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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
______________________________________
FORM 10-Q
______________________________________

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 000-32191
______________________________________
T. ROWE PRICE GROUP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland |  | 52-2264646
(State of incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

100 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202
(Address, including Zip Code, of principal executive offices)
(410) 345-2000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
________________

Common stock, $.20 par value per share | TROW | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
(title of security) | (ticker symbol) | (Name of exchange on which registered)

______________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer (do not check if smaller reporting company) | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
| Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No
The number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s common stock ($.20 par value), as of the latest practicable date,
October 27, 2020, is 226,432,807.
The exhibit index is at Item 6 on page 42.

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in millions, except share data)

|  | 9/30/2020 |  | 12/31/2019
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 2,228.2 |  |  | $ | 1,781.8 |
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue |  | 714.8 |  |  | 646.6 |
Investments |  | 3,030.8 |  |  | 2,939.8 |
Assets of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products ($2,255.3 million at September 30, 2020 and $1,975.3 million at December 31, 2019, related to variable interest entities) |  | 2,442.3 |  |  | 2,276.9 |
Operating lease assets |  | 139.2 |  |  | 110.8 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 681.9 |  |  | 674.4 |
Goodwill |  | 665.7 |  |  | 665.7 |
Other assets |  | 231.7 |  |  | 234.4 |
Total assets |  | $ | 10,134.6 |  |  | $ | 9,330.4 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | $ | 186.9 |  |  | $ | 214.5 |
Liabilities of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products ($36.8 million at September 30, 2020 and $27.0 million at December 31, 2019, related to variable interest entities) |  | 46.5 |  |  | 39.2 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 175.3 |  |  | 146.3 |
Accrued compensation and related costs |  | 583.3 |  |  | 112.1 |
Supplemental savings plan liability |  | 607.2 |  |  | 563.4 |
Income taxes payable |  | 66.7 |  |  | 31.8 |
Total liabilities |  | 1,665.9 |  |  | 1,107.3 |
Commitments and contingent liabilities |  |  |  |
Redeemable non-controlling interests |  | 1,340.2 |  |  | 1,121.0 |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, undesignated, $.20 par value – authorized and unissued 20,000,000 shares |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $.20 par value—authorized 750,000,000; issued 226,375,000 shares at September 30, 2020 and 235,214,000 at December 31, 2019 |  | 45.3 |  |  | 47.0 |
Additional capital in excess of par value |  | 654.6 |  |  | 654.6 |
Retained earnings |  | 6,471.3 |  |  | 6,443.5 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (42.7) |  |  | (43.0) |
Total permanent stockholders’ equity |  | 7,128.5 |  |  | 7,102.1 |
Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interests, and permanent stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 10,134.6 |  |  | $ | 9,330.4 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
Page 2

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(in millions, except per-share amounts)

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
| 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment advisory fees | $ | 1,469.3 |  |  | $ | 1,303.4 |  |  | $ | 4,090.9 |  |  | $ | 3,767.8 |
Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees | 126.5 |  |  | 123.3 |  |  | 382.9 |  |  | 381.4 |
Net revenues | 1,595.8 |  |  | 1,426.7 |  |  | 4,473.8 |  |  | 4,149.2 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and related costs | 552.3 |  |  | 466.3 |  |  | 1,542.0 |  |  | 1,441.0 |
Distribution and servicing | 73.5 |  |  | 64.5 |  |  | 201.2 |  |  | 195.3 |
Advertising and promotion | 14.2 |  |  | 17.1 |  |  | 52.5 |  |  | 58.5 |
Product-related costs | 36.8 |  |  | 38.0 |  |  | 118.0 |  |  | 115.6 |
Technology, occupancy, and facility costs | 115.6 |  |  | 106.5 |  |  | 332.3 |  |  | 309.5 |
General, administrative, and other | 74.5 |  |  | 75.2 |  |  | 238.0 |  |  | 222.6 |
Total operating expenses | 866.9 |  |  | 767.6 |  |  | 2,484.0 |  |  | 2,342.5 |
Net operating income | 728.9 |  |  | 659.1 |  |  | 1,989.8 |  |  | 1,806.7 |
Non-operating income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains on investments | 84.6 |  |  | 32.1 |  |  | 100.6 |  |  | 194.0 |
Net gains on consolidated investment products | 101.2 |  |  | 11.6 |  |  | 13.3 |  |  | 176.3 |
Other income (loss) | 5.8 |  |  | (.7) |  |  | (7.5) |  |  | — |
Total non-operating income | 191.6 |  |  | 43.0 |  |  | 106.4 |  |  | 370.3 |
Income before income taxes | 920.5 |  |  | 702.1 |  |  | 2,096.2 |  |  | 2,177.0 |
Provision for income taxes | 221.9 |  |  | 157.0 |  |  | 502.5 |  |  | 522.0 |
Net income | 698.6 |  |  | 545.1 |  |  | 1,593.7 |  |  | 1,655.0 |
Less: net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | 55.4 |  |  | (.8) |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 69.0 |
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 643.2 |  |  | $ | 545.9 |  |  | $ | 1,589.3 |  |  | $ | 1,586.0 |
Earnings per share on common stock of T. Rowe Price Group |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 2.75 |  |  | $ | 2.26 |  |  | $ | 6.73 |  |  | $ | 6.55 |
Diluted | $ | 2.73 |  |  | $ | 2.23 |  |  | $ | 6.66 |  |  | $ | 6.47 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
Page 3

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in millions)

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
| 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
Net income | $ | 698.6 |  |  | $ | 545.1 |  |  | $ | 1,593.7 |  |  | $ | 1,655.0 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency translation adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products - variable interest entities | 33.4 |  |  | (30.1) |  |  | 24.2 |  |  | (32.2) |
Reclassification (gains) losses recognized in non-operating income upon deconsolidation of certain T. Rowe Price investment products | — |  |  | .1 |  |  | (.1) |  |  | (.1) |
Total currency translation adjustments of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products - variable interest entities | 33.4 |  |  | (30.0) |  |  | 24.1 |  |  | (32.3) |
Equity method investments | .1 |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | (9.4) |  |  | 5.4 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes | 33.5 |  |  | (31.0) |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | (26.9) |
Net deferred tax benefits (income taxes) | (3.2) |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | (.5) |  |  | 2.5 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 30.3 |  |  | (27.6) |  |  | 14.2 |  |  | (24.4) |
Total comprehensive income | 728.9 |  |  | 517.5 |  |  | 1,607.9 |  |  | 1,630.6 |
Less: comprehensive income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | 76.2 |  |  | (18.2) |  |  | 18.3 |  |  | 51.3 |
Total comprehensive income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 652.7 |  |  | $ | 535.7 |  |  | $ | 1,589.6 |  |  | $ | 1,579.3 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
Page 4

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions)

| Nine months ended
| 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1,593.7 |  |  | $ | 1,655.0 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment | 144.0 |  |  | 131.7 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 164.5 |  |  | 136.1 |
Net gains recognized on investments | (75.3) |  |  | (137.3) |
Net investments in T. Rowe Price investment products used to economically hedge supplemental savings plan liability | (19.1) |  |  | (20.5) |
Net change in securities held by consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | (350.8) |  |  | (688.1) |
Other changes in assets and liabilities | 459.9 |  |  | 423.8 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 1,916.9 |  |  | 1,500.7 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Purchases of T. Rowe Price investment products | (240.3) |  |  | (35.0) |
Dispositions of T. Rowe Price investment products | 381.9 |  |  | 112.0 |
Net cash of T. Rowe Price investment products on deconsolidation | (49.1) |  |  | (8.3) |
Additions to property and equipment | (155.4) |  |  | (148.9) |
Other investing activity | 9.8 |  |  | 3.5 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (53.1) |  |  | (76.7) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Repurchases of common stock | (1,158.5) |  |  | (576.0) |
Common share issuances under stock-based compensation plans | 76.2 |  |  | 116.3 |
Dividends paid to common stockholders of T. Rowe Price Group | (635.7) |  |  | (550.4) |
Net subscriptions received from redeemable non-controlling interest holders | 298.7 |  |  | 387.1 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (1,419.3) |  |  | (623.0) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | 3.4 |  |  | (2.2) |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents during period | 447.9 |  |  | 798.8 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period, including $76.5 million at December 31, 2019, and $70.1 million at December 31, 2018, held by consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | 1,858.3 |  |  | 1,495.3 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period, including $78.0 million at September 30, 2020, and $80.9 million at September 30, 2019, held by consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | $ | 2,306.2 |  |  | $ | 2,294.1 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
Page 5

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(shares in thousands; dollars in millions)

| Three months ended 9/30/2020
| Common shares outstanding |  | Common stock |  | Additional capital in excess of par value |  | Retained earnings |  | AOCI(1) |  | Total stockholders’ equity |  | Redeemable non-controlling interests
Balances at June 30, 2020 | 226,990 |  |  | $ | 45.4 |  |  | $ | 654.6 |  |  | $ | 6,102.9 |  |  | $ | (52.2) |  |  | $ | 6,750.7 |  |  | $ | 1,090.1 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 643.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 643.2 |  |  | 55.4 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 20.8 |
Dividends declared ($0.90 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (210.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (210.2) |  |  | — |
Shares issued upon option exercises | 492 |  |  | .1 |  |  | 25.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26.0 |  |  | — |
Restricted shares issued, net of shares withheld for taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net shares issued upon vesting of restricted stock units | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | (1.6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.6) |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52.8 |  |  | — |
Restricted stock units issued as dividend equivalents | — |  |  | — |  |  | .1 |  |  | (.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common shares repurchased | (1,124) |  |  | (.2) |  |  | (77.2) |  |  | (64.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (141.9) |  |  | — |
Net subscriptions into T. Rowe Price investment products | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 217.9 |
Net deconsolidations of T. Rowe Price investment products | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (44.0) |
Balances at September 30, 2020 | 226,375 |  |  | $ | 45.3 |  |  | $ | 654.6 |  |  | $ | 6,471.3 |  |  | $ | (42.7) |  |  | $ | 7,128.5 |  |  | $ | 1,340.2 |
| Three months ended 9/30/2019
| Common shares outstanding |  | Common stock |  | Additional capital in excess of par value |  | Retained earnings |  | AOCI(1) |  | Total stockholders’ equity |  | Redeemable non-controlling interests
Balances at June 30, 2019 | 235,518 |  |  | $ | 47.1 |  |  | $ | 654.6 |  |  | $ | 5,915.9 |  |  | $ | (38.5) |  |  | $ | 6,579.1 |  |  | $ | 1,012.3 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 545.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 545.9 |  |  | (.8) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10.2) |  |  | (10.2) |  |  | (17.4) |
Dividends declared ($0.76 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (182.7) |  |  | — |  |  | (182.7) |  |  | — |
Shares issued upon option exercises | 782 |  |  | .1 |  |  | 36.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36.5 |  |  | — |
Restricted shares issued, net of shares withheld for taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net shares issued upon vesting of restricted stock units | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | — |
Forfeiture of restricted awards | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45.5 |  |  | — |
Restricted stock units issued as dividend equivalents | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common shares repurchased | (1,613) |  |  | (.3) |  |  | (80.7) |  |  | (92.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (173.1) |  |  | — |
Net subscriptions into T. Rowe Price investment products | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 181.1 |
Net deconsolidations of T. Rowe Price investment products | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (72.3) |
Balances at September 30, 2019 | 234,702 |  |  | $ | 46.9 |  |  | $ | 654.6 |  |  | $ | 6,187.0 |  |  | $ | (48.7) |  |  | $ | 6,839.8 |  |  | $ | 1,102.9 |

