<SEC-DOCUMENT>0000950103-25-016366.txt : 20251219
<SEC-HEADER>0000950103-25-016366.hdr.sgml : 20251219
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20251219121502
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0000950103-25-016366
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	424B2
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		13
FILED AS OF DATE:		20251219
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20251219

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			ROYAL BANK OF CANADA
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001000275
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	COMMERCIAL BANKS, NEC [6029]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	02 Finance
		EIN:				135357855
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			A6
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1031

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		424B2
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-275898
		FILM NUMBER:		251586388

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		ADDRESS IS A NON US LOCATION: 	YES
		STREET 1:		ROYAL BANK PLAZA
		STREET 2:		200 BAY STREET
		CITY:			TORONTO
		PROVINCE COUNTRY:   	A6
		ZIP:			M5J 2J5
		BUSINESS PHONE:		212-437-9267

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		ADDRESS IS A NON US LOCATION: 	YES
		STREET 1:		ROYAL BANK PLAZA
		STREET 2:		200 BAY STREET
		CITY:			TORONTO
		PROVINCE COUNTRY:   	A6
		ZIP:			M5J 2J5

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ROYAL BANK OF CANADA \
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19950908
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>424B2
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>dp238983_424b2-citieln54nvda.htm
<DESCRIPTION>FORM 424B2
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(22,52,95); vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="image_002.jpg" ALT=""></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; color: white">Registration Statement No. 333-275898</P>
                                                                     <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; color: white">Filed
Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; color: white">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(74,108,149); vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(183,195,217); vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(183,195,217); vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt; width: 50%">
    <P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D">Pricing Supplement</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D">Pricing Supplement dated December 17, 2025 to the Prospectus
    dated December 20, 2023, the Prospectus Supplement dated December 20, 2023 and the Product Supplement No. 1B dated July 22, 2025</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt; width: 4%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt; background-color: rgb(226,231,240); width: 46%">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D">$23,751,000<BR>
    Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon<BR>
    Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation,<BR>
    Due June 23, 2027</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D">Royal Bank of Canada</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(183,195,217); vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Royal Bank of Canada is offering Auto-Callable
Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon (the &ldquo;Notes&rdquo;) linked to the performance of the common stock of NVIDIA Corporation
(the &ldquo;Underlier&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18.45pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 17.55pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>Contingent Coupons with Memory Feature</B>
&mdash; If the Notes have not been automatically called, investors will receive a Contingent Coupon on a quarterly Coupon Payment Date
at a rate of 12.60% per annum if the closing value of the Underlier is greater than or equal to the Coupon Threshold (55% of the Initial
Underlier Value) on the immediately preceding Coupon Observation Date. A Contingent Coupon that is not payable on a Coupon Payment Date
may be paid later, but only if the closing value of the Underlier is greater than or equal to the Coupon Threshold on a later Coupon Observation
Date. You may not receive any Contingent Coupons during the term of the Notes.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18.45pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 17.55pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>Call Feature</B> &mdash; If, on any quarterly
Call Observation Date, the closing value of the Underlier is greater than or equal to the Initial Underlier Value, the Notes will be automatically
called for 100% of their principal amount <I>plus</I> the Contingent Coupon and any unpaid Contingent Coupons otherwise due. No further
payments will be made on the Notes.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18.45pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 17.55pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>Contingent Return of Principal at Maturity</B>
&mdash; If the Notes are not automatically called and the Final Underlier Value is greater than or equal to the Barrier Value (55% of
the Initial Underlier Value), at maturity, investors will receive the principal amount of their Notes <I>plus</I> the Contingent Coupon
and any unpaid Contingent Coupons otherwise due. If the Notes are not automatically called and the Final Underlier Value is less than
the Barrier Value, at maturity, investors will receive shares of the Underlier that will likely be worth significantly less than the principal
amount of their Notes and could be worth nothing.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18.45pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 17.55pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">Any payments on the Notes are subject to our credit
risk.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18.45pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 17.55pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">The Notes will not be listed on any securities
exchange.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>CUSIP:</B> 78015QVA6</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Investing in the Notes involves a number of
risks. See &ldquo;Selected Risk Considerations&rdquo; beginning on page P-7 of this pricing supplement and &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo;
in the accompanying prospectus, prospectus supplement and product supplement.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">None of the Securities and Exchange Commission
(the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;), any state securities commission or any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of the Notes or passed
upon the adequacy or accuracy of this pricing supplement. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. The Notes will not
constitute deposits insured by the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other Canadian
or U.S. governmental agency or instrumentality. The Notes are not bail-inable notes and are not subject to conversion into our common
shares under subsection 39.2(2.3) of the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="width: 66%; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 6pt; width: 54%; font-size: 12pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 6pt; width: 23%">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 0.5pt solid">Per Note&nbsp;</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 6pt; width: 23%">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 0.5pt solid">Total&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 6pt; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Price to public<SUP>(1)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 6pt; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">100.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 6pt; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$23,751,000</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 6pt; vertical-align: top; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Underwriting discounts and commissions<SUP>(1)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 6pt">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 0.5pt solid">1.50%&nbsp;</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 6pt">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 0.5pt solid">$356,265&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 6pt; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Proceeds to Royal Bank of Canada</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 6pt; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">98.50%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 6pt; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$23,394,735</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><SUP>(1)</SUP> We or one of our affiliates may
pay varying selling concessions of up to $15.00 per $1,000 principal amount of Notes in connection with the distribution of the Notes
to other registered broker-dealers. Certain dealers who purchase the Notes for sale to certain fee-based advisory accounts may forgo some
or all of their underwriting discount or selling concessions. The public offering price for investors purchasing the Notes in these accounts
may be between $985.00 and $1,000.00 per $1,000 principal amount of Notes. See &ldquo;Supplemental Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of
Interest)&rdquo; below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The initial estimated value of the Notes determined
by us as of the Trade Date, which we refer to as the initial estimated value, is $983.66 per $1,000 principal amount of Notes and is less
than the public offering price of the Notes. The market value of the Notes at any time will reflect many factors, cannot be predicted
with accuracy and may be less than this amount. We describe the determination of the initial estimated value in more detail below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 1; Options: NewSection; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D"></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #003260"><TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 40%">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #B8C4D9"><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; padding-bottom: 6pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 6pt"> <P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</P><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D"></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D"><B>KEY TERMS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>The information in this &ldquo;Key Terms&rdquo;
section is qualified by any more detailed information set forth in this pricing supplement and in the accompanying prospectus, prospectus
supplement and product supplement.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Issuer:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Royal Bank of Canada</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Underwriter:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">RBC Capital Markets, LLC (&ldquo;RBCCM&rdquo;)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Minimum Investment:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,000 and minimum denominations of $1,000 in excess thereof</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Underlier:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">The common stock of NVIDIA Corporation</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 28%; border-right: Black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: bottom; width: 18%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-right: Black 1pt solid; background-color: #849AA5; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: white"><B>Bloomberg Ticker</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: bottom; width: 18%; border-top: Black 1pt solid; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; background-color: #849AA5; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: white"><B>Initial Underlier Value<SUP>(1)</SUP></B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: bottom; width: 18%; border-top: Black 1pt solid; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; background-color: #849AA5; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: white"><B>Coupon Threshold and Barrier Value<SUP>(2)</SUP></B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: bottom; width: 18%; border-top: Black 1pt solid; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; background-color: #849AA5; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: white"><B>Physical Delivery Amount<SUP>(3)</SUP></B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: top; border-right: Black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">NVDA UW</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$170.94</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$94.02</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.85</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(1)</SUP> The closing value of the Underlier on the Trade Date</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(2)</SUP> 55% of the Initial Underlier Value (rounded to two decimal places)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(3)</SUP> A number of shares of the Underlier equal to $1,000 <I>divided by</I> the Initial Underlier Value (rounded to two decimal places)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Trade Date:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">December 17, 2025</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Issue Date:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">December 22, 2025</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Valuation Date:*</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">June 17, 2027</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Maturity Date:*</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">June 23, 2027</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Payment of Contingent Coupons with Memory Feature:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If the Notes have not been automatically called,
    investors will receive a Contingent Coupon on a Coupon Payment Date if the closing value of the Underlier is <B><I>greater than or equal
    to</I></B> the Coupon Threshold on the immediately preceding Coupon Observation Date.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If a Contingent Coupon is not payable on any Coupon
    Payment Date, it will be paid on any later Coupon Payment Date on which a Contingent Coupon is payable, if any, together with the payment
    otherwise due on that later date. For the avoidance of doubt, once a previously unpaid Contingent Coupon has been paid on a later Coupon
    Payment Date, it will not be paid again on a subsequent date.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>No Contingent Coupon will be payable on a Coupon
    Payment Date if the closing value of the Underlier is less than the Coupon Threshold on the immediately preceding Coupon Observation Date.
    Accordingly, you may not receive a Contingent Coupon on one or more Coupon Payment Dates during the term of the Notes.</I></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Contingent Coupon:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">If payable, $31.50 per $1,000 principal amount of Notes (corresponding to a rate of 3.15% per quarter or 12.60% per annum)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Call Feature:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">If, on any Call Observation Date, the closing value of the Underlier is <B><I>greater than or equal to</I></B> the Initial Underlier Value, the Notes will be automatically called. Under these circumstances, investors will receive on the Call Settlement Date per $1,000 principal amount of Notes an amount equal to $1,000 <I>plus</I> the Contingent Coupon and any unpaid Contingent Coupons otherwise due. No further payments will be made on the Notes.</FONT></P>
                                                                                <P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 2; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D">P-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->2<!-- Field: /Sequence --></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #003260"><TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 40%">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #B8C4D9"><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; padding-bottom: 6pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 6pt"> <P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</P><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D"></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; width: 27%; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Payment at Maturity:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; width: 73%; padding-bottom: 4pt">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If the Notes are not automatically called, investors
    will receive on the Maturity Date per $1,000 principal amount of Notes, in addition to any Contingent Coupon and any unpaid Contingent
    Coupons otherwise due:</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;&#9;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
    the Final Underlier Value is <B><I>greater than or equal to</I></B> the Barrier Value: $1,000</FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;&#9;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If
    the Final Underlier Value is <B><I>less than </I></B>the Barrier Value, a number of shares of the Underlier equal to the Physical Delivery
    Amount. Fractional shares will be paid in cash with a value equal to the number of fractional shares <I>times </I>the Final Underlier
    Value.</FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>If the Notes are not automatically called and
    the Final Underlier Value is less than the Barrier Value, you will receive shares of the Underlier that will likely be worth significantly
    less than the principal amount of your Notes and could be worth nothing at maturity. All payments on the Notes are subject to our credit
    risk.</I></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Final Underlier Value:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">The closing value of the Underlier on the Valuation Date</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Coupon Observation Dates:*</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Quarterly, as set forth in the table below</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Coupon Payment Dates:*</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Quarterly, as set forth in the table below</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Call Observation Dates:*</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Quarterly, on each Coupon Observation Date (other than the final Coupon Observation Date)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Call Settlement Date:*</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">If the Notes are automatically called on any Call Observation Date, the Coupon Payment Date immediately following that Call Observation Date</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Calculation Agent:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">RBCCM</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 66%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="background-color: #849AA5">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; border: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: white"><B>Coupon Observation Dates*</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; border-top: Black 1pt solid; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: white"><B>Coupon Payment Dates*</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">March 17, 2026</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">March 20, 2026</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">June 17, 2026</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">June 23, 2026</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">September 17, 2026</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">September 22, 2026</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">December 17, 2026</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">December 22, 2026</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">March 17, 2027</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">March 22, 2027</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">June 17, 2027 (the Valuation Date)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">June 23, 2027 (the Maturity Date)</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0">* Subject to postponement. See &ldquo;General Terms of the Notes&mdash;Postponement
of a Determination Date&rdquo; and &ldquo;General Terms of the Notes&mdash;Postponement of a Payment Date&rdquo; in the accompanying product
supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 3; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D">P-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->3<!-- Field: /Sequence --></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #003260"><TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 40%">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #B8C4D9"><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; padding-bottom: 6pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 6pt"> <P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</P><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D"></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D"><B>ADDITIONAL TERMS OF YOUR NOTES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You should read this pricing supplement together
with the prospectus dated December 20, 2023, as supplemented by the prospectus supplement dated December 20, 2023, relating to our Senior
Global Medium-Term Notes, Series J, of which the Notes are a part, and the product supplement no. 1B dated July 22, 2025. This pricing
supplement, together with these documents, contains the terms of the Notes and supersedes all other prior or contemporaneous oral statements
as well as any other written materials, including preliminary or indicative pricing terms, correspondence, trade ideas, structures for
implementation, sample structures, fact sheets, brochures or other educational materials of ours.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have not authorized anyone to provide any information
or to make any representations other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this pricing supplement and the documents listed
below. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give
you. These documents are an offer to sell only the Notes offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is
lawful to do so. The information contained in each such document is current only as of its date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If the information in this pricing supplement differs
from the information contained in the documents listed below, you should rely on the information in this pricing supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You should carefully consider, among other things,
the matters set forth in &ldquo;Selected Risk Considerations&rdquo; in this pricing supplement and &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; in the documents
listed below, as the Notes involve risks not associated with conventional debt securities. We urge you to consult your investment, legal,
tax, accounting and other advisers before you invest in the Notes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You may access these documents on the SEC website
at www.sec.gov as follows (or if such address has changed, by reviewing our filings for the relevant date on the SEC website):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">Prospectus dated December 20, 2023:</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; color: #0563C1"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000119312523299520/d645671d424b3.htm">https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000119312523299520/d645671d424b3.htm</A></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; color: #0563C1">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">Prospectus Supplement dated December 20, 2023:</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; color: #0563C1"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000119312523299523/d638227d424b3.htm">https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000119312523299523/d638227d424b3.htm</A></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; color: #0563C1">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">Product Supplement No. 1B dated July 22, 2025:</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; color: #0563C1"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000095010325009131/dp231901_424b2-opsn1b.htm">https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000095010325009131/dp231901_424b2-opsn1b.htm</A></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; color: #0563C1">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our Central Index Key, or CIK, on the SEC website
is 1000275. As used in this pricing supplement, &ldquo;Royal Bank of Canada,&rdquo; the &ldquo;Bank,&rdquo; &ldquo;we,&rdquo; &ldquo;our&rdquo;
and &ldquo;us&rdquo; mean only Royal Bank of Canada.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 4; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D">P-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->4<!-- Field: /Sequence --></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #003260"><TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 40%">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #B8C4D9"><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; padding-bottom: 6pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 6pt"> <P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</P><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D"></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D"><B>HYPOTHETICAL RETURNS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The table and examples set forth below illustrate
hypothetical payments at maturity for hypothetical performance of the Underlier, based on the Coupon Threshold and Barrier Value of 55%
of the Initial Underlier Value and the Contingent Coupon of $31.50 per $1,000 principal amount of Notes. For purposes of the table and
examples below, the &ldquo;Underlier Return&rdquo; represents the percent change in the value of the Underlier from the Initial Underlier
Value to the Final Underlier Value. <B>The table and examples below also assume that the Notes are not automatically called and do not
account for any Contingent Coupons that may be paid prior to maturity.</B> The table and examples are only for illustrative purposes and
may not show the actual return applicable to investors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 77%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="background-color: #849AA5">
    <TD STYLE="width: 34%; border: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: white"><B>Hypothetical Underlier Return</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 33%; border-top: Black 1pt solid; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: white"><B>Value of Payment at Maturity per $1,000 Principal Amount of Notes*</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 33%; border-top: Black 1pt solid; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: white"><B>Value of Payment at Maturity as Percentage of Principal Amount*</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">50.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">40.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">30.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">20.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCCCCC">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">0.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-5.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-10.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-20.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-30.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-40.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCCCCC">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-45.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,031.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">103.150%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-45.01%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$549.90</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">54.990%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-50.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$500.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">50.000%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-60.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$400.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">40.000%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-70.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$300.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">30.000%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-80.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$200.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">20.000%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-90.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$100.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.000%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-100.00%</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">$0.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">0.000%</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 42pt; text-align: justify">* Including any final Contingent Coupon
otherwise due, but excluding any unpaid Contingent Coupons, if payable. For purposes of the table above, the value of any shares received
is calculated as the Physical Delivery Amount <I>times</I> the Final Underlier Value. The actual value of any shares received may be less
than the amounts shown above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 42pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Example 1 &mdash;</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>The value of the Underlier increases from the Initial Underlier Value to the Final Underlier Value by 30%.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 14%; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 25%; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Underlier Return:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: bottom; width: 61%; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">30%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Payment at Maturity:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">$1,000 + Contingent Coupon otherwise due + any
    unpaid Contingent Coupons otherwise due</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">= $1,000 + $31.50 + any unpaid Contingent Coupons
    otherwise due</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">= $1,031.50 + any unpaid Contingent Coupons otherwise
    due</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In this example, the payment at maturity is $1,031.50
    per $1,000 principal amount of Notes <I>plus</I> any unpaid Contingent Coupons otherwise due.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 5; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D">P-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->5<!-- Field: /Sequence --></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #003260"><TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 40%">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #B8C4D9"><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; padding-bottom: 6pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 6pt"> <P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</P><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D"></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; width: 14%; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; width: 86%; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Because the Final Underlier Value is greater than the Coupon Threshold and Barrier Value, investors receive a full return of the principal amount of their Notes <I>plus</I> the Contingent Coupon and any unpaid Contingent Coupons otherwise due. This example illustrates that investors do not participate in any appreciation of the Underlier, which may be significant.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Example 2 &mdash; </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>The value of the Underlier decreases from the Initial Underlier Value to the Final Underlier Value by 10% (i.e., the Final Underlier Value is below the Initial Underlier Value but above the Coupon Threshold and Barrier Value).</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 14%; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 25%; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Underlier Return:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: bottom; width: 61%; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-10%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Payment at Maturity:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">$1,000 + Contingent Coupon otherwise due + any
    unpaid Contingent Coupons otherwise due</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">= $1,000 + $31.50 + any unpaid Contingent Coupons
    otherwise due</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">= $1,031.50 + any unpaid Contingent Coupons otherwise
    due</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In this example, the payment at maturity is $1,031.50
    per $1,000 principal amount of Notes <I>plus</I> any unpaid Contingent Coupons otherwise due.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Because the Final Underlier Value is greater than
    the Coupon Threshold and Barrier Value, investors receive a full return of the principal amount of their Notes <I>plus</I> the Contingent
    Coupon and any unpaid Contingent Coupons otherwise due.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Example 3 &mdash; </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>The value of the Underlier decreases from the Initial Underlier Value to the Final Underlier Value by 50% (i.e., the Final Underlier Value is below the Coupon Threshold and Barrier Value).</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 14%; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 25%; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Underlier Return:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; vertical-align: bottom; width: 61%; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">-50%</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Payment at Maturity:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt">Shares of the Underlier with a value of $500</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-top: 4pt; padding-bottom: 4pt">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In this example, the payment at maturity consists
    of shares of the Underlier with a value, calculated as of the Valuation Date based on the Final Underlier Value, of $500 per $1,000 principal
    amount of Notes, representing a loss of 50% of the principal amount.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Because the Final Underlier Value is less than
    the Barrier Value, investors receive shares of the Underlier worth significantly less than the principal amount of their Notes. Fractional
    shares will be paid in cash. In addition, because the Final Underlier Value is less than the Coupon Threshold, investors do not receive
    a Contingent Coupon or any unpaid Contingent Coupons at maturity.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Investors in the Notes could lose a substantial
portion or all of the principal amount of their Notes at maturity. The table and examples above assume that the Notes are not automatically
called. However, if the Notes are automatically called, investors will not receive any further payments after the Call Settlement Date.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 6; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D">P-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->6<!-- Field: /Sequence --></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #003260"><TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 40%">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #B8C4D9"><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; padding-bottom: 6pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 6pt"> <P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</P><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D"></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D"><B>SELECTED RISK CONSIDERATIONS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">An investment in the Notes involves significant
