false--10-31 Q2 2019 0001601046 Yes false Large Accelerated Filer false The Communications Solutions Group serves customers spanning the worldwide commercial communications and aerospace, defense and government end markets. The group provides electronic design and test software, instruments, systems and related services used in the simulation, design, validation, manufacturing, installation and optimization of electronic equipment. The Electronic Industrial Solutions Group provides test and measurement solutions across a broad set of electronic industrial end markets, focusing on high-growth applications in the automotive and energy industry and measurement solutions for semiconductor design and manufacturing, consumer electronics, education and general electronics manufacturing. The group provides electronic design and test software, instruments, systems and related services used in the simulation, design, validation, manufacturing, installation and optimization of electronic equipment. The Ixia Solutions Group helps customers validate the performance and security resilience of their networks and associated applications. The test, visibility and security products help organizations and their customers strengthen their physical and virtual networks. Enterprises, service providers, network equipment manufacturers, and governments worldwide rely on the group's solutions to validate new products before shipping and secure ongoing operation of their networks with better visibility and security. The group’s product solutions consist of high-performance hardware platforms, software applications and services, including warranty and maintenance offerings.51000000 102000000 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 1000000000 1000000000 191000000 193000000 0.0130 P5Y 1000000 3000000 6000000 0 3000000 5000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Our operating segments were determined based primarily on how the chief operating decision maker views and evaluates our operations. Segment operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to make decisions about resources to be allocated to each segment and to assess performance. Other factors, including market separation and customer specific applications, go-to-market channels, products and services and manufacturing are considered in determining the formation of these operating segments. 0 On February 15, 2017, we entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) that replaced our existing $450 million unsecured credit facility dated September 15, 2014. The Revolving Credit Facility provides for a $450 million, five-year unsecured revolving credit facility that will expire on February 15, 2022 and bears interest at an annual rate of LIBOR + 1.30%. In addition, the Revolving Credit Facility permits us to increase the total commitments under this credit facility by up to $150 million in the aggregate on one or more occasions upon request. We may use amounts borrowed under the facility for general corporate purposes. As of April 30, 2019, we had no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. 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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(MARK ONE)
x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED APRIL 30, 2019
OR
¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 001-36334
KEYSIGHT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(EXACT NAME OF REGISTRANT AS SPECIFIED IN ITS CHARTER)

DELAWARE |  | 46-4254555
(State or other jurisdiction of |  | (IRS employer
incorporation or organization) |  | Identification no.)
1400 FOUNTAINGROVE PARKWAY |  |
SANTA ROSA, CALIFORNIA |  | 95403
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (800) 829-4444
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock par value $0.01 per share | KEYS | New York Stock Exchange, Inc.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the exchange act.

Large accelerated filer x |  | Accelerated filer ¨
Non-accelerated filer ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company ¨
Emerging growth company ¨ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section13(a)of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x
The number of shares of common stock outstanding at May 29, 2019 was 188,170,970.

Table of Contents
KEYSIGHT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  | Page Number
Part I. | Financial Information |  | 3
| Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 3
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations | 3
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet | 5
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows | 6
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statement of Equity | 7
|  | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
| Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 31
| Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 42
| Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 42
Part II. | Other Information |  | 42
| Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 42
| Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 43
| Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 56
| Item 6. | Exhibits | 57
Signature |  |  | 58

2

Table of Contents

PART I | — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
KEYSIGHT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
(in millions, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| April 30, |  | April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products | $ | 911 |  |  | $ | 830 |  |  | $ | 1,748 |  |  | $ | 1,514 |
Services and other | 179 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 348 |  |  | 313 |
Total net revenue | 1,090 |  |  | 990 |  |  | 2,096 |  |  | 1,827 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of products | 360 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 707 |  |  | 709 |
Cost of services and other | 82 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 154 |
Total costs | 442 |  |  | 451 |  |  | 870 |  |  | 863 |
Research and development | 171 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 344 |  |  | 310 |
Selling, general and administrative | 300 |  |  | 305 |  |  | 588 |  |  | 600 |
Other operating expense (income), net | (8 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | (15 | )
Total costs and expenses | 905 |  |  | 904 |  |  | 1,790 |  |  | 1,758 |
Income from operations | 185 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 306 |  |  | 69 |
Interest income | 6 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5 |
Interest expense | (20 | ) |  | (21 | ) |  | (40 | ) |  | (43 | )
Other income (expense), net | 22 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 29 |
Income before taxes | 193 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 313 |  |  | 60 |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 40 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 46 |  |  | (98 | )
Net income | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 158 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |  |  | $ | 1.42 |  |  | $ | 0.84 |
Diluted | $ | 0.80 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |  |  | $ | 1.40 |  |  | $ | 0.83 |
Weighted average shares used in computing net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 188 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 187 |
Diluted | 191 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 190 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

Table of Contents
KEYSIGHT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in millions)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| April 30, |  | April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 158 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net of tax benefit of zero, $1, zero and $1 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net of tax benefit (expense) of zero | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 2 |
Amounts reclassified into earnings related to derivative instruments, net of tax benefit (expense) of zero | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (3 | )
Foreign currency translation, net of tax benefit (expense) of zero | (16 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | 14 |  |  | 28 |
Net defined benefit pension cost and post retirement plan costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in actuarial net loss, net of tax expense of $4, $4, $7 and $7 | 8 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 21 |
Change in net prior service credit, net of tax benefit of $1, $2, $2 and $3 | (4 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (8 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (12 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | 27 |  |  | 38 |
Total comprehensive income | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 196 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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KEYSIGHT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(in millions, except par value and share data)

| April 30, 2019 |  | October 31, 2018
| (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,277 |  |  | $ | 913 |
Accounts receivable, net | 660 |  |  | 624 |
Inventory | 660 |  |  | 619 |
Other current assets | 227 |  |  | 222 |
Total current assets | 2,824 |  |  | 2,378 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 563 |  |  | 555 |
Goodwill | 1,174 |  |  | 1,171 |
Other intangible assets, net | 543 |  |  | 645 |
Long-term investments | 42 |  |  | 46 |
Long-term deferred tax assets | 727 |  |  | 750 |
Other assets | 317 |  |  | 279 |
Total assets | $ | 6,190 |  |  | $ | 5,824 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Short-term debt | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 499 |
Accounts payable | 236 |  |  | 242 |
Employee compensation and benefits | 281 |  |  | 276 |
Deferred revenue | 333 |  |  | 334 |
Income and other taxes payable | 61 |  |  | 42 |
Other accrued liabilities | 74 |  |  | 69 |
Total current liabilities | 1,485 |  |  | 1,462 |
Long-term debt | 1,292 |  |  | 1,291 |
Retirement and post-retirement benefits | 214 |  |  | 224 |
Long-term deferred revenue | 150 |  |  | 127 |
Other long-term liabilities | 251 |  |  | 287 |
Total liabilities | 3,392 |  |  | 3,391 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock; $0.01 par value; 100 million shares authorized; none issued and outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock; $0.01 par value; 1 billion shares authorized; 193 million shares at April 30, 2019 and 191 million shares at October 31, 2018 issued | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Treasury stock at cost; 5.4 million shares at April 30, 2019 and 4.4 million shares at October 31, 2018 | (252 | ) |  | (182 | )
Additional paid-in-capital | 1,954 |  |  | 1,889 |
Retained earnings | 1,555 |  |  | 1,212 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (461 | ) |  | (488 | )
Total stockholders' equity | 2,798 |  |  | 2,433 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 6,190 |  |  | $ | 5,824 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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KEYSIGHT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions)
(Unaudited)

| Six Months Ended
| April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 158 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation | 48 |  |  | 53 |
Amortization | 103 |  |  | 104 |
Share-based compensation | 50 |  |  | 34 |
Deferred tax benefit | (2 | ) |  | (237 | )
Excess and obsolete inventory-related charges | 13 |  |  | 11 |
Gain on divestiture | (1 | ) |  | (8 | )
Other non-cash expenses, net | (2 | ) |  | 5 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | (28 | ) |  | (31 | )
Inventory | (53 | ) |  | (18 | )
Accounts payable | 1 |  |  | 20 |
Employee compensation and benefits | 5 |  |  | 23 |
Deferred revenue | 85 |  |  | 71 |
Income taxes payable | (8 | ) |  | 125 |
Retirement and post-retirement benefits | (23 | ) |  | (22 | )
Other assets and liabilities | 6 |  |  | (6 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 461 |  |  | 282 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Investments in property, plant and equipment | (60 | ) |  | (58 | )
Proceeds from sale of investments | 7 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from divestiture | 2 |  |  | 12 |
Other investing activities | 2 |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (49 | ) |  | (46 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock plans | 39 |  |  | 33 |
Payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards | (24 | ) |  | (16 | )
Payment of acquisition-related contingent consideration | — |  |  | (3 | )
Proceeds from credit facility | — |  |  | 40 |
Repayment of debt and credit facility | — |  |  | (300 | )
Treasury stock repurchases | (69 | ) |  | (28 | )
Net cash used by financing activities | (54 | ) |  | (274 | )
Effect of exchange rate movements | 5 |  |  | 4 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 363 |  |  | (34 | )
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period | 917 |  |  | 820 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 1,280 |  |  | $ | 786 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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KEYSIGHT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY
(in millions, except number of shares in thousands)

| Common Stock |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |  |  |
| Number of Shares |  | Par Value |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Number of Shares |  | Treasury Stock at Cost |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance as of January 31, 2019 | 192,801 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,925 |  |  | (5,050 | ) |  | $ | (222 | ) |  | $ | 1,402 |  |  | $ | (449 | ) |  | $ | 2,658 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 153 |  |  | — |  |  | 153 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (12 | )
Issuance of common stock | 416 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (344 | ) |  | (30 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30 | )
Balance as of April 30, 2019 | 193,217 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,954 |  |  | (5,394 | ) |  | $ | (252 | ) |  | $ | 1,555 |  |  | $ | (461 | ) |  | $ | 2,798 |
Balance as of October 31, 2018 | 191,204 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,889 |  |  | (4,364 | ) |  | $ | (182 | ) |  | $ | 1,212 |  |  | $ | (488 | ) |  | $ | 2,433 |
Adjustment due to adoption of new accounting standards | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 267 |  |  | — |  |  | 267 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | 27 |
Issuance of common stock | 2,013 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,030 | ) |  | (70 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (70 | )
Balance as of April 30, 2019 | 193,217 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,954 |  |  | (5,394 | ) |  | $ | (252 | ) |  | $ | 1,555 |  |  | $ | (461 | ) |  | $ | 2,798 |
Balance as of January 31, 2018 | 189,800 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,815 |  |  | (2,289 | ) |  | $ | (62 | ) |  | $ | 1,141 |  |  | $ | (412 | ) |  | $ | 2,484 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 64 |  |  | — |  |  | 64 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (7 | )
Issuance of common stock | 453 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (773 | ) |  | (40 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (40 | )
Balance as of April 30, 2018 | 190,253 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,837 |  |  | (3,062 | ) |  | $ | (102 | ) |  | $ | 1,205 |  |  | $ | (419 | ) |  | $ | 2,523 |
Balance as of October 31, 2017 | 188,310 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,786 |  |  | (2,289 | ) |  | $ | (62 | ) |  | $ | 1,041 |  |  | $ | (457 | ) |  | $ | 2,310 |
Adjustment due to adoption of new accounting standards | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 158 |  |  | — |  |  | 158 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |
Issuance of common stock | 1,943 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (773 | ) |  | (40 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (40 | )
Balance as of April 30, 2018 | 190,253 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,837 |  |  | (3,062 | ) |  | $ | (102 | ) |  | $ | 1,205 |  |  | $ | (419 | ) |  | $ | 2,523 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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KEYSIGHT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)

1. | OVERVIEW, BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Overview. Keysight Technologies, Inc. ("we," "us," "Keysight" or the "company"), incorporated in Delaware on December 6, 2013, is a technology company providing electronic design and test solutions that are used in the design, development, manufacture, installation, deployment, validation, optimization and secure operation of electronics systems to communications, networking and electronics industries. We also offer customization, consulting and optimization services throughout the customer's product lifecycle, including start-up assistance, instrument productivity, application services and instrument calibration and repair.
Our fiscal year-end is October 31, and our fiscal quarters end on January 31, April 30 and July 31. Unless otherwise stated, these dates refer to our fiscal year and fiscal quarters.
Basis of Presentation. We have prepared the accompanying financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. ("GAAP") have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The accompanying financial statements and information should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In the opinion of management, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements contain all normal and recurring adjustments necessary to state fairly our financial position as of April 30, 2019 and October 31, 2018, our results of operations for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018 and cash flows for the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions believed to be reasonable. Although these estimates are based on management’s knowledge of current events and actions that may impact the company in the future, actual results may be different from the estimates. Our critical accounting policies are those that affect our financial statements materially and involve difficult, subjective or complex judgments by management. Those policies are revenue recognition, inventory valuation, share-based compensation, retirement and post-retirement plan assumptions, valuation of goodwill and other intangible assets, warranty, loss contingencies, restructuring, and accounting for income taxes.
Update to Significant Accounting Policies. Except as set forth in Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements," there have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.

2. | NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2014-09, Revenue From Contracts With Customers. In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2014-09 and has since modified the standard with several ASUs (collectively, the “new revenue standard” or "ASC 606"). The new revenue standard requires entities to recognize revenue through the application of a five-step model, which includes: identification of the contract, identification of the performance obligations, determination of the transaction price, allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations, and recognition of revenue as the entity satisfies the performance obligations. We adopted the new revenue standard on November 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of adoption. Comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the standards in effect for the prior periods presented. We have applied the new revenue standard only to contracts not completed as of the date of adoption, referred to as open contracts. We have elected the practical expedient that permits an entity to reflect the aggregate effect of all modifications (on a contract-by-contract basis) that occurred before the date of adoption in determining the transaction price, identifying the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations, and allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations.
The most significant impact of the new revenue standard was our accounting for software license revenue. Historically, we have deferred revenue for certain types of license arrangements and recognize the revenue ratably over the license term. Under the new revenue standard, we are no longer required to establish vendor-specific objective evidence to recognize software license revenue separately from the other elements, and we are required to recognize software license revenue once the customer obtains control of the license, which will generally occur at the start of each license term. The new revenue standard further requires certain costs, primarily sales-related commissions on contracts, to be capitalized rather than expensed. We reclassified our allowance for
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sales returns from accounts receivable, net to other accrued liabilities due to the adoption of the new revenue standard. See Note 3, "Revenue."
The cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard to all open contracts as of November 1, 2018 was as follows:

| October 31, 2018 |  | Adjustments Due to ASC 606 |  | November 1, 2018
| (in millions)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 624 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 631 |
Other current assets | 222 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 250 |
Long-term deferred tax assets | 750 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | 735 |
Other assets | 279 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 282 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Deferred revenue | $ | 334 |  |  | $ | (53 | ) |  | $ | 281 |
Income and other taxes payable | 42 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 43 |
Other accrued liabilities | 69 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 76 |
Long-term deferred revenue | 127 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | 116 |
Other long-term liabilities | 287 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 290 |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |
Retained earnings | $ | 1,212 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 1,288 |

The following tables summarize the impact of ASC 606 on our condensed consolidated financial statements:

| Three months ended
| April 30, 2019
| As Reported |  | Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change Higher/(Lower)
| (in millions)
Net revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Products | $ | 911 |  |  | $ | 903 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Services and other | 179 |  |  | 184 |  |  | (5 | )
Total net revenue | 1,090 |  |  | 1,087 |  |  | 3 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Cost of products | 360 |  |  | 360 |  |  | — |
Cost of services and other | 82 |  |  | 82 |  |  | — |
Total costs | 442 |  |  | 442 |  |  | — |
Research and development | 171 |  |  | 171 |  |  | — |
Selling, general and administrative | 300 |  |  | 298 |  |  | 2 |
Other operating expense (income), net | (8 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | — |
Total costs and expenses | 905 |  |  | 903 |  |  | 2 |
Income from operations | 185 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 1 |
Interest income | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |
Interest expense | (20 | ) |  | (20 | ) |  | — |
Other income (expense), net | 22 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |
Income before taxes | 193 |  |  | 192 |  |  | 1 |
Provision for income taxes | 40 |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |
Net income | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | — |
Diluted | $ | 0.80 |  |  | $ | 0.79 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |

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| Six months ended
| April 30, 2019
| As Reported |  | Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change Higher/(Lower)
| (in millions)
Net revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Products | $ | 1,748 |  |  | $ | 1,725 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Services and other | 348 |  |  | 354 |  |  | (6 | )
Total net revenue | 2,096 |  |  | 2,079 |  |  | 17 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Cost of products | 707 |  |  | 706 |  |  | 1 |
Cost of services and other | 163 |  |  | 163 |  |  | — |
Total costs | 870 |  |  | 869 |  |  | 1 |
Research and development | 344 |  |  | 344 |  |  | — |
Selling, general and administrative | 588 |  |  | 585 |  |  | 3 |
Other operating expense (income), net | (12 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | — |
Total costs and expenses | 1,790 |  |  | 1,786 |  |  | 4 |
Income from operations | 306 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 13 |
Interest income | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |
Interest expense | (40 | ) |  | (40 | ) |  | — |
Other income (expense), net | 37 |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |
Income before taxes | 313 |  |  | 300 |  |  | 13 |
Provision for income taxes | 46 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 2 |
Net income | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 256 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.42 |  |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |
Diluted | $ | 1.40 |  |  | $ | 1.34 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |

| April 30, 2019
| As Reported |  | Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change Higher/(Lower)
| (in millions)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 660 |  |  | $ | 652 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Inventory | 660 |  |  | 661 |  |  | (1 | )
Other current assets | 227 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 25 |
Long-term deferred tax assets | 727 |  |  | 744 |  |  | (17 | )
Other assets | 317 |  |  | 314 |  |  | 3 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Deferred revenue | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 397 |  |  | $ | (64 | )
Income and other taxes payable | 61 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 1 |
Other accrued liabilities | 74 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 7 |
Long-term deferred revenue | 150 |  |  | 166 |  |  | (16 | )
Other long-term liabilities | 251 |  |  | 248 |  |  | 3 |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |
Retained earnings | $ | 1,555 |  |  | $ | 1,468 |  |  | $ | 87 |