(1) Accumulated other comprehensive income.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
Page 6

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(shares in thousands; dollars in millions)

| Nine months ended 9/30/2020
| Common shares outstanding |  | Common stock |  | Additional capital in excess of par value |  | Retained earnings |  | AOCI(1) |  | Total stockholders’ equity |  | Redeemable non-controlling interests
Balances at December 31, 2019 | 235,214 |  |  | $ | 47.0 |  |  | $ | 654.6 |  |  | $ | 6,443.5 |  |  | $ | (43.0) |  |  | $ | 7,102.1 |  |  | $ | 1,121.0 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,589.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,589.3 |  |  | 4.4 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | .3 |  |  | .3 |  |  | 13.9 |
Dividends declared ($2.70 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (635.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (635.3) |  |  | — |
Shares issued upon option exercises | 1,856 |  |  | .4 |  |  | 82.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 83.2 |  |  | — |
Restricted shares issued, net of shares withheld for taxes | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares issued upon vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes | 60 |  |  | — |  |  | (4.8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.8) |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 164.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 164.3 |  |  | — |
Restricted stock units issued as dividend equivalents | — |  |  | — |  |  | .2 |  |  | (.2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common shares repurchased | (10,763) |  |  | (2.1) |  |  | (242.5) |  |  | (926.0) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,170.6) |  |  | — |
Net subscriptions into T. Rowe Price investment products | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 307.8 |
Net deconsolidations of T. Rowe Price investment products | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (106.9) |
Balances at September 30, 2020 | 226,375 |  |  | $ | 45.3 |  |  | $ | 654.6 |  |  | $ | 6,471.3 |  |  | $ | (42.7) |  |  | $ | 7,128.5 |  |  | $ | 1,340.2 |
| Nine months ended 9/30/2019
| Common shares outstanding |  | Common stock |  | Additional capital in excess of par value |  | Retained earnings |  | AOCI(1) |  | Total stockholders’ equity |  | Redeemable non-controlling interests
Balances at December 31, 2018 | 238,069 |  |  | $ | 47.6 |  |  | $ | 654.6 |  |  | $ | 5,464.1 |  |  | $ | (42.0) |  |  | $ | 6,124.3 |  |  | $ | 740.3 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,586.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,586.0 |  |  | 69.0 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6.7) |  |  | (6.7) |  |  | (17.7) |
Dividends declared ($2.28 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (549.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (549.9) |  |  | — |
Shares issued upon option exercises | 2,277 |  |  | .4 |  |  | 118.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119.3 |  |  | — |
Restricted shares issued, net of shares withheld for taxes | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | (.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (.1) |  |  | — |
Shares issued upon vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | (2.6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2.6) |  |  | — |
Forfeiture of restricted awards | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 136.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 136.2 |  |  | — |
Restricted stock units issued as dividend equivalents | — |  |  | — |  |  | .1 |  |  | (.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common shares repurchased | (5,692) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (252.5) |  |  | (313.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (566.7) |  |  | — |
Net subscriptions into T. Rowe Price investment products | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 392.7 |
Net deconsolidations of T. Rowe Price investment products | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (81.4) |
Balances at September 30, 2019 | 234,702 |  |  | $ | 46.9 |  |  | $ | 654.6 |  |  | $ | 6,187.0 |  |  | $ | (48.7) |  |  | $ | 6,839.8 |  |  | $ | 1,102.9 |

(1) Accumulated other comprehensive income.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
Page 7

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 – THE COMPANY AND BASIS OF PREPARATION.
T. Rowe Price Group Inc. derives its consolidated revenues and net income primarily from investment advisory services that its subsidiaries provide to individual and institutional investors in the T. Rowe Price U.S. mutual funds (“U.S. mutual funds”), subadvised funds, separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts, and other T. Rowe Price products. The other T. Rowe Price products include: open-ended investment products offered to investors outside the U.S., and products offered through variable annuity life insurance plans in the U.S. We also provide certain investment advisory clients with related administrative services, including distribution, mutual fund transfer agent, accounting, and shareholder services; participant recordkeeping and transfer agent services for defined contribution retirement plans; brokerage; and trust services.
Investment advisory revenues depend largely on the total value and composition of assets under our management. Accordingly, fluctuations in financial markets and in the composition of assets under management impact our revenues and results of operations.
BASIS OF PRESENTATION.
These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. These principles require the use of estimates and reflect all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of our results for the interim periods presented. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Actual results may vary from our estimates. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2020 presentation.
The unaudited interim financial information contained in these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements contained in our 2019 Annual Report.
NEW ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE.
We adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-15 — Intangibles—Goodwill and Other— Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract on January 1, 2020 using the prospective method of adoption. This update required implementation costs incurred in cloud computing arrangements to be deferred and recognized over the term of the hosting arrangement. A hosting arrangement is an agreement that allows customers, like us, to access and use software on an as-needed basis without having possession of the software. Beginning on January 1, 2020, we are required to defer such qualifying implementation costs. As of September 30, 2020, we capitalized an immaterial amount of implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement. Accordingly, the adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheets or our consolidated statements of income.
NEWLY ISSUED BUT NOT YET ADOPTED ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE
We have considered all other newly issued accounting guidance that is applicable to our operations and the preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated statements, including those we have not yet adopted. We do not believe that any such guidance has or will have a material effect on our financial position or results of operations.
U.S. ECONOMIC RELIEF LEGISLATION
On March 27, 2020, the U.S. enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security ("CARES") Act. The CARES Act provides economic relief to eligible businesses and individuals impacted by the novel coronavirus pandemic. The CARES Act’s provisions will not have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations.
Page 8

NOTE 2 – INFORMATION ABOUT RECEIVABLES, REVENUES, AND SERVICES.
Revenues earned during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 under agreements with clients include:

| Three months ended 9/30/2020 |  | Three months ended 9/30/2019
|  |  | Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees |  |  |  |  |  | Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees |  |
(in millions) | Investment advisory fees |  | Administrative fees |  | Distribution and servicing fees |  | Net revenues |  | Investment advisory fees |  | Administrative fees |  | Distribution and servicing fees |  | Net revenues
U.S. mutual funds | $ | 939.5 |  |  | $ | 72.4 |  |  | $ | 28.5 |  |  | $ | 1,040.4 |  |  | $ | 881.0 |  |  | $ | 69.0 |  |  | $ | 30.1 |  |  | $ | 980.1 |
Subadvised funds, separate accounts, collective investment trusts, and other investment products | 529.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 529.8 |  |  | 422.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 422.4 |
Other clients | — |  |  | 25.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 25.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 24.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 24.2 |
| $ | 1,469.3 |  |  | $ | 98.0 |  |  | $ | 28.5 |  |  | $ | 1,595.8 |  |  | $ | 1,303.4 |  |  | $ | 93.2 |  |  | $ | 30.1 |  |  | $ | 1,426.7 |
| Nine months ended 9/30/2020 |  | Nine months ended 9/30/2019
|  |  | Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees |  |  |  |  |  | Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees |  |
(in millions) | Investment advisory fees |  | Administrative fees |  | Distribution and servicing fees |  | Net revenues |  | Investment advisory fees |  | Administrative fees |  | Distribution and servicing fees |  | Net revenues
U.S. mutual funds | $ | 2,638.8 |  |  | $ | 219.0 |  |  | $ | 82.1 |  |  | $ | 2,939.9 |  |  | $ | 2,557.6 |  |  | $ | 215.3 |  |  | $ | 90.4 |  |  | $ | 2,863.3 |
Subadvised funds, separate accounts, collective investment trusts, and other investment products | 1,452.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,452.1 |  |  | 1,210.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,210.2 |
Other clients | — |  |  | 81.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 81.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 75.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 75.7 |
| $ | 4,090.9 |  |  | $ | 300.8 |  |  | $ | 82.1 |  |  | $ | 4,473.8 |  |  | $ | 3,767.8 |  |  | $ | 291.0 |  |  | $ | 90.4 |  |  | $ | 4,149.2 |

Total net revenues earned from our related parties, specifically T. Rowe Price investment products, aggregate $1,302.3 million and $1,180.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Total net revenues earned during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 aggregate $3,652.8 million and $3,421.9 million, respectively. Accounts receivable from these products aggregate to $442.0 million at September 30, 2020, and $424.8 million at December 31, 2019.
In the second quarter of 2020, we changed our fee structure of the target date retirement funds such that our investment advisory fee revenue is now earned at the target date retirement fund level rather than at the underlying mutual fund level. As a result, we have modified our investment advisory fee and assets under management presentation below to separately breakout the fees earned from clients and related assets under management of our multi-asset portfolios. All prior periods have been recast to conform to this new presentation and to provide comparability.
Page 9

The following table details the investment advisory fees earned from clients by their underlying asset class.