risks. We urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and other advisers before you invest in the Notes. Some of the risks
that apply to an investment in the Notes are summarized below, but we urge you to read also the &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; sections of
the accompanying prospectus, prospectus supplement and product supplement. You should not purchase the Notes unless you understand and
can bear the risks of investing in the Notes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Risks Relating to the Terms and Structure of
the Notes</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>You May Lose a Portion or All of the Principal
Amount at Maturity</B> &mdash; If the Notes are not automatically called and the Final Underlier Value is less than the Barrier Value,
you will receive shares of the Underlier that will likely be worth significantly less than the principal amount of your Notes and could
be worth nothing.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>You May Not Receive Any Contingent Coupons</B>
&mdash; We will not necessarily pay any Contingent Coupons on the Notes. If the closing value of the Underlier is less than the Coupon
Threshold on a Coupon Observation Date, we will not pay you the Contingent Coupon applicable to that Coupon Observation Date on the corresponding
Coupon Payment Date. If the closing value of the Underlier is less than the Coupon Threshold on each of the Coupon Observation Dates,
we will not pay you any Contingent Coupons during the term of, and you will not receive a positive return on, your Notes. Generally, this
non-payment of the Contingent Coupon coincides with a greater risk of principal loss on your Notes. Notwithstanding the memory feature
described above, there can be no assurance that any unpaid Contingent Coupon will become payable during the term of the Notes. Even if
your return is positive, your return may be less than the return you would earn if you purchased one of our conventional senior interest-bearing
debt securities.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>You Will Not Participate in Any Appreciation
of the Underlier, and Any Potential Return on the Notes Is Limited</B> &mdash; The return on the Notes is limited to the Contingent Coupons,
if any, that may be payable on the Notes, regardless of any appreciation of the Underlier, which may be significant. As a result, the
return on an investment in the Notes could be less than the return on a direct investment in the Underlier.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>The Notes Are Subject to an Automatic Call</B>
&mdash; If, on any Call Observation Date, the closing value of the Underlier is greater than or equal to the Initial Underlier Value,
the Notes will be automatically called, and you will not receive any further payments on the Notes. Because the Notes could be called
as early as approximately three months after the Issue Date, the total return on the Notes could be minimal. You may be unable to reinvest
your proceeds from the automatic call in an investment with a return that is as high as the return on the Notes would have been if they
had not been called.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>Payments on the Notes Are Subject to Our Credit
Risk, and Market Perceptions about Our Creditworthiness May Adversely Affect the Market Value of the Notes</B> &mdash; The Notes are our
senior unsecured debt securities, and your receipt of any amounts due on the Notes is dependent upon our ability to pay our obligations
as they come due. If we were to default on our payment obligations, you may not receive any amounts owed to you under the Notes and you
could lose your entire investment. In addition, any negative changes in market perceptions about our creditworthiness may adversely affect
the market value of the Notes.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>Any Payment on the Notes Will Be Determined
Based on the Closing Values of the Underlier on the Dates Specified</B> &mdash; Any payment on the Notes will be determined based on the
closing values of the Underlier on the dates specified. You will not benefit from any more favorable value of the Underlier determined
at any other time.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>The U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of
an Investment in the Notes Are Uncertain </B>&mdash; There is no direct legal authority regarding the proper U.S. federal income tax treatment
of the Notes, and significant aspects of the tax treatment of the Notes are uncertain. Moreover, non-U.S. investors should note that persons
having withholding responsibility in respect of the Notes may withhold on any coupon paid to a non-U.S. investor, generally at a rate
of 30%. We will not pay any additional amounts in respect of such withholding. You should review carefully the section entitled &ldquo;United
States Federal Income Tax Considerations&rdquo; herein, in combination with the section entitled &ldquo;United </FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 7; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D">P-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->7<!-- Field: /Sequence --></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #003260"><TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 40%">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #B8C4D9"><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; padding-bottom: 6pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 6pt"> <P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</P><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D"></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">States Federal Income Tax Considerations&rdquo;
in the accompanying product supplement, and consult your tax adviser regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment
in the Notes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Risks Relating to the Initial Estimated Value
of the Notes and the Secondary Market for the Notes</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>There May Not Be an Active Trading Market for
the Notes; Sales in the Secondary Market May Result in Significant Losses</B> &mdash; There may be little or no secondary market for the
Notes. The Notes will not be listed on any securities exchange. RBCCM and our other affiliates may make a market for the Notes; however,
they are not required to do so and, if they choose to do so, may stop any market-making activities at any time. Because other dealers
are not likely to make a secondary market for the Notes, the price at which you may be able to trade your Notes is likely to depend on
the price, if any, at which RBCCM or any of our other affiliates is willing to buy the Notes. Even if a secondary market for the Notes
develops, it may not provide enough liquidity to allow you to easily trade or sell the Notes. We expect that transaction costs in any
secondary market would be high. As a result, the difference between bid and ask prices for your Notes in any secondary market could be
substantial. If you sell your Notes before maturity, you may have to do so at a substantial discount from the price that you paid for
them, and as a result, you may suffer significant losses. The Notes are not designed to be short-term trading instruments. Accordingly,
you should be able and willing to hold your Notes to maturity.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes Is
Less Than the Public Offering Price</B> &mdash; The initial estimated value of the Notes is less than the public offering price of the
Notes and does not represent a minimum price at which we, RBCCM or any of our other affiliates would be willing to purchase the Notes
in any secondary market (if any exists) at any time. If you attempt to sell the Notes prior to maturity, their market value may be lower
than the price you paid for them and the initial estimated value. This is due to, among other things, changes in the value of the Underlier,
the internal funding rate we pay to issue securities of this kind (which is lower than the rate at which we borrow funds by issuing conventional
fixed rate debt) and the inclusion in the public offering price of the underwriting discount, our estimated profit and the estimated costs
relating to our hedging of the Notes. These factors, together with various credit, market and economic factors over the term of the Notes,
are expected to reduce the price at which you may be able to sell the Notes in any secondary market and will affect the value of the Notes
in complex and unpredictable ways. Assuming no change in market conditions or any other relevant factors, the price, if any, at which
you may be able to sell your Notes prior to maturity may be less than your original purchase price, as any such sale price would not be
expected to include the underwriting discount, our estimated profit or the hedging costs relating to the Notes. In addition, any price
at which you may sell the Notes is likely to reflect customary bid-ask spreads for similar trades. In addition to bid-ask spreads, the
value of the Notes determined for any secondary market price is expected to be based on a secondary market rate rather than the internal
funding rate used to price the Notes and determine the initial estimated value. As a result, the secondary market price will be less than
if the internal funding rate were used.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes Is
Only an Estimate, Calculated as of the Trade Date </B>&mdash; The initial estimated value of the Notes is based on the value of our obligation
to make the payments on the Notes, together with the mid-market value of the derivative embedded in the terms of the Notes. See &ldquo;Structuring
the Notes&rdquo; below. Our estimate is based on a variety of assumptions, including our internal funding rate (which represents a discount
from our credit spreads), expectations as to dividends, interest rates and volatility and the expected term of the Notes. These assumptions
are based on certain forecasts about future events, which may prove to be incorrect. Other entities may value the Notes or similar securities
at a price that is significantly different than we do.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">The value of the Notes at any time after
the Trade Date will vary based on many factors, including changes in market conditions, and cannot be predicted with accuracy. As a result,
the actual value you would receive if you sold the Notes in any secondary market, if any, should be expected to differ materially from
the initial estimated value of the Notes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Risks Relating to Conflicts of Interest and
Our Trading Activities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>Our and Our Affiliates&rsquo; Business and
Trading Activities May Create Conflicts of Interest</B> &mdash; You should make your own independent investigation of the merits of investing
in the Notes. Our and our affiliates&rsquo; economic interests are potentially adverse to your interests as an investor in the Notes due
to our and our affiliates&rsquo; business and trading activities, and we and our affiliates have no obligation to consider your interests
in taking any actions that might affect </FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 8; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D">P-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->8<!-- Field: /Sequence --></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #003260"><TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 40%">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #B8C4D9"><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; padding-bottom: 6pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 6pt"> <P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</P><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D"></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">the value of the Notes. Trading by us
and our affiliates may adversely affect the value of the Underlier and the market value of the Notes. See &ldquo;Risk Factors&mdash;Risks
Relating to Conflicts of Interest&rdquo; in the accompanying product supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>RBCCM&rsquo;s Role as Calculation Agent May
Create Conflicts of Interest</B> &mdash; As Calculation Agent, our affiliate, RBCCM, will determine any values of the Underlier and make
any other determinations necessary to calculate any payments on the Notes. In making these determinations, the Calculation Agent may be
required to make discretionary judgments, including those described under &ldquo;&mdash;Risks Relating to the Underlier&rdquo; below.
In making these discretionary judgments, the economic interests of the Calculation Agent are potentially adverse to your interests as
an investor in the Notes, and any of these determinations may adversely affect any payments on the Notes. The Calculation Agent will have
no obligation to consider your interests as an investor in the Notes in making any determinations with respect to the Notes.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Risks Relating to the Underlier</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>You Will Not Have Any Rights to the Underlier</B>
&mdash; As an investor in the Notes, you will not have voting rights or rights to receive dividends or other distributions or any other
rights with respect to the Underlier.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>Any Payment on the Notes May Be Postponed and
Adversely Affected by the Occurrence of a Market Disruption Event</B> &mdash; The timing and amount of any payment on the Notes is subject
to adjustment upon the occurrence of a market disruption event affecting the Underlier. If a market disruption event persists for a sustained
period, the Calculation Agent may make a discretionary determination of the closing value of the Underlier. See &ldquo;General Terms of
the Notes&mdash;Reference Stocks and Funds&mdash;Market Disruption Events,&rdquo; &ldquo;General Terms of the Notes&mdash;Postponement
of a Determination Date&rdquo; and &ldquo;General Terms of the Notes&mdash;Postponement of a Payment Date&rdquo; in the accompanying product
supplement.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>Anti-dilution Protection Is Limited, and the
Calculation Agent Has Discretion to Make Anti-dilution Adjustments</B> &mdash; The Calculation Agent may in its sole discretion make adjustments
affecting any amounts payable on the Notes upon the occurrence of certain corporate events (such as stock splits or extraordinary or special
dividends) that the Calculation Agent determines have a diluting or concentrative effect on the theoretical value of the Underlier. However,
the Calculation Agent might not make adjustments in response to all such events that could affect the Underlier. The occurrence of any
such event and any adjustment made by the Calculation Agent (or a determination by the Calculation Agent not to make any adjustment) may
adversely affect the market price of, and any amounts payable on, the Notes. See &ldquo;General Terms of the Notes&mdash;Reference Stocks
and Funds&mdash;Anti-dilution Adjustments&rdquo; in the accompanying product supplement.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><B>Reorganization or Other Events Could Adversely
Affect the Value of the Notes or Result in the Notes Being Accelerated</B> &mdash; Upon the occurrence of certain reorganization or other
events affecting the Underlier, the Calculation Agent may make adjustments that result in payments on the Notes being based on the performance
of (i) cash, securities of another issuer and/or other property distributed to holders of the Underlier upon the occurrence of that event
or (ii) in the case of a reorganization event in which only cash is distributed to holders of the Underlier, a substitute security, if
the Calculation Agent elects to select one. Any of these actions could adversely affect the value of the Underlier and, consequently,
the value of the Notes. Alternatively, the Calculation Agent may accelerate the Maturity Date for a payment determined by the Calculation
Agent. Any amount payable upon acceleration could be significantly less than any amount that would be due on the Notes if they were not
accelerated. However, if the Calculation Agent elects not to accelerate the Notes, the value of, and any amount payable on, the Notes
could be adversely affected, perhaps significantly. See &ldquo;General Terms of the Notes&mdash;Reference Stocks and Funds&mdash;Anti-dilution
Adjustments&mdash;Reorganization Events&rdquo; in the accompanying product supplement.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&nbsp;</P>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 9; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D">P-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->9<!-- Field: /Sequence --></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #003260"><TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 40%">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #B8C4D9"><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; padding-bottom: 6pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 6pt"> <P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</P><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D"></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D"><B>INFORMATION REGARDING THE UNDERLIER</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Underlier is registered under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;). Companies with securities registered under the Exchange Act are required
to file financial and other information specified by the SEC periodically. Information provided to or filed with the SEC by the issuer
of the Underlier can be located on a website maintained by the SEC at https://www.sec.gov by reference to that issuer&rsquo;s SEC file
number provided below. Information from outside sources is not incorporated by reference in, and should not be considered part of, this
pricing supplement. <B>We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in outside sources.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">According to publicly available information, NVIDIA
Corporation is a full-stack computing infrastructure company with data-center-scale offerings whose full-stack includes the CUDA programming
model that runs on all of its graphics processing units (GPUs), as well as domain-specific software libraries, software development kits
and Application Programming Interfaces.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The issuer of the Underlier&rsquo;s SEC file number
is 000-23985. The Underlier is listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market under the ticker symbol &ldquo;NVDA.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Historical Information</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following graph sets forth historical closing
values of the Underlier for the period from January 1, 2015 to December 17, 2025. The red line represents the Coupon Threshold and Barrier
Value. We obtained the information in the graph from Bloomberg Financial Markets, without independent investigation. <B>We cannot give
you assurance that the performance of the Underlier will result in the return of all of your initial investment.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt"><IMG SRC="image_001.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="height: 352px; width: 553px"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><I>PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE
RESULTS.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 10; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D">P-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->10<!-- Field: /Sequence --></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #003260"><TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 40%">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #B8C4D9"><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; padding-bottom: 6pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 6pt"> <P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</P><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D"></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D"><B>UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME
TAX CONSIDERATIONS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You should review carefully the section in the
accompanying product supplement entitled &ldquo;United States Federal Income Tax Considerations.&rdquo; The following discussion, when
read in combination with that section, constitutes the full opinion of our counsel, Davis Polk &amp; Wardwell LLP, regarding the material
U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of the Notes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Generally, this discussion assumes that you purchased
the Notes for cash in the original issuance at the stated issue price and does not address other circumstances specific to you, including
consequences that may arise due to any other investments relating to the Underlier. You should consult your tax adviser regarding the
effect any such circumstances may have on the U.S. federal income tax consequences of your ownership of a Note.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In the opinion of our counsel, it is reasonable
to treat the Notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes as prepaid financial contracts with associated coupons, and any coupons as ordinary
income, as described in the section entitled &ldquo;United States Federal Income Tax Considerations&mdash;Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders&mdash;Notes
Treated as Prepaid Financial Contracts with Associated Coupons&rdquo; in the accompanying product supplement. There is uncertainty regarding
this treatment, and the Internal Revenue Service (the &ldquo;IRS&rdquo;) or a court might not agree with it. A different tax treatment
could be adverse to you.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We do not plan to request a ruling from the IRS
regarding the treatment of the Notes. An alternative characterization of the Notes could materially and adversely affect the tax consequences
of ownership and disposition of the Notes, including the timing and character of income recognized. In addition, the U.S. Treasury Department
and the IRS have requested comments on various issues regarding the U.S. federal income tax treatment of &ldquo;prepaid forward contracts&rdquo;
and similar financial instruments and have indicated that such transactions may be the subject of future regulations or other guidance.
Furthermore, members of Congress have proposed legislative changes to the tax treatment of derivative contracts. Any legislation, Treasury
regulations or other guidance promulgated after consideration of these issues could materially and adversely affect the tax consequences
of an investment in the Notes, possibly with retroactive effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Non-U.S. Holders.</B> The U.S. federal income
tax treatment of the coupons is unclear. To the extent that we have withholding responsibility in respect of the Notes, we would expect
generally to treat the coupons as subject to U.S. withholding tax. Moreover, you should expect that, if the applicable withholding agent
determines that withholding tax should apply, it will be at a rate of 30% (or lower treaty rate). In order to claim an exemption from,
or a reduction in, the 30% withholding under an applicable treaty, you may need to comply with certification requirements to establish
that you are not a U.S. person and are eligible for such an exemption or reduction under an applicable tax treaty. You should consult
your tax adviser regarding the tax treatment of the coupons.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As discussed under &ldquo;United States Federal
Income Tax Considerations&mdash;Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders&mdash;Dividend Equivalents under Section 871(m) of the Code&rdquo;
in the accompanying product supplement, Section 871(m) of the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder (&ldquo;Section
871(m)&rdquo;) generally impose a 30% withholding tax on dividend equivalents paid or deemed paid to Non-U.S. Holders with respect to
certain financial instruments linked to U.S. equities or indices that include U.S. equities. The Treasury regulations, as modified by
an IRS notice, exempt financial instruments issued prior to January 1, 2027 that do not have a &ldquo;delta&rdquo; of one. Based on certain
determinations made by us, our counsel is of the opinion that Section 871(m) should not apply to the Notes with regard to Non-U.S. Holders.
Our determination is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS may disagree with this determination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will not be required to pay any additional amounts
with respect to U.S. federal withholding taxes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You should consult your tax adviser regarding the
U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the Notes, including possible alternative treatments, as well as tax consequences
arising under the laws of any state, local or non-U.S. taxing jurisdiction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 11; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D">P-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->11<!-- Field: /Sequence --></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #003260"><TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 40%">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #B8C4D9"><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; padding-bottom: 6pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 6pt"> <P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</P><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D"></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D"><B>SUPPLEMENTAL PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
(CONFLICTS OF INTEREST)</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Notes are offered initially to investors at
a purchase price equal to par, except with respect to certain accounts as indicated on the cover page of this pricing supplement. We or
one of our affiliates may pay the underwriting discount as set forth on the cover page of this pricing supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The value of the Notes shown on your account statement
may be based on RBCCM&rsquo;s estimate of the value of the Notes if RBCCM or another of our affiliates were to make a market in the Notes
(which it is not obligated to do). That estimate will be based on the price that RBCCM may pay for the Notes in light of then-prevailing
market conditions, our creditworthiness and transaction costs. For a period of approximately three months after the Issue Date, the value
of the Notes that may be shown on your account statement may be higher than RBCCM&rsquo;s estimated value of the Notes at that time. This
is because the estimated value of the Notes will not include the underwriting discount or our hedging costs and profits; however, the
value of the Notes shown on your account statement during that period may initially be a higher amount, reflecting the addition of the
underwriting discount and our estimated costs and profits from hedging the Notes. This excess is expected to decrease over time until
the end of this period. After this period, if RBCCM repurchases your Notes, it expects to do so at prices that reflect their estimated
value.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">RBCCM or another of its affiliates or agents may
use this pricing supplement in the initial sale of the Notes. In addition, RBCCM or another of our affiliates may use this pricing supplement
in a market-making transaction in the Notes after their initial sale. <B><I>Unless we or our agent informs the purchaser otherwise in
the confirmation of sale, this pricing supplement is being used in a market-making transaction.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">For additional information about the settlement
cycle of the Notes, see &ldquo;Plan of Distribution&rdquo; in the accompanying prospectus. For additional information as to the relationship
between us and RBCCM, see the section &ldquo;Plan of Distribution&mdash;Conflicts of Interest&rdquo; in the accompanying prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D"><B>STRUCTURING THE NOTES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Notes are our debt securities. As is the case
for all of our debt securities, including our structured notes, the economic terms of the Notes reflect our actual or perceived creditworthiness.
In addition, because structured notes result in increased operational, funding and liability management costs to us, we typically borrow
the funds under structured notes at a rate that is lower than the rate that we might pay for a conventional fixed or floating rate debt
security of comparable maturity. The lower internal funding rate, the underwriting discount and the hedging-related costs relating to
the Notes reduce the economic terms of the Notes to you and result in the initial estimated value for the Notes being less than their
public offering price. Unlike the initial estimated value, any value of the Notes determined for purposes of a secondary market transaction
may be based on a secondary market rate, which may result in a lower value for the Notes than if our initial internal funding rate were
used.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In order to satisfy our payment obligations under
the Notes, we may choose to enter into certain hedging arrangements (which may include call options, put options or other derivatives)
with RBCCM and/or one of our other subsidiaries. The terms of these hedging arrangements take into account a number of factors, including
our creditworthiness, interest rate movements, volatility and the tenor of the Notes. The economic terms of the Notes and the initial
estimated value depend in part on the terms of these hedging arrangements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">See &ldquo;Selected Risk Considerations&mdash;Risks
Relating to the Initial Estimated Value of the Notes and the Secondary Market for the Notes&mdash;The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes
Is Less Than the Public Offering Price&rdquo; above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D"><B>VALIDITY OF THE NOTES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In the opinion of Norton Rose Fulbright Canada
LLP, as Canadian counsel to the Bank, the issue and sale of the Notes has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the
Bank in conformity with the indenture, and when the Notes have been duly executed, authenticated and issued in accordance with the indenture
and delivered against payment therefor, the Notes will be validly issued and, to the extent validity of the Notes is a matter governed
by the laws of the Province of Ontario or Qu&eacute;bec, or the federal laws of Canada applicable therein, will be valid obligations of
the Bank, subject</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 12; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D">P-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->12<!-- Field: /Sequence --></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #003260"><TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 40%">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #B8C4D9"><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; padding-bottom: 6pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 6pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 6pt"> <P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">Auto-Callable Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes with Memory Coupon Linked to the Common Stock of NVIDIA Corporation</P><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 12pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">&nbsp;</P><P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #17365D"></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">to the following limitations: (i) the enforceability
of the indenture may be limited by the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Act (Canada), the Winding-up and Restructuring Act (Canada)
and bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, receivership, moratorium, arrangement or winding-up laws or other similar laws of general
application affecting the enforcement of creditors&rsquo; rights generally; (ii) the enforceability of the indenture is subject to general
equitable principles, including the principle that the availability of equitable remedies, such as specific performance and injunction,
may only be granted at the discretion of a court of competent jurisdiction; (iii) under applicable limitations statutes generally, including
that the enforceability of the indenture will be subject to the limitations contained in the Limitations Act, 2002 (Ontario), and such
counsel expresses no opinion as to whether a court may find any provision of the indenture to be unenforceable as an attempt to vary or
exclude a limitation period under such applicable limitations statutes; (iv) rights to indemnity and contribution under the Notes or the
indenture which may be limited by applicable law; and (v) courts in Canada are precluded from giving a judgment in any currency other
than the lawful money of Canada and such judgment may be based on a rate of exchange in existence on a day other than the day of payment,
as prescribed by the Currency Act (Canada). This opinion is given as of the date hereof and is limited to the laws of the Provinces of
Ontario and Qu&eacute;bec and the federal laws of Canada applicable therein. In addition, this opinion is subject to customary assumptions
about the trustee&rsquo;s authorization, execution and delivery of the indenture and the genuineness of signatures and to such counsel&rsquo;s
reliance on the Bank and other sources as to certain factual matters, all as stated in the opinion letter of such counsel dated December
20, 2023, which has been filed as Exhibit 5.3 to the Bank&rsquo;s Form 6-K filed with the SEC dated December 20, 2023. References to the
&ldquo;indenture&rdquo; in this paragraph mean the Indenture as defined in the opinion of Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP dated December
20, 2023, as further amended and supplemented by the sixth supplemental indenture dated as of July 23, 2024.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In the opinion of Davis Polk &amp; Wardwell LLP,
as special United States products counsel to the Bank, when the Notes offered by this pricing supplement have been issued by the Bank
pursuant to the indenture, the trustee has made, in accordance with the indenture, the appropriate notation to the master note evidencing
such Notes (the &ldquo;master note&rdquo;), and such Notes have been delivered against payment as contemplated herein, such Notes will
be valid and binding obligations of the Bank, enforceable in accordance with their terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency
and similar laws affecting creditors&rsquo; rights generally, concepts of reasonableness and equitable principles of general applicability
(including, without limitation, concepts of good faith, fair dealing and the lack of bad faith) and possible judicial or regulatory actions
or applications giving effect to governmental actions or foreign laws affecting creditors&rsquo; rights, <I>provided </I>that such counsel
expresses no opinion as to (i) the enforceability of any waiver of rights under any usury or stay law or (ii) the effect of fraudulent
conveyance, fraudulent transfer or similar provision of applicable law on the conclusions expressed above. This opinion is given as of
the date hereof and is limited to the laws of the State of New York. Insofar as the foregoing opinion involves matters governed by the
laws of the Provinces of Ontario and Qu&eacute;bec and the federal laws of Canada, you have received, and we understand that you are relying
upon, the opinion of Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP, Canadian counsel for the Bank, set forth above. In addition, this opinion is subject
to customary assumptions about the trustee&rsquo;s authorization, execution and delivery of the indenture and the authentication of the
master note and the validity, binding nature and enforceability of the indenture with respect to the trustee, all as stated in the opinion
of Davis Polk &amp; Wardwell LLP dated May 16, 2024, which has been filed as an exhibit to the Bank&rsquo;s Form 6-K filed with the SEC
on May 16, 2024. References to the &ldquo;indenture&rdquo; in this paragraph mean the Indenture as defined in the opinion of Davis Polk
&amp; Wardwell LLP dated May 16, 2024, as further amended and supplemented by the sixth supplemental indenture dated as of July 23, 2024.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 13; Options: Last -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #17365D">P-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->13<!-- Field: /Sequence --></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; color: #17365D">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

