaluation as of June 30, 2024 covered by this Form 10-Q, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during second quarter 2024 which were identified in connection with the evaluation required pursuant to Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company is subject to legal proceedings and claims, as described in Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 11, Contingencies – Legal Proceedings, the “PREPA” and “Puerto Rico Litigation” sections of Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, and the “Recovery Litigation and Dispute Resolution” section of Note 4, Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered), each contained in this Form 10-Q and incorporated by reference herein. For additional information see the “Legal Proceedings” and “Litigation” sections of Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 18, Commitments and Contingencies, the “Recovery Litigation” section of Note 4, Expected Loss to be Paid (Recovered), and the “Puerto Rico Litigation” section of Note 3, Outstanding Exposure, in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
See the risk factors set forth in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in such Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Issuer’s Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table reflects purchases of AGL common shares made by the Company during second quarter 2024.

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program (2) |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (3)
April 1 - April 30 |  | 654,817 |  |  | $ | 81.14 |  |  | 654,742 |  |  | $ | 121,563,952 |
May 1 - May 31 |  | 661,719 |  |  | $ | 77.51 |  |  | 650,625 |  |  | $ | 371,128,601 |
June 1 - June 30 |  | 624,745 |  |  | $ | 76.75 |  |  | 622,961 |  |  | $ | 323,317,154 |
Total |  | 1,941,281 |  |  | $ | 78.49 |  |  | 1,928,328 |  |  |

____________________
(1) The total number of shares purchased also includes shares purchased as a result of employees surrendering shares as payment for withholding taxes upon vesting of share awards.
(2) After giving effect to repurchases since the Board first authorized the repurchase program on January 18, 2013, through August 6, 2024, the Company has repurchased a total of 148 million common shares for approximately $5.2 billion, excluding commissions, at an average price of $35.02 per share. On May 2, 2024, the Company announced that the Board of Directors had authorized an additional $300 million of share repurchases. As of August 6, 2024, the remaining authorization the Company was authorized to purchase was $275 million of its common shares, on a settlement basis. The repurchase program has no expiration date and the Board has previously increased the authorization periodically.
(3) Excludes commissions and excise taxes.
ITEM 5. OTHER MATTERS
10b5-1 Trading Plans
During second quarter 2024, none of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act).
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
The following exhibits are filed with this report:

Exhibit Number |  | Description of Document
10.1 |  |  | Assured Guaranty Ltd. 2024 Long-Term Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024)*
10.2 |  |  | Form of Restricted Share Agreement for Non-Executive Directors under the Assured Guaranty Ltd. 2024 Long-Term Incentive, as in effect for awards commencing in 2024 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024)*
22.0 |  |  | Subsidiary Companies and Issuers of Guaranteed Securities
31.1 |  |  | Certification of CEO Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13A-14 and 15D-14, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 |  |  | Certification of CFO Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13A-14 and 15D-14, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 |  |  | Certification of CEO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 |  |  | Certification of CFO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002
101.1 |  |  | The following financial information from Assured Guaranty Ltd.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024 formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023; (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023; (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023; (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023; (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023; and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
104.1 |  |  | The Cover Page Interactive Data File from Assured Guaranty Ltd.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024 formatted, in Inline XBRL (the cover page XBRL tags are embedded in the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).

* Management contract or compensatory plan
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| ASSURED GUARANTY LTD. (Registrant)
Dated August 8, 2024 | By: | /s/ BENJAMIN G. ROSENBLUM
|  | Benjamin G. Rosenblum Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)

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