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
(in millions) | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
U.S. mutual funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity | $ | 636.3 |  |  | $ | 570.2 |  |  | $ | 1,750.6 |  |  | $ | 1,641.4 |
Fixed income, including money market | 66.6 |  |  | 70.7 |  |  | 205.1 |  |  | 208.6 |
Multi-asset | 236.6 |  |  | 240.1 |  |  | 683.1 |  |  | 707.6 |
| 939.5 |  |  | 881.0 |  |  | 2,638.8 |  |  | 2,557.6 |
Subadvised funds, separate accounts, collective investment trusts, and other investment products |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity | 339.6 |  |  | 259.5 |  |  | 924.7 |  |  | 751.0 |
Fixed income, including money market | 38.4 |  |  | 39.7 |  |  | 110.3 |  |  | 116.0 |
Multi-asset | 151.8 |  |  | 123.2 |  |  | 417.1 |  |  | 343.2 |
| 529.8 |  |  | 422.4 |  |  | 1,452.1 |  |  | 1,210.2 |
Total | $ | 1,469.3 |  |  | $ | 1,303.4 |  |  | $ | 4,090.9 |  |  | $ | 3,767.8 |

The following table summarizes the assets under management on which we earn investment advisory fees.

| Average during |  | Average during |  |
| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended |  | As of
(in billions) | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 12/31/2019
U.S. mutual funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity | $ | 433.4 |  |  | $ | 384.4 |  |  | $ | 398.9 |  |  | $ | 371.5 |  |  | $ | 442.3 |  |  | $ | 407.1 |
Fixed income, including money market | 78.1 |  |  | 73.3 |  |  | 76.0 |  |  | 71.3 |  |  | 77.6 |  |  | 73.7 |
Multi-asset | 197.3 |  |  | 192.8 |  |  | 189.1 |  |  | 190.4 |  |  | 196.3 |  |  | 201.9 |
| 708.8 |  |  | 650.5 |  |  | 664.0 |  |  | 633.2 |  |  | 716.2 |  |  | 682.7 |
Subadvised funds, separate accounts, collective investment trusts, and other investment products |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity | 338.8 |  |  | 262.4 |  |  | 303.3 |  |  | 251.1 |  |  | 343.5 |  |  | 291.7 |
Fixed income, including money market | 82.4 |  |  | 80.9 |  |  | 80.3 |  |  | 78.9 |  |  | 83.5 |  |  | 74.2 |
Multi-asset | 162.9 |  |  | 136.4 |  |  | 151.3 |  |  | 128.3 |  |  | 167.2 |  |  | 158.2 |
| 584.1 |  |  | 479.7 |  |  | 534.9 |  |  | 458.3 |  |  | 594.2 |  |  | 524.1 |
Total | $ | 1,292.9 |  |  | $ | 1,130.2 |  |  | $ | 1,198.9 |  |  | $ | 1,091.5 |  |  | $ | 1,310.4 |  |  | $ | 1,206.8 |

Investors that we serve are primarily domiciled in the U.S.; investment advisory clients outside the U.S. account for 8.7% and 6.9% of our assets under management at September 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively.
Page 10

NOTE 3 – INVESTMENTS.
The carrying values of our investments that are not part of the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products are as follows:

(in millions) | 9/30/2020 |  | 12/31/2019
Investments held at fair value |  |  |
T. Rowe Price investment products - discretionary investments | $ | 1,005.6 |  |  | $ | 1,221.8 |
T. Rowe Price investment products - seed capital | 160.0 |  |  | 181.1 |
T. Rowe Price investment products - supplemental savings plan liability economic hedges | 565.3 |  |  | 561.1 |
Investment partnerships and other investments | 99.4 |  |  | 99.7 |
Equity method investments |  |  |
T. Rowe Price investment products - discretionary investments | 829.1 |  |  | 610.0 |
T. Rowe Price investment products - seed capital | 166.2 |  |  | 95.6 |
T. Rowe Price investment products - supplemental savings plan liability economic hedges | 40.4 |  |  | — |
26% interest in UTI Asset Management Company Limited (India) | 158.5 |  |  | 164.5 |
Investment partnerships and other investments | 5.3 |  |  | 5.0 |
U.S. Treasury note | 1.0 |  |  | 1.0 |
Total | $ | 3,030.8 |  |  | $ | 2,939.8 |

The investment partnerships are carried at fair value using net asset value (“NAV”) per share as a practical expedient. Our interests in these partnerships are generally not redeemable and are subject to significant restrictions on transferability. The underlying investments of these partnerships have contractual terms through 2029, though we may receive distributions of liquidating assets over a longer term. The investment strategies of these partnerships include growth equity, buyout, venture capital, and real estate.
During the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2020, net gains on investments included $75.5 million and $53.6 million, respectively, of net unrealized gains related to investments held at fair value that were still held at September 30, 2020. For the same periods of 2019, the net gains on investments included $4.8 million and $84.2 million, respectively, of net unrealized gains on investments held at fair value that were still held at September 30, 2019.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, certain T. Rowe Price investment products in which we provided initial seed capital at the time of formation were deconsolidated, as we no longer had a controlling interest. Depending on our ownership interest, we are now reporting our residual interests in these T. Rowe Price investment products as either an equity method investment or an investment held at fair value. Additionally, during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, certain T. Rowe Price investment products that were being accounted for as equity method investments were consolidated, as we regained a controlling interest. The net impact of these changes on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and statements of income as of the dates the portfolios were deconsolidated or reconsolidated is detailed below.

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
(in millions) | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
Net increase (decrease) in assets of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | $ | (132.2) |  |  | $ | (113.5) |  |  | $ | (278.4) |  |  | $ | (169.6) |
Net decrease in liabilities of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | $ | (4.0) |  |  | $ | (9.8) |  |  | $ | (7.6) |  |  | $ | (11.0) |
Net increase (decrease) in redeemable non-controlling interests | $ | (44.0) |  |  | $ | (72.3) |  |  | $ | (106.9) |  |  | $ | (81.4) |
Gains (losses) recognized upon deconsolidation | $ | — |  |  | $ | (.1) |  |  | $ | .1 |  |  | $ | .1 |

Page 11

The gains or losses recognized upon deconsolidation were the result of reclassifying currency translation adjustments accumulated on certain T. Rowe Price investment products with non-USD functional currencies from accumulated other comprehensive income to non-operating income.
In October 2020, UTI Asset Management Company Limited (India), one of our equity method investments, held an initial public offering in India. As part of the offering, we sold a portion of our 26% interest and recorded a net gain on the sale of approximately $3.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2020. Subsequent to the sale, we have an ownership interest of 23% in UTI Asset Management Company Limited (India).
VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES.
Our investments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, include interests in variable interest entities that we do not consolidate as we are not deemed the primary beneficiary. Our maximum risk of loss related to our involvement with these entities is as follows:

(in millions) | 9/30/2020 |  | 12/31/2019
Investment carrying values | $ | 118.9 |  |  | $ | 156.0 |
Unfunded capital commitments | 13.2 |  |  | 18.1 |
Uncollected investment advisory and administrative fees | 14.0 |  |  | 10.5 |
| $ | 146.1 |  |  | $ | 184.6 |

The unfunded capital commitments totaling $13.2 million at September 30, 2020, and $18.1 million at December 31, 2019, relate primarily to the investment partnerships in which we have an existing investment. In addition to such amounts, a percentage of prior distributions may be called under certain circumstances.
NOTE 4 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS.
We determine the fair value of our cash equivalents and investments held at fair value using the following broad levels of inputs as defined by related accounting standards:
Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical securities.
Level 2 – observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices including, but not limited to, quoted prices for similar
securities, interest rates, prepayment speeds, and credit risk. These inputs are based on market data
obtained from independent sources.
Level 3 – unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions based on the best information available. We do not
value any investments using Level 3 inputs.
These levels are not necessarily an indication of the risk or liquidity associated with our investments. The following table summarizes our investments that are recognized in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets using fair value measurements determined based on the differing levels of inputs. This table excludes investments held by the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products which are presented separately on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and are detailed in Note 5.

| 9/30/2020 |  | 12/31/2019
(in millions) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2
Cash equivalents held in T. Rowe Price money market funds | $ | 1,870.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,355.6 |  |  | $ | — |
T. Rowe Price investment products - discretionary investments | 1,005.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,221.8 |  |  | — |
T. Rowe Price investment products - seed capital | 149.7 |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | 171.2 |  |  | 9.9 |
T. Rowe Price investment products - supplemental savings plan liability economic hedges | 565.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 561.1 |  |  | — |
Other investments | 2.0 |  |  | .6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 3,593.5 |  |  | $ | 10.9 |  |  | $ | 3,309.7 |  |  | $ | 9.9 |

As required by the accounting guidance, the fair value hierarchy level table above does not include the investment partnerships and other investments for which fair value is estimated using their NAV per share as a practical
Page 12

expedient. The carrying value of these investments as disclosed in Note 3 were $96.8 million at September 30, 2020, and $99.7 million at December 31, 2019.
NOTE 5 – CONSOLIDATED T. ROWE PRICE INVESTMENT PRODUCTS.
The T. Rowe Price investment products that we consolidate in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are generally those products we provided initial seed capital at the time of their formation and have a controlling interest. Our U.S. mutual funds are considered voting interest entities, while those regulated outside the U.S. are considered variable interest entities.
The following table details the net assets of the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products:

| 9/30/2020 |  | 12/31/2019
(in millions) | Voting interest entities |  | Variable interest entities |  | Total |  | Voting interest entities |  | Variable interest entities |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents(1) | $ | 5.2 |  |  | $ | 72.8 |  |  | $ | 78.0 |  |  | $ | 9.9 |  |  | $ | 66.6 |  |  | $ | 76.5 |
Investments(2) | 178.8 |  |  | 2,150.3 |  |  | 2,329.1 |  |  | 281.1 |  |  | 1,891.3 |  |  | 2,172.4 |
Other assets | 3.0 |  |  | 32.2 |  |  | 35.2 |  |  | 10.6 |  |  | 17.4 |  |  | 28.0 |
Total assets | 187.0 |  |  | 2,255.3 |  |  | 2,442.3 |  |  | 301.6 |  |  | 1,975.3 |  |  | 2,276.9 |
Liabilities | 9.7 |  |  | 36.8 |  |  | 46.5 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | 27.0 |  |  | 39.2 |
Net assets | $ | 177.3 |  |  | $ | 2,218.5 |  |  | $ | 2,395.8 |  |  | $ | 289.4 |  |  | $ | 1,948.3 |  |  | $ | 2,237.7 |
Attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 126.2 |  |  | $ | 929.4 |  |  | $ | 1,055.6 |  |  | $ | 199.6 |  |  | $ | 917.1 |  |  | $ | 1,116.7 |
Attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | 51.1 |  |  | 1,289.1 |  |  | 1,340.2 |  |  | 89.8 |  |  | 1,031.2 |  |  | 1,121.0 |
| $ | 177.3 |  |  | $ | 2,218.5 |  |  | $ | 2,395.8 |  |  | $ | 289.4 |  |  | $ | 1,948.3 |  |  | $ | 2,237.7 |