</BODY>
</HTML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-FILING FEES
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>dp238983_exfilingfees.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-FILING FEES
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'?>
<!-- Template (c) 2024-2025 Novaworks, LLC -->
<!-- Field: Set; Name: AliasFileType; Value: Forms View; Template: Fee Exhibit\Fee Exhibit FC.xds -->
<!-- Field: Set; Name: Platform; Value: Novaworks Fee Exhibit Editor; Version: 1.2b -->
<!-- Field: Set; Name: Control; Value: VGVtcGxhdGU6IChkZWZhdWx0KQ0KQmFzZSBGb250OiBUaW1lcyBOZXcgUm9tYW4sIFRpbWVzLCBTZXJpZg0KQ2FwdGlvbiBTaXplOiAxMnB0DQpUYWJsZSBUaXRsZSBTaXplOiAxMXB0DQpUYWJsZSBIZWFkIFNpemU6IDhwdA0KVGFibGUgQm9keSBTaXplOiAxMHB0 -->
<!-- Field: Set; Name: MD5; Value: cd97fb10c5efa7ad383a3a11a2e338ba -->
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:xbrldi="http://xbrl.org/2006/xbrldi" xmlns:iso4217="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217" xmlns:ix="http://www.xbrl.org/2013/inlineXBRL" xmlns:ixt="http://www.xbrl.org/inlineXBRL/transformation/2015-02-26" xmlns:ixt-sec="http://www.sec.gov/inlineXBRL/transformation/2015-08-31" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025" xmlns:ffd="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025">
<head>
  <title>Filing Fee Exhibit</title>
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html"/>
  </head>
<body style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<div style="display: none">
  <ix:header>
    <ix:hidden>
      <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:SubmissnTp" contextRef="c_report" id="fee_001">424B2</ix:nonNumeric>
      <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:FeeExhibitTp" contextRef="c_report" id="fee_002">EX-FILING FEES</ix:nonNumeric>
      <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityCentralIndexKey" contextRef="c_report" id="fee_003">0001000275</ix:nonNumeric>
      <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:RegnFileNb" contextRef="c_report" id="fee_004">333-275898</ix:nonNumeric>
      <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:OfferingTableNa" contextRef="c_report" id="fee_005">N/A</ix:nonNumeric>
      <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:OffsetTableNa" contextRef="c_report" id="fee_006">N/A</ix:nonNumeric>
      <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:CombinedProspectusTableNa" contextRef="c_report" id="fee_007">N/A</ix:nonNumeric>
      </ix:hidden>
    <ix:references>
      <link:schemaRef xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025/ffd-2025.xsd" xlink:type="simple"/>
      </ix:references>
    <ix:resources>
      <xbrli:context id="c_report">
        <xbrli:entity>
          <xbrli:identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0001000275</xbrli:identifier>
          </xbrli:entity>
        <xbrli:period>
          <xbrli:startDate>2025-12-19</xbrli:startDate>
          <xbrli:endDate>2025-12-19</xbrli:endDate>
          </xbrli:period>
        </xbrli:context>
      <xbrli:unit id="USD">
        <xbrli:measure>iso4217:USD</xbrli:measure>
        </xbrli:unit>
      <xbrli:unit id="pure">
        <xbrli:measure>xbrli:pure</xbrli:measure>
        </xbrli:unit>
      <xbrli:unit id="shares">
        <xbrli:measure>xbrli:shares</xbrli:measure>
        </xbrli:unit>
      </ix:resources>
    </ix:header>
  </div>

