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Fair Value Measurements and Trading-Related Revenue

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2025

Fair Value Measurements and Trading-Related Revenue

Note 17: Fair Value Measurements and Trading-Related Revenue

We record assets and liabilities held for trading, assets and liabilities designated at fair value, derivatives, certain equity and debt securities and securities sold but not yet purchased at fair value, and other

non-trading

assets and liabilities at amortized cost less allowances or write-downs for impairment. The fair values presented in this note are based upon the amounts estimated for individual assets and liabilities and do not include an estimate of the fair value of any of the legal entities or underlying operations that comprise our business. For certain portfolios of financial instruments where we manage exposures to similar and offsetting risks, fair value is determined on the basis of our net exposure to that risk.

Fair value represents an estimate of the amount that we would receive, or that would be payable in the case of a liability, in an orderly transaction between willing parties at the measurement date. The fair value amounts disclosed represent

point-in-time

estimates that may change in subsequent reporting periods due to changes in market conditions or other factors. Some financial instruments are not typically exchangeable or exchanged and therefore it is difficult to determine their fair value. Where there is no quoted market price, we determine fair value using management’s best estimates based on a range of valuation techniques and assumptions; since these involve uncertainties, the fair values may not be realized in an actual sale or immediate settlement of the asset or liability.

Governance Over the Determination of Fair Value

Senior executive oversight of our valuation processes is provided through various valuation and risk committees. In order to ensure that all financial instruments carried at fair value are accurately and appropriately measured for risk management and financial reporting purposes, we have established governance structures and controls, such as model validation and approval, independent price verification (IPV) and profit or loss attribution analysis (PAA), consistent with industry practice. These controls are applied independently of the relevant operating segments.

We establish valuation methodologies for each type of financial instrument that is required to be measured at fair value. The application of valuation models for products or portfolios is subject to independent approval to ensure only validated models are used. The impact of known limitations of models and data inputs is also monitored on an ongoing basis. IPV is a process that regularly and independently verifies the accuracy and appropriateness of market prices or model inputs used in the valuation of financial instruments. This process assesses fair values using a variety of different approaches to verify and validate the valuations. PAA is a daily process carried out by management to identify and explain changes in fair value positions across all operating lines of business within Capital Markets. This process works in concert with other processes to ensure that the fair values being reported are reasonable and appropriate.

Securities

For traded securities, quoted market value is considered to be fair value. Quoted market value is based on bid or ask prices, depending on which is the most appropriate to measure fair value. Securities for which no active market exists are valued using all reasonably available market information. Our fair value methodologies are described below.

Government Securities

The fair value of debt securities issued or guaranteed by governments in active markets is determined by reference to recent transaction prices, broker quotes or third-party vendor prices. The fair value of securities that are not traded in an active market is modelled using implied yields derived from the prices of similar actively traded government securities and observable spreads.

Mortgage-Backed Securities and Collateralized Mortgage Obligations

The fair value of MBS and CMO is determined using prices obtained from independent third-party vendors, broker quotes and relevant market indices, as applicable. If such prices are not available, fair value is determined using cash flow models that make maximum use of observable market inputs or benchmark prices for similar instruments. Valuation assumptions for MBS and CMO include discount rates, default rates, expected prepayments, credit spreads and recoveries.

Corporate Debt Securities

The fair value of

corporate

debt securities is determined using prices observed in the most recent transactions. When observable quoted prices are not available, fair value is determined based on discounted cash flow models using discounting curves and spreads obtained from independent dealers, brokers and third-party vendors.

Trading Loans

The fair value of trading loans is determined by reference to current market prices for the same or similar instruments.

Corporate Equity Securities

The fair value of corporate equity securities is determined using quoted prices in active markets, where available. Where quoted prices in active markets are not readily available, fair value is determined using either quoted market prices for similar securities or valuation techniques, which include discounted cash flow analysis and earnings multiples.

Privately Issued Securities

Privately issued debt and equity securities are valued using prices observed in recent market transactions, where available. Otherwise, fair value is derived from valuation models using a market or income approach. These models consider various factors, including projected cash flows, earnings, revenue and other third-party evidence, as available. The fair value of our privately issued securities includes net asset values published by third-party fund managers, as applicable.