(1) Cash and cash equivalents includes $5.1 million at September 30, 2020, and $9.1 million at December 31, 2019, of T. Rowe Price money market mutual funds.
(2) Investments includes $18.9 million at September 30, 2020, and $40.2 million at December 31, 2019 of other T. Rowe Price investment products.
Although we can redeem our net interest in these consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products at any time, we cannot directly access or sell the assets held by these products to obtain cash for general operations. Additionally, the assets of these investment products are not available to our general creditors.
Since third party investors in these investment products have no recourse to our credit, our overall risk related to the net assets of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products is limited to valuation changes associated with our net interest. We, however, are required to recognize the valuation changes associated with all underlying investments held by these products in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and disclose the portion attributable to third party investors as net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests.
Page 13

The operating results of the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products for the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, are reflected in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income as follows:

| Three months ended
| 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
(in millions) | Voting interest entities |  | Variable interest entities |  | Total |  | Voting interest entities |  | Variable interest entities |  | Total
Operating expenses reflected in net operating income | $ | (.7) |  |  | $ | (3.7) |  |  | $ | (4.4) |  |  | $ | (.6) |  |  | $ | (3.1) |  |  | $ | (3.7) |
Net investment income (loss) reflected in non-operating income (loss) | 13.1 |  |  | 88.1 |  |  | 101.2 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 10.1 |  |  | 11.6 |
Impact on income before taxes | $ | 12.4 |  |  | $ | 84.4 |  |  | $ | 96.8 |  |  | $ | .9 |  |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 7.9 |
Net income (loss) attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 34.4 |  |  | $ | 41.4 |  |  | $ | .7 |  |  | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | 8.7 |
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | 5.4 |  |  | 50.0 |  |  | 55.4 |  |  | .2 |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | (.8) |
| $ | 12.4 |  |  | $ | 84.4 |  |  | $ | 96.8 |  |  | $ | .9 |  |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 7.9 |

| Nine months ended
| 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
(in millions) | Voting interest entities |  | Variable interest entities |  | Total |  | Voting interest entities |  | Variable interest entities |  | Total
Operating expenses reflected in net operating income | $ | (1.2) |  |  | $ | (10.5) |  |  | $ | (11.7) |  |  | $ | (1.6) |  |  | $ | (9.0) |  |  | $ | (10.6) |
Net investment income (loss) reflected in non-operating income | (5.7) |  |  | 19.0 |  |  | 13.3 |  |  | 20.9 |  |  | 155.4 |  |  | 176.3 |
Impact on income before taxes | $ | (6.9) |  |  | $ | 8.5 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 19.3 |  |  | $ | 146.4 |  |  | $ | 165.7 |
Net income (loss) attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | (2.7) |  |  | $ | (.1) |  |  | $ | (2.8) |  |  | $ | 14.6 |  |  | $ | 82.1 |  |  | $ | 96.7 |
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | (4.2) |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 64.3 |  |  | 69.0 |
| $ | (6.9) |  |  | $ | 8.5 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 19.3 |  |  | $ | 146.4 |  |  | $ | 165.7 |

The operating expenses of the consolidated investment products are reflected in other operating expenses. In preparing our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, we eliminated operating expenses of $2.7 million and $2.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, against the investment advisory and administrative fees earned from these products. Operating expenses eliminated for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, were $7.3 million and $6.3 million, respectively. The net investment income (loss) reflected in non-operating income (loss) includes dividend and interest income and realized and unrealized gains and losses on the underlying securities held by the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products.
Page 14

The table below details the impact of these consolidated investment products on the individual lines of our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.

| Nine months ended
| 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
(in millions) | Voting interest entities |  | Variable interest entities |  | Total |  | Voting interest entities |  | Variable interest entities |  | Total
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (105.7) |  |  | $ | (241.0) |  |  | $ | (346.7) |  |  | $ | (15.1) |  |  | $ | (508.4) |  |  | $ | (523.5) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (23.4) |  |  | (25.7) |  |  | (49.1) |  |  | (7.4) |  |  | (.9) |  |  | (8.3) |
Net cash provided by in financing activities | 124.4 |  |  | 269.5 |  |  | 393.9 |  |  | 15.5 |  |  | 529.3 |  |  | 544.8 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | — |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | — |  |  | (2.2) |  |  | (2.2) |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents during period | (4.7) |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | (7.0) |  |  | 17.8 |  |  | 10.8 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 9.9 |  |  | 66.6 |  |  | 76.5 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 51.6 |  |  | 70.1 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 5.2 |  |  | $ | 72.8 |  |  | $ | 78.0 |  |  | $ | 11.5 |  |  | $ | 69.4 |  |  | $ | 80.9 |

The net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 includes $95.2 million and $157.7 million, respectively, of net subscriptions we made into the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products, net of dividends received. These cash flows were eliminated in consolidation.
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS.
We determine the fair value of investments held by consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products using the following broad levels of inputs as defined by related accounting standards:
Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical securities.
Level 2 – observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices including, but not limited to, quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, prepayment speeds, and credit risk. These inputs are based on market data obtained from independent sources.
Level 3 – unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions based on the best information available. The value of investments using Level 3 inputs is insignificant.
These levels are not necessarily an indication of the risk or liquidity associated with these investment holdings. The following table summarizes the investment holdings held by our consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products using fair value measurements determined based on the differing levels of inputs.

| 9/30/2020 |  | 12/31/2019
(in millions) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents | $ | 5.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9.1 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |
Equity securities | 277.0 |  |  | 761.6 |  |  | 162.8 |  |  | 724.5 |
Fixed income securities | — |  |  | 1,262.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,248.6 |
Other investments | 2.7 |  |  | 25.4 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 33.8 |
| $ | 284.8 |  |  | $ | 2,049.4 |  |  | $ | 174.6 |  |  | $ | 2,008.0 |
Liabilities | $ | (.2) |  |  | $ | (12.8) |  |  | $ | (.4) |  |  | $ | (11.2) |

NOTE 6 – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY.
Accounts payable and accrued expenses includes liabilities of $12.2 million at December 31, 2019, for common stock repurchases that settled during the first week of January 2020.
Page 15

NOTE 7 – STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION.
STOCK OPTIONS.
The following table summarizes the status of, and changes in, our stock options during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

| Options |  | Weighted- average exercise price
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 | 7,388,068 |  |  | $ | 71.06 |
Exercised | (2,555,527) |  |  | $ | 68.53 |
Forfeited | (6,874) |  |  | $ | 74.48 |
Outstanding at September 30, 2020 | 4,825,667 |  |  | $ | 72.39 |
Exercisable at September 30, 2020 | 4,165,306 |  |  | $ | 71.85 |

RESTRICTED SHARES AND STOCK UNITS.
The following table summarizes the status of, and changes in, our nonvested restricted shares and restricted stock units during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

| Restricted shares |  | Restricted stock units |  | Weighted-average fair value
Nonvested at December 31, 2019 | 7,404 |  |  | 6,718,261 |  |  | $ | 98.75 |
Time-based grants | 7,412 |  |  | 53,484 |  |  | $ | 119.80 |
Dividend equivalents granted to non-employee directors | — |  |  | 1,842 |  |  | $ | 116.19 |
Vested | (7,404) |  |  | (116,121) |  |  | $ | 93.25 |
Forfeited | — |  |  | (82,764) |  |  | $ | 97.29 |
Nonvested at September 30, 2020 | 7,412 |  |  | 6,574,702 |  |  | $ | 99.07 |

Nonvested at September 30, 2020, includes 403,008 performance-based restricted stock units, including 318,768 restricted stock units for which the performance period has expired and the performance threshold has been met.
FUTURE STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE.
The following table presents the compensation expense to be recognized over the remaining vesting periods of the stock-based awards outstanding at September 30, 2020. Estimated future compensation expense will change to reflect future grants of restricted stock awards and units, future option grants, changes in the probability of performance thresholds being met, and adjustments for actual forfeitures.

(in millions) |
Fourth quarter 2020 | $ | 46.8 |
2021 | 109.1 |
2022 through 2026 | 90.6 |
Total | $ | 246.5 |

Page 16

NOTE 8 – EARNINGS PER SHARE CALCULATIONS.
The following table presents the reconciliation of net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group to net income allocated to our common stockholders and the weighted-average shares that are used in calculating the basic and diluted earnings per share on our common stock. Weighted-average common shares outstanding assuming dilution reflects the potential dilution, determined using the treasury stock method, that could occur if outstanding stock options were exercised and non-participating stock awards vested. No outstanding stock options had an anti-dilutive impact on the diluted earnings per common share calculation in the periods presented.