<p style="font: bold 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: right">Ex-Filing Fees</p>

<p style="font: bold 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center">CALCULATION OF FILING FEE TABLES</p>

<p style="font: bold 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center"><ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:FormTp" contextRef="c_report" id="fee_008">F-3</ix:nonNumeric></p>

<p style="font: bold 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityRegistrantName" contextRef="c_report" id="fee_009">ROYAL BANK OF CANADA</ix:nonNumeric></p>

<p style="font: bold 11pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-top: Gray 3pt double; padding-top: 6pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 4pt">Narrative Disclosure</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt">
The maximum aggregate offering price of the securities to which the prospectus relates is $<ix:nonFraction name="ffd:NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" unitRef="USD" contextRef="c_report" id="ixv-40">23,751,000</ix:nonFraction>.
<ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:FnlPrspctsFlg" contextRef="c_report" format="ixt:booleantrue" id="ixv-41">The prospectus is a final prospectus for the related offering(s).</ix:nonNumeric></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt">&#160;</p>


</body>
</html>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>GRAPHIC
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>image_002.jpg
<DESCRIPTION>GRAPHIC
<TEXT>
begin 644 image_002.jpg
M_]C_X  02D9)1@ ! 0$ 8 !@  #_VP!#  @&!@<&!0@'!P<)"0@*#!0-# L+
M#!D2$P\4'1H?'AT:'!P@)"XG("(L(QP<*#<I+# Q-#0T'R<Y/3@R/"XS-#+_
MVP!# 0@)"0P+#!@-#1@R(1PA,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R
M,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C+_P  1" !+ )D# 2(  A$! Q$!_\0
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MZ[VZ72U5]]NISU(J3Y9.R:W[:K\.Y4NO#\[V=M?Z9%+=VLL:[_+&]HI,?,K
M<CGI[$5Z!:7-S?6=L%L=:L>$B,<*+&L8X&06ZKWZ9KDKC2-9\-LVJ:'=23:<
MX\Q9X3D;?]M?;Z8^E;^G>*--U>"&YU&Y>UU"/<BQ?:9(X'; (8X/ _\ K]>*
M^8S657%485*=JD(MV:OS1;Z2A;ILW;2VJWOVX-0I3<9>Y)VT=K/S3_3SW[<K
MJ?AS5+K7=1%E:W5U''.RF5N2QSW)ZFJ%UX<UFR@:>XTZX2)?O-MR!]<5VL=M
MJ]]?F37M8GL48N\5I9.<LH!)/RY '!P3DFM'3K);JSAN+'4-:MI9I I6[+R;
M I^;CH,CH3D5L\^K8:$8R<6DDFTI-;?S*RZ/51:6Q']G4ZLFTFF[]5W[:OJM
MW<X'PQ_KM5_[!-Y_Z*:N/KT;*GQ9XFV0"!1I]Z @7'2)AG'OU_&O.:^FC5]J
ME4M;F47;U5_U,*,.2+CV;7XA70^$M<M-'NKV#4HI9-.U"U>UN/)QO0'!#KG@
MD$5SU:&C:)J&OWXL=,M_/N2I<)O5.!UY8@422:U-E>^AJ21Z#HMU!J.EZU+J
M$\$\<L,#V31#Y6!.]B?;MG/M6[<:IX9@E\1ZK::O<37&LVLR+9-:,IA>1PY#
M/G! (QQZUS%EX2UW4-<N=&M=/=]0MMWG0EU79@@'DG'4COSFLF>"2VN);>9=
MDL3E'7/1@<$5/*GU*NUT/3KN#0O^$>\%7FLZO+9_9K4R+!%;-(TP$F<!@<*>
M,<UBIXNL9]$\:QSJ\=UK5Q'-;QJN0,2%B">V :Y.\U6]O[6SMKF<R0V<9C@7
M:!L4G)' YY]:FT/2&UN_>T281%8)9]Q&>$0OC\<8J5!)>]_6MQ\UWH=AXD\6
MZ/>:GX;U^PEGDU#3H;>.2SDAVH/+8L<OGN3@8!]?:IKO7_#2OXEU2VU*XEN=
M<M7C6S:U(,#L0Q#/G!Y&./6O-Z*?LD+G9UOBSQ!8:QX>\,65HTAFTZT,-P&3
M #?+T/?H:Y*K^K:+J.ASPPZE;F"2:%9XU+*V4)(!X)QT-4*N*26A+;;U"BBB
MJ$:GA_\ Y"K?]>MS_P"B'K9TR_L)+-=,U:*0V_F%X[B(_/ 3C/'=3@9%8WA_
M_D*M_P!>MS_Z(>BK5"-:#C*ZV::T:?=/^NS31Q8BHX3378[:?^W_  ;##Y#B
MYTL2>;'*N2CJP^ZP[ \'Z]#2MHVD^*[5;W3)(].U"0LK6;GY'<8)VGMP1T_+
MK6)9^*M1M-.CL"ZS6R-_JIAN5DQRA![?RJ#5GLF>&[TL2012\M;EB?)D'7![
MCH0?\*\2&!Q,:B<FH5+OWXK22WM..UWO]]FGH]I8BDXZ>]'3W7NO\+\O\KIE
MV;4YK22UMKMYX+FS@EM950\]&"]\<!L9]A5NUU:)-%8-JFL)FY7#Q$;_ +IR
M!\_3I^E5YYK+7-'@O+ZY:"^MY!#<3"/>TRD$HQ&1DC:1GZ5I^'[_ ,/Z9*B_
MV[J(4$E5,9CBW'NP4DD>V:SQ"@J#?LI.<7JE%M73;T?*]'S76^CU6A5)MU/C
M7*UHV^]MU==M?,8723Q!J\B-*Q;0IF9I1AR3:]6'KZ^]>;5Z!:>9_P )#XB\
MZZ%U)_9U[F=1@/\ NFYQV^E>?UZN'CRTH17\L?R]%W[+T6Q4'?F?FPKK? 4I
MMKG7;Q3AK?1KEU/HQVJ/U:N2J>WO;FUCGC@F>-+B/RY0IQO7(.#[9 _*M9*Z
ML:)V=SURXUA-/TV#Q@A47>OW%E&0.-@AP9B/8L@!K)EM_P"P[OQUK5J$.IV-
M\(X"Z!Q#'+*<N 01G&!GMD^M>=RW]W/96UG+<2/;6Q8PQ%OEC+'+8';)JU%X
MBU>'4KC4(]0F%W<J5FD)SY@/9@>".!UK)4FB^<]4TTIJWBSP!<7T,$TEW97#
MW&85 E;8_+ #!Z#M7.Z#KU[KWC5DU2=?)MK.]C0PP(I1#$^<!0 < <9]*Y%_
M%&N27]M?-JEP;JU4K!)NP8@1@A?08JA;WUU:7#W%O.\<SJRLZG!(8$,/Q!-"
MI YGHFJ>'].BUSPGHL,J/X:O665+M#A[EV(#[SV(X4#L#ZYJ7QAK^C0+KWAV
M6QGD:)_+LD%G%&EF4/!5@=Q4C&<]<^]><_VG>_V<FGFYD-HDGFI"3E5?U'H?
MI5VZ\5:[>VLEM<ZI<2Q2*$DW-S(HZ!CU;H.II^S=U=ASH[KXHZA.-9\/V,L(
MN+!;*VG-N$ :1LN"N\#=R.,9QWQFI_%BQ:[X(O\ 4](NK1K*UFC\VPGL4BGL
M.=OEJP[9(^N.O4'SVX\4:[=6UK;S:M=O%:LKP*9#^[9?ND>X['M3;[Q-K6IV
MKVUYJ4\L#L'="V [#NV/O'W-)4VDO(;FG<RJ***W,C4\/_\ (5;_ *];G_T0
M]>A?"K3;'5;S58+ZPM[L);B2,2QABK XX^N?TKSSP^T:ZNHDE2,20S1!I&"J
M&:)U7)/ &2.3P*[OPCJ3^!+F\N-9TZ]$-[;>5"\48*L<YR&) (^A--W=.48[
MG/.RJQE+;4NZKI=I#X$N[K7])L=*U@R#[#';CRY)!D9)3)XZ]1_3,EC8H_@;
M0[RUTW03=322QS2ZAY<8<*V%ZD9..N.:Q5\7V>I>#9=&U^WEN+NW7_B77:*I
M:/C[K$D'' '?@^PJ--:T&]\(:7HVHMJ44ME+*Y:WA1U;>V<?,X_E5<D[6??\
M+=-?Z9ASPO=6V_&_73?]#1UGPW97/Q(L]%MH9+.TNQ$9?*!$;G:2S19ZKUP>
M><U5U;6]-T/7;O2[+PWI<MG:3/ QND:267:2"Q?/!R#TZ5!J7C3=JFB3:5;M
M%;:*BI;"X(9Y,8R7QZXQ@=*LZOJG@[Q%?G49+/6+.]G.Z>"U$<B2.>X)(()^
MGX548R5N=.UOQ\]>WW"E*+OR-)W_  MTT[_>8_AQ@]UK#!0@.E7A"CH/W3<5
MQM=U;VIT"/5[K48GL5FL)X;6WN"!-(9!L4;>&P 22V ./<5EZIX3&G:.UVMX
MLDT0S,F, #?LX]?FZ'^( GC'.=6<>?3R.K#1DJ>OF<S1112-@HHHH **** "
MBBB@ HHHH **** "M32?$>L:&'73=0F@C?[\0.Y&^J'*G\16712:3W ZRW\7
MV5S,G]L>'M+F3^*2VA:%S^$;JN?PK475_APXS+IFN1GL(63'_CSDUY_119]&
MU\Q.,7NE]QW%UX@\&00M_9N@333#[IOF?'XA)16;)XZUA4*:<MII*E=K?V=;
MK$Q'N_+G_OJN9HHM??7U!)+96'S32W$SS32/)*YRSNQ)8^I)ZU--J%Y<6L=M
M-<R/#'C:C-D# P/R&<>E5J*=AA1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% '__
!V0$!