Prices obtained from dealers, brokers and third-party vendors are corroborated as part of our independent review process, which may include using valuation techniques or obtaining consensus or composite prices from other pricing services. We validate the estimates of fair value by obtaining multiple third-party quotes for external market prices and input values. We review the approach taken by third-party vendors to ensure that they employ a valuation model that maximizes the use of observable inputs, such as benchmark yields,

bid-ask

spreads, underlying collateral, weighted-average terms to maturity and prepayment rate assumptions. Fair value estimates from internal valuation techniques are verified, where possible, by reference to prices obtained from third-party vendors.

Loans

In determining the fair value of our fixed rate performing loans, other than credit card loans, we discount the remaining contractual cash flows, adjusted for estimated prepayments, at market interest rates currently offered for loans with similar terms and credit risk profiles. For credit card performing loans, fair value is considered to be equal to carrying value due to their short-term nature.

For floating rate performing loans, changes in interest rates have minimal impact on fair value since interest rates are repriced or reset frequently. On that basis, fair value is assumed to be equal to carrying value.

The fair value of loans is not adjusted to reflect any credit protection purchased to mitigate credit risk.

Derivative Instruments

A number of valuation techniques are employed to estimate fair value, including discounted cash flow analysis, the Black-Scholes model, Monte Carlo simulation and other accepted market models. These independently validated models incorporate current market data for interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity and commodity prices and indices, credit spreads, recovery rates, corresponding market volatility levels, spot prices, correlation levels and other market-based pricing factors. Option implied volatilities, an input into many valuation models, are either obtained directly from market sources or calculated from market prices. Multi-contributor pricing sources are used wherever possible.

In determining the fair value of complex and customized derivatives, we consider all reasonably available information, including dealer and broker quotes, multi-contributor pricing sources and any relevant observable market inputs. Our models calculate fair value based on inputs specific to the type of contract, which may include share prices, correlation for multiple assets, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, yield curves and volatilities.

We calculate a credit valuation adjustment (CVA) to recognize the credit risk related to the possibility that the counterparty may not ultimately be able to fulfill its derivative obligations. The CVA is derived from market-observed credit spreads or proxy credit

spreads

and our assessment of the net counterparty credit risk exposure, taking into account credit mitigants such as collateral, master netting agreements and novation to central counterparties. We also calculate a funding valuation adjustment (FVA) to recognize the implicit funding costs associated with

over-the-counter

derivative positions. The FVA is determined by reference to our own funding spreads.

Deposits

In determining the fair value of our deposits, we incorporate the following assumptions:

•

For fixed rate, fixed maturity deposits, we discount the remaining contractual cash flows related to these deposits, adjusted for expected redemptions, at market interest rates currently offered for deposits with similar terms and risk profiles. The fair value of our senior note liabilities and covered bonds is determined by reference to current market prices for similar instruments or using valuation techniques, such as discounted cash flow models, that use market interest rate yield curves and funding spreads.

•

For fixed rate deposits with no defined maturities, we consider fair value to equal carrying value, since carrying value is equivalent to the amount payable on the reporting date.

•

For floating rate deposits, changes in interest rates have minimal impact on fair value, since deposits reprice to market frequently. On that basis, fair value is considered to equal carrying value.

Certain structured note liabilities that have coupons or repayment terms linked to the performance of interest rates, foreign currencies, commodities, equity securities or other deposits have been designated at FVTPL. The fair value of these structured notes and other deposits is estimated using internally validated valuation models incorporating observable market prices for identical or comparable securities, as well as other inputs, such as interest rate yield curves, option volatilities and foreign exchange rates, where appropriate. Where observable market prices or inputs are not available, management judgment is required to determine fair value by assessing other relevant sources of information, such as historical data and proxy information from similar transactions.

Securities Sold But Not Yet Purchased

The fair value of these obligations is based on the fair value of the underlying securities, which can be equity or debt securities. As these obligations are fully collateralized, the method used to determine fair value would be the same as that used for the relevant underlying equity or debt securities.

Securitization and Structured Entities’ Liabilities

The determination of the fair value of our securitization and structured entities’ liabilities is based on quoted market prices or quoted market prices for similar financial instruments, where available. Where quoted prices are not available, fair value is determined using valuation techniques, such as discounted cash flow models, that maximize the use of observable inputs.

Subordinated Debt

The fair value of our subordinated debt is determined by referring to current market prices for the same or similar instruments.

Financial Instruments with a Carrying Value Approximating Fair Value

Carrying value is considered to be a reasonable estimate of fair value for our cash and cash equivalents.