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
(in millions) | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 643.2 |  |  | $ | 545.9 |  |  | $ | 1,589.3 |  |  | $ | 1,586.0 |
Less: net income allocated to outstanding restricted stock and stock unit holders | 17.9 |  |  | 13.9 |  |  | 44.1 |  |  | 40.7 |
Net income allocated to common stockholders | $ | 625.3 |  |  | $ | 532.0 |  |  | $ | 1,545.2 |  |  | $ | 1,545.3 |
Weighted-average common shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding | 227.0 |  |  | 234.9 |  |  | 229.5 |  |  | 235.8 |
Outstanding assuming dilution | 229.4 |  |  | 238.2 |  |  | 231.9 |  |  | 239.0 |

NOTE 9 – OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME AND ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS.
The changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive loss, including reclassification adjustments for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are presented in the table below.

|  | Three months ended 9/30/2020 |  | Three months ended 9/30/2019 |  |
(in millions) |  | Equity method investments |  | Consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products - variable interest entities |  | Total currency translation adjustments |  | Equity method investments |  | Consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products - variable interest entities |  | Total currency translation adjustments |  |
Balances at beginning of period |  | $ | (54.4) |  |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  | $ | (52.2) |  |  | $ | (43.8) |  |  | $ | 5.3 |  |  | $ | (38.5) |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications and income taxes |  | (2.0) |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | 10.5 |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | (12.6) |  |  | (13.6) |  |  |
Reclassification adjustments recognized in non-operating income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | .1 |  |  | .1 |  |  |
|  | (2.0) |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | 10.5 |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | (12.5) |  |  | (13.5) |  |  |
Net deferred tax benefits (income taxes) |  | 2.1 |  |  | (3.1) |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | .3 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | .1 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | (.7) |  |  | (9.4) |  |  | (10.1) |  |  |
Balances at end of period |  | $ | (54.3) |  |  | $ | 11.6 |  |  | $ | (42.7) |  |  | $ | (44.5) |  |  | $ | (4.1) |  |  | $ | (48.6) |  |  |

The other comprehensive income (loss) in the table above excludes $20.8 million in the 2020 quarter and $(17.4) million in the 2019 quarter of other comprehensive income (loss) related to redeemable non-controlling interests held in our consolidated products.
Page 17

The changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive loss, including reclassification adjustments for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, are presented in the table below.

|  |  | Nine months ended 9/30/2020 |  | Nine months ended 9/30/2019
(in millions) |  |  | Equity method investments |  | Consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products - variable interest entities |  | Total currency translation adjustments |  | Equity method investments |  | Consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products - variable interest entities |  | Total currency translation adjustments
Balances at beginning of period |  |  | $ | (46.9) |  |  | $ | 3.9 |  |  | $ | (43.0) |  |  | $ | (48.8) |  |  | $ | 6.8 |  |  | $ | (42.0) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications and income taxes |  |  | (9.4) |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | .9 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | (14.4) |  |  | (9.0) |
Reclassification adjustments recognized in non-operating income |  |  | — |  |  | (.1) |  |  | (.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (.1) |  |  | (.1) |
|  |  | (9.4) |  |  | 10.2 |  |  | .8 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | (14.5) |  |  | (9.1) |
Net deferred tax benefits (income taxes) |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | (2.5) |  |  | (.5) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 2.5 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (7.4) |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | .3 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | (10.9) |  |  | (6.6) |
Balances at end of period |  |  | $ | (54.3) |  |  | $ | 11.6 |  |  | $ | (42.7) |  |  | $ | (44.5) |  |  | $ | (4.1) |  |  | $ | (48.6) |

The other comprehensive income (loss) in the table above excludes $13.9 million for the 2020 period and $(17.7) million for the 2019 period of other comprehensive income (loss) related to redeemable non-controlling interests held in our consolidated products.
NOTE 10 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES.
On February 14, 2017, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc., T. Rowe Price Trust Company, current and former members of the management committee, and trustees of the T. Rowe Price U.S. Retirement Program were named as defendants in a lawsuit filed in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. The lawsuit alleges breaches of ERISA’s fiduciary duty and prohibited transaction provisions on behalf of a class of all participants and beneficiaries of the T. Rowe Price 401(k) Plan from February 14, 2011, to the time of judgment. The matter has been certified as a class action. T. Rowe Price believes the claims are without merit and is vigorously defending the action. Plaintiffs have filed a motion for partial summary judgment and defendants have filed a cross-motion for summary judgment, and briefing is underway. We cannot predict the eventual outcome, or whether it will have a material negative impact on our financial results, or estimate the possible loss or range of loss that may arise from any negative outcome.
On April 27, 2016, certain shareholders in the T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund, T. Rowe Price Capital Appreciation Fund, T. Rowe Price Equity Income Fund, T. Rowe Price Growth Stock Fund, T. Rowe Price International Stock Fund, T. Rowe Price High Yield Fund, T. Rowe Price New Income Fund and T. Rowe Price Small Cap Stock Fund (the “Funds”) filed a Section 36(b) complaint under the caption Zoidis v. T. Rowe Price Assoc., Inc., against T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. (“T. Rowe Price”) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The complaint alleges that the management fees for the identified funds are excessive because
T. Rowe Price charges lower advisory fees to subadvised clients with funds in the same strategy. The complaint seeks to recover the allegedly excessive advisory fees received by T. Rowe Price in the year preceding the start of the lawsuit, along with investments’ returns and profits. In the alternative, the complaint seeks the rescission of each fund’s investment management agreement and restitution of any allegedly excessive management fees. T. Rowe Price believes the claims are without merit and is vigorously defending the action. This matter is in the discovery phase of litigation and we cannot predict the eventual outcome, or whether it will have a material negative impact on our financial results, or estimate the possible loss or range of loss that may arise from any negative outcome.
In addition to the matters discussed above, various claims against us arise in the ordinary course of business, including employment-related claims. In the opinion of management, after consultation with counsel, the likelihood of an adverse determination in one or more of these pending ordinary course of business claims that would have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations is remote.
Page 18

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.:
Results of Review of Interim Financial Information
We have reviewed the condensed consolidated balance sheet of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and subsidiaries ("the Company") as of September 30, 2020, the related condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, and stockholders’ equity for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the related condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated interim financial information). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the consolidated interim financial information for it to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2019, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein); and in our report dated February 13, 2020, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated balance sheet from which it has been derived.
Basis for Review Results
This consolidated interim financial information is the responsibility of the Company’s management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our reviews in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. A review of consolidated interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Baltimore, Maryland
October 29, 2020
Page 19

Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
OVERVIEW.
Our revenues and net income are derived primarily from investment advisory services provided to individual and institutional investors in U.S. mutual funds, subadvised funds, separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts, and other T. Rowe Price products. The other T. Rowe Price products include: open-ended investment products offered to investors outside the U.S., and products offered through variable annuity life insurance plans in the U.S. We also provide certain investment advisory clients with related administrative services, including distribution, mutual fund transfer agent, accounting, and shareholder services; participant recordkeeping and transfer agent services for defined contribution retirement plans; brokerage; and trust services.
We manage a broad range of U.S., international and global stock, bond, and money market mutual funds and collective investment trusts and other investment products, which meet the varied needs and objectives of individual and institutional investors. Investment advisory revenues depend largely on the total value and composition of assets under our management. Accordingly, fluctuations in financial markets and in the composition of assets under management affect our revenues and results of operations. Additionally, approximately one-third of our operating expenses are impacted by fluctuations in our assets under management.
We incur significant expenditures to develop new products and services and improve and expand our capabilities and distribution channels in order to attract new investment advisory clients and additional investments from our existing clients. These efforts often involve costs that precede any future revenues that we may recognize from an increase to our assets under management.
The general trend to passive investing has been persistent and accelerated in recent years, which has negatively impacted our new client inflows. However, over the long term we expect well-executed active management to play an important role for investors. In this regard, we remain debt-free with ample liquidity and resources that allow us to take advantage of attractive growth opportunities. We are investing in key capabilities, including investment professionals, distribution professionals, technologies, and new product offerings; and, most importantly, we provide our clients with strong investment management expertise and service both now and in the future.
MARKET TRENDS.
Led by large-cap growth stocks, U.S. equities generated strong returns in the third quarter. Stocks rose for much of the summer, helped by better-than-expected second-quarter corporate earnings reports amid very low earnings expectations, as well as largely positive news flow about potential vaccines and treatments for the coronavirus. In fact, the S&P 500 Index hit an all-time high during the quarter, surpassing its previous peak in February 2020. Stocks retreated a bit in September amid concerns about valuations in some sectors due to significant gains since late March. Some investors were also concerned about the durability of the economic recovery and disappointed that Congress failed to agree on new fiscal stimulus legislation.
Stocks in developed non-U.S. equity markets also advanced in U.S. dollar terms. European stock markets were mostly positive, led by Denmark, Ireland, and Sweden—in all three countries, equities returned about 15%. Developed Asian and Far East markets were mixed, but Japanese shares led the way, returning more than 7%.
Emerging markets stocks outperformed developed non-U.S. equity markets. Asian emerging markets were mostly positive; Taiwanese shares led the region with a 17% gain. Latin American shares were mixed, as Argentine shares rose about 7% while Chilean shares fell 4%. Most emerging European markets declined. Turkey experienced one of the steepest drops, with stocks falling more than 15% in U.S. dollar terms amid an 11% decline in the lira versus the U.S. dollar.
Page 20

Returns of several major equity market indexes for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, were as follows:

|  | Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
Index |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2020
S&P 500 Index |  | 8.9% |  | 5.6%
NASDAQ Composite Index(1) |  | 11.0% |  | 24.5%
Russell 2000 Index |  | 4.9% |  | (8.7)%
MSCI EAFE (Europe, Australasia, and Far East) Index |  | 4.9% |  | (6.7)%
MSCI Emerging Markets Index |  | 9.7% |  | (.9)%

(1) Returns exclude dividends
Global bonds produced mostly positive returns. In the U.S. investment-grade market, corporate bonds were among the best performers, as credit spreads remained relatively narrow and, in some cases, tightened amid healthy demand for securities with a yield advantage. Treasuries and mortgage-backed securities lagged with close to flat returns. The Federal Reserve kept short-term interest rates near 0%; the 10-year U.S. Treasury note yield increased from 0.66% to 0.69%. Tax-free municipal bonds produced positive returns and outperformed the broad taxable bond market. High yield corporate bonds easily outperformed the investment-grade market.
Bonds in developed non-U.S. markets produced strong gains in U.S. dollar terms. Dollar weakness against the euro, the pound, and the yen boosted European and Japanese bond returns in dollar terms. Emerging markets bonds generally rose, but weakness in certain currencies weighed on the performance of some local bond markets in U.S. dollar terms.
Returns for several major bond market indexes for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, were as follows:

|  | Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
Index |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2020
Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index |  | .6% |  | 6.8%
JPMorgan Global High Yield Index |  | 4.9% |  | (1.1)%
Bloomberg Barclays Municipal Bond Index |  | 1.2% |  | 3.3%
Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Ex-U.S. Dollar Bond Index |  | 4.1% |  | 4.7%
JPMorgan Emerging Markets Bond Index Plus |  | 1.8% |  | 1.3%