end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>GRAPHIC
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>image_001.jpg
<DESCRIPTION>GRAPHIC
<TEXT>
begin 644 image_001.jpg
M_]C_X  02D9)1@ ! 0$ 8 !@  #_VP!#  @&!@<&!0@'!P<)"0@*#!0-# L+
M#!D2$P\4'1H?'AT:'!P@)"XG("(L(QP<*#<I+# Q-#0T'R<Y/3@R/"XS-#+_
MVP!# 0@)"0P+#!@-#1@R(1PA,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R
M,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C+_P  1" %@ BD# 2(  A$! Q$!_\0
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MHH *K7TTD,"&(J'>5$RPR!N8 \?C5FJ>I?ZB'_KXB_\ 0Q0 _P J\_Y^H_\
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M_P"RJS10!6\J\_Y^H_\ OS_]E1Y5Y_S]1_\ ?G_[*K-% %;RKS_GZC_[\_\
MV5'E7G_/U'_WY_\ LJLT4 5O*O/^?J/_ +\__94>5>?\_4?_ 'Y_^RJS10!6
M\J\_Y^H_^_/_ -E1Y5Y_S]1_]^?_ +*K-% %;RKS_GZC_P"_/_V5'E7G_/U'
M_P!^?_LJLT4 5O*O/^?J/_OS_P#94>5>?\_4?_?G_P"RJS10!6\J\_Y^H_\
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M_P"RJS10!6\J\_Y^H_\ OS_]E21M<)=B*65)%:,MPFW!!'N?6K55V_Y",?\
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MY,7_ #S3_OD4>3%_SS3_ +Y% #?M,'_/>/\ [[%'VF#_ )[Q_P#?8IWDQ?\
M/-/^^11Y,7_/-/\ OD4 -^TP?\]X_P#OL4?:8/\ GO'_ -]BG>3%_P \T_[Y
M%'DQ?\\T_P"^10 W[3!_SWC_ .^Q1]I@_P">\?\ WV*=Y,7_ #S3_OD4>3%_
MSS3_ +Y% #?M,'_/>/\ [[%'VF#_ )[Q_P#?8IWDQ?\ /-/^^11Y,7_/-/\
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M +Y% #?M,'_/>/\ [[%'VF#_ )[Q_P#?8IWDQ?\ /-/^^11Y,7_/-/\ OD4
M-^TP?\]X_P#OL4?:8/\ GO'_ -]BG>3%_P \T_[Y%'DQ?\\T_P"^10 W[3!_
MSWC_ .^Q1]I@_P">\?\ WV*=Y,7_ #S3_OD4>3%_SS3_ +Y% #?M,'_/>/\
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M0 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%%
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M 5_MUM_SU'Y&C[=;?\]1^1JQ10!7^W6W_/4?D:/MUM_SU'Y&K%% %?[=;?\
M/4?D:C2>*;44\M]V(6SQ[K5RJ[?\A&/_ *Y/_-: +%%%% !1110 4444 %4]
M2_U$/_7Q%_Z&*N53U+_40_\ 7Q%_Z&* +E%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110
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MD@'T))-5[FTMK*QMX+2"*"%;F(B.) JC+C/ H M?:U_YY3_]^C1]K7_GE/\
M]^C5BB@"O]K7_GE/_P!^C1]K7_GE/_WZ-6** *_VM?\ GE/_ -^C1]K7_GE/
M_P!^C5BB@"O]K7_GE/\ ]^C1]K7_ )Y3_P#?HU8HH K_ &M?^>4__?HT?:U_
MYY3_ /?HU8HH K_:U_YY3_\ ?HT?:U_YY3_]^C5BB@"O]K7_ )Y3_P#?HT?:
MU_YY3_\ ?HU8HH K_:U_YY3_ /?HT?:U_P">4_\ WZ-6** *_P!K7_GE/_WZ
M-'VM?^>4_P#WZ-6** *_VM?^>4__ 'Z-'VM?^>4__?HU8HH K_:U_P">4_\
MWZ-'VM?^>4__ 'Z-6** *_VM?^>4_P#WZ-'VM?\ GE/_ -^C5BB@"O\ :U_Y
MY3_]^C1]K7_GE/\ ]^C5BB@"O]K7_GE/_P!^C1]K7_GE/_WZ-6** *_VM?\
MGE/_ -^C1]K7_GE/_P!^C5BB@"O]K7_GE/\ ]^C1]K7_ )Y3_P#?HU8HH K_
M &M?^>4__?HT?:U_YY3_ /?HU8HH K_:U_YY3_\ ?HT?:U_YY3_]^C5BB@"O
M]K7_ )Y3_P#?HT?:U_YY3_\ ?HU8HH K_:U_YY3_ /?HT?:U_P">4_\ WZ-6
M** *_P!K7_GE/_WZ-'VM?^>4_P#WZ-6** *_VM?^>4__ 'Z-'VM?^>4__?HU
M8HH K_:U_P">4_\ WZ-'VM?^>4__ 'Z-6** *_VM?^>4_P#WZ-'VM?\ GE/_
M -^C5BB@"O\ :U_YY3_]^C1]K7_GE/\ ]^C5BB@"O]K7_GE/_P!^C1]K7_GE
M/_WZ-6** *_VM?\ GE/_ -^C1]K7_GE/_P!^C5BB@"O]K7_GE/\ ]^C1]K7_
M )Y3_P#?HU8HH K_ &M?^>4__?HT?:U_YY3_ /?HU8HH K_:U_YY3_\ ?HT?
M:U_YY3_]^C5BB@"O]K7_ )Y3_P#?HU&DHEU%,)(N(F^^A'=?6N-^+5S<6N@Z
M-):W,MO(=:M5W1.5)!+ CCM[5VS?\A&/_KBW\UH L4444 %%,EE2"%Y9&VHB
MEF)[ 5DQ^(HV=#+IVHP6[D*MS+" ASP,@$LH/JP% &S1110 53U+_40_]?$7
M_H8JY5/4O]1#_P!?$7_H8H N4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444
M %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110
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M +^"CSKC_GT/_?P58HH K^=<?\^A_P"_@H\ZX_Y]#_W\%6** *_G7'_/H?\
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M8L_^_HH_X2[P]_T&+/\ [^BCVD.Z#ZIB/^?<ON?^1M45B_\ "7>'O^@Q9_\
M?T4?\)=X>_Z#%G_W]%'M(=T'U3$?\^Y?<_\ (VJ*Q?\ A+O#W_08L_\ OZ*/
M^$N\/?\ 08L_^_HH]I#N@^J8C_GW+[G_ )&U16+_ ,)=X>_Z#%G_ -_11_PE
MWA[_ *#%G_W]%'M(=T'U3$?\^Y?<_P#(VJ*Q?^$N\/?]!BS_ ._HH_X2[P]_
MT&+/_OZ*/:0[H/JF(_Y]R^Y_Y&U16+_PEWA[_H,6?_?T4?\ "7>'O^@Q9_\
M?T4>TAW0?5,1_P ^Y?<_\C:HK%_X2[P]_P!!BS_[^BC_ (2[P]_T&+/_ +^B
MCVD.Z#ZIB/\ GW+[G_D;5%8O_"7>'O\ H,6?_?T4?\)=X>_Z#%G_ -_11[2'
M=!]4Q'_/N7W/_(VJ*Q?^$N\/?]!BS_[^BC_A+O#W_08L_P#OZ*/:0[H/JF(_
MY]R^Y_Y&U16+_P )=X>_Z#%G_P!_11_PEWA[_H,6?_?T4>TAW0?5,1_S[E]S
M_P C:HK%_P"$N\/?]!BS_P"_HH_X2[P]_P!!BS_[^BCVD.Z#ZIB/^?<ON?\
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MK?\ [\?_ &5'V:3^];_]^/\ [*K5%%@YGW*OV:3^];_]^/\ [*C[-)_>M_\
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M *^(O_0Q0!+Y$O\ S]R_]\K_ (4>1+_S]R_]\K_A4]% $'D2_P#/W+_WRO\
MA1Y$O_/W+_WRO^%3T4 0>1+_ ,_<O_?*_P"%'D2_\_<O_?*_X5/10!!Y$O\
MS]R_]\K_ (4>1+_S]R_]\K_A4]% $'D2_P#/W+_WRO\ A1Y$O_/W+_WRO^%3
MT4 0>1+_ ,_<O_?*_P"%'D2_\_<O_?*_X5/10!!Y$O\ S]R_]\K_ (4>1+_S
M]R_]\K_A4]% $'D2_P#/W+_WRO\ A1Y$O_/W+_WRO^%3T4 0>1+_ ,_<O_?*
M_P"%'D2_\_<O_?*_X5/10!!Y$O\ S]R_]\K_ (4>1+_S]R_]\K_A4]% $'D2
M_P#/W+_WRO\ A1Y$O_/W+_WRO^%3T4 0>1+_ ,_<O_?*_P"%'D2_\_<O_?*_
MX5/10!!Y$O\ S]R_]\K_ (4>1+_S]R_]\K_A4]% $'D2_P#/W+_WRO\ A1Y$
MO_/W+_WRO^%3T4 0>1+_ ,_<O_?*_P"%'D2_\_<O_?*_X5/10!!Y$O\ S]R_
M]\K_ (4>1+_S]R_]\K_A4]% $'D2_P#/W+_WRO\ A1Y$O_/W+_WRO^%3T4 0
M>1+_ ,_<O_?*_P"%'D2_\_<O_?*_X5/10!!Y$O\ S]R_]\K_ (4>1+_S]R_]
M\K_A4]% $'D2_P#/W+_WRO\ A1Y$O_/W+_WRO^%3T4 0>1+_ ,_<O_?*_P"%
M'D2_\_<O_?*_X5/10!!Y$O\ S]R_]\K_ (4>1+_S]R_]\K_A4]% $'D2_P#/
MW+_WRO\ A1Y$O_/W+_WRO^%3T4 0>1+_ ,_<O_?*_P"%'D2_\_<O_?*_X5/4
M-U=V]C;/<W<\<$$8R\DK!54>Y/2@!/(E_P"?N7_OE?\ "CR)?^?N7_OE?\*R
M[CQ5IUOXNL?#;;S>WEN\\;+@H O4'G()&2.,<50\9^.;'P?IMI>2(+I9[U;4
MB-^(QR78D _="DD4 4/B):#4['2/#T]W(T6KZE%!*F%W-$@,KXP <?NP,]LU
MV"6TB(J+=2!5& -J\#\J\VT7QAIOCOXJ6(L;>98]&MKUDN' *7"L\48>,^G#
M5ZE0!!Y$O_/W+_WRO^%'D2_\_<O_ 'RO^%3T4 0>1+_S]R_]\K_A1Y$O_/W+
M_P!\K_A4]% $'D2_\_<O_?*_X4>1+_S]R_\ ?*_X5/10!!Y$O_/W+_WRO^%'
MD2_\_<O_ 'RO^%3T4 0>1+_S]R_]\K_A42QNFHINF:3,+?> &.5]!5RJ[?\
M(1C_ .N+?S6@"Q1110 4444 %%(S!5+,0% R2>@JG'K.ERPQS1ZC:/'))Y2.
MLRD,_P#=!SR?:@"[5/4O]1#_ -?$7_H8J5[RUCNEM7N(EN&0NL1<!BHZD#KC
MWJI<W5O>V-O/:SQ3PM<Q8DB<,IPXSR* -*BBB@ HHHH **** "BBB@ HHHH
M**** "BBB@ HHHH **** "BBB@ HHHH **** "BBB@ HHHH **** "BBB@ H
MHHH **** "BBB@ HK$U;Q;HNAZSIFDZC>"&\U)RELI4X8CU/09) &>I-;= !
M1110 4444 %%%% !7BWBWQ'J/Q"UN\\"Z+;I/H]TT ;5;<DB)58-+NR0"1P-
MN0>.^:]<UF0PZ'J$BOL*6TC!P<;<*><]JYOX8^&[#PYX(L18^:?M\<=[,9&W
M'S'C7.#CIQQ0!Y39?#[6M+\-:SJMC-=W&NZ)J2V^DRI&PDDAB<J5V?W&\PGJ
M<@>E7_ ?A;4?^$YN_#?B4-=6]G937AD=&!FDNTC60DDX./G7/KNKWBC'.: ,
M[1-"T_P_I5KIVG0"."VB\J,GEMN2>3U/))_&M&BB@ HHHH **** "BBB@ HH
MHH *KM_R$8_^N+?S6K%5V_Y",?\ UQ;^:T 6**** "BBB@!LBEHG5=N2I W#
M(_$>E<8/!MZ]NX>XM%DGDD$HVNX2-P@)1F.[>/+&,\#..@KM:* .6U#PQ=:G
MJ4D\US#'%,I\S8I+JP1T4*3VP^2/4>]30:5-8Z9MNI(A-/?12N+4%$7E%  Z
M]%!^I-='5/4O]1#_ -?$7_H8H D^R+_SUG_[^FC[(O\ SUG_ ._IJQ10!7^R
M+_SUG_[^FC[(O_/6?_OZ:L44 5_LB_\ /6?_ +^FC[(O_/6?_OZ:L44 5_LB
M_P#/6?\ [^FC[(O_ #UG_P"_IJQ10!7^R+_SUG_[^FC[(O\ SUG_ ._IJQ10
M!7^R+_SUG_[^FC[(O_/6?_OZ:L44 5_LB_\ /6?_ +^FC[(O_/6?_OZ:L44
M5_LB_P#/6?\ [^FC[(O_ #UG_P"_IJQ10!7^R+_SUG_[^FC[(O\ SUG_ ._I
MJQ10!7^R+_SUG_[^FC[(O_/6?_OZ:L44 5_LB_\ /6?_ +^FC[(O_/6?_OZ:
ML44 5_LB_P#/6?\ [^FC[(O_ #UG_P"_IJQ10!7^R+_SUG_[^FC[(O\ SUG_
M ._IJQ10!7^R+_SUG_[^FC[(O_/6?_OZ:L44 5_LB_\ /6?_ +^FC[(O_/6?
M_OZ:L44 5_LB_P#/6?\ [^FC[(O_ #UG_P"_IJQ10!7^R+_SUG_[^FC[(O\
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M_GK/_P!_37"ZC\8?#^G^,X_#ODW4Q\U8)KN-1Y44C' !/?DKDCCFO020H))
M Y)- $'V1?\ GK/_ -_35'5[W3]"TV?4-1OG@MX49V+3X)P,X&3R?052A\>^
M%KG6&TJWUNTGNEA>=A%(&550 M\PXS@YQUP#Z5YU8^$;CXKZ\/%6OSF3PZ+B
M6*RT[>RK);@$)*I5@0Q;D@@'CZ4 )<7_ ,0?B%"NC1:!+X?TF^4F>^N)6=FM
MB/N8/1F!]!^ KUNSTFVL+&WL[9IH[>WC6*)!*QVJHP!U]!5U5"J%'0# I: *
M_P!D7_GK/_W]-'V1?^>L_P#W]-6** *_V1?^>L__ ']-'V1?^>L__?TU8HH
MK_9%_P">L_\ W]-'V1?^>L__ ']-6** *_V1?^>L_P#W]-'V1?\ GK/_ -_3
M5BB@"O\ 9%_YZS_]_31]D7_GK/\ ]_35BB@"O]D7_GK/_P!_31]D7_GK/_W]
M-6** *_V1?\ GK/_ -_34:1"+44P\C9B;[[$]UJY5=O^0C'_ -<6_FM %BBB
MB@ HHHH ***K7>H6=@8OM=S%!YSB./S& W,>PH LU3U+_40_]?$7_H8I\FHV
M4-ZME)=0I<LAD6)G 8J.IQZ=?R-4KG4;*]TV"\MKJ&6V^TQ_O5<%>' /- &M
M15;^T;'_ )_+?_OZO^-']HV/_/Y;_P#?U?\ &@"S15;^T;'_ )_+?_OZO^-'
M]HV/_/Y;_P#?U?\ &@"S15;^T;'_ )_+?_OZO^-']HV/_/Y;_P#?U?\ &@"S
M15;^T;'_ )_+?_OZO^-5+KQ+H-E(([O6]-MW(R%END0D>N": -2BN?N/'7A*
MUC$DWB720I..+R-N?P-5O^%E>"O^AHTO_P "%H ZFBN)F^+/@]=RVFH3:A,&
M*K%8VDLK.?12%P?SIQ^)ND[XU_LKQ%A@26_LB?">Q^7/Y9Z4 =I17%O\3]#1
MPAL==\Q@65/[(GRP'7 V^X_.JZ^.O$MPJ2VGPZU=H'4D&>YAB?/. 4)R.W7\
MO4 [RBN*/B3QR4.WP @8CC=K47!]_EJ$3_%"_B9DL_#>E9  6>66X<'/)RN%
M_P#UT =W17!16_Q3NE-O/J'AJQ5<K]JA@EED?KA@C$*.U2)X:\>^6_F?$%/,
MR=FW1X<8[9Y_E0!W-%<&WA?Q[=3!KGQ\D$8W86STN-<YXP=Q/ &<4MQX)\4N
MVVW^(NJ1P@Y DLX7?/NP XXZ8H [NBN ?X<:I-&S2_$'Q-]I9F/F13JB8_A&
MP#''MC-54OOB;X:NQ%=Z=:>*+ ADCEM'6WG&",-)N^7)&> #R.OJ >DT5P)\
M?^()2AM?AUKKHQ*$SO'$0^,C@D_+_M<#Z]*EM_$'Q OW<Q>"[*Q1./\ 3M4!
M+GU7RT/'UH [FBN%'BWQC92O!J/@.XFD)/E2Z=>QR1-UZEMI7IW'>F/XJ\>Q
MW48/P\#0R# V:O$65O5CC % '>T5PG]I_$VZE6*+P]H-B#AC-<7SRJ >J[4
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M2S@U>6XTW5U_LPIO"WA;>CD@,"),# &2IP0"#CD5TO\ 9EO_ '[K_P "I?\
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M\J !I99)BYY8,Y)8@]1R3TK*7P+H)T$:+<VSWEFIS&+N0S-%P.$9LE>G;WH
MV/[,M_[]U_X%2_\ Q5']F6_]^Z_\"I?_ (JK@  P.!10!BZG]CTN.V>47KBX
MN8K9=EU)PSMM!.6Z5F#Q-X3+Q)_:\X:5S&JM-< [@RJ<@]!EUY.!\P]:V=7T
M9=9>R$US+'!;3B=HHP!YK#[N6QD8//!%9=I\/O#]E'-'%#<$3*%??<NQ."C9
MR3U)C3/TH 9J&K:58Z5-?64MSJT=L^VX%IJ6YH^O7,@Y[!1R20 *;I>L6>J^
M)+_1XK:]C:R)5Y)-0()QCD1[]^#GKC'%:VJ^&].U:"**19K?RIA.CVDIA;>
M0#E<9^\:DAT&RAUIM6S<2710HAEG=UB#8W!%)PN=JYQZ4 3_ -F6_P#?NO\
MP*E_^*H_LRW_ +]U_P"!4O\ \55RB@"G_9EO_?NO_ J7_P"*J2"RAMY3(GFE
MRNW,DSOQ_P ")JQ10 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%%
M!1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %
M%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 44
M44 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !111
M0 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%%
M!7!^(=6\0#Q1JMII>J0V<.G:1'?K'+;+(LKEI00Q)!"XC'3UKO*PM5\':'K=
M^U[J%K)+,\*P2;;B1%DC!)"NJL PRQX(/6@#F7^*,:BRA330]U=Z8;Q%$XPD
M@MC/Y;CJHP",GGVQS3F^*"6D.AQWFD7#7FH64-[-%;'S!#'(VT%<#+=SCC !
MYS71S>#/#\^J?VB^G+]IW!B1(X7/E^5]P';RGRGCD8S38_!.@PQV216LT?V.
M,PP,EW*K+&3GRRP;+)GHI) ["@#H**** "BBB@ HHHH **** "BBB@ HHHH
J**** "BBB@ HHHH **** "BBB@ HHHH **** "BBB@ HHHH **** /_9