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ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance related to certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. Most prominent among the changes in the standard is the requirement for changes in the fair value of our equity investments, with certain exceptions, to be recognized in net income rather than other comprehensive income. We adopted the standard effective November 1, 2018 using a modified retrospective approach. We elected to prospectively measure equity investments without readily determinable fair values at cost with adjustments for observable changes in price or impairments. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact to our condensed consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2016-02, Leases. In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance that will require substantially all leases to be reported on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and lease obligations. We expect our leases designated as operating leases in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year ended October 31, 2018 will be reported in the consolidated balance sheet upon adoption. Consistent with current GAAP, the recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee primarily will depend on its classification as a finance or operating lease. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. We expect to adopt the new standard on November 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective approach provided by ASU 2018-11, Leases: Targeted Improvements, that allows for a cumulative effect adjustment in the period of adoption. We will elect the transition package of practical expedients, which among other things, allows us to carry forward the historical lease classification. We do not plan to elect the practical expedient to use hindsight in determining the lease term and in assessing impairment of right-of-use assets. The company has selected a leasing software solution and is in the process of identifying changes to our business processes, systems, and controls to support adoption of the new standard.
ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance that adds or clarifies guidance on eight cash flow classification issues that had been creating diversity in practice. We adopted this guidance during the first quarter of 2019 retrospectively to all periods presented, which resulted in the following change to our previously reported condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the six months ended April 30, 2018 related to the classification of acquisition-related contingent consideration.

| Six Months Ended April 30, 2018
| As Originally Reported |  | As Adjusted |  | Change
| (in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (49 | ) |  | $ | (46 | ) |  | $ | 3 |
Net cash used in financing activities | $ | (271 | ) |  | $ | (274 | ) |  | $ | (3 | )

ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash. In November 2016, the FASB issued guidance that requires an entity to include in its cash and cash equivalent balances in the statement of cash flows those amounts that are deemed to be restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. We adopted this guidance during the first quarter of 2019 retrospectively to all periods presented. See Note 7, "Supplemental Cash Flow Information."
ASU 2017-07, Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Post-Retirement Benefit Cost. In March 2017, the FASB issued guidance that requires the service cost component of net periodic pension cost and net periodic post-retirement benefit cost to be included in operating expenses (together with other employee compensation costs) and the other components of the cost to be presented in the statement of operations separately from the service cost component and outside of income from operations. We retrospectively adopted this guidance during the first quarter of 2019. The interest cost, expected return on assets, amortization of prior service credits and other costs have been reclassified from cost of products, research and development, selling, general and administrative, and other operating expenses (income) to other income (expense).
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We elected to apply the practical expedient, which allows us to reclassify amounts disclosed previously in our retirement plans and post-retirement benefit plans note as the basis for applying retrospective presentation for comparative periods as it is impractical to determine the disaggregation of the components for amounts capitalized and reclassified in those periods. On a prospective basis, the service cost component of net periodic pension and post-retirement benefit cost is presented with other current compensation costs in operating income. The remaining components are included in other income (expense) and will not be included in amounts capitalized in inventory or property, plant, and equipment. The effect of the retrospective presentation change related to the retirement plans and post-retirement benefit plans to our previously reported condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three and six months ended April 30, 2018 was as follows:

| Three Months Ended April 30, 2018 |  | Six Months Ended April 30, 2018
| As Originally Reported |  | As Adjusted |  | Effect of Change Higher/(Lower) |  | As Originally Reported |  | As Adjusted |  | Effect of Change Higher/(Lower)
| (in millions) |  | (in millions) |  |  |  |
Cost of products | $ | 367 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | 709 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Cost of services | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Research and development | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 310 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Selling, general and administrative | $ | 299 |  |  | $ | 305 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | 600 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Other income (expense), net | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 26 |

ASU 2017-12, Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. In August 2017, the FASB issued guidance to enable entities to better portray the economics of their risk management activities in the financial statements and enhance transparency and understandability of hedge results. We adopted this guidance during the first quarter of 2019 and elected to continue to record changes in the fair value of components excluded from the effectiveness assessment of cash flow hedges in earnings. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact to our condensed consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. In February 2018, the FASB issued guidance that allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") enacted in December 2017. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted this guidance on November 1, 2018. We elected to retain the income tax effects of the Tax Act as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Given this election, the adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2018-15, Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance that requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement (i.e., hosting arrangement) that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance to determine which implementation costs to defer and recognize as an asset and aligns the recognition of implementation costs to those incurred in an arrangement that includes an internal-use software license. Further, new disclosures about implementation costs for both internal-use software and hosting arrangements are required. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.
Other amendments to GAAP that have been issued by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

3. | REVENUE

Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We primarily generate revenue from the sale of products (hardware and/or software), services, or a combination thereof. We enter into contracts that may involve multiple performance obligations, and we allocate the transaction price between each performance obligation on the basis of relative standalone selling price. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.
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Nature of Goods and Services
Product revenues are generated predominantly from the sales of various types of design and test hardware and associated software. Products consist of hardware, generally installed with basic software and software licenses that consist of perpetual and term-based licenses for optional software. Our hardware products generally do not have any substantive acceptance terms that would otherwise preclude the transfer of control. Performance obligations related to our software licenses, including the license portion of our software subscriptions, grant the customer the right to use our software via electronic delivery.
Service revenues consist of repair and calibration services, extended warranties, technical support for hardware and software, when-and-if available software updates and upgrades, and professional services, including installation and implementation, consulting, and training. Repair and calibration services for hardware products are sold both as per-incident customer services and as customer agreements to provide such services over the contractual period. Extended warranties are optional to the customer and provide warranty on hardware products for additional years beyond the standard one-year warranty. Technical support for software and when-and-if available software updates and upgrades are sold either together with our software licenses and software subscriptions, or separately as part of our customer support programs. These are considered stand-ready performance obligations where customers benefit from the services evenly throughout the license or service period. These performance obligations provide the customer access evenly over the contract period. Our professional services may be sold on a time and material basis (e.g., consulting) or on a fixed-fee basis (e.g., non-recurring engineering).
We also generate revenues from a combination of products and services ("custom solutions"), including combinations of hardware, software, installation or other start-up services, software subscriptions, and/or software support services. Custom solutions provide the customer with a combination of hardware, software and professional services to meet customers' unique specifications.
For our contracts with customers, we account for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. Our standard payment terms are net 30 to 90 days, and we generally do not offer extended payment terms beyond one year. Our contracts typically contain various forms of variable consideration, including trade discounts, trade-in credits, rebates, and rights of return. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. Standalone selling prices for a majority of our products and services are estimated based on our established pricing practices and maximize the use of observable inputs. We have elected to exclude from the measurement of the transaction price all taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected by Keysight from a customer (e.g., sales, use, value added, and some excise taxes). We have also elected to account for shipping and handling activities that occur after control of the related good transfers as fulfillment activities instead of assessing such activities as performance obligations.
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Our typical performance obligations include the following:

Performance Obligation | When performance obligation is typically satisfied | When payment is typically due | How standalone selling price is typically determined
Product Revenues |  |  |
Hardware | When customer obtains control of the product, typically at delivery (point in time) | Within 30-90 days of shipment | Estimated based on established pricing practices or observable based on standalone sales for certain hardware products
Software licenses | Upon electronic delivery of the software, and the applicable license period has begun (point in time) | Within 30-90 days of the beginning of license period | Estimated based on established pricing practices or observable based on standalone sales for certain software products
Threat intelligence solutions | Ratably over the subscription period (over time) | Within 30-90 days of the beginning of subscription period | Estimated based on established pricing practices
Service Revenues |  |  |
Calibration contracts | Ratably over the service contract period (over time) | Within 30-90 days of the beginning of service contract period | Estimated based on established pricing practices
Repair and calibration (per- incident) | As services are performed (point in time) | Within 30-90 days of invoicing for services rendered | Estimated based on established pricing practices
Extended hardware warranty | Ratably over the warranty period (over time) | Within 30-90 days of the beginning of warranty period | Estimated based on established pricing practices or observable based on standalone sales of certain hardware warranty contracts
Technical support and when-and-if-available software updates | Ratably over the license service contract period (over time) | Within 30-90 days of the beginning of license or service contract period | Estimated based on established pricing practices or observable based on standalone sales for certain support contracts
Professional services | As services are performed based on measures of progress (over time) or at a point in time | Within 30-90 days invoicing for services rendered | Estimated based on established pricing practices
Custom Solutions |  |  |
Custom solutions (milestone-based) | As milestones are achieved based on transfer of control to customer (over time) | Within 30-90 days of milestone achievement | Transaction price, as pricing is custom and can vary significantly from contract to contract
Custom solutions (point in time) | When customer obtains control of the solution, typically at delivery (point in time) | Within 30-90 days of delivery of solution | Transaction price, as pricing is custom and can vary significantly from contract to contract

Significant Judgments
Judgment is required to determine the standalone selling price for each distinct performance obligation. As most of our products and services are not sold on a standalone basis, we typically estimate the standalone selling price. In doing so, we consider our internal price list for each product and service, which reflects our desired profitability, based on an expected level of sales, and adjust for factors such as competition, customer relationship, discount provided in the contract, geographic location, and the products and services purchased in the arrangement. We use a range based on actual historical sales to determine whether the calculated standalone selling price for a product or service is a fair representation of the standalone selling price.
For capitalized contract costs, we use judgment in determining the capitalized amount.
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Our products are generally sold with a right of return and we may provide other credits, discounts, or incentives, which are accounted for as variable consideration when estimating the amount of revenue to recognize. Returns, credits, and discounts are estimated at contract inception and updated at the end of each reporting period as additional information becomes available to the extent that it is probable a significant reversal of the cumulative amount of revenue recognized will not occur once the variability is subsequently resolved.
Disaggregation of Revenue
We disaggregate our revenue from contracts with customers by geographic region, end market, and timing of transfer of products and services to customers, as we believe these categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Disaggregated revenue is presented for each of our three reportable segments.

| Three Months Ended April 30, 2019
| Communications Solutions Group |  | Electronic Industrial Solutions Group |  | Ixia Solutions Group |  | Total
| (in millions)
Region |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 425 |
Europe | 90 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 179 |
Asia Pacific | 292 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 486 |
Total net revenue | $ | 676 |  |  | $ | 299 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 1,090 |
End Market |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aerospace, Defense & Government | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 245 |
Commercial Communications | 431 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 431 |
Electronic Industrial | — |  |  | 299 |  |  | — |  |  | 299 |
Ixia Solutions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 115 |  |  | 115 |
Total net revenue | $ | 676 |  |  | $ | 299 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 1,090 |
Timing of Revenue Recognition |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue recognized at a point in time | $ | 619 |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 961 |
Revenue recognized over time | 57 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 129 |
Total net revenue | $ | 676 |  |  | $ | 299 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 1,090 |

| Six Months Ended April 30, 2019
| Communications Solutions Group |  | Electronic Industrial Solutions Group |  | Ixia Solutions Group |  | Total
| (in millions)
Region |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas | $ | 566 |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | 828 |
Europe | 186 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 358 |
Asia Pacific | 547 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 910 |
Total net revenue | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 2,096 |
End Market |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aerospace, Defense & Government | $ | 468 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 468 |
Commercial Communications | 831 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 831 |
Electronic Industrial | — |  |  | 556 |  |  | — |  |  | 556 |
Ixia Solutions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 241 |  |  | 241 |
Total net revenue | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 2,096 |
Timing of Revenue Recognition |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue recognized at a point in time | $ | 1,189 |  |  | $ | 509 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 1,848 |
Revenue recognized over time | 110 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 248 |
Total net revenue | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 2,096 |

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Contract Balances
The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets) and deferred revenue (contract liabilities) on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. In addition, we defer and capitalize certain costs incurred to obtain a contract (contract costs).
Contract assets - Contract assets represent unbilled amounts from arrangements for which we have performed by transferring goods or services to the customer in advance of receiving all or partial consideration for such goods and services from the customer. Contract assets arise primarily from service agreements and products delivered pending a formal customer acceptance, which generally occurs within 30 days. The contract assets balance was $16 million at April 30, 2019 and is included in "accounts receivables, net" in our condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Contract costs - We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. We have determined that certain employee and third-party representative commissions programs meet the requirements to be capitalized. Employee commissions are based on the achievement of order volume compared to a sales target. Third-party representative commission costs relate directly to a customer contract as the commission is tied to orders contracted through and contracts arranged by our third-party representatives. Without obtaining the contracts, the commissions would not be paid and, as such, are determined to be an incremental cost to obtaining a contract. We only defer these costs when we have determined the commissions are, in fact, incremental and would not have been incurred absent the customer contract.
Capitalized incremental costs are allocated to the individual performance obligations in proportion to the transaction price allocated to each performance obligation and amortized based on the pattern of performance for the underlying performance obligation. Contract costs related to initial contracts and renewals are amortized over the same period because the commissions paid on both the initial contract and renewals are commensurate with one another.
The following table provides a roll-forward of our capitalized contract costs, current and non-current:

| Six Months Ended
| April 30, 2019
| (in millions)
Balance at October 31, 2018 | $ | — |
Costs capitalized on November 1, 2018 due to ASC 606 adoption | 29 |
Costs capitalized during the period | 33 |
Costs amortized during the period | (36 | )
Balance at April 30, 2019 | $ | 26 |

Contract liabilities - Our contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue that arises when we receive consideration in advance of providing the goods or services promised in the contract. Contract liabilities are primarily generated from customer deposits received in advance of shipments for products or rendering of services and are recognized as revenue when services are provided to the customer. We classify deferred revenue as current or non-current based on the timing of when we expect to recognize revenue. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when services are provided to the customer.
Changes in contract liabilities, current and non-current, during the six months ended April 30, 2019 were as follows:

| Contract Liabilities
| (in millions)
Balance at October 31, 2018 | $ | 461 |
Impact of adopting new revenue standard | (64 | )
Balance at November 1, 2018 | 397 |
Deferral of revenue billed in current period, net of recognition | 276 |
Revenue recognized that was deferred as of the beginning of the period | (191 | )
Foreign currency translation impact | 1 |
Balance at April 30, 2019 | $ | 483 |

Remaining Performance Obligations
Revenue expected to be recognized in any future period related to remaining performance obligations, excluding revenue pertaining to contracts that have an original expected duration of one year or less, was approximately $280 million as of April 30, 2019, and represents the company’s obligation to deliver products and services and obtain customer acceptance on delivered products. Since we typically invoice customers at contract inception, this amount is included in our current and long-term deferred
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revenue balances. As of April 30, 2019, we expect to recognize approximately 26% of the revenue related to these unsatisfied performance obligations during the remainder of 2019, 37% during 2020, and 37% thereafter.
Practical Expedients
As discussed in Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements," and previously in this note, we have elected the following practical expedients in accordance with ASC 606:

• | We do not disclose the value of remaining performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less.

• | We determine incremental costs of obtaining a contract for a portfolio of contracts with similar characteristics as we reasonably expect that the effects on the financial statements of applying this guidance to the portfolio would not differ materially from applying this guidance to the individual contracts within that portfolio.

• | We exclude from the transaction price certain taxes (e.g., sales, use, value added, and some excise taxes).

• | We do not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if we expect, at contract inception, that the period between when we transfer a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.

• | We treat shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control of a product has transferred to a customer as a fulfillment cost, included in cost of products.

• | We have applied the guidance only to contracts that have not been completed as of the date of adoption (November 1, 2018).

• | We did not evaluate individual modifications for those periods prior to the adoption date, but rather evaluated the aggregate effect of all modifications as of the adoption date.

4. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Keysight accounts for share-based awards in accordance with the provisions of the authoritative accounting guidance, which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to our employees and directors, including employee stock option awards, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), employee stock purchases made under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) and performance share awards granted to selected members of our senior management under the Long-Term Performance (“LTP”) Program based on estimated fair values.
The impact of share-based compensation on our results was as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| April 30, |  | April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Cost of products and services | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 7 |
Research and development | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 6 |
Selling, general and administrative | 15 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 21 |
Total share-based compensation expense | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 34 |

The expense for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 includes a mark-to-market adjustment of $4 million for financial metrics-based performance awards. At both April 30, 2019 and 2018, there was no share-based compensation capitalized within inventory.
The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of awards granted under the LTP Program that are based on total shareholder return ("TSR"):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| April 30, |  | April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Volatility of Keysight shares | 26 | % |  | 25 | % |  | 25 | % |  | 25 | %
Volatility of selected index | 13 | % |  | 14 | % |  | 12 | % |  | 14 | %
Price-wise correlation with selected peers | 57 | % |  | 57 | % |  | 57 | % |  | 57 | %

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The TSR-based performance awards were valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which requires the use of highly subjective and complex assumptions, including the price volatility of the underlying stock. The estimated fair value of restricted stock awards and the financial metrics-based performance awards is determined based on the market price of Keysight’s common stock on the grant date. We did not grant any option awards for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
5. INCOME TAXES
The company’s effective tax rate was 20.8 percent and 14.8 percent for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, respectively. The income tax expense was $40 million and$46 million for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, respectively. The income tax expense for the three months ended April 30, 2019 included a net discrete benefit of $5 million. The income tax expense for the six months ended April 30, 2019 included a net discrete benefit of $29 million, primarily related to a change in tax reserves resulting from a change in judgment.
The company’s effective tax rate was an expense of 22.5 percent and a benefit of 162.8 percent for the three and six months ended April 30, 2018, respectively. The income tax expense was $19 million and income tax benefit was $98 million for the three and six months ended April 30, 2018, respectively. The income tax expense for the three months ended April 30, 2018 included a net discrete expense of $11 million, and the income tax benefit for the six months ended April 30, 2018 included a net discrete benefit of $104 million, primarily due to $103 million discrete tax benefit resulting from changes in U.S. tax law.
Keysight benefits from tax incentives in several jurisdictions, most significantly in Singapore, that have granted us tax incentives that require renewal at various times in the future. The tax incentives provide lower rates of taxation on certain classes of income and require thresholds of investments and employment or specific types of income in those jurisdictions. The Singapore tax incentive is due for renewal in fiscal 2024. The impact of tax incentives decreased the income tax provision for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 by $11 million and $19 million, respectively, resulting in a benefit to net income per share (diluted) of approximately $0.06 and $0.10 for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, respectively.
The open tax years for the IRS and most states are from November 1, 2014 through the current tax year. For the majority of our foreign entities, the open tax years are from August 1, 2014 through the current tax year. For certain foreign entities, the tax years remain open, at most, back to the year 2008. Given the number of years and numerous matters that remain subject to examination in various tax jurisdictions, we are unable to estimate the range of possible changes to the balance of our unrecognized tax benefits.
The company is being audited in Malaysia for the 2008 tax year. Although this tax year pre-dates our spin-off from Agilent, pursuant to the agreement between Agilent and Keysight pertaining to tax matters, as finalized at the time of separation, for certain entities, including Malaysia, any historical tax liability is the responsibility of Keysight. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017, Keysight paid income taxes and penalties of $68 million on gains related to intellectual property rights, although we are currently in the process of appealing to the Special Commissioners of Income Tax in Malaysia. The company believes there are numerous defenses to the current assessment; the statute of limitations for the 2008 tax year in Malaysia was closed, and the income in question is exempt from tax in Malaysia. The company is disputing this assessment and pursuing all avenues to resolve this issue favorably for the company.
6. NET INCOME PER SHARE
The following is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the basic and diluted net income per share computations for the periods presented below:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| April 30, |  | April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 158 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted-average shares | 188 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 187 |
Potential common shares— stock options and other employee stock plans | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Diluted weighted-average shares | 191 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 190 |

The dilutive effect of share-based awards is reflected in diluted net income per share by application of the treasury stock method, which includes consideration of unamortized share-based compensation expense and the dilutive effect of in-the-money options and non-vested restricted stock units. Under the treasury stock method, the amount the employee must pay for exercising
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stock options and unamortized share-based compensation expense are collectively assumed to be used to repurchase hypothetical shares.
We exclude stock options with exercise prices greater than the average market price of our common stock from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive. For both the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, we excluded zero options from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. In addition, we also exclude from the calculation of diluted earnings per share, stock options, ESPP, LTP Program and restricted stock awards, whose combined exercise price, unamortized fair value and excess tax benefits collectively were greater than the average market price of our common stock because their effect would also be anti-dilutive. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, we excluded approximately zero shares and 1,000 shares, respectively. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2018, we excluded approximately 15,000 shares and 6,000 shares, respectively.
7. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Net cash paid for income taxes was $48 million and $11 million for the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. There were higher tax payments in the first half of fiscal 2019 primarily due to increased tax liability resulting from U.S. tax legislation enacted in the first quarter of fiscal 2018. Cash paid for interest was $38 million and $41 million for the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The following table summarizes our non-cash investing activities that are not reflected in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows:

| Six months ended
| April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Non-cash investing activities |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in unpaid capital expenditures in accounts payable | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (9 | )
| $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (9 | )
Non-cash financing activities |  |  |
Treasury stock repurchases pending settlement in other accrued liabilities | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (12 | )
| $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (12 | )

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheet to the amount shown in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows:

| Six months ended
| April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,277 |  |  | $ | 784 |
Restricted cash included in other current assets | 2 |  |  | — |
Restricted cash included in other assets | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows | $ | 1,280 |  |  | $ | 786 |

Restricted cash consisted primarily of deposits held as collateral against bank guarantees.
8. INVENTORY

| April 30, 2019 |  | October 31, 2018
| (in millions)
Finished goods | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 283 |
Purchased parts and fabricated assemblies | 370 |  |  | 336 |
Total inventory | $ | 660 |  |  | $ | 619 |

Inventory-related excess and obsolescence charges recorded in total cost of products were $13 million and $11 million for the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We record excess and obsolete inventory charges for inventory at our sites as well as inventory at our contract manufacturers and suppliers, where we have non-cancellable purchase commitments.
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9. | GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The goodwill balances as of April 30, 2019 and October 31, 2018 and the activity for the six months ended April 30, 2019 for each of our reportable operating segments were as follows. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to our organizational change as described in Note 16, "Segment Information."

| Communications Solutions Group |  | Electronic Industrial Solutions Group |  | Ixia Solutions Group |  | Total
| (in millions)
Balance as of October 31, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | 1,880 |
Accumulated impairment losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | (709 | ) |  | (709 | )
Goodwill as reported | 497 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 407 |  |  | 1,171 |
Foreign currency translation impact | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Balance as of April 30, 2019 | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 407 |  |  | $ | 1,174 |
Components of goodwill as of April 30, 2019: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | 1,883 |
Accumulated impairment losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | (709 | ) |  | (709 | )
Goodwill as reported | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 407 |  |  | $ | 1,174 |

The company has not identified any triggering events that indicate an impairment of goodwill in the six months ended April 30, 2019.
Other intangible assets as of April 30, 2019 and October 31, 2018 consisted of the following:

| Other Intangible Assets as of April 30, 2019 |  | Other Intangible Assets as of October 31, 2018
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization and Impairments |  | Net Book Value |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization and Impairments |  | Net Book Value
| (in millions)
Developed technology | $ | 835 |  |  | $ | 494 |  |  | $ | 341 |  |  | $ | 835 |  |  | $ | 415 |  |  | $ | 420 |
Backlog | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |
Trademark/Tradename | 33 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 19 |
Customer relationships | 304 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 304 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 204 |
Non-compete agreements | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total amortizable intangible assets | 1,186 |  |  | 644 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 1,186 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 644 |
In-Process R&D | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total | $ | 1,187 |  |  | $ | 644 |  |  | $ | 543 |  |  | $ | 1,187 |  |  | $ | 542 |  |  | $ | 645 |

During the six months ended April 30, 2019, there was no foreign exchange translation impact to other intangible assets. For both the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, amortization of other intangible assets was $51 million and $102 million, respectively.
Estimated intangible assets amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years is as follows:

| Amortization expense
| (in millions)
2019 (remainder) | $ | 101 |
2020 | 196 |
2021 | 128 |
2022 | 52 |
2023 | 44 |
Thereafter | 21 |

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10. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The authoritative guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, we consider the principal or most advantageous market and assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.
Fair Value Hierarchy
The guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes inputs used in valuation techniques into three levels. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1 - applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for the asset or liability such as: quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in less active markets; or other inputs that can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.
Level 3 - applies to assets or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of April 30, 2019 and October 31, 2018 were as follows:

| Fair Value Measurements at
| April 30, 2019 |  | October 31, 2018
| Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Other |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Other
| (in millions) |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 754 |  |  | $ | 754 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 484 |  |  | $ | 484 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Derivative instruments (foreign exchange contracts) | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Long-term |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity investments | 33 |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity investments - other | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 798 |  |  | $ | 787 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | 514 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments (foreign exchange contracts) | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Long-term |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred compensation liability | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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Net recognized gains (losses) on equity investments were as follows:

| Three Months Ended | Six Months Ended
| April 30, 2019
| (in millions)
Net realized gains on investments sold | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments still held | (2 | ) |  | 3 |
Other-than-temporary impairments of investments | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 4 |

Our money market funds and equity investments with readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value using quoted market prices and, therefore, are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Equity investments without readily determinable fair values that are measured at cost adjusted for observable changes in price or impairments are not categorized in the fair value hierarchy and are presented as "other" in the tables above. Our deferred compensation liability is classified as Level 2 because the inputs used in the calculations are observable, although the values are not directly based on quoted market prices. Our derivative financial instruments are classified within Level 2 as there is not an active market for each hedge contract, but the inputs used to calculate the value of the instruments are tied to active markets.
Equity investments including securities that are earmarked to pay the deferred compensation liability and the deferred compensation liability are reported at fair value, with gains or losses resulting from changes in fair value recognized in earnings. Certain derivative instruments are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). During the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, we received proceeds of $7 million from the sale of a cost-method investment, classified as “Equity investments – other,” which was sold at cost. Realized gains and losses from the sale of these instruments are recorded in earnings.

11. | DERIVATIVES

We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate changes in the normal course of our business. As part of our risk management strategy, we use derivative instruments, primarily forward contracts and purchased options, to hedge economic and/or accounting exposures resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
Cash Flow Hedges
We enter into foreign exchange contracts to hedge our forecasted operational cash flow exposures resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. These foreign exchange contracts, carried at fair value, have maturities between one and twelve months. These derivative instruments are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges under the criteria prescribed in the authoritative guidance. The changes in the value of the derivative instrument included in the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction occurs in the same financial statement line item in the consolidated statement of operations where the earnings effect of the hedged item is presented. If it becomes probable that the forecasted transaction will not occur, the hedge relationship will be de-designated and amounts accumulated in other comprehensive income will be reclassified into earnings in the current period. Gains and losses on the derivative instrument representing hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness (forward points) are recognized immediately in earnings and are presented in the same financial statement line of the consolidated statement of operations where the earnings effect of the hedged item is presented. We record the premium paid (time value) of an option on the date of purchase as an asset. For options designated as cash flow hedges, changes in the time value are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are recognized in earnings over the life of the option contract.
Other Hedges
Additionally, we enter into foreign exchange contracts to hedge monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our subsidiaries. These foreign exchange contracts are carried at fair value and do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and are not designated as hedging instruments.
Our use of derivative instruments exposes us to credit risk to the extent that the counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the agreement. We do, however, seek to mitigate such risks by limiting our counterparties to major financial institutions that are selected based on their credit ratings and other factors. We have established policies and procedures for mitigating credit risk that include establishing counterparty credit limits, monitoring credit exposures, and continually assessing the creditworthiness of counterparties.
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A number of our derivative agreements contain threshold limits to the net liability position with counterparties and are dependent on our corporate credit rating determined by the major credit rating agencies. The counterparties to the derivative instruments may request collateralization, in accordance with derivative agreements, on derivative instruments in net liability positions.
The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position as of April 30, 2019 was $3 million. The credit-risk-related contingent features underlying these agreements had not been triggered as of April 30, 2019.
There were 198 foreign exchange forward contracts open as of April 30, 2019 that were designated as cash flow hedges. There were 63 foreign exchange forward contracts as of April 30, 2019 that were not designated as hedging instruments. The aggregated notional amounts by currency and designation as of April 30, 2019 were as follows:

|  | Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships |  | Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
|  | Forward Contracts |  | Forward Contracts
Currency |  | Buy/(Sell) |  | Buy/(Sell)
|  | (in millions)
Euro |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 153 |
British Pound |  | — |  |  | (55 | )
Singapore Dollar |  | 15 |  |  | — |
Malaysian Ringgit |  | 84 |  |  | 1 |
Japanese Yen |  | (74 | ) |  | (38 | )
Other currencies |  | (18 | ) |  | 1 |
Total |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 62 |

Derivative instruments are subject to master netting arrangements and are disclosed gross in the balance sheet in accordance with the authoritative guidance. The gross fair values and balance sheet location of derivative instruments held in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of April 30, 2019 and October 31, 2018 were as follows:

Fair Values of Derivative Instruments
Derivative Assets |  | Derivative Liabilities
|  | Fair Value |  |  |  | Fair Value
Balance Sheet Location |  | April 30, 2019 |  | October 31, 2018 |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | April 30, 2019 |  | October 31, 2018
|  | (in millions) |  |  |  | (in millions)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | Other accrued liabilities |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | Other accrued liabilities |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Total derivatives |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 6 |

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The effect of derivative instruments for foreign exchange contracts designated as hedging instruments and for those not designated as hedging instruments in our condensed consolidated statement of operations was as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| April 30, |  | April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 2 |
Gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of products | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |
Selling, general and administrative | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | — |
Amount excluded from effectiveness testing recognized in earnings based on changes in fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of products | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) recognized in other income (expense), net | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | 1 |

The estimated amount of existing net loss at April 30, 2019 expected to be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings within the next twelve months is $1 million.
12. RETIREMENT PLANS AND POST-RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS
For the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, our net pension and post-retirement benefit cost (benefit) was comprised of the following:

| Pensions |  |  |  |
| U.S. Defined Benefit Plans |  | Non-U.S. Defined Benefit Plans |  | U.S. Post-Retirement Benefit Plan
| Three Months Ended April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Service cost—benefits earned during the period | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |
Interest cost on benefit obligation | 7 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Expected return on plan assets | (10 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | (20 | ) |  | (23 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (3 | )
Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |
Prior service credit | (1 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (4 | )
Settlement loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (1 | )
| Pensions |  |  |  |
| U.S. Defined Benefit Plans |  | Non-U.S. Defined Benefit Plans |  | U.S. Post-Retirement Benefit Plan
| Six Months Ended April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Service cost—benefits earned during the period | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |
Interest cost on benefit obligation | 14 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |
Expected return on plan assets | (21 | ) |  | (18 | ) |  | (39 | ) |  | (44 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (7 | )
Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 8 |
Prior service credit | (2 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (7 | )
Settlement loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (2 | )

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We record the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost (benefit) in the same line item as other employee compensation costs and the non-service components of net periodic benefit cost (benefit) such as interest cost, expected return on assets, amortization of prior service cost, and actuarial gains or losses are reported within other income (expense) in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.
We did not contribute to our U.S. Defined Benefit Plans or U.S. Post-Retirement Benefit Plan during the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018. We contributed $7 million and $15 million to our Non-U.S. Defined Benefit Plans during the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, respectively, and we contributed $7 million and $16 million to our Non-U.S. Defined Benefit Plans during the three and months ended April 30, 2018, respectively.
For the remainder of 2019, we do not expect to contribute to our U.S. Defined Benefit Plans, and we expect to contribute $15 million to our Non-U.S. Defined Benefit Plans.
On January 1, 2019, we transferred a portion of the assets and liabilities of our Switzerland defined benefit plan to an insurance company, resulting in the recognition of a settlement loss of $2 million, which is included in other income (expense) in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

13. | WARRANTY, COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Standard Warranty
The Keysight warranty on products sold through direct sales channel is primarily one year. Warranties for products sold through distribution channels continue to be primarily three years. We accrue for standard warranty costs based on historical trends in warranty charges. The accrual is reviewed regularly and periodically adjusted to reflect changes in warranty cost estimates. Estimated warranty charges are recorded within cost of products at the time related product revenue is recognized.
Activity related to the standard warranty accrual, which is included in other accrued and other long-term liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheet, is as follows:

| Six Months Ended
| April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Beginning balance | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 45 |
Accruals for warranties including change in estimate | 15 |  |  | 18 |
Settlements made during the period | (18 | ) |  | (17 | )
Ending balance | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 46 |
Accruals for warranties due within one year | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 26 |
Accruals for warranties due after one year | 18 |  |  | 20 |
Ending balance | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 46 |

Commitments
During the six months ended April 30, 2019, there were no material changes to the operating and capital lease commitments reported in the company’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Contingencies
We are involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including, but not limited to, patent, commercial and environmental matters, which arise in the ordinary course of business. There are no matters pending that we currently believe are reasonably possible of having a material impact to our business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
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14. DEBT
The following table summarizes the components of our long-term debt:

| April 30, 2019 |  | October 31, 2018
| (in millions)
2019 senior unsecured notes at 3.30% (net of unamortized costs of zero and $1) | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 499 |
2024 senior unsecured notes at 4.55% (net of unamortized costs of $3 and $3) | 597 |  |  | 597 |
2027 senior unsecured notes at 4.60% (net of unamortized costs of $5 and $6) | 695 |  |  | 694 |
Total debt | 1,792 |  |  | 1,790 |
Less: short-term debt | 500 |  |  | 499 |
Total long-term debt | $ | 1,292 |  |  | $ | 1,291 |

Short-Term Debt
Revolving Credit Facility
On February 15, 2017, we entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) that replaced our existing $450 million unsecured credit facility dated September 15, 2014. The Revolving Credit Facility provides for a $450 million, five-year unsecured revolving credit facility that will expire on February 15, 2022 and bears interest at an annual rate of LIBOR + 1.30%. In addition, the Revolving Credit Facility permits us to increase the total commitments under this credit facility by up to $150 million in the aggregate on one or more occasions upon request. We may use amounts borrowed under the facility for general corporate purposes. As of April 30, 2019, we had no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. We were in compliance with the covenants of the Revolving Credit Facility during the six months ended April 30, 2019.
2019 Senior Notes
There have been no changes to the principal, maturity, interest rates and interest payment terms of the senior notes during the six months ended April 30, 2019 as compared to the senior notes described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
Long-Term Debt
There have been no changes to the principal, maturity, interest rates and interest payment terms of the senior notes during the six months ended April 30, 2019 as compared to the senior notes described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
As of April 30, 2019 and October 31, 2018, we had $28 million and $26 million, respectively, of outstanding letters of credit unrelated to the credit facility that were issued by various lenders.
The fair value of our long-term debt, calculated from quoted prices that are primarily Level 1 inputs under the accounting guidance fair value hierarchy, was above the carrying value by approximately $57 million and $3 million as of April 30, 2019 and October 31, 2018, respectively.
15. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Stock Repurchase Program
On March 6, 2018, the Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program authorizing the purchase of up to $350 million of the company’s common stock, replacing a previously approved 2016 program authorizing the purchase of up to $200 million of the company’s common stock. Under the new program, shares may be purchased from time to time, subject to general business and market conditions and other investment opportunities, through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or other means. All such shares and related costs are held as treasury stock and accounted for at trade date using the cost method. The stock repurchase program may be commenced, suspended or discontinued at any time at the company’s discretion and does not have an expiration date.
For the six months ended April 30, 2019, we repurchased 1,030,120 shares of common stock for $70 million. There were $1 million stock repurchases pending settlement as of April 30, 2019. For the six months ended April 30, 2018, we repurchased 773,352 shares of common stock for $40 million. There were $12 million stock repurchases pending settlement as of April 30, 2018.
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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component and related tax effects for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:

|  | Unrealized gain (loss) on investments |  | Foreign currency translation |  | Net defined benefit pension cost and post retirement plan costs |  | Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives |  | Total
|  |  |  | Actuarial losses |  | Prior service credits |  |
|  | (in millions)
As of January 31, 2019 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (30 | ) |  | $ | (432 | ) |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (449 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | — |  |  | (16 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16 | )
Amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Tax (expense) benefit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | — |  |  | (16 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12 | )
As of April 30, 2019 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (46 | ) |  | $ | (424 | ) |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (461 | )
As of October 31, 2018 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (60 | ) |  | $ | (445 | ) |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (488 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 14 |
Amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | (9 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | 18 |
Tax (expense) benefit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 27 |
As of April 30, 2019 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (46 | ) |  | $ | (424 | ) |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (461 | )
As of January 31, 2018 |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (458 | ) |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (412 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | (1 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | )
Amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 7 |
Tax (expense) benefit |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | — |  |  | (13 | ) |  | 11 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (7 | )
As of April 30, 2018 |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | (447 | ) |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (419 | )
As of October 31, 2017 |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (39 | ) |  | $ | (468 | ) |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (457 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | (3 | ) |  | 28 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 28 |
Amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | 13 |
Tax (expense) benefit |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (2 | ) |  | 28 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 38 |
As of April 30, 2018 |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | (447 | ) |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (419 | )

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Reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:

Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Components |  |  |  |  |  | Affected Line Item in Statement of Operations
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |  |
|  | April 30, |  | April 30, |  |
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | Cost of products
|  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | Selling, general and administrative
|  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | Provision for income taxes
|  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | Net of income tax
Net defined benefit pension cost and post retirement plan costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Actuarial net loss |  | (12 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | (26 | ) |  | (27 | ) |  |
Prior service credits |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 11 |  |  |
|  | (7 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | (16 | ) |  | Total before income tax
|  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | Provision for income taxes
|  | (4 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | Net of income tax
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | (9 | ) |  |

An amount in parentheses indicates a reduction to income and an increase to the accumulated other comprehensive loss.
Reclassifications of prior service benefit and actuarial net loss in respect of retirement plans and post retirement pension plans are included in the computation of net periodic cost (see Note 12, "Retirement Plans and Post-Retirement Benefit Plans").