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ASSETS UNDER MANAGEMENT.
Assets under management ended the third quarter of 2020 at $1,310.4 billion, an increase of $90.4 billion from June 30, 2020. This increase was driven by market appreciation, partially offset by net cash outflows of $5.3 billion. In addition, we acquired client contracts from PNC Bank in September 2020 that added $1.2 billion of stable value assets under management. Clients transferred $2.4 billion in net assets from the U.S. mutual funds to collective investment trusts and other investment products, of which $1.6 billion transferred into the retirement date trusts. Market appreciation and income, net of dividends not reinvested, increased our assets under management by $94.5 billion in the third quarter of 2020.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020,assets under management increased $103.6 billion from the end of 2019. This increase was driven by market appreciation, partially offset by net cash inflows of $3.4 billion. In addition, we acquired client contracts from PNC Bank in September 2020 that added $1.2 billion of stable value assets under management. Clients transferred $11.2 billion in net assets from the U.S. mutual funds to collective investment trusts and other investment products, of which $7.7 billion transferred into the retirement date trusts. Market appreciation and income, net of dividends not reinvested, increased our assets under management by $99.0 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
The following tables detail changes in our assets under management, by vehicle and asset class during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020:

| Three months ended 9/30/2020 |  |  | Nine months ended 9/30/2020
(in billions) | U.S. mutual funds |  | Subadvised funds and separate accounts |  | Collective investment trusts and other investment products |  | Total |  |  | U.S. mutual funds |  | Subadvised funds and separate accounts |  | Collective investment trusts and other investment products |  | Total
Assets under management at beginning of period | $ | 670.8 |  |  | $ | 327.5 |  |  | $ | 221.7 |  |  | $ | 1,220.0 |  |  |  | $ | 682.7 |  |  | $ | 313.8 |  |  | $ | 210.3 |  |  | $ | 1,206.8 |
Net cash flows before client transfers | (3.9) |  |  | (.1) |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | (5.3) |  |  |  | (8.0) |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 3.4 |
Client transfers(1) | (2.4) |  |  | — |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11.2) |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 9.7 |  |  | — |
Net cash flows after client transfers | (6.3) |  |  | (.1) |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | (5.3) |  |  |  | (19.2) |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 14.1 |  |  | 3.4 |
Net market appreciation and income | 51.8 |  |  | 26.9 |  |  | 15.9 |  |  | 94.6 |  |  |  | 53.1 |  |  | 32.0 |  |  | 14.3 |  |  | 99.4 |
Net distributions not reinvested | (.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (.1) |  |  |  | (.4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (.4) |
Acquired AUM | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.2 |
Change during the period | 45.4 |  |  | 26.8 |  |  | 18.2 |  |  | 90.4 |  |  |  | 33.5 |  |  | 40.5 |  |  | 29.6 |  |  | 103.6 |
Assets under management at September 30, 2020 | $ | 716.2 |  |  | $ | 354.3 |  |  | $ | 239.9 |  |  | $ | 1,310.4 |  |  |  | $ | 716.2 |  |  | $ | 354.3 |  |  | $ | 239.9 |  |  | $ | 1,310.4 |

| Three months ended 9/30/2020 |  |  | Nine months ended 9/30/2020
(in billions) | Equity |  | Fixed income, including money market |  | Multi-asset(2) |  | Total |  |  | Equity |  | Fixed income, including money market |  | Multi-asset(2) |  | Total
Assets under management at beginning of period | $ | 718.9 |  |  | $ | 153.0 |  |  | $ | 348.1 |  |  | $ | 1,220.0 |  |  |  | $ | 698.9 |  |  | $ | 147.9 |  |  | $ | 360.0 |  |  | $ | 1,206.8 |
Net cash flows | (3.8) |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | (6.2) |  |  | (5.3) |  |  |  | .3 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | (6.9) |  |  | 3.4 |
Net market appreciation and income(3) | 70.7 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 21.6 |  |  | 94.5 |  |  |  | 86.6 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | 99.0 |
Acquired AUM | — |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.2 |
Change during the period | 66.9 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | 15.4 |  |  | 90.4 |  |  |  | 86.9 |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 103.6 |
Assets under management at September 30, 2020 | $ | 785.8 |  |  | $ | 161.1 |  |  | $ | 363.5 |  |  | $ | 1,310.4 |  |  |  | $ | 785.8 |  |  | $ | 161.1 |  |  | $ | 363.5 |  |  | $ | 1,310.4 |

(1) Client transfers for subadvised funds and separate accounts as well as collective investment trusts and other investment products in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 have been updated to reflect an adjustment from the second quarter of 2020.
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(2) The underlying assets under management of the multi-asset portfolios have been aggregated and presented in this category and not reported in the equity and fixed income columns.
(3) Includes distributions reinvested and not reinvested.
Investment advisory clients outside the U.S. account for about 8.7% of our assets under management at September 30, 2020 and 6.9% at December 31, 2019.
Our target date retirement products, which are included in the multi-asset totals shown above, continue to be a significant part of our assets under management. Assets under management in these portfolios were as follows:

| As of
(in billions) | 9/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2020 |  | 12/31/2019
Target date retirement U.S. mutual funds | $ | 159.6 |  |  | $ | 153.0 |  |  | $ | 164.8 |
Target date separate accounts | 9.2 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 8.4 |
Target date retirement trusts | 127.8 |  |  | 122.7 |  |  | 119.2 |
| $ | 296.6 |  |  | $ | 284.2 |  |  | $ | 292.4 |

Our target date retirement products experienced net cash outflows of $5.5 billion in the third quarter of 2020 and net cash outflows of $5.0 billion in the first nine months of 2020.
INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE.
S trong investment performance is a key driver to attracting and retaining assets—and to our long-term success. We have expanded our performance disclosures to include specific asset classes, assets under management weighted performance, mutual fund performance against passive peers and composite performance against benchmarks. The following table presents investment performance for the one-, three-, five-, and 10-years ended September 30, 2020. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.

% of U.S. mutual funds that outperformed Morningstar median 1,2
|  | 1 year |  | 3 years |  | 5 years |  | 10 years
Equity |  | 60% |  | 67% |  | 70% |  | 85%
Fixed Income |  | 55% |  | 61% |  | 59% |  | 62%
Multi-Asset |  | 83% |  | 80% |  | 88% |  | 90%
All Funds |  | 65% |  | 69% |  | 72% |  | 79%
% of U.S. mutual funds that outperformed passive peer median 1,3
|  | 1 year |  | 3 years |  | 5 years |  | 10 years
Equity |  | 63% |  | 67% |  | 59% |  | 65%
Fixed Income |  | 63% |  | 60% |  | 55% |  | 40%
Multi-Asset |  | 76% |  | 68% |  | 61% |  | 92%
All Funds |  | 67% |  | 65% |  | 58% |  | 65%
% of composites that outperformed benchmarks 4
|  | 1 year |  | 3 years |  | 5 years |  | 10 years
Equity |  | 56% |  | 59% |  | 70% |  | 73%
Fixed Income |  | 49% |  | 50% |  | 52% |  | 68%
All Composites |  | 53% |  | 56% |  | 63% |  | 71%

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AUM Weighted Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
% of U.S. mutual funds AUM that outperformed Morningstar median 1,2
|  | 1 year |  | 3 years |  | 5 years |  | 10 years
Equity |  | 74% |  | 79% |  | 83% |  | 92%
Fixed Income |  | 49% |  | 55% |  | 55% |  | 62%
Multi-Asset |  | 91% |  | 91% |  | 97% |  | 97%
All Funds |  | 76% |  | 80% |  | 84% |  | 90%
% of U.S. mutual funds AUM that outperformed passive peer median 1,3
|  | 1 year |  | 3 years |  | 5 years |  | 10 years
Equity |  | 77% |  | 77% |  | 73% |  | 73%
Fixed Income |  | 49% |  | 46% |  | 44% |  | 34%
Multi-Asset |  | 87% |  | 91% |  | 94% |  | 96%
All Funds |  | 77% |  | 78% |  | 76% |  | 76%
% of composites AUM that outperformed benchmarks 4
|  | 1 year |  | 3 years |  | 5 years |  | 10 years
Equity |  | 59% |  | 61% |  | 67% |  | 78%
Fixed Income |  | 44% |  | 47% |  | 34% |  | 73%
All Composites |  | 56% |  | 58% |  | 62% |  | 77%