end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
							} else { e.nextSibling.style.display='none'; }
							}</script>
</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Submission<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 19, 2025</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_SubmissionLineItems', window );"><strong>Submission [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001000275<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">ROYAL BANK OF CANADA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_RegnFileNb', window );">Registration File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">333-275898<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FormTp', window );">Form Type</a></td>
<td class="text">F-3<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_SubmissnTp', window );">Submission Type</a></td>
<td class="text">424B2<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeExhibitTp', window );">Fee Exhibit Type</a></td>
<td class="text">EX-FILING FEES<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTableNa', window );">Offering Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text">N/A<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OffsetTableNa', window );">Offset Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text">N/A<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa', window );">Combined Prospectus Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text">N/A<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:naItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeeExhibitTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeExhibitTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:feeExhibitTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FormTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FormTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingTableNa">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingTableNa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:naItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OffsetTableNa">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OffsetTableNa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:naItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_RegnFileNb">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_RegnFileNb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_SubmissionLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_SubmissionLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_SubmissnTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_SubmissnTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>R2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
							} else { e.nextSibling.style.display='none'; }
							}</script>
</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fees Summary<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Dec. 19, 2025 </div>
<div>USD ($)</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems', window );"><strong>Fees Summary [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric', window );">Narrative - Max Aggregate Offering Price</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 23,751,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FnlPrspctsFlg', window );">Final Prospectus</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FnlPrspctsFlg">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FnlPrspctsFlg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>8
<FILENAME>Show.js
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
// Edgar(tm) Renderer was created by staff of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.  Data and content created by government employees within the scope of their employment are not subject to domestic copyright protection. 17 U.S.C. 105.
var Show={};Show.LastAR=null,Show.showAR=function(a,r,w){if(Show.LastAR)Show.hideAR();var e=a;while(e&&e.nodeName!='TABLE')e=e.nextSibling;if(!e||e.nodeName!='TABLE'){var ref=((window)?w.document:document).getElementById(r);if(ref){e=ref.cloneNode(!0);
e.removeAttribute('id');a.parentNode.appendChild(e)}}
if(e)e.style.display='block';Show.LastAR=e};Show.hideAR=function(){Show.LastAR.style.display='none'};Show.toggleNext=function(a){var e=a;while(e.nodeName!='DIV')e=e.nextSibling;if(!e.style){}else if(!e.style.display){}else{var d,p_;if(e.style.display=='none'){d='block';p='-'}else{d='none';p='+'}
e.style.display=d;if(a.textContent){a.textContent=p+a.textContent.substring(1)}else{a.innerText=p+a.innerText.substring(1)}}}
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>9
<FILENAME>report.css
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
/* Updated 2009-11-04 */
/* v2.2.0.24 */

/* DefRef Styles */
.report table.authRefData{
	background-color: #def;
	border: 2px solid #2F4497;
	font-size: 1em;
	position: absolute;
}

.report table.authRefData a {
	display: block;
	font-weight: bold;
}

.report table.authRefData p {
	margin-top: 0px;
}

.report table.authRefData .hide {
	background-color: #2F4497;
	padding: 1px 3px 0px 0px;
	text-align: right;
}

.report table.authRefData .hide a:hover {
	background-color: #2F4497;
}

.report table.authRefData .body {
	height: 150px;
	overflow: auto;
	width: 400px;
}

.report table.authRefData table{
	font-size: 1em;
}

/* Report Styles */
.pl a, .pl a:visited {
	color: black;
	text-decoration: none;
}

/* table */
.report {
	background-color: white;
	border: 2px solid #acf;
	clear: both;
	color: black;
	font: normal 8pt Helvetica, Arial, san-serif;
	margin-bottom: 2em;
}

.report hr {
	border: 1px solid #acf;
}

/* Top labels */
.report th {
	background-color: #acf;
	color: black;
	font-weight: bold;
	text-align: center;
}

.report th.void	{
	background-color: transparent;
	color: #000000;
	font: bold 10pt Helvetica, Arial, san-serif;
	text-align: left;
}

.report .pl {
	text-align: left;
	vertical-align: top;
	white-space: normal;
	width: 200px;
	white-space: normal; /* word-wrap: break-word; */
}