16. | SEGMENT INFORMATION

We provide electronic design and test solutions, which are used in the design, development, manufacture, installation, deployment, validation, optimization and secure operation of electronics systems, to communications, networking and electronics industries. We also offer customization, consulting and optimization services throughout the customer's product lifecycle, including start-up assistance, instrument productivity, application services and instrument calibration and repair.
In the first quarter of fiscal year 2019, in recognition of Keysight’s customer solutions-oriented go-to-market strategy and to fully reflect our services delivery within the markets served and further enable services growth, we completed an organizational change to align our services business with our customers and end markets. With this change, services that were previously reported as the Services Solutions Group are now reported as part of the Communications Solutions Group and Electronic Industrial Solutions Group. As a result, Keysight now has three segments: Communications Solutions Group, Electronic Industrial Solutions Group and Ixia Solutions Group. The new organizational structure continues to include centralized enterprise functions that provide support across the groups.
Our operating segments were determined based primarily on how the chief operating decision maker views and evaluates our operations. Segment operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to make decisions about resources to be allocated to each segment and to assess performance. Other factors, including market separation and customer specific applications, go-to-market channels, products and services and manufacturing are considered in determining the formation of these operating segments.
Descriptions of our three reportable operating segments are as follows:
The Communications Solutions Group serves customers spanning the worldwide commercial communications and aerospace, defense and government end markets. The group provides electronic design and test software, instruments, systems and related services used in the simulation, design, validation, manufacturing, installation and optimization of electronic equipment.
The Electronic Industrial Solutions Group provides test and measurement solutions to customers across a broad set of electronic industrial end markets, focusing on high-growth applications in the automotive and energy industry and measurement solutions for semiconductor design and manufacturing, consumer electronics, education and general electronics manufacturing.
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The group provides electronic design and test software, instruments, systems and related services used in the simulation, design, validation, manufacturing, installation and optimization of electronic equipment.
The Ixia Solutions Group helps customers worldwide, including enterprises, service providers, network equipment manufacturers, and governments, to validate new products before shipping and secure ongoing operation of their networks with better visibility and security. The test, visibility and security products help organizations and their customers strengthen their physical and virtual networks. The group’s product solutions consist of high-performance hardware platforms, software applications and services, including warranty and maintenance offerings.
A significant portion of the segments' expenses arise from shared services and infrastructure that we have historically provided to the segments in order to realize economies of scale and to efficiently optimize resources. These expenses, collectively called corporate charges, include costs of centralized research and development, legal, accounting, real estate, insurance services, information technology services, treasury and other corporate infrastructure expenses. Charges are allocated to the segments, and the allocations have been determined on a basis that we consider to be a reasonable reflection of the utilization of services provided to or benefits received by the segments. The Ixia Solutions Group was not allocated these shared services and infrastructure charges, with the exception of net periodic benefit costs, until fiscal 2019.
The following tables reflect the results of our reportable segments under our management reporting system. These results are not necessarily in conformity with GAAP. The performance of each segment is measured based on several metrics, including income from operations. These results are used, in part, by the chief operating decision maker in evaluating the performance of, and in allocating resources to, each of the segments. Prior period amounts have been revised to conform to the new organizational structure.
The profitability of each of the segments is measured after excluding share-based compensation expense, amortization of acquisition-related balances, acquisition and integration costs, restructuring and related costs, northern California wildfire-related costs, interest income, interest expense and other items as noted in the reconciliations below.

| Communications Solutions Group |  | Electronic Industrial Solutions Group |  | Ixia Solutions Group |  | Total Segments
| (in millions)
Three months ended April 30, 2019: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net revenue | $ | 676 |  |  | $ | 299 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 1,090 |
Amortization of acquisition-related balances | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Total segment revenue | $ | 676 |  |  | $ | 299 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 1,093 |
Segment income from operations | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 268 |
Three months ended April 30, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net revenue | $ | 626 |  |  | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 990 |
Amortization of acquisition-related balances | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 9 |
Total segment revenue | $ | 627 |  |  | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 999 |
Segment income (loss) from operations | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | (10 | ) |  | $ | 190 |

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| Communications Solutions Group |  | Electronic Industrial Solutions Group |  | Ixia Solutions Group |  | Total Segments
| (in millions)
Six months ended April 30, 2019: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net revenue | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 2,096 |
Amortization of acquisition-related balances | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Total segment revenue | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | 2,102 |
Segment income from operations | $ | 325 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 472 |
Six months ended April 30, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net revenue | $ | 1,126 |  |  | $ | 511 |  |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 1,827 |
Amortization of acquisition-related balances | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | 28 |
Total segment revenue | $ | 1,127 |  |  | $ | 511 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 1,855 |
Segment income from operations | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 309 |

The following table reconciles reportable operating segments’ income from operations to our total enterprise income before taxes:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| April 30, |  | April 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Total reportable operating segments' income from operations | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 472 |  |  | $ | 309 |
Share-based compensation expense | (23 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | (50 | ) |  | (34 | )
Amortization of acquisition-related balances | (54 | ) |  | (65 | ) |  | (108 | ) |  | (154 | )
Acquisition and integration costs | — |  |  | (17 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (36 | )
Restructuring and related costs | (6 | ) |  | (11 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (13 | )
Northern California wildfire-related costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7 | )
Other | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Income from operations, as reported | 185 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 306 |  |  | 69 |
Interest income | 6 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5 |
Interest expense | (20 | ) |  | (21 | ) |  | (40 | ) |  | (43 | )
Other income (expense), net | 22 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 29 |
Income before taxes, as reported | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 313 |  |  | $ | 60 |

The following table presents assets directly managed by each segment. Unallocated assets primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, investments and other assets.

| Communications Solutions Group |  | Electronic Industrial Solutions Group |  | Ixia Solutions Group |  | Total Segments
| (in millions)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As of April 30, 2019 | $ | 2,126 |  |  | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 1,403 |  |  | $ | 4,441 |
As of October 31, 2018 | $ | 2,115 |  |  | $ | 888 |  |  | $ | 1,327 |  |  | $ | 4,330 |

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17. | IMPACT OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA WILDFIRES

During the week of October 8, 2017, wildfires in northern California adversely impacted the Keysight corporate headquarters site in Santa Rosa, CA. Our headquarters was under mandatory evacuation for more than three weeks, and while direct damage to our core facilities was limited, our buildings did experience some smoke and other fire-related impacts. Cleaning and restoration efforts are largely complete, and we have fully re-occupied the site. Keysight is insured for the damage caused by the fire.
For the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, we recognized immaterial costs, net of expected insurance recoveries. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2018, we recognized costs of zero and $7 million, respectively, net of $32 million and $63 million, respectively, of expected insurance recoveries. Expenses were primarily for cleaning and restoration activities, write-off of damaged fixed assets and other direct costs related to recovery from this event.
For the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, we received insurance proceeds of $22 million and $40 million, respectively, for covered expenses incurred. Combined with $68 million received in fiscal 2018, we have received insurance proceeds related to recovery from the northern California wildfires of $90 million to date, which has substantially covered our total fire-related expenses in excess of our $10 million self-insured retention amount.
In addition, for the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, we made investments in property, plant and equipment related to fire recovery of $7 million and $9 million, respectively. Combined with capital expenditures of $27 million in fiscal 2018, we have made investments in property, plant and equipment related to fire recovery of $34 million to date that are expected to be covered by insurance.
We currently estimate additional insurance proceeds of $30 million to $40 million in fiscal 2019. In certain cases, our insurance coverage exceeds the amount of the covered losses, but no gain contingencies have been recognized as our ability to realize those gains remains uncertain for financial reporting purposes. There may be a difference in timing of costs incurred and the related insurance reimbursement.
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K. This report contains forward-looking statements including, without limitation, statements regarding trends, seasonality, cyclicality and growth in, and drivers of, the markets we sell into, our strategic direction, our future effective tax rate and tax valuation allowance, earnings from our foreign subsidiaries, remediation activities, new solution and service introductions, the ability of our solutions to meet market needs, changes to our manufacturing processes, the use of contract manufacturers, the impact of local government regulations on our ability to pay vendors or conduct operations, our liquidity position, our ability to generate cash from operations, growth in our businesses, our investments, the potential impact of adopting new accounting pronouncements, our financial results, our purchase commitments, our contributions to our pension plans, the selection of discount rates and recognition of any gains or losses for our benefit plans, our cost-control activities, savings and headcount reduction recognized from our restructuring programs and other cost saving initiatives, other regulatory approvals, the integration of our completed acquisitions and other transactions, our transition to lower-cost regions, the existence of political or economic instability, and our and the combined group's estimated or anticipated future results of operations, that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from the results contemplated by these forward-looking statements due to various factors, including but not limited to those risks and uncertainties discussed in Part II Item 1A and elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.
Basis of Presentation
The financial information presented in this Form 10-Q is not audited and is not necessarily indicative of our future consolidated financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income or cash flows. Our fiscal year-end is October 31, and our fiscal quarters end on January 31, April 30 and July 31. Unless otherwise stated, these dates refer to our fiscal year and fiscal quarter periods.
Overview and Executive Summary
Keysight Technologies, Inc. ("we," "us," "Keysight" or the "company"), incorporated in Delaware on December 6, 2013, is a technology company providing electronic design and test solutions, which are used in the design, development, manufacture, installation, deployment, validation, optimization and secure operation of electronics systems, to communications, networking and electronics industries. We also offer customization, consulting and optimization services throughout the customer's product lifecycle, including start-up assistance, instrument productivity, application services and instrument calibration and repair.
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We invest in research and development ("R&D") to align our business with available markets and position the company for growth. Our R&D efforts focus on improvements to existing software and hardware products and development to support new software and hardware product introductions and complete customer solutions aligned to the industries we serve. We anticipate that we will continue to have significant R&D expenditures in order to maintain our competitive position with a continuous flow of innovative, high-quality software, customer solutions, products and services.
In the first quarter of fiscal year 2019, in recognition of Keysight’s customer solutions-oriented go-to-market strategy, and to fully reflect our services delivery within the markets served and further enable services growth, we completed an organizational change to align our services business with our customers and end markets. With this change, services that were previously reported as the Services Solutions Group are now reported as part of the Communications Solutions Group and Electronic Industrial Solutions Group. As a result, Keysight now has three segments: Communications Solutions Group, Electronic Industrial Solutions Group and Ixia Solutions Group. The new organizational structure continues to include centralized enterprise functions that provide support across the groups. Prior period segment results have been revised to conform to the new organizational structure.
Effective November 1, 2018, Keysight adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, using the modified retrospective transition method. Prior period comparative information has not been adjusted and is reported under the accounting standards in effect for that period. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, the impact of adopting the new revenue standard increased our net sales by approximately $3 million and $17 million, respectively, primarily driven by the strength of our subscription software sales. While the impact of the new standard is largely driven by our sales mix, which can vary from period to period, we do not expect the adoption of the new revenue standard to have a material impact on our net revenue during the remainder of fiscal 2019. See Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements," to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Three and six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018
Total orders for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 were $1,121 million and $2,137 million, respectively, an increase of 14 percent and 10 percent, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year and an increase of 16 percent and 12 percent, respectively, excluding the impact of currency fluctuations and divestitures. Currency fluctuations and divestitures each contributed 1 percentage point unfavorable impact to the order growth for both the three and six months ended April 30, 2019.
Net revenue for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 was $1,090 million and $2,096 million, respectively, an increase of 10 percent and 15 percent, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year and an increase of 12 percent and 17 percent, respectively, excluding the impact of currency fluctuations and divestitures. Currency fluctuations contributed 2 percentage points unfavorable impact to the revenue growth for the three months ended April 30, 2019. Currency fluctuations and divestitures each contributed 1 percentage point unfavorable impact to the revenue growth for the six months ended April 30, 2019. The Communications Solutions Group led the overall revenue growth with strong growth in the commercial communications market, complemented by strong growth in the Ixia Solutions Group and the Electronic Industrial Solutions Group. Revenue from the Communications Solutions Group, Electronic Industrial Solutions Group and Ixia Solutions Group represented approximately 62 percent, 27 percent and 11 percent, respectively, of the total revenue for both the three and six months ended April 30, 2019.
Net income for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 was income of $153 million and $267 million, respectively, compared to $64 million and $158 million, respectively, for the same periods last year. The increase in net income for the three months ended April 30, 2019 was driven by higher revenue volume and favorable mix, partially offset by an increase in people-related costs and higher research and development investments in leading-edge technologies and key growth opportunities in our end markets. The increase in net income for the six months ended April 30, 2019 was driven by higher revenue volume, favorable mix and declines in both acquisition and integration costs and amortization of acquisition-related balances, partially offset by a favorable income tax benefit in the prior period from the new U.S. tax legislation, an increase in variable people-related costs and higher research and development investments in leading-edge technologies and key growth opportunities in our end markets.
Impact of Northern California Wildfires
During the week of October 8, 2017, wildfires in northern California adversely impacted the Keysight corporate headquarters site in Santa Rosa, CA. Our headquarters was under mandatory evacuation for more than three weeks, and while direct damage to our core facilities was limited, our buildings did experience some smoke and other fire-related impacts. Cleaning and restoration efforts are largely complete, and we have fully re-occupied the site. Keysight is insured for the damage caused by the fire.
For the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, we recognized immaterial costs, net of expected insurance recoveries. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2018, we recognized costs of zero and $7 million, respectively, net of $32 million and $63 million, respectively, of expected insurance recoveries. Expenses were primarily for cleaning and restoration activities, write-off of damaged fixed assets and other direct costs related to recovery from this event.
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For the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, we received insurance proceeds of $22 million and $40 million, respectively, for covered expenses incurred. Combined with $68 million received in fiscal 2018, we have received insurance proceeds related to recovery from the northern California wildfires of $90 million to date, which has substantially covered our total fire-related expenses in excess of our $10 million self-insured retention amount.
In addition, for the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, we made investments in property, plant and equipment related to fire recovery of $7 million and $9 million, respectively. Combined with capital expenditures of $27 million in fiscal 2018, we have made investments in property, plant and equipment related to fire recovery of $34 million to date that are expected to be covered by insurance.
We currently estimate additional insurance proceeds of $30 million to $40 million in fiscal 2019. In certain cases, our insurance coverage exceeds the amount of these covered losses, but no gain contingencies have been recognized as our ability to realize those gains remains uncertain for financial reporting purposes. There may be a difference in timing of costs incurred and the related insurance reimbursement.
Outlook
Our strategy of bringing solutions to market that help customers accelerate innovation provides a platform for long-term growth. Next-generation R&D investment remains strong across our end markets, and we are still in the early stages of these emerging technologies. Internally, we are working to improve operational efficiency across all functions. We continue to closely monitor the current macro environment related to trade, tariffs, monetary and fiscal policies. We have and will continue to comply with U.S. Department of Commerce export control regulations regarding China. While short-term uncertainties exist, we remain confident in our end markets and are well positioned to capture future growth opportunities.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
There were no material changes during the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 to the critical accounting estimates described in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018. Changes to our accounting policy for revenue recognition as a result of adopting Accounting Standard Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, are discussed in Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements," to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Adoption of New Pronouncements
See Note 2, “New Accounting Pronouncements,” to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a description of new accounting pronouncements.
Foreign Currency
Our revenues, costs and expenses, and monetary assets and liabilities are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates as a result of our global operating and financing activities. We hedge revenues, expenses and balance sheet exposures that are not denominated in the functional currencies of our subsidiaries on a short-term and anticipated basis. The result of the hedging has been included in our consolidated statement of operations. We experience some fluctuations within individual lines of the consolidated balance sheet and consolidated statement of operations because our hedging program is not designed to offset the currency movements in each category of revenues, expenses, monetary assets and liabilities. Our hedging program is designed to hedge currency movements on a relatively short-term basis of up to a rolling twelve-month period. Therefore, we are exposed to currency fluctuations over the longer term. To the extent that we are required to pay for all, or portions, of an acquisition price in foreign currencies, we may enter into foreign exchange contracts to reduce the risk that currency movements will impact the U.S. dollar cost of the transaction.
Results from Operations
Orders and Net Revenue
In general, recorded orders represent firm purchase commitments from our customers with established terms and conditions for products and services. Consistent with our strategy, we are seeing an increase in solution sales, which have a longer order-to-revenue conversion cycle; however, the majority of recorded orders will be delivered within six months.
Revenue reflects the delivery and acceptance of the products and services as defined on the customer's terms and conditions. Cancellations are recorded in the period received from the customer and historically have not been material.
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| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |  | Year over Year Change
| April 30, |  | April 30, |  | Three |  | Six
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Months |  | Months
Orders | $ | 1,121 |  |  | $ | 987 |  |  | $ | 2,137 |  |  | $ | 1,951 |  |  | 14% |  | 10%
Net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products | $ | 911 |  |  | $ | 830 |  |  | $ | 1,748 |  |  | $ | 1,514 |  |  | 10% |  | 15%
Services and other | 179 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 348 |  |  | 313 |  |  | 12% |  | 11%
Total net revenue | $ | 1,090 |  |  | $ | 990 |  |  | $ | 2,096 |  |  | $ | 1,827 |  |  | 10% |  | 15%