The carrying value of certain financial assets and liabilities, such as interest bearing deposits with banks, securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements, customers’ liability under acceptances and certain other assets, as well as acceptances, securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements and certain other liabilities, is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to their short-term nature or because they are frequently repriced to current market rates. These items are therefore excluded from the table below.

Fair Value Hierarchy

We categorize assets and liabilities carried at fair value in a fair value hierarchy according to the inputs we use in valuation techniques in order to measure fair value.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value on the Balance Sheet

Set out in the following table are the fair values of financial instruments not carried at fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.


(Canadian $ in millions)			2025				2024
	Carrying value		Fair value (6)		Carrying value		Fair value (6)
Securities (1)
Amortized cost	$	96,610	$	90,448	$	115,188	$	106,461

Loans (1) (2)
Residential mortgages		195,708		194,755		190,666		188,848
Consumer instalment and other personal		91,867		91,937		91,889		91,513
Credit cards		11,997		11,997		13,030		13,030
Business and government		364,265		364,866		369,776		370,101
		663,837		663,555		665,361		663,492

Deposits (3)		920,040		920,927		928,332		928,689
Securitization and structured entities’ liabilities (4)		20,211		20,100		21,850		21,653
Other liabilities (5)		3,103		2,953		2,929		2,669
Subordinated debt		8,500		8,756		8,377		8,543

(1)

Carrying value is net of ACL.

(2)

Excludes $79 million of residential mortgages classified as FVTPL, $13,231 million of business and government loans classified as FVTPL and $14 million of business and government loans classified as
FVOCI ($163 million, $12,431 million and $61 million, respectively, as at October 31, 2024).

(3)

Excludes $49,093 million of structured note liabilities, $1,129 million of money market deposits, $1,967 million of embedded options related to structured deposits carried at amortized cost and $3,973 million of metals deposits measured at fair value ($

45,222

million, $6,032 million, $1,047 million and $1,807 million, respectively, as at October 31, 2024).

(4)

Excludes $31,351 million of securitization and structured entities’ liabilities classified as FVTPL ($18,314 million as at October 31, 2024).

(5)

Other liabilities include certain investment contract liabilities in our insurance business measured at amortized cost, as well as certain other liabilities of subsidiaries.

(6)

If financial instruments not carried at fair value were categorized based on the fair value hierarchy, all of these financial instruments would be categorized as Level 2, except for amortized cost securities, which would
have $90,448 million categorized as Level 2 ($106,389 million as at October 31, 2024) and $nil million categorized as Level 3 ($72 million as at October 31, 2024).

Valuation Techniques and Significant Inputs

We determine the fair value of assets and liabilities using quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) when these are available. When quoted prices in active markets are not available, we determine the fair value of assets and liabilities using models such as discounted cash flows, with observable market data for inputs, such as yields or broker quotes and other third-party vendor quotes (Level 2). Fair value may also be determined using models where significant observable market data is not available due to inactive markets or minimal market activity (Level 3). We maximize the use of observable market inputs to the extent possible.

Our Level 2 trading securities are primarily valued using discounted cash flow models with observable spreads or broker quotes. The fair value of Level 2 FVOCI securities is determined using discounted cash flow models with observable spreads or third-party vendor quotes. Level 2 structured note liabilities are valued using models with observable market information. Level 2 derivative assets and liabilities are valued using industry-standard models and observable market information.

The extent of our use of actively quoted market prices (Level 1), internal models using observable market information as inputs (Level 2) and models using one or more significant unobservable market information as inputs (Level 3) in the valuation of securities, loans classified as FVTPL and FVOCI, other assets, fair value liabilities, derivative assets and derivative liabilities is presented in the following table:


(Canadian $ in millions)	2025								2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Trading Securities
Issued or guaranteed by:
Canadian federal government	$	757	$	11,554	$	–	$	12,311	$	1,272	$	8,764	$	–	$	10,036
Canadian provincial and municipal governments		–		9,035		–		9,035		–		7,585		–		7,585
U.S. federal government		3,308		27,594		–		30,902		2,688		21,560		–		24,248
U.S. states, municipalities and agencies		–		1,144		–		1,144		–		565		–		565
Other governments		199		3,927		–		4,126		92		3,757		–		3,849
NHA MBS, and U.S. agency MBS and CMO		–		56,450		–		56,450		–		40,995		–		40,995
Corporate debt		–		11,614		–		11,614		–		10,172		–		10,172
Trading loans		–		4,568		–		4,568		–		5,493		–		5,493
Corporate equity		61,495		658		–		62,153		65,559		420		4		65,983
		65,759		126,544		–		192,303		69,611		99,311		4		168,926
FVTPL Securities
Issued or guaranteed by:
Canadian federal government		56		1,563		–		1,619		166		237		–		403
Canadian provincial and municipal governments		–		1,578		–		1,578		–		1,578		–		1,578
U.S. federal government		–		1,495		–		1,495		–		1,527		–		1,527
Other governments		–		–		–		–		–		25		–		25
NHA MBS, and U.S. agency MBS and CMO		–		18		–		18		–		21		–		21
Corporate debt		–		8,908		–		8,908		–		8,745		35		8,780
Corporate equity		1,090		822		5,824		7,736		921		910		4,899		6,730
		1,146		14,384		5,824		21,354		1,087		13,043		4,934		19,064
FVOCI Securities
Issued or guaranteed by:
Canadian federal government		1,158		44,177		–		45,335		3,212		30,965		–		34,177
Canadian provincial and municipal governments		–		5,644		–		5,644		–		5,996		–		5,996
U.S. federal government		16		20,793		–		20,809		25		16,940		–		16,965
U.S. states, municipalities and agencies		–		5,634		–		5,634		–		5,068		–		5,068
Other governments		37		4,028		–		4,065		–		5,656		–		5,656
NHA MBS, and U.S. agency MBS and CMO		–		27,015		–		27,015		–		21,293		–		21,293
Corporate debt		–		4,515		–		4,515		–		4,370		–		4,370
Corporate equity		–		–		192		192		–		–		177		177
		1,211		111,806		192		113,209		3,237		90,288		177		93,702
Loans
Residential mortgages		–		79		–		79		–		163		–		163
Business and government loans		–		12,921		324		13,245		–		12,190		302		12,492
		–		13,000		324		13,324		–		12,353		302		12,655
Other Assets (1)		8,521		–		1,483		10,004		11,236		–		1,717		12,953
Fair Value Liabilities (2)
Deposits (3)		–		56,162		–		56,162		–		54,108		–		54,108
Securities sold but not yet purchased		14,998		39,878		–		54,876		10,631		24,399		–		35,030
Other liabilities (4)		2,142		32,096		–		34,238		1,754		19,110		–		20,864
		17,140		128,136		–		145,276		12,385		97,617		–		110,002
Derivative Assets
Interest rate contracts		15		8,666		–		8,681		36		9,851		–		9,887
Foreign exchange contracts		43		30,474		2		30,519		4		21,258		10		21,272
Commodity contracts		225		1,224		13		1,462		169		1,656		2		1,827
Equity contracts		275		16,203		10		16,488		539		13,718		–		14,257
Credit default swaps		–		1		–		1		–		10		–		10
		558		56,568		25		57,151		748		46,493		12		47,253
Derivative Liabilities
Interest rate contracts		18		10,081		–		10,099		32		10,811		–		10,843
Foreign exchange contracts		–		26,049		–		26,049		–		19,955		–		19,955
Commodity contracts		196		1,412		–		1,608		96		1,721		4		1,821
Equity contracts		175		20,793		5		20,973		75		25,596		2		25,673
Credit default swaps		–		–		–		–		–		10		1		11
	$	389	$	58,335	$	5	$	58,729	$	203	$	58,093	$	7	$	58,303

(1)

Other assets include precious metals, segregated fund assets and investment properties in our insurance business, carbon credits, certain receivables and other items measured at fair value.

(2)

Interest expense for liabilities carried at fair value is $3,476 million for the year ended October 31, 2025 ($2,774 million for the year ended October 31, 2024). Interest expense for liabilities carried at amortized cost
is $38,574 million for the year ended October 31, 2025 ($43,743 million for the year ended October 31, 2024).

(3)

Deposits include structured note liabilities, money market and metals deposits designated at FVTPL and certain embedded options related to structured deposits carried at amortized cost.

(4)

Other liabilities include certain investment contract liabilities and segregated fund liabilities in our insurance business, as well as certain securitization and structured entities’ liabilities measured at FVTPL.

Certain comparative figures have been reclassified to conform with the current year’s presentation.

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The table below presents the fair values of our significant Level 3 financial instruments, the valuation techniques used to determine their fair values and the value ranges of significant unobservable inputs used in the valuations.