.report td.pl a.a {
	cursor: pointer;
	display: block;
	width: 200px;
	overflow: hidden;
}

.report td.pl div.a {
	width: 200px;
}

.report td.pl a:hover {
	background-color: #ffc;
}

/* Header rows... */
.report tr.rh {
	background-color: #acf;
	color: black;
	font-weight: bold;
}

/* Calendars... */
.report .rc {
	background-color: #f0f0f0;
}

/* Even rows... */
.report .re, .report .reu {
	background-color: #def;
}

.report .reu td {
	border-bottom: 1px solid black;
}

/* Odd rows... */
.report .ro, .report .rou {
	background-color: white;
}

.report .rou td {
	border-bottom: 1px solid black;
}

.report .rou table td, .report .reu table td {
	border-bottom: 0px solid black;
}

/* styles for footnote marker */
.report .fn {
	white-space: nowrap;
}

/* styles for numeric types */
.report .num, .report .nump {
	text-align: right;
	white-space: nowrap;
}

.report .nump {
	padding-left: 2em;
}

.report .nump {
	padding: 0px 0.4em 0px 2em;
}

/* styles for text types */
.report .text {
	text-align: left;
	white-space: normal;
}

.report .text .big {
	margin-bottom: 1em;
	width: 17em;
}

.report .text .more {
	display: none;
}

.report .text .note {
	font-style: italic;
	font-weight: bold;
}

.report .text .small {
	width: 10em;
}

.report sup {
	font-style: italic;
}

.report .outerFootnotes {
	font-size: 1em;
}
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>11
<FILENAME>FilingSummary.xml
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<XML>
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<FilingSummary>
  <Version>3.25.3</Version>
  <ProcessingTime/>
  <ReportFormat>html</ReportFormat>
  <ContextCount>1</ContextCount>
  <ElementCount>11</ElementCount>
  <EntityCount>1</EntityCount>
  <FootnotesReported>false</FootnotesReported>
  <SegmentCount>0</SegmentCount>
  <ScenarioCount>0</ScenarioCount>
  <TuplesReported>false</TuplesReported>
  <UnitCount>3</UnitCount>
  <MyReports>
    <Report instance="dp238983_exfilingfees.htm">
      <IsDefault>false</IsDefault>
      <HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports>
      <HtmlFileName>R1.htm</HtmlFileName>
      <LongName>995210 - Document - Submission</LongName>
      <ReportType>Sheet</ReportType>
      <Role>http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable</Role>
      <ShortName>Submission</ShortName>
      <MenuCategory>Cover</MenuCategory>
      <Position>1</Position>
    </Report>
    <Report instance="dp238983_exfilingfees.htm">
      <IsDefault>false</IsDefault>
      <HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports>
      <HtmlFileName>R2.htm</HtmlFileName>
      <LongName>995215 - Document - Fees Summary</LongName>
      <ReportType>Sheet</ReportType>
      <Role>http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable</Role>
      <ShortName>Fees Summary</ShortName>
      <MenuCategory>Cover</MenuCategory>
      <Position>2</Position>
    </Report>
    <Report>
      <IsDefault>false</IsDefault>
      <HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports>
      <LongName>All Reports</LongName>
      <ReportType>Book</ReportType>
      <ShortName>All Reports</ShortName>
    </Report>
  </MyReports>
  <InputFiles>
    <File doctype="EX-FILING FEES" original="dp238983_exfilingfees.htm">dp238983_exfilingfees.htm</File>
  </InputFiles>
  <SupplementalFiles/>
  <BaseTaxonomies>
    <BaseTaxonomy items="2">http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025</BaseTaxonomy>
    <BaseTaxonomy items="9">http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025</BaseTaxonomy>
  </BaseTaxonomies>
  <HasPresentationLinkbase>false</HasPresentationLinkbase>
  <HasCalculationLinkbase>false</HasCalculationLinkbase>
</FilingSummary>
</XML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>JSON
<SEQUENCE>13
<FILENAME>MetaLinks.json
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
{
 "version": "2.2",
 "instance": {
  "dp238983_exfilingfees.htm": {
   "dts": {
    "inline": {
     "local": [
      "dp238983_exfilingfees.htm"
     ]
    },
    "schema": {
     "remote": [
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xl-2003-12-31.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xlink-2003-12-31.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/arcrole/deprecated-2009-12-16.xsd",
      "https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31/types.xsd",
      "https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd",
      "https://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025/ffd-2025.xsd"
     ]
    }
   },
   "keyStandard": 11,
   "keyCustom": 0,
   "axisStandard": 0,
   "axisCustom": 0,
   "memberStandard": 0,
   "memberCustom": 0,
   "hidden": {
    "total": 7,
    "http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025": 1,
    "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025": 6
   },
   "contextCount": 1,
   "entityCount": 1,
   "segmentCount": 0,
   "elementCount": 107,
   "unitCount": 3,
   "baseTaxonomies": {
    "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025": 9,
    "http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025": 2
   },
   "report": {
    "R1": {
     "role": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable",
     "longName": "995210 - Document - Submission",
     "shortName": "Submission",
     "isDefault": "true",
     "groupType": "Fee_Exhibit",
     "subGroupType": "",
     "menuCat": "Cover",
     "order": "1",
     "firstAnchor": {
      "contextRef": "c_report",
      "name": "dei:EntityRegistrantName",
      "unitRef": null,
      "xsiNil": "false",
      "lang": "en-US",
      "decimals": null,
      "ancestors": [
       "p",
       "body",
       "html"
      ],
      "reportCount": 1,
      "baseRef": "dp238983_exfilingfees.htm",
      "first": true,
      "unique": true
     },
     "uniqueAnchor": {
      "contextRef": "c_report",
      "name": "dei:EntityRegistrantName",
      "unitRef": null,
      "xsiNil": "false",
      "lang": "en-US",
      "decimals": null,
      "ancestors": [
       "p",
       "body",
       "html"
      ],
      "reportCount": 1,
      "baseRef": "dp238983_exfilingfees.htm",
      "first": true,
      "unique": true
     }
    },
    "R2": {
     "role": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable",
     "longName": "995215 - Document - Fees Summary",
     "shortName": "Fees Summary",
     "isDefault": "false",
     "groupType": "Fee_Exhibit",
     "subGroupType": "",
     "menuCat": "Cover",
     "order": "2",
     "firstAnchor": {
      "contextRef": "c_report",
      "name": "ffd:NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric",
      "unitRef": "USD",
      "xsiNil": "false",
      "lang": null,
      "decimals": "INF",
      "ancestors": [
       "p",
       "body",
       "html"
      ],
      "reportCount": 1,
      "baseRef": "dp238983_exfilingfees.htm",
      "first": true,
      "unique": true
     },
     "uniqueAnchor": {
      "contextRef": "c_report",
      "name": "ffd:NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric",
      "unitRef": "USD",
      "xsiNil": "false",
      "lang": null,
      "decimals": "INF",
      "ancestors": [
       "p",
       "body",
       "html"
      ],
      "reportCount": 1,
      "baseRef": "dp238983_exfilingfees.htm",
      "first": true,
      "unique": true
     }
    }
   },
   "tag": {
    "ffd_AggtRedRpPricFsclYr": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "AggtRedRpPricFsclYr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Aggregate Redeemed or Repurchased Price, Fiscal Year",
        "terseLabel": "Aggregate Redeemed or Repurchased, FY"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AggtRedRpPricPrrFsclYr": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "AggtRedRpPricPrrFsclYr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Aggregate Redeemed or Repurchased Price, Prior Fiscal Year",
        "terseLabel": "Aggregate Redeemed or Repurchased, Prior FY"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AggtSalesPricFsclYr": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "AggtSalesPricFsclYr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Aggregate Sales Price, Fiscal Year",
        "terseLabel": "Aggregate Sales Price"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AmtRedCdts": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "AmtRedCdts",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Amount of Redemption Credits",
        "terseLabel": "Redemption Credits"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AmtSctiesRcvd": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "AmtSctiesRcvd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Amount of Securities Received",
        "terseLabel": "Amount of Securities Received",
        "documentation": "Amount of securities to be received by the registrant (or cancelled upon issuance of securities to be registered on the form)"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r6"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AmtSctiesRegd": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "AmtSctiesRegd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Amount of Securities Registered",
        "terseLabel": "Amount Registered",
        "documentation": "The amount of securities being registered."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CeasedOprsDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CeasedOprsDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Ceased Operations Date",
        "terseLabel": "Ceased Operations Date"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_CfwdFormTp": {
     "xbrltype": "formTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CfwdFormTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Carry Forward Form Type",
        "terseLabel": "Carry Forward Form Type",
        "documentation": "The Form Type of the prior shelf registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6). This should be an EDGAR submission type (S-3, S-3/A, S-3ASR, etc.), which means there is a fixed set of possible responses. Note that while the XBRL response should be an EDGAR submission type, the human-readable Ex. 107 could include a simpler label (e.g., \"Form S-3\" in the human-readable and \"S-3ASR\" in the XBRL)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CfwdPrevslyPdFee": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CfwdPrevslyPdFee",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Carry Forward Previously Paid Fee",
        "terseLabel": "Filing Fee Previously Paid in Connection with Unsold Securities to be Carried Forward",
        "documentation": "The fee previously paid in connection with the securities being brought forward from the prior shelf registration statement on which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CfwdPrrFctvDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CfwdPrrFctvDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Carry Forward Prior Effective Date",
        "terseLabel": "Carry Forward Initial Effective Date",
        "documentation": "The initial effective date of the prior shelf registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CfwdPrrFileNb": {
     "xbrltype": "fileNumberItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CfwdPrrFileNb",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Carry Forward File Number",
        "terseLabel": "Carry Forward File Number",
        "documentation": "The EDGAR File Number of the prior shelf registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6). If the prior registration statement has a Securities Act File Number and an Investment Company Act File Number, the Securities Act File Number should be used."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CmbndPrspctsItemAxis": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CmbndPrspctsItemAxis",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Combined Prospectus Item [Axis]",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus",
        "documentation": "A sequence number (1, 2, 3...) used to distinguish different references to earlier prospectuses on a single fee bearing submission."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CmbndPrspctsLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CmbndPrspctsLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Combined Prospectus [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CmbndPrspctsTable": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CmbndPrspctsTable",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Combined Prospectus [Table]",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus Table"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa": {
     "xbrltype": "naItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CombinedProspectusTableNa",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Combined Prospectus Table [N/A]",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus Table N/A"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_CshPdByRegistrantInTx": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CshPdByRegistrantInTx",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Cash Paid by Registrant in Transaction",
        "terseLabel": "Cash Consideration Paid",
        "documentation": "Amount of cash consideration paid by registrant in connection with the exchange or other transaction being registered (in a 457(f) calculation)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r12"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CshRcvdByRegistrantInTx": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CshRcvdByRegistrantInTx",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Cash Received by Registrant in Transaction",
        "terseLabel": "Cash Consideration Received",
        "documentation": "Amount of cash consideration received by registrant in connection with the exchange or other transaction being registered (in a 457(f) calculation)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r12"
     ]
    },
    "dei_EntityCentralIndexKey": {
     "xbrltype": "centralIndexKeyItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025",
     "localname": "EntityCentralIndexKey",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Entity Central Index Key",
        "terseLabel": "Central Index Key",
        "documentation": "A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r0"
     ]
    },
    "dei_EntityRegistrantName": {
     "xbrltype": "normalizedStringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025",
     "localname": "EntityRegistrantName",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Entity Registrant Name",
        "terseLabel": "Registrant Name",
        "documentation": "The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r0"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeeAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Amount of Registration Fee",
        "documentation": "Total amount of registration fee (amount due after offsets)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeExhibitTp": {
     "xbrltype": "feeExhibitTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeeExhibitTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Exhibit Type",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Exhibit Type"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_FeeIntrstAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeeIntrstAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Interest Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Interest Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeNote": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeeNote",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Note",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Note"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeNoteMaxAggtOfferingPric": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeeNoteMaxAggtOfferingPric",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Note Maximum Aggregate Offering Price",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Note MAOP"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeRate": {
     "xbrltype": "percentItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeeRate",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Rate",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Rate",
        "documentation": "The rate per dollar of fees that public companies and other issuers pay to register their securities with the Commission."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeesOthrRuleFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fees, Other Rule [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Other Rule",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using a rule other than 457(a), 457(o), or 457(f) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeesSummaryLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fees Summary [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Fees Summary:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FnlPrspctsFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FnlPrspctsFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Final Prospectus [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Final Prospectus"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FormTp": {
     "xbrltype": "submissionTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FormTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Form Type",
        "terseLabel": "Form Type"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_GnlInstrIIhiFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "GnlInstrIIhiFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "General Instruction II.H,I [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "General Instruction II.H,I"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrCity": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrCity",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, City",
        "terseLabel": "City"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrStatOrCtryCd": {
     "xbrltype": "stateOrCountryCodeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrStatOrCtryCd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, State or Country Code",
        "terseLabel": "State or Country Code"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrStrt1": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrStrt1",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, Street 1",
        "terseLabel": "Street 1"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrStrt2": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrStrt2",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, Street 2",
        "terseLabel": "Street 2"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrZipCd": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrZipCd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, Zip Code",
        "terseLabel": "Zip Code"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrNm": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "IssrNm",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Name",
        "terseLabel": "Issuer Name"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "MaxAggtOfferingPric",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Maximum Aggregate Offering Price",
        "terseLabel": "Maximum Aggregate Offering Price",
        "documentation": "The maximum aggregate offering price for the offering that is being registered."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_MaxOfferingPricPerScty": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal4lItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "MaxOfferingPricPerScty",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Maximum Offering Price per Security",
        "terseLabel": "Proposed Maximum Offering Price per Unit",
        "documentation": "The maximum offering price per share/unit being registered."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NetFeeAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "monetaryItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "NetFeeAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Net Fee Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Net Fee"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NetSalesAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "NetSalesAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Net Sales Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Net Sales"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NrrtvDsclsr": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "NrrtvDsclsr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Narrative Disclosure",
        "terseLabel": "Narrative Disclosure"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NrrtvMaxAggtAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "NrrtvMaxAggtAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Narrative Disclosure, Maximum Aggregate Offering Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Narrative - Max Aggregate Offering Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Narrative Disclosure, Maximum Aggregate Offering Price",
        "terseLabel": "Narrative - Max Aggregate Offering Price"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OfferingAxis": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingAxis",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering [Axis]",
        "terseLabel": "Offering",
        "documentation": "A sequence number (1, 2, 3...) used to distinguish different security offerings on a single fee bearing submission."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_OfferingLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Offering:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_OfferingNote": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingNote",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering Note",
        "terseLabel": "Offering Note"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OfferingSctyTitl": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTitleItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingSctyTitl",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering Security Title",
        "terseLabel": "Security Class Title",
        "documentation": "The title of the class of securities being registered (for each class being registered)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OfferingSctyTp": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingSctyTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering Security Type",
        "terseLabel": "Security Type",
        "documentation": "Type of securities: \"Asset-backed Securities\", \"ADRs/ADSs\", \"Debt\", \"Debt Convertible into Equity\", \"Equity\", \"Face Amount Certificates\", \"Limited Partnership Interests\", \"Mortgage Backed Securities\", \"Non-Convertible Debt\", \"Unallocated (Universal) Shelf\", \"Exchange Traded Vehicle Securities\", \"Other\""
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OfferingTable": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingTable",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering [Table]",
        "terseLabel": "Offering:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_OfferingTableNa": {
     "xbrltype": "naItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingTableNa",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering Table [N/A]",
        "terseLabel": "Offering Table N/A"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_OffsetAxis": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetAxis",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset [Axis]",
        "terseLabel": "Offset",
        "documentation": "A sequence number (1, 2, 3...) used to distinguish different offsets as applied to a fee bearing submission."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetClmInitlFilgDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetClmInitlFilgDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Claim Initial Filing Date",
        "terseLabel": "Initial Filing Date",
        "documentation": "The initial filing date of the earlier registration statement with which the earlier (offsetting) fee was paid for a claimed offset. If the offset fee was paid with an amendment, do not provide the amendment date under this element; instead, provide the date of the initial filing (i.e. the \"parent\" filing) ."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetClmdAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetClmdAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Claimed Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "The amount of offsetting fees being claimed."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetClmdInd": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetClmdInd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Claimed Indicator",
        "terseLabel": "Offset Claimed"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetExpltnForClmdAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetExpltnForClmdAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Explanation for Claimed Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Explanation for Claimed Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "terseLabel": "Offset:",
        "label": "Offset [Line Items]"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetNote": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetNote",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Note",
        "terseLabel": "Offset Note"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrFeeAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrFeeAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Fee Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Paid with Fee Offset Source",
        "documentation": "The fee previously paid from which an offset is being derived."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrFileNb": {
     "xbrltype": "fileNumberItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrFileNb",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior File Number",
        "terseLabel": "File Number",
        "documentation": "The EDGAR File Number of the earlier registration statement with which the earlier (offsetting) fee was paid. If the offset filing for the offset has a Securities Act File Number and an Investment Company Act File Number, the Securities Act File Number should be used."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrFilerNm": {
     "xbrltype": "filerNameItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrFilerNm",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Filer Name",
        "terseLabel": "Registrant or Filer Name",
        "documentation": "The name of the registrant that filed the earlier registration statement with which the earlier (offsetting) fee was paid."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrFormTp": {
     "xbrltype": "formTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrFormTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Form Type",
        "terseLabel": "Form or Filing Type",
        "documentation": "The Form Type of the offset filing."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrNbOfUnsoldScties": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeIntegerItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrNbOfUnsoldScties",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Unsold Number of Securities",
        "terseLabel": "Unsold Securities Associated with Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "The number of unsold securities registered on the prior registration statement that are associated with the claimed offset."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrSctyTitl": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTitleItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrSctyTitl",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Security Title",
        "terseLabel": "Security Title Associated with Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "The title of the class of securities from which offset fees were derived."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrSctyTp": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrSctyTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Security Type",
        "terseLabel": "Security Type Associated with Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "Type of securities: \"Asset-backed Securities\", \"ADRs/ADSs\", \"Debt\", \"Debt Convertible into Equity\", \"Equity\", \"Face Amount Certificates\", \"Limited Partnership Interests\", \"Mortgage Backed Securities\", \"Non-Convertible Debt\", \"Unallocated (Universal) Shelf\", \"Exchange Traded Vehicle Securities\", \"Other\""
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrUnsoldOfferingAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrUnsoldOfferingAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Unsold Offering Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Unsold Aggregate Offering Amount Associated with Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "The aggregate offering amount of unsold securities registered on the prior registration statement that are associated with the claimed offset."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetSrcFilgDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetSrcFilgDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Source Filing Date",
        "terseLabel": "Filing Date",
        "documentation": "The filing date of the earlier registration statement with which the earlier (offsetting) fee was paid in an offset."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetTable": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetTable",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "terseLabel": "Offset Payment:",
        "label": "Offset [Table]"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetTableNa": {
     "xbrltype": "naItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetTableNa",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Table [N/A]",
        "terseLabel": "Offset Table N/A"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_PrevslyPdFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "PrevslyPdFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Previously Paid [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Previously Paid"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_RegnFileNb": {
     "xbrltype": "fileNumberItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "RegnFileNb",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Registration File Number",
        "terseLabel": "Registration File Number"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_RptgFsclYrEndDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "RptgFsclYrEndDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Reporting Fiscal Year End Date",
        "terseLabel": "Reporting FY End Date"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_Rule011Flg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule011Flg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 0-11 [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 0-11"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_Rule011a2OffsetFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule011a2OffsetFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "terseLabel": "Rule 0-11(a)(2) Offset",
        "label": "Rule 0-11(a)(2) Offset [Flag]"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_Rule415a6Flg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule415a6Flg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 415(a)(6) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 415(a)(6)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is claiming a 415(a)(6) carryforward."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429AggtOfferingAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429AggtOfferingAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Aggregate Offering Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Maximum Aggregate Offering Price of Securities Previously Registered",
        "documentation": "The maximum aggregate offering amount of unsold securities registered on the prior registration statement that are carried forward under Rule 429. Only applicable if 457(o) was used in the fee calculation for the prior registration statement."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429CmbndPrspctsFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429CmbndPrspctsFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Combined Prospectus [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 429",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using a combined prospectus under Rule 429."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429EarlierFileNb": {
     "xbrltype": "fileNumberItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429EarlierFileNb",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Earlier File Number",
        "terseLabel": "File Number",
        "documentation": "The Securities Act File Number of the earlier effective registration statement(s) from which securities may be offered and sold using the combined prospectus pursuant to Rule 429."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429EarlierFormTp": {
     "xbrltype": "formTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429EarlierFormTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Earlier Form Type",
        "terseLabel": "Form Type",
        "documentation": "The Form Type of the earlier registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under Rule 429. This should be an EDGAR submission type (S-3, S-3/A, S-3ASR, etc.), which means there is a fixed set of possible responses. Note that while the XBRL response should be an EDGAR submission type, the human-readable Ex. 107 could include a simpler label (e.g., \"Form S-3\" in the human-readable and \"S-3ASR\" in the XBRL)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429InitlFctvDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429InitlFctvDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Initial Effective Date",
        "terseLabel": "Initial Effective Date",
        "documentation": "The filing date of the earlier registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under Rule 429."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429NbOfUnsoldScties": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429NbOfUnsoldScties",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Number Of Unsold Securities",
        "terseLabel": "Amount of Securities Previously Registered",
        "documentation": "The number of securities registered on the prior registration statement that are carried forward under Rule 429."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429PrspctsNote": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429PrspctsNote",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Prospectus Note",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus Note"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429SctyTitl": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTitleItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429SctyTitl",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Security Title",
        "terseLabel": "Security Class Title"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429SctyTp": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429SctyTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Security Type",
        "terseLabel": "Security Type"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457aFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457aFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(a) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(a)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(a) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r4"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457bOffsetFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457bOffsetFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(b) Offset [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(b) Offset",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is claiming an offset under Rule 457(b) or 0-11(a)(2)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457fFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457fFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(f) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(f)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(f) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r6"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457oFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457oFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(o) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(o)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(o) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r7"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457pOffsetFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457pOffsetFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(p) Offset [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(p) Offset",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is claiming an offset under Rule 457(p)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457rFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457rFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(r) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(r)"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r9"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457sFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457sFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(s) Flag",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(s)"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r10"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457uFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457uFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(u) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(u)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(u) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r11"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Scties424iAxis": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Scties424iAxis",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Securities, 424I [Axis]",
        "terseLabel": "Securities, 424I"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Scties424iLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Scties424iLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Securities, 424I [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Securities, 424I:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Scties424iTable": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Scties424iTable",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Securities, 424I [Table]",
        "terseLabel": "Securities, 424I Table"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Securities424iTableNa": {
     "xbrltype": "naItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Securities424iNa",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Securities 424I [N/A]",
        "terseLabel": "Securities 424I N/A"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_SubmissionLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "SubmissionLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Submission [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Items"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_SubmissnTp": {
     "xbrltype": "submissionTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "SubmissnTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Submission Type",
        "terseLabel": "Submission Type"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_TermntnCmpltnWdrwl": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TermntnCmpltnWdrwl",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Termination / Completion / Withdrawal Statement",
        "terseLabel": "Termination / Withdrawal Statement"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_TtlFeeAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TtlFeeAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Fee Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Total Fee Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlFeeAndIntrstAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TtlFeeAndIntrstAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Fee and Interest Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Total Fee and Interest Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlOfferingAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TtlOfferingAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Offering Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Total Offering"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlOffsetAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TtlOffsetAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Offset Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Total Offset Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TtlPrevslyPdAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Previously Paid Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Previously Paid Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlTxValtn": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TtlTxValtn",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Transaction Valuation",
        "terseLabel": "Total Transaction Valuation"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TxValtn": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TxValtn",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Transaction Valuation",
        "terseLabel": "Transaction Valuation"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_ValSctiesRcvd": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "ValSctiesRcvd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Value of Securities Received",
        "terseLabel": "Value of Securities Received",
        "documentation": "Value of securities to be received by the registrant (or cancelled upon issuance of securities to be registered on the form)"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r6"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_ValSctiesRcvdPerShr": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal4lItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "ValSctiesRcvdPerShr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Value of Securities Received, Per Share",
        "terseLabel": "Value of Securities Received, Per Share",
        "documentation": "Value per share of securities to be received by the registrant (or cancelled upon issuance of securities to be registered on the form). This is included in the explanation of 457(f) fee calculation."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r6"
     ]
    }
   }
  }
 },
 "std_ref": {
  "r0": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Section": "12",
   "Subsection": "b-2"
  },
  "r1": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230"
  },
  "r2": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "415",
   "Subsection": "a"
  },
  "r3": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "429"
  },
  "r4": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457"
  },
  "r5": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "b"
  },
  "r6": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "f"
  },
  "r7": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "o"
  },
  "r8": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "p"
  },
  "r9": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "r"
  },
  "r10": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "s"
  },
  "r11": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "u"
  },
  "r12": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Subsection": "f",
   "Section": "457"
  }
 }
}
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>ZIP
<SEQUENCE>14
<FILENAME>0000950103-25-016366-xbrl.zip
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
begin 644 0000950103-25-016366-xbrl.zip
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:+FAT;5!+!08      0 ! $<    ^!@     !