Orders
Total orders for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 were $1,121 million and $2,137 million, respectively, an increase of 14 percent and 10 percent, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year and an increase of 16 percent and 12 percent, respectively, excluding the impact of currency fluctuations and divestitures. Currency fluctuations and divestitures each contributed 1 percentage point unfavorable impact to the order growth for both the three and six months ended April 30, 2019. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, orders grew across all regions.
Net Revenue
The following table provides the percent change in net revenue for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 by geographic region including and excluding the impact of currency changes as compared to the same periods last year.

| Year over Year Change
| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| April 30, 2019 |  | April 30, 2019
Geographic Region | Actual |  | Currency Adjusted |  | Actual |  | Currency Adjusted
Americas | 12 | % |  | 12 | % |  | 15 | % |  | 15 | %
Europe | (2 | )% |  | 2 | % |  | 2 | % |  | 5 | %
Asia Pacific | 13 | % |  | 15 | % |  | 21 | % |  | 22 | %
Total net revenue | 10 | % |  | 12 | % |  | 15 | % |  | 16 | %

Net revenue for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 was $1,090 million and $2,096 million, respectively, an increase of 10 percent and 15 percent, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year and an increase of 12 percent and 17 percent, respectively, excluding the impact of currency fluctuations and divestitures. Currency fluctuations and divestitures each contributed 1 percentage point unfavorable impact to the revenue growth for the six months ended April 30, 2019. Currency had an unfavorable impact of 4 percent and 2 percent on revenue growth in Europe and Asia Pacific, respectively, for the three months ended April 30, 2019. Currency had an unfavorable impact of 3 percent and 1 percent on revenue growth in Europe and Asia Pacific, respectively, for the six months ended April 30, 2019.
Costs and Expenses

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |  | Year over Year Change
| April 30, |  | April 30, |  | Three |  | Six
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Months |  | Months
Total gross margin | 59.5 | % |  | 54.5 | % |  | 58.5% |  | 52.8 | % |  | 5 ppts |  | 6 ppts
Operating margin | 17.0 | % |  | 8.7 | % |  | 14.6% |  | 3.8 | % |  | 8 ppts |  | 11 ppts
in millions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | 344 |  |  | $ | 310 |  |  | 7% |  | 11%
Selling, general and administrative | $ | 300 |  |  | $ | 305 |  |  | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | 600 |  |  | (1)% |  | (2)%
Other operating expense (income), net | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | (15 | ) |  | (27)% |  | (16)%

Gross margin increased 5 percentage points and 6 percentage points for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, respectively, compared to the same periods last year. For the three months ended April 30, 2019, gains were primarily driven by revenue volume, favorable mix and a decline in variable people-related costs. For the six months ended April 30, 2019, gross margin gains were primarily driven by revenue volume and favorable mix.
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Research and development expense increased 7 percent and 11 percent for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, respectively, compared to the same periods last year. For the three months ended April 30, 2019, the increase was primarily driven by greater investment in leading-edge technologies, key growth opportunities in our end markets and higher infrastructure-related costs. For the six months ended April 30, 2019, the increase was primarily driven by greater investment in leading-edge technologies, key growth opportunities in our end markets, people-related costs and higher infrastructure-related costs. As a percentage of revenue, research and development expense was 16 percent for both the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, as compared to 16 percent and 17 percent, respectively, for the same periods last year. We remain committed to investment in research and development and have focused our development efforts on strategic opportunities in order to capture future growth.
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased 1 percent and 2 percent for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, respectively, compared to the same periods last year. The decrease was primarily driven by declines in acquisition and integration costs, favorable foreign currency movements and restructuring-related costs, partially offset by increases in people-related costs.
Other operating expense (income), net was income of $8 million and $12 million for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, respectively, compared to income of $12 million and $15 million, respectively, for the same periods last year.
Operating margin for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 8 percentage points and 11 percentage points, respectively, compared to the same periods last year, primarily driven by gross margin gains related to revenue volume and favorable mix, lower acquisition and integration costs, favorable foreign currency movements and lower restructuring-related costs, partially offset by an increase in people-related costs.
As of April 30, 2019, our headcount was approximately 13,000 compared to approximately 12,800 at April 30, 2018.
Interest Expense
Interest expense for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 was $20 million and $40 million, respectively, as compared to $21 million and $43 million, respectively, for the comparable periods last year and primarily relates to interest on our senior notes.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 was income of $22 million and $37 million compared to $16 million and $29 million for the same periods last year and primarily includes net income related to our defined benefit and post-retirement benefit plans (interest cost, expected return on assets and amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service credits). The three and six months ended April 30, 2019 also includes the change in fair value of our equity investments and a gain from insurance proceeds.
Income Taxes
The company’s effective tax rate was 20.8 percent and 14.8 percent for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, respectively. The income tax expense was $40 million and $46 million for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, respectively. The income tax expense for the three months ended April 30, 2019 included a net discrete benefit of $5 million. The income tax expense for the six months ended April 30, 2019 included a net discrete benefit of $29 million, primarily related to a change in tax reserves resulting from a change in judgment.
The company’s effective tax rate was an expense of 22.5 percent and a benefit of 162.8 percent for the three and six months ended April 30, 2018, respectively. The income tax expense was $19 million and income tax benefit was $98 million for the three and six months ended April 30, 2018, respectively. The income tax expense for the three months ended April 30, 2018 included a net discrete expense of $11 million, and the income tax benefit for the six months ended April 30, 2018 included a net discrete benefit of $104 million, primarily due to $103 million discrete tax benefit resulting from changes in U.S. tax law.
Keysight benefits from tax incentives in several jurisdictions, most significantly in Singapore, that have granted us tax incentives that require renewal at various times in the future. The tax incentives provide lower rates of taxation on certain classes of income and require thresholds of investments and employment or specific types of income in those jurisdictions. The Singapore tax incentive is due for renewal in fiscal 2024. The impact of tax incentives decreased the income tax provision for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 by $11 million and $19 million, respectively, resulting in a benefit to net income per share (diluted) of approximately $0.06 and $0.10 for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, respectively.
The open tax years for the IRS and most states are from November 1, 2014 through the current tax year. For the majority of our foreign entities, the open tax years are from August 1, 2014 through the current tax year. For certain foreign entities, the
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tax years remain open back to the year 2008. Given the number of years and numerous matters that remain subject to examination in various tax jurisdictions, we are unable to estimate the range of possible changes to the balance of our unrecognized tax benefits.
The company is being audited in Malaysia for the 2008 tax year. Although this tax year pre-dates our spin-off from Agilent, pursuant to the agreement between Agilent and Keysight pertaining to tax matters, as finalized at the time of separation, for certain entities, including Malaysia, any historical tax liability is the responsibility of Keysight. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017, Keysight paid income taxes and penalties of $68 million on gains related to intellectual property rights, although we are currently in the process of appealing to the Special Commissioners of Income Tax in Malaysia. The company believes there are numerous defenses to the current assessment; the statute of limitations for the 2008 tax year in Malaysia was closed, and the income in question is exempt from tax in Malaysia. The company is disputing this assessment and pursuing all avenues to resolve this issue favorably for the company.
At April 30, 2019, our estimated annual effective tax rate for fiscal 2019 is an expense of 23.3 percent excluding discrete items. We determine our interim tax provision using an estimated annual effective tax rate methodology except in jurisdictions where we anticipate a full year loss or we have a year-to-date ordinary loss for which no tax benefit can be recognized. In these jurisdictions, tax expense is computed separately. Our estimated annual effective tax rate differs from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to the impact of the mix of earnings in non-U.S. jurisdictions taxed at lower rates, the U.S. GILTI tax on earnings in non-U.S. jurisdictions net of U.S. foreign tax credits, reserves for uncertain tax positions, the U.S. federal research and development tax credit, and the impact of permanent differences.
We do not recognize deferred taxes for temporary differences expected to impact the GILTI tax expense in future years. We recognize the tax expense related to GILTI in each year in which the tax is incurred.
Segment Overview
In the first quarter of fiscal year 2019, we completed an organizational change to align our services business with our customers and end markets. The alignment of services to the Communications Solutions Group and Electronic Industrial Solutions Group is a logical next step in Keysight’s customer solutions oriented go-to-market strategy by fully reflecting our services delivery within the markets served and further enabling services growth. With this change, services that were previously reported as the Services Solutions Group are now reported as part of the Communications Solutions Group and Electronic Industrial Solutions Group. As a result, Keysight now has three segments: Communications Solutions Group, Electronic Industrial Solutions Group and Ixia Solutions Group.
The Communications Solutions Group provides electronic design and test software, instruments, systems and related services spanning the worldwide commercial communications and aerospace, defense and government end markets. The Electronic Industrial Solutions Group provides test and measurement solutions and related services across a broad set of electronic industrial end markets. The Ixia Solutions Group provides testing, visibility and security solutions, strengthening applications across physical and virtual networks for enterprises, service providers and network equipment manufacturers.
The profitability of each segment is measured after excluding, among other things, charges related to the amortization of acquisition-related balances, the impact of restructuring and related costs, asset impairments, acquisition and integration costs, share-based compensation, separation and related costs, interest income and interest expense.
Communications Solutions Group
The Communications Solutions Group serves customers spanning the worldwide commercial communications and aerospace, defense and government end markets. The group provides electronic design and test software, instruments, systems and related services used in the simulation, design, validation, manufacturing, installation and optimization of electronic equipment. Prior period amounts have been revised to conform to our new organizational structure described previously in the Segment Overview.
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Net Revenue

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |  | Year over Year Change
| April 30, |  | April 30, |  | Three |  | Six
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Months |  | Months
| (in millions) |  | (in millions) |  |  |  |
Net revenue | $ | 676 |  |  | $ | 627 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 1,127 |  |  | 8% |  | 15%

The Communications Solutions Group revenue for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 8 percent and 15 percent, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year and grew 10 percent and 18 percent, respectively, excluding the impact of foreign currencies and divestitures. For the three months ended April 30, 2019, revenue growth was driven by strength in the commercial communication market, partially offset by a decline in the aerospace, defense and government market. For the six months ended April 30, 2019, revenue growth was driven by strength in the commercial communications market, whereas the aerospace, defense and government market remained flat.
Revenue from the commercial communications market represented approximately 64 percent of the total Communications Solutions Group revenue for both the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, and increased 16 percent and 27 percent year-over-year, respectively. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, revenue grew across all geographies. The commercial communications market revenue growth was primarily driven by increased 5G R&D demand across the wireless ecosystem and growth in data center related next-generation 400 gigabit Ethernet and higher digital test.
Revenue from the aerospace, defense and government market represented approximately 36 percent of the total Communications Solutions Group revenue for both the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, and decreased 4 percent and remained flat year-over-year, respectively. For the three months ended April 30, 2019, revenue declines in Europe and Asia Pacific were partially offset by growth in the Americas. For the six months ended April 30, 2019, revenue growth in the Americas and Asia Pacific was offset by a decline in Europe.
Gross Margin and Operating Margin
The following table shows the Communications Solutions Group margins, expenses and income from operations for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 versus the three and six months ended April 30, 2018.

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |  | Year over Year Change
| April 30, |  | April 30, |  | Three |  | Six
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Months |  | Months
Total gross margin | 63.4 | % |  | 58.2 | % |  | 62.3 | % |  | 57.8 | % |  | 5 ppts |  | 4 ppts
Operating margin | 27.7 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 25.1 | % |  | 17.3 | % |  | 7 ppts |  | 8 ppts
in millions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 173 |  |  | 4% |  | 9%
Selling, general and administrative | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | 2% |  | 3%
Other operating expense (income), net | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | (30)% |  | (20)%
Income from operations | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 325 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | 42% |  | 67%

Gross margin for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 5 percentage points and 4 percentage points, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year. Gross margin gains were driven by higher revenue volume, favorable mix and lower warranty expenses.
Research and development expense for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 4 percent and 9 percent, respectively, compared to the same periods last year. For the three months ended April 30, 2019, the increase in research and development expense was primarily driven by investments in leading-edge technologies and key growth opportunities in our end markets and infrastructure-related costs, partially offset by a decline in variable people-related costs. For the six months ended April 30, 2019, the increase in research and development expense was primarily driven by investments in leading-edge technologies and key growth opportunities in our end markets, infrastructure-related costs and people-related costs. We remain committed to investment in research and development and have focused our development efforts on strategic opportunities to capture future growth.
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Selling, general and administrative expense for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 2 percent and 3 percent, respectively, compared to the same periods last year. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, the increase in selling, general and administrative expense was primarily driven by an increase in marketing-related investments and selling costs.
Other operating expense (income), net was income of $2 million and $3 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, compared to income of $4 million and $5 million, respectively for the same periods last year.
Income from Operations
Income from operations for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased $55 million and $130 million, respectively, on a corresponding revenue increase of $49 million and $172 million, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year.
Operating margin for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 7 percentage points and 8 percentage points, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year, driven by higher revenue volume and favorable mix, partially offset by an increase in marketing-related investments.
Electronic Industrial Solutions Group
The Electronic Industrial Solutions Group provides test and measurement solutions and related services to customers across a broad set of electronic industrial end markets, focusing on high-value applications in the automotive and energy industry and measurement solutions for semiconductor design and manufacturing, consumer electronics, education and general electronics design and manufacturing. The group provides electronic design and test software, instruments, systems and related services used in the simulation, design, validation, manufacturing, installation and optimization of electronic equipment. Prior period amounts have been revised to conform to our new organizational structure described previously in the Segment Overview.
Net Revenue

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |  | Year over Year Change
| April 30, |  | April 30, |  | Three |  | Six
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Months |  | Months
| (in millions) |  | (in millions) |  |  |  |
Net revenue | $ | 299 |  |  | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | 511 |  |  | 6% |  | 9%

The Electronic Industrial Solutions Group revenue for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 6 percent and 9 percent, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year, and grew 8 percent and 11 percent, respectively, excluding the impact of foreign currencies and divestitures. Revenue growth was driven by strength in the general electronics measurement market, automotive and energy market and the semiconductor measurement market, with growth across all regions.
Gross Margin and Operating Margin
The following table shows the Electronic Industrial Solutions Group margins, expenses and income from operations for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 versus the three and six months ended April 30, 2018.

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |  | Year over Year Change
| April 30, |  | April 30, |  | Three |  | Six
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Months |  | Months
Total gross margin | 61.3 | % |  | 59.0 | % |  | 60.2 | % |  | 57.9 | % |  | 2 ppts |  | 2 ppts
Operating margin | 26.1 | % |  | 23.9 | % |  | 23.7 | % |  | 20.8 | % |  | 2 ppts |  | 3 ppts
in millions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | 12% |  | 14%
Selling, general and administrative | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 121 |  |  | 1% |  | 2%
Other operating expense (income), net | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | (37)% |  | (25)%
Income from operations | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 106 |  |  | 16% |  | 24%

Gross margin increased 2 percentage points for both the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, compared to the same periods last year, primarily driven by revenue volume and favorable mix.
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Research and development expense for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 12 percent and 14 percent, respectively, compared to the same periods last year, primarily driven by continued investments in leading-edge technologies and key growth opportunities in our end markets and infrastructure-related costs. We remain committed to investment in research and development and have focused our development efforts on strategic opportunities to capture future growth.
Selling, general and administrative expense for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 1 percent and 2 percent, respectively, compared to the same periods last year, primarily due to an increase in marketing-related investments.
Other operating expense (income) for both the three months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018 was income of $1 million. Other operating expense (income) for both the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018 was income of $2 million.
Income from Operations
Income from operations for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased $10 million and $26 million, respectively, on a corresponding revenue increase of $17 million and $45 million, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year.
Operating margin for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 2 percentage points and 3 percentage points, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year. The operating margin increase was primarily driven by higher revenue volume and favorable mix partially offset by investments in research and development and marketing.
Ixia Solutions Group
The Ixia Solutions Group helps customers worldwide, including enterprises, service providers, network equipment manufacturers, and governments, to validate new products before shipping and secure ongoing operation of their networks with better visibility and security. The test, visibility and security products help organizations and their customers strengthen their physical and virtual networks. The group’s product solutions consist of high-performance hardware platforms, software applications and services, including warranty and maintenance offerings.
Net Revenue

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |  | Year over Year Change
| April 30, |  | April 30, |  | Three |  | Six
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Months |  | Months
| (in millions) |  | (in millions) |  |  |  |
Net revenue | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | 32% |  | 14%

The Ixia Solutions Group revenue for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 32 percent and 14 percent, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year, primarily driven by strong growth in both network visibility solutions and network test solutions. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2018, revenue was negatively impacted due to integration challenges that have been resolved. Solid revenue growth in Asia-Pacific and the Americas was partially offset by a decline in Europe.
Gross Margin and Operating Margin
The following table shows the Ixia Solutions Group margins, expenses and income from operations for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 versus the three and six months ended April 30, 2018.