(Canadian $ in millions, except as noted)

2025

Reporting line in fair

value hierarchy table

Fair value

of assets

Valuation techniques

Significant

unobservable inputs

Range of input values (1)

Changes in fair value from using

reasonably possible alternatives (2)

Low

High

Private equity

Corporate equity

6,016

Net asset value

EV/EBITDA

Multiple

(38

)/38

Investment properties

Other assets

1,396

Income approach

Capitalization rate

(108)/128

2024

Private equity

Corporate equity

4,899

Net asset value

EV/EBITDA

Multiple

(18)/18

Investment properties

Other assets

1,363

Income approach

Capitalization rate

(118)/151

(1)

The low and high input values represent the lowest and highest actual level of inputs used to value a group of financial instruments in a particular product category. These value ranges do not reflect the level of input uncertainty but are affected by the specific underlying instruments within each product category. The value ranges will therefore vary from period to period based on the characteristics of the underlying instruments held at each balance sheet date.

(2)

Net asset values are provided by fund managers and therefore have no other reasonably possible alternative assumptions. Sensitivity of private equity investments is determined by adjusting the price multiples. Sensitivity of investment properties is determined by adjusting the capitalization rate.

na – not applicable

Significant Unobservable Inputs in Level 3 Instrument Valuations

Net Asset Value

Net asset value represents

the

estimated value of a security based on valuations

received

from the investment or fund manager. As no observable price is available for most private equity securities, the valuation is based on the economic benefit we expect to derive from our investment.

EV/EBITDA Multiple

The fair value of private equity and merchant banking investments is derived by calculating an enterprise value (EV) using the EV/EBITDA multiple and then proceeding through a waterfall of the company’s capital structure to determine the value of the assets or securities we hold. The EV/EBITDA multiple is determined using judgment in considering factors such as multiples for comparable listed companies, recent transactions and company-specific factors, as well as liquidity discounts that account for the lack of active trading in these assets and securities.

Capitalization Rate

The fair value of investment properties is determined by external independent property valuation experts using industry standard property valuation methodologies on expected future cash flows. The capitalization rate is derived using judgment, considering factors such as market activities across comparable property types and geographic regions, and is a reflection of the expected rate of return to be realized on the investment.

Significant Transfers

Our policy is to record transfers of assets and liabilities between fair value hierarchy levels at their fair values as at the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. Transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 are determined by the recency of issuance and the availability of quoted market prices in an active market. There were no significant transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024.

Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The tables below present a reconciliation of all changes in Level 3 financial instruments for the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024, including realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings and other

comprehensive

income, as well as transfers into and out of Level 3. Transfers from Level 2 to Level 3 were due to an increase in unobservable market inputs used in pricing the securities. Transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 were due to an increase in observable market inputs used in pricing the securities.


			Change in fair value								Movements						Transfers
For the year ended October 31, 2025 (Canadian $ in millions)	Fair value as at October 31, 2024		Included in earnings			Included in other comprehensive income (1)			Purchases/ Issuances		Sales			Maturities/ Settlement			Transfers into Level 3		Transfers out of Level 3			Fair value as at October 31, 2025		Change in unrealized gains (losses) recorded in income for instruments still held (2)
Trading Securities
NHA MBS and U.S. agency MBS and CMO	$	–	$	–		$	–		$	5	$	(5	)	$	–		$	–	$	–		$	–	$	–
Corporate equity		4		–			–			2		–			–			–		(6	)		–		–
Total trading securities		4		–			–			7		(5	)		–			–		(6	)		–		–
FVTPL Securities
Corporate debt		35		1			–			2		–			–			–		(38	)		–		1
Corporate equity		4,899		(96	)		17			1,180		(252	)		–			82		(6	)		5,824		36
Total FVTPL securities		4,934		(95	)		17			1,182		(252	)		–			82		(44	)		5,824		37
FVOCI Securities
Corporate equity		177		–			(14	)		29		–			–			–		–			192		na
Total FVOCI securities		177		–			(14	)		29		–			–			–		–			192		na
Business and Government Loans		302		(21	)		4			62		–			(52	)		29		–			324		(21	)
Other Assets		1,717		(67	)		–			277		(7	)		(437	)		–		–			1,483		(63	)
Derivative Assets
Foreign exchange contracts		10		(14	)		–			48		–			(42	)		–		–			2		(13	)
Commodity contracts		2		11			–			–		–			–			–		–			13		12
Equity contracts		–		2			–			–		–			–			17		(9	)		10		2
Credit default swaps		–		–			–			–		–			(1	)		1		–			–		–
Total derivative assets		12		(1	)		–			48		–			(43	)		18		(9	)		25		1
Other Liabilities		–		–			–			–		–			–			–		–			–		–
Derivative Liabilities
Commodity contracts		4		(4	)		–			–		–			–			–		–			–		(4	)
Equity contracts		2		3			–			–		–			–			3		(3	)		5		3
Credit default swaps		1		–			–			–		–			(1	)		–		–			–		–
Total derivative liabilities		7		(1	)		–			–		–			(1	)		3		(3	)		5		(1	)