end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>15
<FILENAME>dp238983_exfilingfees_htm.xml
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<XML>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<xbrl
  xmlns="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance"
  xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025"
  xmlns:ffd="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025"
  xmlns:iso4217="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217"
  xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
    <link:schemaRef
      xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025/ffd-2025.xsd"
      xlink:type="simple"/>
    <context id="c_report">
        <entity>
            <identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0001000275</identifier>
        </entity>
        <period>
            <startDate>2025-12-19</startDate>
            <endDate>2025-12-19</endDate>
        </period>
    </context>
    <unit id="USD">
        <measure>iso4217:USD</measure>
    </unit>
    <unit id="pure">
        <measure>pure</measure>
    </unit>
    <unit id="shares">
        <measure>shares</measure>
    </unit>
    <ffd:SubmissnTp contextRef="c_report" id="fee_001">424B2</ffd:SubmissnTp>
    <ffd:FeeExhibitTp contextRef="c_report" id="fee_002">EX-FILING FEES</ffd:FeeExhibitTp>
    <dei:EntityCentralIndexKey contextRef="c_report" id="fee_003">0001000275</dei:EntityCentralIndexKey>
    <ffd:RegnFileNb contextRef="c_report" id="fee_004">333-275898</ffd:RegnFileNb>
    <ffd:OfferingTableNa contextRef="c_report" id="fee_005">N/A</ffd:OfferingTableNa>
    <ffd:OffsetTableNa contextRef="c_report" id="fee_006">N/A</ffd:OffsetTableNa>
    <ffd:CombinedProspectusTableNa contextRef="c_report" id="fee_007">N/A</ffd:CombinedProspectusTableNa>
    <ffd:FormTp contextRef="c_report" id="fee_008">F-3</ffd:FormTp>
    <dei:EntityRegistrantName contextRef="c_report" id="fee_009">ROYAL BANK OF CANADA</dei:EntityRegistrantName>
    <ffd:NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric
      contextRef="c_report"
      decimals="INF"
      id="ixv-40"
      unitRef="USD">23751000</ffd:NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric>
    <ffd:FnlPrspctsFlg contextRef="c_report" id="ixv-41">true</ffd:FnlPrspctsFlg>
</xbrl>
</XML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