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |  | Year over Year Change
| April 30, |  | April 30, |  | Three |  | Six
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Months |  | Months
Total gross margin | 71.5 | % |  | 75.6 | % |  | 71.4 | % |  | 75.6 | % |  | (4) ppts |  | (4) ppts
Operating margin | 2.6 | % |  | (10.6 | )% |  | 6.0 | % |  | 3.9 | % |  | 13 ppts |  | 2 ppts
in millions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | 7% |  | 15%
Selling, general and administrative | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | 6% |  | (2)%
Other operating expense (income), net | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  | —
Income (loss) from operations | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (10 | ) |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | 133% |  | 77%

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Gross margin decreased 4 percentage points for both the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 compared to the same periods last year, primarily due to a higher allocation of company infrastructure-related costs after integration.
Research and development expense for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 7 percent and 15 percent, respectively, compared to the same periods last year, primarily due to increases in variable and other people-related costs and a higher allocation of company infrastructure-related costs after integration.
Selling, general and administrative expense for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 6 percent and declined 2 percent, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year. For the three months ended April 30, 2019, the increase was primarily driven by an increase in infrastructure-related costs after acquisition. For the six months ended April 30, 2019, the decline was primarily driven by cost synergies derived from integration, partially offset by an increase in infrastructure-related costs.
Income from Operations
Income from operations for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased $13 million and $7 million, respectively, on a corresponding revenue increase of $28 million and $30 million, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year.
Operating margin for the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 increased 13 percentage points and 2 percentage points, respectively, when compared to the same periods last year, primarily driven by volume-related gains and cost synergies resulting from integration, partially offset by a higher allocation of company infrastructure-related costs after integration.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our financial position as of April 30, 2019 consisted of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $1,280 million as compared to $917 million as of October 31, 2018.
As of April 30, 2019, approximately $844 million of our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash was held outside of the U.S. in our foreign subsidiaries. Our cash and cash equivalents mainly consist of short-term deposits held at major global financial institutions, investments in institutional money market funds, and similar short duration instruments with original maturities of 90 days or less. We continuously monitor the creditworthiness of the financial institutions in which we invest our funds. We utilize a variety of funding strategies in an effort to ensure that our worldwide cash is available in the locations in which it is needed. Most significant international locations have access to internal funding through an offshore cash pool for working capital needs. In addition, a few locations that are unable to access internal funding have access to temporary local overdraft and short-term working capital lines of credit.
We believe our cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operations, and ability to access capital markets and credit lines will satisfy, for at least the next twelve months, our liquidity requirements, both globally and domestically, including the following: working capital needs, capital expenditures, business acquisitions, contractual obligations, commitments, principal and interest payments on debt, and other liquidity requirements associated with our operations.
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Cash flows from operating activities can fluctuate significantly from period to period as working capital needs and the timing of payments for income taxes, restructuring activities, pension funding, variable pay, and other items impact reported cash flows.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $461 million for the six months ended April 30, 2019, compared to $282 million for the same period in 2018.

• | Net income for the six months ended April 30, 2019 increased $109 million compared to the same period last year. Non-cash adjustments increased $247 million primarily due to a decrease in deferred tax benefits from the 2018 U.S. tax legislation in the six months ended April 30, 2018.

• | The aggregate of accounts receivable, inventory and accounts payable used net operating cash of $80 million during the first six months of fiscal 2019 compared to net cash used of $29 million in the comparable period last year. The amount of cash flow generated from or used by the aggregate of accounts receivable, inventory and accounts payable depends upon the cash conversion cycle, which represents the number of days that elapse from the day we pay for the purchase of raw materials and components to the collection of cash from our customers and can be significantly impacted by the timing of shipments and purchases, as well as collections and payments in a period.

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• | The aggregate of employee compensation and benefits, income tax payable, deferred revenue and other assets and liabilities provided net operating cash of $88 million during the first six months of fiscal 2019 compared to net cash provided of $213 million in the comparable period last year. The difference is primarily due to lower cash from income taxes payable due to the establishment of a long-term transition tax liability from the 2018 U.S. tax legislation recognized in the six months ended April 30, 2018, and higher variable compensation payments, partially offset by lower cash outflow for fire-related recovery. For the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, we received insurance proceeds of $22 million and $40 million, respectively, associated with the northern California wildfires. Also, for the six months ended April 30, 2018, we received insurance proceeds of $26 million for Singapore fire-related expenses.

• | We contributed $15 million to our non-U.S. defined benefit plans during the first six months of fiscal 2019 compared to $16 million in the same period last year. We expect to contribute $15 million to our non-U.S. defined benefit plans during the remainder of 2019. For the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, we did not contribute to our U.S. defined benefit plans or U.S. post-retirement benefit plan, and we do not expect to contribute to our U.S. defined benefit plans during the remainder of 2019.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $49 million for the six months ended April 30, 2019 as compared to $46 million for the same period last year. For the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, investments in property, plant and equipment were $60 million and $58 million, respectively, of which $7 million and $9 million, respectively, related to recovery from the northern California wildfires. For the six months ended April 30, 2019, we received proceeds of $7 million from the sale of a cost-method investment.
We anticipate total 2019 capital spending, including investments related to recovery from northern California wildfires, to be approximately $135 million, which is $3 million higher than capital spending in fiscal 2018.
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities
In the six months ended April 30, 2019, we used $54 million for financing activities, which included $69 million for treasury stock repurchases and $24 million for tax payments related to net share settlement of equity awards, partially offset by proceeds of $39 million from issuance of common stock under employee stock plans.
On March 6, 2018, the Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program authorizing the purchase of up to $350 million of the company’s common stock, replacing a previously approved 2016 program authorizing the purchase of up to $200 million of the company’s common stock. The stock repurchase program may be commenced, suspended or discontinued at any time at the company’s discretion and does not have an expiration date.
For the six months ended April 30, 2018, net cash used by financing activities was $274 million, which included $300 million for repayment of term loan borrowings and revolving credit facility, $28 million for treasury stock repurchases, $16 million for tax payments related to net share settlement of equity awards and payment of $3 million for acquisition-related contingent consideration, partially offset by $33 million from issuance of common stock under employee stock plans and $40 million from proceeds of a revolving credit facility.
Short-Term Debt
Revolving Credit Facility
On February 15, 2017, we entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) that replaced our existing $450 million unsecured credit facility dated September 15, 2014. The Revolving Credit Facility provides for a $450 million, five-year unsecured revolving credit facility that will expire on February 15, 2022 and bears interest at an annual rate of LIBOR + 1.30%. In addition, the Revolving Credit Facility permits us to increase the total commitments under this credit facility by up to $150 million in the aggregate on one or more occasions upon request. We may use amounts borrowed under the facility for general corporate purposes. During the six months ended April 30, 2018, we borrowed and repaid $40 million of borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of April 30, 2019, we had no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. We were in compliance with the covenants of the Revolving Credit Facility during the six months ended April 30, 2019.
2019 Senior Notes
There have been no changes to the principal, maturity, interest rates and interest payment terms of the senior notes during the six months ended April 30, 2019 as compared to the senior notes described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
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Long-Term Debt
There have been no changes to the principal, maturity, interest rates and interest payment terms of the senior notes during the six months ended April 30, 2019 as compared to the senior notes described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
Other
As of April 30, 2019, our contractual obligations reported under “other purchase commitments” were approximately $81 million, an increase of approximately $22 million from October 31, 2018, primarily due to new contracts that were executed during the period. There were no other material changes from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, to our contractual commitments (including non-cancellable operating leases) in the first six months of 2019.
There were no material changes in our liabilities toward uncertain tax positions from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018. We are unable to accurately predict when these will be realized or released. However, it is reasonably possible that there could be significant changes to our unrecognized tax benefits in the next 12 months due to either the expiration of a statute of limitations or a tax audit settlement.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk appear in “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018. There were no material changes during the six months ended April 30, 2019 to this information reported in the company’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Effective November 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2014-09, Revenue From Contracts With Customers. Although the new revenue standard is expected to have an immaterial impact on our ongoing net income, we did implement changes to our processes and control activities related to revenue recognition, including changes to our information systems. These included the development of new policies based on the five-step model provided in the new revenue standard, new training, ongoing contract review requirements, and gathering of information provided for disclosures. There were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended April 30, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including, but not limited to, patent, commercial, employment and environmental matters, which arise in the ordinary course of business. There are no matters pending that we currently believe are probable of having a material impact to our business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Risks, Uncertainties and Other Factors That May Affect Future Results
Risks Related to Our Business
Failure to introduce successful new solutions and services in a timely manner to address increased competition, rapid technological changes, and changing industry standards could result in our solutions and services becoming obsolete.
We generally sell our solutions in industries that are characterized by increased competition through frequent new solution and service introductions, rapid technological changes and changing industry standards. In addition, many of the markets in which we operate are seasonal and cyclical. Without the timely introduction of new solutions, services and enhancements, our solutions and services will become technologically obsolete over time, in which case our revenue and operating results would suffer. Our ability to offer new solutions and services and to deploy them in a timely manner depend on several factors, including but not limited to our ability to:

• | properly identify customer needs;

• | innovate and develop new technologies, services and applications;

• | successfully commercialize new technologies in a timely manner;

• | manufacture and deliver our solutions in sufficient volumes and on time;

• | differentiate our offerings from our competitors' offerings;

• | price our solutions competitively;

• | anticipate our competitors' development of new solutions, services or technological innovations; and

• | control product quality in our manufacturing process.

Our future operating results may fluctuate significantly if our investments in innovative technologies are not as profitable as we anticipate.
On a regular basis, we review the existing technologies available in the market and identify strategic new technologies to develop and invest in. We are currently devoting significant resources to the 5G technology and other new technologies in the automotive, battery, Internet of Things, and mobile industries. We are investing in R&D, developing relationships with customers and suppliers, and re-directing our corporate and operational resources to grow within these innovative technologies. Our income could be harmed if we fail to gain sufficient market share, if demand for our solutions is lower than we expect, or if our income related to the innovative technologies is lower than we anticipate. For example, when the 5G standards are published, we may not be able to produce a satisfactory return on investment if our strategic vision and the resources that we are spending on developing our presence in the 5G technology industry turn out to be misaligned with such standards. We provide solutions for the design, development, and manufacturing stages of our customers’ workflow. Our customers who currently use our solutions in one stage of their workflow may not use our solutions in other aspects of their manufacturing process.
Uncertainty in general economic conditions may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
Our business is sensitive to negative changes in general economic conditions, both inside and outside the United States. Global and regional economic uncertainty or depression may impact our business, resulting in:

• | reduced demand for our solutions, delays in the shipment of orders or increases in order cancellations;

• | increased risk of excess and obsolete inventories;

• | increased price pressure for our solutions and services; and

• | greater risk of impairment to the value, and a detriment to the liquidity, of our future investment portfolio.

In addition, global and regional macroeconomic developments, such as increased unemployment, decreased income, reduced access to credit, volatility in capital markets, decreased liquidity, uncertain or destabilizing national election results in the U.S., Europe, and Asia, and negative changes or volatility in general economic conditions in the U.S., Europe, and Asia could negatively affect our ability to conduct business in those territories. Financial difficulties experienced by our suppliers and customers, including
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distributors, due to economic volatility or negative changes could result in product delays and inventory issues. Economic risks related to accounts receivable could result in delays in collection and greater bad debt expense.
Our operating results and financial condition could be harmed if the markets into which we sell our solutions decline or do not grow as anticipated.
Visibility into our markets is limited. Our quarterly sales and operating results are highly dependent on the volume and timing of technology-related spending and orders received during the fiscal quarter, which are difficult to forecast and may be cancelled by our customers. In addition, our revenues and earnings forecasts for future fiscal quarters are often based on the expected seasonality or cyclicality of our markets. However, the markets we serve do not always experience the seasonality or cyclicality that we expect. Any decline in our customers' markets would likely result in a reduction in demand for our solutions and services. The broader semiconductor market is one of the drivers for our business, and therefore, a decrease in the semiconductor market could harm our business. Also, if our customers' markets decline, we may not be able to collect on outstanding amounts due to us. Such declines could harm our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and stock price, and could limit our profitability. Also, in such an environment, pricing pressures could intensify. Since a significant portion of our operating expenses is relatively fixed in nature due to sales, R&D and manufacturing costs, if we were unable to respond quickly enough, these pricing pressures could further reduce our operating margins.
Failure to adjust our purchases due to changing market conditions or failure to estimate our customers' demand could adversely affect our income.
Our income could be harmed if we are unable to adjust our purchases to market fluctuations, including those caused by the seasonal or cyclical nature of the markets in which we operate. The sale of our solutions and services are dependent, to a large degree, on customers whose industries are subject to seasonal or cyclical trends in the demand for their products. For example, the consumer electronics market is particularly volatile, making demand difficult to anticipate. During a market upturn, we may not be able to purchase sufficient supplies or components to meet increasing product demand, which could materially affect our results. In the past, we have seen a shortage of parts for some of our products. In addition, some of the parts that require custom design are not readily available from alternate suppliers due to their unique design or the length of time necessary for design work. Should a supplier cease manufacturing such a component, we would be forced to re-engineer our solution. In addition to discontinuing parts, suppliers may also extend lead times, limit supplies or increase prices due to capacity constraints or other factors. In order to secure components for the production of products, we may continue to enter into non-cancellable purchase commitments with vendors, or at times make advance payments to suppliers, which could impact our ability to adjust our inventory to declining market demands. Prior commitments of this type have resulted in an excess of parts when demand for electronic products has decreased. If demand for our solutions is less than we expect, we may experience additional excess and obsolete inventories and be forced to incur additional charges.
Economic and political policies favoring national interests could adversely affect our results of operations.
Nationalistic economic policies and political trends in the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, Singapore, Malaysia and China among other countries, such as opposition to globalization and free trade, sanctions or trade restrictions, withdrawal from or re-negotiation of global trade agreements, tax policies that favor domestic industries and interests, the anticipated exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union (known as Brexit), the distancing or potential exit of other countries from the European Union, and other similar actions may result in increased transaction costs, reduced ability to hire employees, reduced access to supplies and materials, reduced demand or access to customers in international markets, and inability to conduct our operations as they have been conducted historically. Each of these factors may adversely affect our business.
International trade disputes and increased tariffs between the United States and such jurisdictions could substantially change our expectations and ability to operate in such jurisdictions as we have done historically. Many of our suppliers, vendors, customers, partners, and other entities with whom we do business have strong ties to doing business in China. Their ability to supply materials to us, buy products or services from us, or otherwise work with us is affected by their ability to do business in China. If the U.S.’s relationship with China deteriorates or results in trade disputes, trade protection measures, retaliatory actions, tariffs and increased barriers, policies that favor domestic industries, or increased import or export licensing requirements or restrictions, then our deployment of resources in jurisdictions affected by such measures could be misaligned and our operations may be adversely affected due to such changes in the economic and political ecosystem in which our suppliers, vendors, customers, partners, and other entities with whom we do business operate.
A decreased demand for our customers’ products and trade restrictions on our ability to do business with our customers could adversely affect our results of operations.
Our business depends to an extent on our customers’ ability to manufacture, design, and sell their products in the marketplace. International trade disputes affecting our customers could adversely affect our business. Tariffs on imports to or from China could
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increase the cost of our customers’ components and raw materials, which could make our customers’ products and services more expensive and could reduce demand for our customers’ products. Protectionist and retaliatory trade measures by either China or the United States could limit our customers’ ability to sell their products and services and could reduce demand of our customers’ products. Our customers and other entities in our customer chain could decide to take actions in response to international trade disputes that we could not foresee. A decrease in demand or significant change in operations from our customers due to international trade disputes could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
In addition to the above, our customers and suppliers could become subject to U.S. export restrictions and sanctions, such as, being added to the U.S. Department of Commerce’s “Lists of Parties of Concern” and having U.S. export privileges denied or suspended. In the event that a customer or supplier of ours becomes subject to such sanctions, we will suspend our business with such customer or supplier. Because of the increasingly tense political and economic relationship between the United States and China, such sanctions could be imposed with little notice, which could leave us without an adequate alternative solution to compensate for our inability to continue to do business with such customer or supplier. Some of our suppliers and customers in the supply chain are working on unique solutions and products in the market, and it may be difficult if not impossible to replace them, especially with short notice. We cannot predict what impact future sanctions could have on our customers or suppliers, and therefore, our business. Any export restrictions or sanctions and any tariffs or other trade restriction imposed on our customers or suppliers could adversely affect our financial condition and business.
Economic, political, and other risks associated with international sales and operations could adversely affect our results of operations.
Because we sell our solutions worldwide, our business is subject to risks associated with doing business internationally. We anticipate that revenue from international operations will continue to represent a majority of our total revenue. However, there can be no assurances that our international sales will continue at existing levels or grow in accordance with our effort to increase foreign market penetration. In addition, many of our employees, contract manufacturers, suppliers, job functions and manufacturing facilities are located outside the United States. Accordingly, our future results could be harmed by a variety of factors, including but not limited to:

• | changes in a specific country's or region's political, economic or other conditions, including but not limited to changes that favor national interests and economic volatility;

• | negative consequences from changes in tax laws;

• | difficulty in protecting intellectual property;

• | interruption to transportation flows for delivery of parts to us and finished goods to our customers;

• | changes in foreign currency exchange rates;

• | difficulty in staffing and managing foreign operations;

• | local competition;

• | differing labor regulations;

• | unexpected changes in regulatory requirements;

• | inadequate local infrastructure;

• | potential incidences of corruption and fraudulent business practices; and

• | volatile geopolitical turmoil, including popular uprisings, regional conflicts, terrorism, and war.