As of September 30, 2020, 74 of 124 (60%) of our rated U.S. mutual funds (across primary share classes) received an overall rating of 4 or 5 stars. By comparison, 32.5% of Morningstar's fund population is given a rate of four or five stars(5). In addition, 85%(5) of AUM in our rated U.S. mutual funds (across primary share classes) ended the third quarter of 2020 with an overall rating of four or five stars.
(1) Source: © 2020 Morningstar, Inc. All rights reserved. The information contained herein: 1) is proprietary to Morningstar and/or its content providers; 2) may not be copied or distributed; and 3) is not warranted to be accurate, complete, or timely. Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information.
(2) Source: Morningstar. Primary share class only. Excludes money market mutual funds, funds with an operating history of less than one year, T. Rowe Price passive funds, and T. Rowe Price funds that are clones of other funds. The top chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price funds with 1-year, 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year track record that are outperforming the Morningstar category median. The bottom chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price funds AUM that has outperformed for the time periods indicated. Total AUM included for this analysis includes $456B for 1 year, $456B for 3 years, $456B for 5 years, and $449B for 10 years.
(3) Passive Peer Median was created by T. Rowe Price using data from Morningstar. Primary share class only. Excludes money market mutual funds, funds with an operating history of less than one year, funds with fewer than three peers, T. Rowe Price passive funds, and T. Rowe Price funds that are clones of other funds. This analysis compares T. Rowe Price active funds to the applicable universe of passive/index open-end funds and ETFs of peer firms. The top chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price funds with 1-year, 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year track record that are outperforming the passive peer universe. The bottom chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price funds AUM that has outperformed for the time periods indicated. Total AUM included for this analysis includes $436B for 1 year, $396B for 3 years, $394B for 5 years, and $377B for 10 years.
(4)Composite net returns are calculated using the highest applicable separate account fee schedule. Excludes money market composites. All composites compared to official GIPS composite primary benchmark. The top chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price composites with 1-year, 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year track record that are outperforming their benchmarks. The bottom chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price composite AUM that has outperformed for the time periods indicated. Total AUM included for this analysis includes $1,207B for 1 year, $1,195B for 3 years, $1,180B for 5 years, and $1,146B for 10 years.
(5) The Morningstar Rating™ for funds is calculated for funds with at least a three-year history. Exchange-traded funds and open-ended mutual funds are considered a single population for comparative purposes. It is calculated based on a Morningstar Risk-Adjusted Return measure that accounts for variation in a managed product's monthly excess performance, placing more emphasis on downward variations and rewarding consistent performance. Morningstar gives its best ratings of 5 or 4 stars to the top 32.5% of all funds (of the 32.5%, 10% get 5 stars and 22.5% get 4 stars). The Overall Morningstar Rating™ is derived from a weighted average of the performance figures associated with a fund’s 3-, 5-, and 10-year (if applicable) Morningstar Rating™ metrics.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following table and discussion sets forth information regarding our consolidated financial results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 on a U.S. GAAP basis as well as a non-GAAP basis. The non-GAAP basis adjusts for the impact of our consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products, the impact of market appreciation/depreciation on the supplemental savings plan liability and related economic hedges, investment gains/losses related to certain other investments, and certain nonrecurring charges and gains.
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| Three months ended |  | Q3 2020 vs. Q3 2019 |  |  | Nine months ended |  | YTD 2020 vs. YTD 2019
(in millions, except per-share data) | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | $ change |  | % change |  |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | $ change |  | % change
U.S. GAAP basis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment advisory fees | $ | 1,469.3 |  |  | $ | 1,303.4 |  |  | $ | 165.9 |  |  | 12.7 | % |  |  | $ | 4,090.9 |  |  | $ | 3,767.8 |  |  | $ | 323.1 |  |  | 8.6 | %
Net revenues | $ | 1,595.8 |  |  | $ | 1,426.7 |  |  | $ | 169.1 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  |  | $ | 4,473.8 |  |  | $ | 4,149.2 |  |  | $ | 324.6 |  |  | 7.8 | %
Operating expenses | $ | 866.9 |  |  | $ | 767.6 |  |  | $ | 99.3 |  |  | 12.9 | % |  |  | $ | 2,484.0 |  |  | $ | 2,342.5 |  |  | $ | 141.5 |  |  | 6.0 | %
Net operating income | $ | 728.9 |  |  | $ | 659.1 |  |  | $ | 69.8 |  |  | 10.6 | % |  |  | $ | 1,989.8 |  |  | $ | 1,806.7 |  |  | $ | 183.1 |  |  | 10.1 | %
Non-operating income(1) | $ | 191.6 |  |  | $ | 43.0 |  |  | $ | 148.6 |  |  | n/m |  |  | $ | 106.4 |  |  | $ | 370.3 |  |  | $ | (263.9) |  |  | n/m
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 643.2 |  |  | $ | 545.9 |  |  | $ | 97.3 |  |  | 17.8 | % |  |  | $ | 1,589.3 |  |  | $ | 1,586.0 |  |  | $ | 3.3 |  |  | .2 | %
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 2.73 |  |  | $ | 2.23 |  |  | $ | .50 |  |  | 22.4 | % |  |  | $ | 6.66 |  |  | $ | 6.47 |  |  | $ | .19 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Weighted average common shares outstanding assuming dilution | 229.4 |  |  | 238.2 |  |  | (8.8) |  |  | (3.7) | % |  |  | 231.9 |  |  | 239.0 |  |  | (7.1) |  |  | (3.0) | %
Adjusted non-GAAP basis(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses | $ | 830.5 |  |  | $ | 765.1 |  |  | $ | 65.4 |  |  | 8.5 | % |  |  | $ | 2,434.2 |  |  | $ | 2,286.3 |  |  | $ | 147.9 |  |  | 6.5 | %
Net operating income | $ | 768.0 |  |  | $ | 664.2 |  |  | $ | 103.8 |  |  | 15.6 | % |  |  | $ | 2,046.9 |  |  | $ | 1,869.2 |  |  | $ | 177.7 |  |  | 9.5 | %
Non-operating income(1) | $ | 25.6 |  |  | $ | 18.8 |  |  | $ | 6.8 |  |  | n/m |  |  | $ | 50.2 |  |  | $ | 98.8 |  |  | $ | (48.6) |  |  | n/m
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 602.7 |  |  | $ | 521.7 |  |  | $ | 81.0 |  |  | 15.5 | % |  |  | $ | 1,596.6 |  |  | $ | 1,480.4 |  |  | $ | 116.2 |  |  | 7.8 | %
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 2.55 |  |  | $ | 2.13 |  |  | $ | .42 |  |  | 19.7 | % |  |  | $ | 6.69 |  |  | $ | 6.04 |  |  | $ | .65 |  |  | 10.8 | %
Assets under management (in billions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average assets under management | $ | 1,292.9 |  |  | $ | 1,130.2 |  |  | $ | 162.7 |  |  | 14.4 | % |  |  | $ | 1,198.9 |  |  | $ | 1,091.5 |  |  | $ | 107.4 |  |  | 9.8 | %
Ending assets under management | $ | 1,310.4 |  |  | $ | 1,126.3 |  |  | $ | 184.1 |  |  | 16.3 | % |  |  | $ | 1,310.4 |  |  | $ | 1,126.3 |  |  | $ | 184.1 |  |  | 16.3 | %

(1) The percentage change in non-operating income (loss) is not meaningful (n/m).
(2) See the reconciliation to the comparable U.S. GAAP measures at the end of the Results of Operations section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis.
Results Overview - Quarter ended September 30, 2020
Investment advisory revenues. Investment advisory fees are earned based on the value and composition of our assets under management, which change based on fluctuations in financial markets and net cash flows. As our average assets under management increase or decrease in a given period, the level of our investment advisory fee revenue for that same period generally fluctuates in a similar manner. Our annualized effective fee rates can be impacted by market or cash flow related shifts among asset and share classes, price changes in existing products, and asset level changes in products with tiered-fee structures.
Investment advisory revenues earned in the third quarter of 2020 increased over the comparable 2019 quarter as average assets under our management increased $162.7 billion, or 14.4%, to $1,292.9 billion. In the third quarter of 2020, we voluntarily waived $6.4 million, or less than 1% of our investment advisory fees from certain of our money market mutual funds, trusts and other investment portfolios in order to maintain a positive yield for investors. At September 30, 2020, combined net assets of the investment portfolios in which we waived fees in the third quarter of 2020 were $23.2 billion. We expect to continue to waive fees for at least the remainder of 2020.
The average annualized effective fee rate earned during the third quarter of 2020 was 45.2 basis points, compared with 45.8 basis points earned during the third quarter of 2019. Our annualized effective fee rate declined primarily due to client transfers within the complex to lower fee vehicles or share classes over the last twelve months and the money market fee waivers.
Operating expenses. Operating expenses were $866.9 million in the third quarter of 2020 compared with $767.6 million in the third quarter of 2019. The increase in operating expenses for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019 was primarily due to a $33.3 million increase in operating expenses related to the supplemental savings plan from higher market returns, higher salaries and annual bonus accrual, and the firm’s
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continued strategic investments. For the third quarter of 2020, the higher expense related to the supplemental savings plan was largely offset by the non-operating gains earned on the investments used to economically hedge the related liability.
On a non-GAAP basis, our operating expenses in the third quarter of 2020 increased 8.5% to $830.5 million compared to the third quarter of 2019. Our non-GAAP operating expenses do not include the impact of our supplemental savings plan and consolidated sponsored investment products. See our non-GAAP reconciliations later in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis section.
Operating margin. Our operating margin in the third quarter of 2020 was 45.7%, compared to 46.2% earned in the 2019 quarter. The decrease in our operating margin for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the 2019 period was primarily driven by the higher expense related to our supplemental savings plan as market returns in the third quarter of 2020 outperformed the same period in 2019, partially offset by higher investment advisory fee revenue.
Diluted earnings per share. Diluted earnings per share was $2.73 for the third quarter of 2020 as compared to $2.23 for the third quarter of 2019. The 22.4% increase was primarily driven by higher operating income and net investment gains recognized in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to the third quarter of 2019 as well as a 3.7% decline in weighted average shares outstanding. The primary drivers for the increase were partially offset by a higher effective income tax rate in 2020 quarter as compared to the 2019 quarter.
On a non-GAAP basis, diluted earnings per share was $2.55 for the third quarter of 2020 as compared to $2.13 for the third quarter of 2019. The increase in diluted earnings per share was primarily due to higher operating income and lower weighted average shares outstanding.
Results Overview - Year-to-Date ended September 30, 2020
Investment advisory revenues. Investment advisory revenues earned in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 increased over the comparable 2019 period as average assets under our management increased $107.4 billion, or 9.8%, to $1,198.9 billion.
In the second quarter of 2020, we began voluntarily waiving a portion of our money market advisory fees and fund expenses in order to maintain a positive yield for investors. We waived $9.1 million, or less than 1% of total investment advisory fees from certain of our money market mutual funds, trusts and other investment portfolios during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
The average annualized effective fee rate earned on our assets under management during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was 45.6 basis points compared with 46.2 basis points earned during the same period of 2019. Our annualized effective fee rate declined primarily due to client transfers within the complex to lower fee vehicles or share classes over the last twelve months and the money market fee waivers.
Operating expenses. Operating expenses were $2,484.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared with $2,342.5 million in the 2019 period. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to higher salary and benefits expense, annual bonus accrual, stock-based compensation expense and our continued strategic investments. These increases were partially offset by a $6.5 million decrease in operating expenses related to the supplemental savings plan due to lower market returns in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
On a non-GAAP basis, our operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 increased 6.5% to $2,434.2 million compared to the 2019 period. Our non-GAAP operating expenses do not include the impact of our supplemental savings plan and consolidated sponsored investment products. See our non-GAAP reconciliations later in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis section.
We are narrowing our full-year 2020 non-GAAP operating expense growth guidance from a range of 3%-6% to a range of 4%-6%. The non-GAAP operating expense growth in the fourth quarter of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 is expected to be lower than the 6.5% growth experienced year-to-date. For 2021, we currently estimate that our non-GAAP operating expenses will grow in the range of 6%-9%. These ranges include investments in our critical strategic initiatives to promote long-term growth of the business. We could elect to further adjust our expense growth should unforeseen circumstances arise, including significant market movements.
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Operating margin. Our operating margin in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was 44.5%, compared to 43.5% earned in the 2019 period. The increase in our operating margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the 2019 period was primarily driven by higher net revenues and lower expense related to our supplemental savings plan.
Diluted earnings per share. Diluted earnings per share was $6.66 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to $6.47 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The 2.9% increase was primarily driven by higher operating income and lower weighted average outstanding shares. These drivers of the increase were partially offset by lower net investment gains recognized in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the 2019 period.
On a non-GAAP basis, diluted earnings per share was $6.69 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to $6.04 for the 2019 period. The increase in adjusted diluted earnings per share was primarily due to higher operating income, lower weighted average outstanding shares, and a lower effective tax rate. The impact of these drivers were partially offset by lower net investment gains recognized in the 2020 period. See our non-GAAP reconciliations later in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis section.
Net revenues