			Change in fair value								Movements						Transfers
For the year ended October 31, 2024 (Canadian $ in millions)	Fair value as at October 31, 2023		Included in earnings			Included in other comprehensive income (1)			Purchases/ Issuances		Sales			Maturities/ Settlement			Transfers into Level 3		Transfers out of Level 3			Fair value as at October 31, 2024		Change in unrealized gains (losses) recorded in income for instruments still held (2)
Trading Securities
NHA MBS and U.S. agency MBS and CMO	$	–	$	–		$	–		$	41	$	(41	)	$	–		$	–	$	–		$	–	$	–
Corporate equity		37		–			–			4		–			–			–		(37	)		4		–
Total trading securities		37		–			–			45		(41	)		–			–		(37	)		4		–

FVTPL Securities
Corporate debt		27		(10	)		–			18		–			–			–		–			35		(10	)
Corporate equity		4,208		(162	)		11			1,068		(240	)		(1	)		16		(1	)		4,899		57
Total FVTPL securities		4,235		(172	)		11			1,086		(240	)		(1	)		16		(1	)		4,934		47
FVOCI Securities
Corporate equity		160		–			13			4		–			–			–		–			177		na
Total FVOCI securities		160		–			13			4		–			–			–		–			177		na
Business and Government Loans		186		–			–			89		–			(171	)		198		–			302		–
Other Assets		1,723		30			–			86		(21	)		(101	)		–		–			1,717		47
Derivative Assets
Foreign exchange contracts		–		–			–			10		–			–			–		–			10		–
Commodity contracts		5		(3	)		–			–		–			–			–		–			2		(3	)
Equity contracts		–		–			–			–		–			–			13		(13	)		–		–
Credit default swaps		–		–			–			–		–			–			–		–			–		–
Total derivative assets		5		(3	)		–			10		–			–			13		(13	)		12		(3	)
Other Liabilities		5		–			–			8		–			(13	)		–		–			–		–
Derivative Liabilities
Commodity contracts		1		3			–			–		–			–			–		–			4		3
Equity contracts		8		1			–			–		–			–			2		(9	)		2		1
Credit default swaps		2		(2	)		–			–		–			–			1		–			1		(1	)
Total derivative liabilities		11		2			–			–		–			–			3		(9	)		7		3

(1)

Foreign exchange translation on assets and liabilities held by foreign operations is included in our Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income as part of net gains on translation of net foreign operations.

(2)

Changes in unrealized gains (losses) on trading and FVTPL securities still held on October 31, 2025 and 2024 are included in earnings for the year.

Unrealized gains (losses) recognized on Level 3 financial instruments may be offset by (losses) gains on economic hedge contracts.

na – not applicable

Trading-Related Revenue

Trading assets and liabilities, including derivatives, securities and financial instruments designated at FVTPL, are measured at fair value, with gains and losses recognized in

non-interest

revenue, trading revenues, in our Consolidated Statement of Income. Trading-related revenue includes net interest income and

non-interest

revenue and excludes underwriting fees and commissions on securities transactions, which are shown separately in our Consolidated Statement of Income.

Net interest income arises from interest and dividends related to trading assets and liabilities, and is reported net of interest expense associated with funding these assets and liabilities in the following table:


(Canadian $ in millions)	2025		2024
Interest rates	$	1,026	$	1,003
Foreign exchange		633		579
Equities		1,131		759
Commodities		365		150
Other		212		55
Total trading-related revenue	$	3,367	$	2,546
Reported as:
Net interest income		783		169
Non-interest revenue – trading revenues		2,584		2,377
Total trading-related revenue	$	3,367	$	2,546