We centralize most of our accounting processes at two locations: India and Malaysia. These processes include general accounting, inventory cost accounting, accounts payable and accounts receivables functions. If conditions change in those countries, it may adversely affect operations, including impairing our ability to pay our suppliers. Our results of operations, as well as our liquidity, may be adversely affected and possible delays may occur in reporting financial results.
Further, even if we are able to successfully manage the risks of international operations, our business may be adversely affected if our business partners are not able to successfully manage similar risks.
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Dependence on contract manufacturing and outsourcing other portions of our supply chain may adversely affect our ability to bring solutions to market and damage our reputation. Dependence on outsourced information technology and other administrative functions may impair our ability to operate effectively.
As part of our efforts to streamline operations and to cut costs, we outsource aspects of our manufacturing processes and other functions and continue to evaluate additional outsourcing. If our contract manufacturers or other outsourcers fail to perform their obligations in a timely manner or at satisfactory quality levels, our ability to bring solutions to market and our reputation could suffer. For example, during a market upturn, our contract manufacturers may be unable to meet our demand requirements, which may preclude us from fulfilling our customers' orders on a timely basis. The ability of these manufacturers to perform is largely outside of our control. Additionally, changing or replacing our contract manufacturers or other outsourcees could cause disruptions or delays. In addition, we outsource significant portions of our information technology ("IT") and other administrative functions. Since IT is critical to our operations, any failure of our IT providers to perform could impair our ability to operate effectively. In addition to the risks outlined above, problems with manufacturing or IT outsourcing could result in lower revenues and unrealized efficiencies, and could impact our results of operations and stock price. Much of our outsourcing takes place in developing countries and, as a result, may be subject to geopolitical uncertainty.
Our operating results may suffer if our manufacturing capacity does not match the demand for our solutions.
Because we cannot immediately adapt our production capacity and related cost structures to rapidly changing market conditions, when demand does not meet our expectations, our manufacturing capacity will likely exceed our production requirements. During a general market upturn or an upturn in our business, we cannot increase our manufacturing capacity to meet product demand, we will not be able to fulfill orders in a timely manner, which could lead to order cancellations, contract breaches or indemnification obligations. This inability could materially and adversely limit our ability to improve our income, margin and operating results. By contrast, if, during an economic downturn, we had excess manufacturing capacity, then our fixed costs associated with excess manufacturing capacity would adversely affect our income, margins and operating results.
Key customers or large orders may expose us to additional business and legal risks that could have a material adverse impact on our operating results and financial condition.
Certain key customers have substantial purchasing power and leverage in negotiating contractual arrangements with us. These customers may demand contract terms that differ considerably from our standard terms and conditions. Large orders may also include severe contractual liabilities for us if we fail to provide the quantity and quality of product at the required delivery times. While we attempt to contractually limit our potential liability under such contracts, we may have to agree to some or all of these types of provisions to secure these orders and to continue to grow our business. Such actions expose us to significant additional risks, which could result in a material adverse impact on our operating results and financial condition.
Industry consolidation and consolidation among our customer base may lead to increased competition and may harm our operating results.
There is potential for industry consolidation in our markets. As companies attempt to strengthen or hold their market positions in an evolving industry, companies could be acquired or may be unable to continue operations. Companies that are strategic alliance partners in some areas of our business may acquire or form alliances with our competitors, thereby reducing their business with us. We believe that industry consolidation may result in stronger competitors and could lead to more variability in our operating results and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Furthermore, particularly in the communications market, rapid consolidation would lead to fewer customers, with the effect that loss of a major customer could have a material impact on results not anticipated in a customer marketplace composed of more numerous participants.
Additionally, if there is consolidation among our customer base, our customers may be able to command increased leverage in negotiating prices and other terms of sale, which could adversely affect our profitability. In addition, if, as a result of increased leverage, customer pressures require us to reduce our pricing such that our gross margins are diminished, we could decide not to sell our solutions under such less favorable terms, which would decrease our revenue. Consolidation among our customer base may also lead to reduced demand for our solutions, replacement of our products by the combined entity with those of our competitors and cancellations of orders, each of which could harm our operating results.
Our acquisitions, strategic alliances, joint ventures and divestitures may result in financial results that are different than expected.
In the normal course of business, we may engage in discussions with third parties relating to possible acquisitions, strategic alliances, joint ventures and divestitures. As a result of such transactions, our financial results may differ from our own or the investment community's expectations in a given fiscal quarter, or over the long term. If market conditions or other factors lead us to change our strategic direction, we may not realize the expected value from such transactions. Further, such transactions often
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have post-closing arrangements, including, but not limited to, post-closing adjustments, transition services, escrows or indemnifications, the financial results of which can be difficult to predict. In addition, acquisitions and strategic alliances may require us to integrate a different company culture, management team and business infrastructure. We may have difficulty developing, manufacturing and marketing the products of a newly acquired company in a way that enhances the performance of our businesses or product lines to realize the value from expected synergies. Depending on the size and complexity of an acquisition, the successful integration of the entity depends on a variety of factors, including but not limited to:

• | the achievement of anticipated cost savings, synergies, business opportunities and growth prospects from combining the acquired company;

• | the compatibility of our infrastructure, operations, policies and organizations with those of the acquired company;

• | the retention of key employees and/or customers;

• | the management of facilities and employees in different geographic areas; and

• | the management of relationships with our strategic partners, suppliers, and customer base.

If we do not realize the expected benefits or synergies of such transactions, our consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows and stock price could be negatively impacted. Additionally, we may record significant goodwill and other assets as a result of acquisitions or investments, and we may be required to incur impairment charges, which could adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Any inability to complete acquisitions on acceptable terms could negatively impact our growth rate and financial performance.
Our ability to grow revenues, earnings and cash flow depends in part upon our ability to identify and successfully acquire and integrate businesses at appropriate prices and realize anticipated synergies and business performance. Appropriate targets for acquisition are difficult to identify and complete for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, limited due diligence, high valuations, business and intellectual property evaluations, other interested parties, negotiations of the definitive documentation, satisfaction of closing conditions, the need to obtain antitrust or other regulatory approvals on acceptable terms, and availability of funding. The inability to close appropriate acquisitions on acceptable terms could adversely impact our growth rate, revenue, and financial performance.
We may need additional financing in the future to meet our capital needs or to make opportunistic acquisitions, and such financing may not be available on terms favorable to us, if at all, and may be dilutive to existing shareholders.
We may need to seek additional financing for our general corporate purposes. For example, we may need to increase our investment in R&D activities or need funds to make acquisitions. We may be unable to obtain any desired additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to fund our expansion, successfully develop or enhance solutions or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could negatively affect our business. If we finance acquisitions by issuing additional convertible debt or equity securities, our existing stockholders may experience share dilution, which could affect the market price of our stock. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity securities, our shareholders will experience dilution of their ownership interest. If we raise additional funds by issuing debt, we may be subject to further limitations on our operations and ability to pay dividends due to restrictive covenants.
We have outstanding debt and may incur other debt in the future, which could adversely affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
We currently have outstanding debt as well as availability to borrow under a revolving credit facility. We may borrow additional amounts in the future and use the proceeds from any future borrowing for general corporate purposes, future acquisitions, expansion of our business or repurchases of our outstanding shares of common stock.
Our incurrence of this debt, and increases in our aggregate levels of debt, may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition by, among other things:

• | requiring a portion of our cash flow from operations to make interest payments on this debt;

• | increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

• | reducing the cash flow available to fund capital expenditures and other corporate purposes and to grow our business; and

• | limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry.

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Our current revolving credit facility and term loan imposes restrictions on us, including restrictions on our ability to create liens on our assets and the ability of our subsidiaries to incur indebtedness, and requires us to maintain compliance with specified financial ratios. Our ability to comply with these ratios may be affected by events beyond our control. In addition, the indenture governing our senior notes contains covenants that may adversely affect our ability to incur certain liens or engage in certain types of sale and leaseback transactions. If we breach any of the covenants and do not obtain a waiver from the lenders, then, subject to applicable cure periods, our outstanding indebtedness could be declared immediately due and payable.
If currency exchange rates fluctuate substantially in the future, our financial results could be adversely affected.
A substantial amount of our solutions are priced and paid for in U.S. Dollars, although many of our solutions are priced in local currencies and a significant amount of certain types of expenses, such as payroll, utilities, tax and marketing expenses, are paid in local currencies. Our hedging programs are designed to reduce, but not entirely eliminate, within any given 12-month period, the impact of currency exchange rate movements, including those caused by currency controls, which could impact our business, operating results and financial condition by resulting in lower revenue or increased expenses. However, for expenses beyond a 12-month period, our hedging strategy will not mitigate our exchange rate risk. In addition, our currency hedging programs involve third-party financial institutions as counterparties. The weakening or failure of these counterparties may adversely affect our hedging programs and our financial condition through, among other things, a reduction in the number of available counterparties, increasingly unfavorable terms or the failure of counterparties to perform under hedging contracts.
Third parties may claim that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, and we could suffer significant litigation or licensing expenses or be prevented from selling solutions or services.
Third parties may claim that one or more of our solutions or services infringe their intellectual property rights. We analyze and take action in response to such claims on a case-by-case basis. Any dispute or litigation regarding patents or other intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming due to the complexity of our technology and the uncertainty of intellectual property litigation and could divert our management and key personnel from business operations. A claim of intellectual property infringement could cause us to enter into a costly or restrictive license agreement (which may not be available under acceptable terms, or at all), require us to redesign certain of our solutions (which would be costly and time-consuming) and/or subject us to significant damages or an injunction against the development and sale of certain solutions or services. In certain of our businesses, we rely on third-party intellectual property licenses, and we cannot ensure that these licenses will be available to us in the future on terms favorable to us or at all.
Third parties may infringe our intellectual property rights, and we may suffer competitive injury or expend significant resources enforcing our intellectual property rights.
Our success depends in part on our proprietary technology, including technology we obtained through acquisitions. We rely on various intellectual property rights, including patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets, as well as confidentiality provisions and licensing arrangements, to establish our proprietary rights. If we do not enforce our intellectual property rights successfully, our competitive position may suffer, which could harm our operating results.
Our pending patent, copyright and trademark registration applications may not be allowed or competitors may challenge the validity or scope of our patents, copyrights or trademarks. In addition, our patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights may not provide us with a significant competitive advantage. In preparation for the separation and distribution, we have applied for trademarks related to our new global brand name in various jurisdictions worldwide. Any successful opposition to our applications in material jurisdictions could impose material costs on us or make it more difficult to protect our brand. Different jurisdictions vary widely in the level of protection and priority they give to trademark and other intellectual property rights.
We may be required to spend significant resources monitoring our intellectual property rights, and we may or may not be able to detect infringement of such rights by third parties. Our competitive position may be harmed if we cannot detect infringement and enforce our intellectual property rights in a timely manner, or at all. In some circumstances, we may choose to not pursue enforcement due to a variety of reasons. In addition, competitors may avoid infringement by designing around our intellectual property rights or by developing non-infringing competing technologies. Intellectual property rights and our ability to enforce them may be unavailable or limited in some countries, which could make it easier for competitors to capture market share and could result in lost revenues to the company. Furthermore, some of our intellectual property is licensed to others, which allows them to compete with us using that intellectual property.
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If we experience a significant cybersecurity attack or disruption in our IT systems, our business, reputation, and operating results could be adversely affected.
We rely on several centralized IT systems to provide solutions and services, maintain financial records, retain sensitive data such as intellectual property, proprietary business information, and data related to customers, suppliers, and business partners, process orders, manage inventory, process shipments to customers and operate other critical functions. The ongoing maintenance and security of this information is pertinent to the success of our business operations and our strategic goals.
Despite our implementation of network security measures, our network may be vulnerable to cybersecurity attacks, computer viruses, break-ins and similar disruptions. Our network security measures include, but are not limited to, the implementation of firewalls, antivirus protection, patches, log monitors, routine backups, offsite storage, network audits, and routine updates and modifications. Despite our efforts to create these security barriers, we may not be able to keep pace as new threats emerge and it is virtually impossible for us to entirely eliminate this risk. Cybersecurity attacks are evolving and include, but are not limited to, malicious software, attempts to gain unauthorized access to data, and other electronic security breaches that could lead to disruptions in systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information and corruption of data. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, operating results and financial condition, and no assurance can be given that our efforts to reduce the risk of such attacks will be successful.
In addition, our IT systems may be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to power outages, hardware failures, telecommunication failures, user errors, catastrophes or other unforeseen events. Such events could result in the disruption of business processes, network degradation and system downtime, along with the potential that a third party will exploit our critical assets such as intellectual property, proprietary business information and data related to our customers, suppliers and business partners. To the extent that such disruptions occur, our customers and partners may lose confidence in our solutions and we may lose business or brand reputation, resulting in a material and adverse effect on our business operating results and financial condition.
We are or will be subject to ongoing tax examinations of our tax returns by the IRS and other tax authorities. An adverse outcome of any such audit or examination by the IRS or other tax authority could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
We are or will be subject to ongoing tax examinations of our tax returns by the IRS and other tax authorities in various jurisdictions. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from ongoing tax examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. These assessments can require considerable estimates and judgments. Intercompany transactions associated with the sale of inventory, services, intellectual property and cost sharing arrangements are complex and affect our tax liabilities. The calculation of our tax liabilities involves uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in multiple jurisdictions. The outcomes of these tax examinations could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. Due to the complexity of tax contingencies, the ultimate resolution of any tax matters related to operations may result in payments greater or less than amounts accrued.
Our operations may be adversely impacted by changes in our business mix or changes in the tax legislative landscape.
Our effective tax rate may be adversely impacted by, among other things, changes in the mix of our earnings among countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets, and changes in tax laws. We cannot give any assurance as to what our effective tax rate will be in the future because, among other things, there is uncertainty regarding the tax policies of the jurisdictions where we operate. Changes in tax laws, such as tax reform in the United States or changes in tax laws resulting from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (“OECD”) multi-jurisdictional plan of action to address “base erosion and profit shifting” and the taxation of the “Digital Economy” could impact our effective tax rate.
If tax laws or incentives change or cease to be in effect, our income taxes could increase significantly.
We are subject to federal, state, and local taxes in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. We devote significant resources to evaluating our tax positions and our worldwide provision for taxes. Our financial results and tax treatment are susceptible to changes in tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, principles, and interpretations in the United States and in other jurisdictions where we do business. With the rise of economic and political policies that favor domestic interests, it is possible that more countries will enact tax laws that either increase the tax rates, or reduce or change the tax incentives available to multinational companies like ours. Upon a change in tax laws in any territory where we do significant business, such as the U.S., the European Union, or Singapore, we may not be able to maintain our current tax rate or qualify for or maintain the benefits of any tax incentives offered, to the extent such incentives are offered.
We currently benefit from tax incentives extended to certain of our foreign subsidiaries to encourage investment or employment, the most significant of which being Singapore. The Singapore tax incentives require that specific conditions be satisfied, which include achieving thresholds of employment, ownership of certain assets, as well as specific types of investment
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activities within Singapore. Based on the current tax environment, we believe that we will satisfy such conditions in the future as needed, but cannot guarantee that the tax environment will not change or that such conditions will be satisfied.
Our Singapore tax incentives are due for renewal in fiscal 2024, but we cannot guarantee that Singapore will not revoke the tax incentives earlier. Our taxes could increase if the existing Singapore incentives are not renewed upon revocation or expiration. We cannot guarantee that we will qualify for any new incentive regime that may exist in fiscal 2024, or that such conditions will be satisfied. If we cannot or do not wish to satisfy all or portions of the tax incentives conditions, we may lose the related tax incentives and could be required to refund the benefits that the tax incentives previously provided. As a result, our effective tax rate could be higher than it would have been had we maintained the benefits of the tax incentives and could harm our operating results.
Our business will suffer if we are not able to retain and hire key personnel.
Our future success depends partly on the continued service of our key research, engineering, sales, marketing, manufacturing, executive and administrative personnel, including personnel joining our company through acquisitions. The markets in which we operate are dynamic, and we may need to respond with reorganizations, workforce reductions and site closures from time to time. We believe our pay levels are competitive within the regions that we operate. However, there is also intense competition for certain highly technical specialties in geographic areas in which we operate, and it may become more difficult to retain key employees. If we fail to retain and hire a sufficient number of these personnel, we may not be able to meet key objectives, such as launching effective product innovations and meeting financial goals, and maintain or expand our business.
If we suffer a loss to our factories, facilities or distribution system due to a catastrophic event, our operations could be significantly harmed.
Our factories, facilities and distribution system are subject to catastrophic loss due to fire, flood, terrorism or other natural or man-made disasters. In particular, several of our facilities could be subject to a catastrophic loss caused by earthquake or other natural disasters due to their locations. For example, our production facilities, headquarters and laboratories in California and our production facilities in Japan are all located in areas with above-average seismic activity. If any of these facilities were to experience a catastrophic loss, it could disrupt our operations, delay production, shipments and revenue and result in large expenses to repair or replace the facility. If such a disruption were to occur, we could breach our agreements, our reputation could be harmed and our business and operating results could be adversely affected. In addition, since we have consolidated our manufacturing facilities, we are more likely to experience an interruption to our operations in the event of a catastrophe in any one location. Although we carry insurance for property damage and business interruption, we do not carry insurance or financial reserves for interruptions or potential losses arising from earthquakes or terrorism. Also, our third-party insurance coverage will vary from time to time in both type and amount depending on availability, cost and our decision with respect to risk retention. Economic conditions and uncertainties in global markets may adversely affect the cost and other terms upon which we are able to obtain third-party insurance. If our third-party insurance coverage is adversely affected, or to the extent we have elected to self-insure, we may be at a greater risk that our operations will be harmed by a catastrophic loss.
If we fail to maintain satisfactory compliance with certain regulations, we may be subject to substantial negative financial consequences and civil or criminal penalties.
We and our customers are subject to various significant international, federal, state and local regulations, including, but not limited to, health and safety, packaging, data privacy, product content, labor and import/export regulations. These regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. We may be required to incur significant expenses to comply with these regulations or to remedy violations of these regulations. Any failure by us to comply with applicable government regulations could also result in cessation of our operations or portions of our operations, high financial penalties, product recalls or impositions of fines, and restrictions on our ability to carry on or expand our operations. If demand for our solutions is adversely affected or our costs increase, our business would suffer.
In response to changes in data privacy regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) in the European Union, which became effective on May 25, 2018, we are modifying our data handling practices and devoting resources to keeping up with the changing regulatory environment on data privacy in the jurisdictions where we do business. New laws, amendments, or interpretations of regulations, industry standards, and contractual obligations relating to privacy or data may require us to incur additional costs and restrict our business operations. If we fail to comply with GDPR or other data privacy regulation, we may be subject to significant financial fines and civil or criminal penalties, and may suffer high damage to our reputation or brand, which could adversely affect our business and financial results.
In addition, our products and operations are also often subject to the rules of industrial standards bodies, like the International Standards Organization, as well as regulation by other agencies such as the U.S. Federal Communications Commission. We also must comply with work safety rules. If we fail to adequately address any of these regulations, our businesses could be harmed.
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Failure to comply with anti-corruption laws could adversely affect our business and result in financial penalties.
Because we have extensive international operations, we must comply with complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and other local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to governmental officials, and anti-competition regulations. Although we actively maintain policies and procedures designed to ensure ongoing compliance with these laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors or agents will not violate these policies and procedures. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines and penalties, criminal sanctions, restrictions on our business conduct and on our ability to offer our solutions in one or more countries, and could also materially affect our brand, ability to attract and retain employees, international operations, business and operating results.
Our business and financial results may be adversely affected by various legal and regulatory proceedings.
We are subject to legal proceedings, lawsuits and other claims in the normal course of business and could become subject to additional claims in the future, some of which could be material. The outcome of existing proceedings, lawsuits and claims may differ from our expectations because the outcomes of litigation are often difficult to reliably predict. Various factors or developments can lead us to change current estimates of liabilities and related insurance receivables where applicable, or permit us to make such estimates for matters previously not susceptible to reasonable estimates, such as a significant judicial ruling or judgment, a significant settlement, significant regulatory developments or changes in applicable law. A future adverse ruling, settlement or unfavorable development could result in charges that could adversely affect our business, operating results or financial condition.
Our internal controls may be determined to be ineffective, which may adversely affect investor confidence in our company, the value of our stock, and our access to capital.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us to furnish a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, among other things. We are devoting significant resources and time to comply with such internal control over financial reporting requirements. However, we cannot be certain that these measures will ensure that we design, implement and maintain adequate control over our financial processes and reporting in the future, especially in the context of acquisitions of other businesses. Any difficulties in the assimilation of acquired businesses into our control system could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock or on our access to capital, or cause us to be subject to investigation or sanctions by the SEC.
Adverse conditions in the global banking industry and credit markets may adversely impact the value of our cash investments or impair our liquidity.
Our cash and cash equivalents are invested or held in a mix of money market funds, time deposit accounts and bank demand deposit accounts. Disruptions in the financial markets may, in some cases, result in an inability to access assets such as money market funds that traditionally have been viewed as highly liquid. Any failure of our counterparty financial institutions or funds in which we have invested may adversely impact our cash and cash equivalent positions and, in turn, our results and financial condition.
Future investment returns on pension assets may be lower than expected or interest rates may decline, requiring us to make significant additional cash contributions to our future plans.
We sponsor several defined benefit pension plans that cover many of our salaried and hourly employees. The Federal Pension Protection Act of 2006 requires that certain capitalization levels be maintained in each of the U.S. plans, and there may be similar funding requirements in the plans outside the United States. Because it is unknown what the investment return on and the fair value of our pension assets will be in future years or what interest rates and discount rates may be at any point in time, no assurances can be given that applicable law will not require us to make future material plan contributions. Any such contributions could adversely affect our financial condition.
Environmental contamination from past operations could subject us to unreimbursed costs and could harm on-site operations and the future use and value of the properties involved, and environmental contamination caused by ongoing operations could subject us to substantial liabilities in the future.
Some of our properties are undergoing remediation by HP Inc. ("HP") for subsurface contaminations that were known at the time of Agilent's separation from HP in 1999. In connection with Agilent's separation from HP, HP and Agilent entered into an agreement pursuant to which HP agreed to retain the liability for this subsurface contamination, perform the required remediation and indemnify Agilent with respect to claims arising out of that contamination. Agilent has assigned its rights and obligations under this agreement to Keysight in respect of facilities transferred to us in the separation. As a result, HP will have access to a limited number of our properties to perform remediation. Although HP agreed to minimize interference with on-site operations at
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such properties, remediation activities and subsurface contamination may require us to incur unreimbursed costs and could harm on-site operations and the future use and value of the properties. In connection with the separation, Agilent will indemnify us directly for any liabilities related thereto. We cannot be sure that HP will continue to fulfill its remediation obligations or that Agilent will continue to fulfill its indemnification obligations.
In connection with the separation from Agilent, Agilent also agreed to indemnify us for any liability associated with contamination from past operations at all properties transferred from Agilent to Keysight. We cannot be sure that Agilent will fulfill its indemnification obligations.
Our current manufacturing processes involve the use of substances regulated under various international, federal, state and local laws governing the environment. As a result, we may become subject to liabilities for environmental contamination, and these liabilities may be substantial. Although our policy is to apply strict standards for environmental protection at our sites inside and outside the United States, even if the sites outside the United States are not subject to regulations imposed by foreign governments, we may not be aware of all conditions that could subject us to liability.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
Our share price may fluctuate significantly.
Our common stock is listed on NYSE under the ticker symbol “KEYS.” The market price of our common stock may fluctuate widely, depending on many factors, some of which may be beyond our control, including but not limited to:

• | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results due to factors related to our business;

• | success or failure of our business strategy;

• | our quarterly or annual earnings, or those of other companies in our industry;

• | our ability to obtain third-party financing as needed;

• | announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions or dispositions;

• | changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;

• | the failure of securities analysts to cover our common stock;

• | changes in earnings estimates by securities analysts or our ability to meet those estimates;

• | the operating and share price performance of other comparable companies;

• | investor perception of our company;

• | natural or other disasters that investors believe may affect us;

• | overall market fluctuations;

• | results from any material litigation or government investigations;

• | changes in laws or regulations affecting our business; and

• | general economic conditions and other external factors.

Stock markets in general have experienced volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of a particular company. These broad market fluctuations could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.
In addition, when the market price of a company’s shares drops significantly, shareholders often institute securities class action lawsuits against the company. A lawsuit against us could cause us to incur substantial costs and could divert the time and attention of management and other resources.
We do not currently pay dividends on our common stock.
We do not currently pay dividends on our common stock. The payment of any dividends in the future, and the timing and amount thereof, to our stockholders fall within the discretion of our board of directors. The board's decisions regarding the payment
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of dividends will depend on many factors, such as our financial condition, earnings, capital requirements, debt service obligations, restrictive covenants in our debt, industry practice, legal requirements, regulatory constraints and other factors that the board deems relevant. We cannot guarantee that we will pay a dividend in the future or continue to pay any dividends if we commence paying dividends.
Certain provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, and of Delaware law, may prevent or delay an acquisition of the company, which could decrease the trading price of our common stock.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain, and Delaware law contains, provisions that are intended to deter coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids by making such practices or bids unacceptably expensive to the bidder and to encourage prospective acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors rather than to attempt a hostile takeover. These provisions include but are not limited to:

• | the inability of our shareholders to call a special meeting;

• | the inability of our shareholders to act without a meeting of shareholders;

• | rules regarding how shareholders may present proposals or nominate directors for election at shareholder meetings;

• | the right of our board to issue preferred stock without shareholder approval;

• | the division of our board of directors into three classes of directors, with each class serving a staggered three-year term, and this classified board provision could have the effect of making the replacement of incumbent directors more time consuming and difficult;

• | a provision that shareholders may only remove directors with cause;

• | the ability of our directors, and not shareholders, to fill vacancies on our board of directors; and

• | the requirement that the affirmative vote of shareholders holding at least 80 percent of our voting stock is required to amend certain provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (relating to the number, term and removal of our directors, the filling of our board vacancies, the advance notice to be given for nominations for elections of directors, the calling of special meetings of shareholders, shareholder action by written consent, the ability of the board of directors to amend the bylaws, elimination of liability of directors to the extent permitted by Delaware law, exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our shareholders and amendments of the certificate of incorporation) and certain provisions in our amended and restated bylaws (relating to the calling of special meetings of shareholders, the business that may be conducted or considered at annual or special meetings, the advance notice of shareholder business and nominations, shareholder action by written consent, the number, tenure, qualifications and removal of our directors, the filling of our board vacancies, director and officer indemnification and amendments of the bylaws).

In addition, because we have not chosen to be exempt from Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL"), this provision could also delay or prevent a change of control that some shareholders may favor. Section 203 provides that, subject to limited exceptions, persons that acquire, or are affiliated with a person that acquires, more than 15 percent of the outstanding voting stock of a Delaware corporation (an "interested stockholder") shall not engage in any business combination with that corporation, including by merger, consolidation or acquisitions of additional shares, for a three-year period following the date on which the person became an interested stockholder, unless (i) prior to such time, the board of directors of such corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder; (ii) upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85 percent of the voting stock of such corporation at the time the transaction commenced (excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding (but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder) the voting stock owned by directors who are also officers or held in employee benefit plans in which the employees do not have a confidential right to tender or vote stock held by the plan); or (iii) on or subsequent to such time the business combination is approved by the board of directors of such corporation and authorized at a meeting of shareholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock of such corporation not owned by the interested stockholder.
We believe these provisions will protect our shareholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors and by providing our board of directors with more time to assess any acquisition proposal. These provisions are not intended to make us immune from takeovers. However, these provisions will apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some shareholders and could delay or prevent an acquisition that our board of
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directors determines is not in the best interests of the company and our shareholders. These provisions may also prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates that the state courts in the State of Delaware or, if no state court located within the State of Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal court for the District of Delaware, as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our shareholders, which could discourage lawsuits against the company and our directors and officers.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provide that unless the board of directors otherwise determines, the state courts in the State of Delaware or, if no state court located within the State of Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal court for the District of Delaware, will be the sole and exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors or officers to the company or our shareholders, any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors or officers arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or Keysight's amended and restated certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors or officers governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This exclusive forum provision may limit the ability of our shareholders to bring a claim in a judicial forum that such shareholders find favorable for disputes with us or our directors or officers, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors and officers.
Risks Related to the Acquisition of Ixia
We may not realize all of the anticipated benefits of the acquisition of Ixia or those benefits may take longer to realize than expected. We may also encounter significant unexpected difficulties in integrating the two businesses.
Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition of Ixia (the "Merger") will depend, to a large extent, on our ability to integrate our and Ixia’s businesses. The combination of two independent businesses is a complex, costly and time-consuming process. As a result, we will be required to devote significant management attention and resources to integrating Ixia’s business practices and operations with our existing business practices and operations. The integration process may disrupt the businesses and, if implemented ineffectively or if impacted by unforeseen negative economic or market conditions or other factors, we may not realize the full anticipated benefits of the Merger. Our failure to meet the challenges involved in integrating the two businesses to realize the anticipated benefits of the Merger could cause an interruption of, or a loss of momentum in, our activities and could adversely affect our results of operations.
In addition, the overall integration of the businesses may result in material unanticipated problems, expenses, liabilities, competitive responses, loss of customer relationships, and diversion of management's attention. The difficulties of combining the operations of the companies include but are not limited to:

• | the diversion of management's attention to integration matters;

• | difficulties in achieving anticipated cost savings, synergies, business opportunities and growth prospects from combining Ixia’s business with our business;

• | difficulties entering new markets or manufacturing in new geographies where we have no or limited direct prior experience;

• | difficulties in the integration of operations and systems;

• | difficulties in the assimilation of employees;

• | difficulties in managing the expanded operations of a significantly larger and more complex company;

• | successfully managing relationships with our strategic partners and supplier and customer base; and

• | challenges in maintaining existing, and establishing new, business relationships.

Many of these factors will be outside of our control and any one of them could result in increased costs, decreases in the amount of expected revenues and diversion of management's time and energy, which could materially impact the business, financial condition and our results of operations. In addition, even if the operations of our business and Ixia’s business are integrated successfully, we may not realize the full benefits of the Merger, including the synergies, cost savings or sales or growth opportunities that we expect. These benefits may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame, or at all. Furthermore, additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in the integration of the businesses. Additionally, we may record significant goodwill and other assets as a result of acquisitions or investments, and we may be required to incur impairment charges, which could adversely affect our
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consolidated financial position and results of operations. All of these factors could decrease or delay the expected accretive effect of the Merger and negatively impact us. As a result, we cannot be certain that the combination of our and Ixia’s businesses will result in the realization of the full benefits anticipated from the Merger.
Risks Related to the Spin-off from Agilent
We are subject to continuing contingent liabilities of Agilent.
After our spin-off from Agilent on November 1, 2014, there are several significant areas where the liabilities of Agilent may become our obligations. For example, under the Internal Revenue Code and the related rules and regulations, each corporation that was a member of the Agilent U.S. consolidated group during a taxable period or portion of a taxable period ending on or before the effective time of the distribution is severally liable for the U.S. federal income tax liability of the entire Agilent U.S. consolidated group for that taxable period. Consequently, if Agilent is unable to pay the consolidated U.S. federal income tax liability for a prior period, we could be required to pay the entire amount of such tax, which could be substantial and in excess of the amount allocated to it as agreed between us and Agilent at the time of separation. Other provisions of federal law establish similar liability for other matters, including laws governing tax-qualified pension plans, as well as other contingent liabilities.
There could be significant liability if the distribution is determined to be a taxable transaction.
A condition to the spin-off is that Agilent received an opinion of Baker & McKenzie LLP, tax counsel to Agilent, regarding the qualification of the separation and the distribution as a reorganization within the meaning of Sections 355(a) and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Code. The opinion relies on certain facts, assumptions, representations and undertakings from Agilent and Keysight, including those regarding the past and future conduct of the companies' respective businesses and other matters. If any of these facts, assumptions, representations or undertakings are incorrect or not satisfied, Agilent and its shareholders may not be able to rely on the opinion, and could be subject to significant tax liabilities. Notwithstanding the opinion of tax counsel, the IRS could determine on audit that the distribution is taxable if it determines that any of these facts, assumptions, representations or undertakings are not correct or have been violated or if it disagrees with the conclusions in the opinion.
If the distribution were determined to be taxable for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Agilent and its shareholders that are subject to U.S. federal income tax could incur significant U.S. federal income tax liabilities. For example, if the distribution failed to qualify for tax-free treatment, Agilent would for U.S. federal income tax purposes be treated as if it had sold the Keysight common stock in a taxable sale for its fair market value, and Agilent's shareholders, who are subject to U.S. federal income tax, would be treated as receiving a taxable distribution in an amount equal to the fair market value of the Keysight common stock received in the distribution. In addition, if the separation and distribution failed to qualify for tax-free treatment under federal, state and local tax law and/or foreign tax law, Agilent and Keysight could each incur significant tax liabilities under U.S. federal, state, local and/or foreign tax law.
Under the agreement between Agilent and Keysight pertaining to tax matters, as finalized at the time of separation, we are generally required to indemnify Agilent against taxes incurred by Agilent that arise as a result of our taking or failing to take, as the case may be, certain actions that result in the distribution failing to meet the requirements of a tax-free distribution under Section 355 of the Code. Under the agreement between Agilent and Keysight, as finalized at the time of separation, we may also be required to indemnify Agilent for other contingent tax liabilities, which could materially adversely affect our financial position.
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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
The table below summarizes information about the company’s purchases, based on trade date; of its equity securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act during the quarterly period ended April 30, 2019.

Period |  | Total Number of Shares of Common Stock Purchased (1) |  | Weighted Average Price Paid per Share of Common Stock (2) |  | Total Number of Shares of Common Stock Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) |  | Maximum Approximate Dollar Value of Shares of Common Stock that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (1)
February 1, 2019 through February 29, 2019 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 189,873,335
March 1, 2019 through March 31, 2019 |  | 231,193 |  | 85.96 |  | 231,193 |  | 170,000,454
April 1, 2019 through April 30, 2019 |  | 112,529 |  | 89.73 |  | 112,529 |  | 159,902,847
Total |  | 343,722 |  |  |  | 343,722 |  |

(1) | On March 6, 2018, the Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program authorizing the purchase of up to $350 million of the company’s common stock, replacing a previously approved 2016 program authorizing the purchase of up to $200 million of the company’s common stock, and of which $139 million remained. Under the new program, shares may be purchased from time to time, subject to general business and market conditions and other investment opportunities, through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or other means. All such shares and related costs are held as treasury stock and accounted for at trade date using the cost method.
(2) | The weighted average price paid per share of common stock does not include the cost of commissions.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit |  |
Number |  | Description
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | XBRL Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | XBRL Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | XBRL Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | XBRL Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | XBRL Extension Definition Linkbase Document

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KEYSIGHT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: | May 30, 2019 | By: | /s/ Neil Dougherty
|  |  | Neil Dougherty
|  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)
Dated: | May 30, 2019 | By: | /s/ John C. Skinner
|  |  | John C. Skinner
|  |  | Vice President and Corporate Controller
|  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

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