| Three months ended |  | Q3 2020 vs. Q3 2019 |  |  | Nine months ended |  | YTD 2020 vs. YTD 2019
(in millions) | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | $ change |  | % change |  |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | $ change |  | % change
Investment advisory fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. mutual funds | $ | 939.5 |  |  | $ | 881.0 |  |  | $ | 58.5 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  |  | $ | 2,638.8 |  |  | $ | 2,557.6 |  |  | $ | 81.2 |  |  | 3.2 | %
Subadvised funds, separate accounts, collective investment trusts, and other investment products | 529.8 |  |  | 422.4 |  |  | 107.4 |  |  | 25.4 | % |  |  | 1,452.1 |  |  | 1,210.2 |  |  | 241.9 |  |  | 20.0 | %
| 1,469.3 |  |  | 1,303.4 |  |  | 165.9 |  |  | 12.7 | % |  |  | 4,090.9 |  |  | 3,767.8 |  |  | 323.1 |  |  | 8.6 | %
Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Administrative fees | 98.0 |  |  | 93.2 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  |  | 300.8 |  |  | 291.0 |  |  | 9.8 |  |  | 3.4 | %
Distribution and servicing fees | 28.5 |  |  | 30.1 |  |  | (1.6) |  |  | (5.3) | % |  |  | 82.1 |  |  | 90.4 |  |  | (8.3) |  |  | (9.2) | %
| 126.5 |  |  | 123.3 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 2.6 | % |  |  | 382.9 |  |  | 381.4 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | .4 | %
Net revenues | $ | 1,595.8 |  |  | $ | 1,426.7 |  |  | $ | 169.1 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  |  | $ | 4,473.8 |  |  | $ | 4,149.2 |  |  | $ | 324.6 |  |  | 7.8 | %

Investment advisory fees.
U.S. mutual funds
Investment advisory revenues earned in the third quarter of 2020 from our U.S. mutual funds were $939.5 million, an increase of 6.6% from the comparable 2019 quarter. Average assets under management in these funds for the third quarter of 2020 increased 9.0% from the 2019 quarter to $708.8 billion.
Investment advisory revenues earned in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from the firm's U.S. mutual funds were $2,638.8 million, an increase of 3.2% from the comparable 2019 period. Average assets under management in these funds for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 increased 4.9% from the 2019 period to $664.0 billion.
The difference in the percentage of change in revenue compared with assets under management for both the 2020 quarter and year-to-date periods from the comparable 2019 periods is primarily due to client transfers within the complex to lower fee vehicles or shares classes during the last twelve months and the money market fee waivers.
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Subadvised funds, separate accounts, collective investment trusts and other investment products (Other Portfolios)
Investment advisory revenues earned in the third quarter of 2020 from these other portfolios were $529.8 million, an increase of 25.4% from the comparable 2019 quarter. Average assets under management for these products increased 21.8% from the 2019 quarter to $584.1 billion.
Investment advisory revenues earned in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from these other portfolios were $1,452.1 million, an increase of 20.0% from the 2019 period. Average assets under management for these products increased 16.7% from the 2019 period to $534.9 billion.
Inflows into the Japanese ITMs, which have a higher fee rate relative to other products, have caused total investment advisory fees earned from other portfolios to outpace the increase in average assets under management. These investment advisory revenues include distribution-related services we provide to the Japanese ITMs and then contract with third-party intermediaries to distribute these products. The costs we incur to pay the third-party intermediaries are recorded as part of distribution and servicing expenses.
Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees. Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees in the third quarter of 2020 were $126.5 million, an increase of $3.2 million, or 2.6%, from the comparable 2019 quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, these fees were $382.9 million, an increase of $1.5 million, or .4%, from the 2019 period. The increase for both periods was primarily due to increased retail transfer agent servicing activities. These increases were partially offset by lower 12b-1 revenue earned on certain share classes, including the Advisor and R classes, of the U.S. mutual funds as lower markets in 2020 as well as client transfers to lower fee vehicles and share classes over the last twelve months have reduced assets under management in these share classes. The decline in 12b-1 revenue is offset entirely by a reduction in the costs paid to third-party intermediaries that source these assets and reported in distribution and servicing expense.
Our net revenues reflect the elimination of advisory and administrative fee revenue earned from our consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products. The corresponding expenses recognized by these products, and consolidated in our financial statements, were also eliminated from operating expenses. For the third quarter, we eliminated net revenue of $2.7 million in 2020 and $2.6 million in 2019. For the nine months ended September 30, we eliminated net revenue of $7.3 million in 2020 and $6.3 million in 2019.
Operating expenses

| Three months ended |  | Q3 2020 vs. Q3 2019 |  |  | Nine months ended |  | YTD 2020 vs. YTD 2019
(in millions) | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | $ change |  | % change |  |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | $ change |  | % change
Compensation and related costs | $ | 552.3 |  |  | $ | 466.3 |  |  | $ | 86.0 |  |  | 18.4 | % |  |  | $ | 1,542.0 |  |  | $ | 1,441.0 |  |  | $ | 101.0 |  |  | 7.0 | %
Distribution and servicing | 73.5 |  |  | 64.5 |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | 14.0 | % |  |  | 201.2 |  |  | 195.3 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Advertising and promotion | 14.2 |  |  | 17.1 |  |  | (2.9) |  |  | (17.0) | % |  |  | 52.5 |  |  | 58.5 |  |  | (6.0) |  |  | (10.3) | %
Product-related costs | 36.8 |  |  | 38.0 |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (3.2) | % |  |  | 118.0 |  |  | 115.6 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Technology, occupancy, and facility costs | 115.6 |  |  | 106.5 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  | 8.5 | % |  |  | 332.3 |  |  | 309.5 |  |  | 22.8 |  |  | 7.4 | %
General, administrative, and other | 74.5 |  |  | 75.2 |  |  | (.7) |  |  | (.9) | % |  |  | 238.0 |  |  | 222.6 |  |  | 15.4 |  |  | 6.9 | %
Total operating expenses | $ | 866.9 |  |  | $ | 767.6 |  |  | $ | 99.3 |  |  | 12.9 | % |  |  | $ | 2,484.0 |  |  | $ | 2,342.5 |  |  | $ | 141.5 |  |  | 6.0 | %

Compensation and related costs. Compensation and related costs were $552.3 million in the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $86.0 million, or 18.4%, compared to the 2019 quarter. The increase from the 2019 quarter was primarily due to $33.3 million in higher expense for our supplemental savings plan as strong market returns in the third quarter of 2020 increased the liability compared with a minor increase from market returns in the 2019 quarter. Additionally, increases in salaries, benefits, and related employee costs, which increased $25.7 million from the 2019 period, as well as higher non-cash stock-based compensation expense contributed to the increase in compensation and related costs in the 2020 period. An increase of 5.6% in our average staff size and, to a lesser extent, the modest increases in base salaries at the beginning of 2020, have contributed to higher associate-related costs. Our interim accrual for annual variable compensation, primarily bonus compensation, also increased $22.6 million in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the 2019 quarter. We recognize the interim bonus accrual ratably over the year using the ratio of recognized quarterly net revenues to currently forecasted annual net revenues. The interim bonus accrual each quarter will reflect changes in the annual bonus pool from fluctuations in annual net
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revenues. These increases in compensation and related costs were offset in part by higher labor capitalization related to internally developed software.
Compensation and related costs were $1,542.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $101.0 million, or 7.0%, compared to the 2019 period. The increase in compensation and related costs from the 2019 period was primarily due to an increase in salaries, benefits and related employee costs, which have increased $57.8 million from the 2019 period. An increase of 5.6% in our average staff size and modest increases in base salaries at the beginning of 2020, and higher non-cash stock-based compensation expense have contributed to higher associate-related costs. Our interim accrual for annual variable compensation, primarily bonus compensation, also increased $33.4 million in 2020 from the 2019 period. These increases in compensation and related costs were offset in part by $6.5 million in lower expense for our supplemental savings plan and $21.7 million in higher labor capitalization related to internally developed software in 2020 period.
Distribution and servicing. Distribution and servicing costs were $73.5 million for the third quarter of 2020, an increase of 14.0% from the $64.5 million recognized in the 2019 quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, these costs were $201.2 million, an increase of 3.0% over the $195.3 million recognized in the comparable 2019 period. The increase for both periods is primarily driven by higher distribution costs as a result of continued inflows into our Japanese ITMs. These increases were partially offset by client transfers to lower fee vehicles or share classes over the last twelve months that reduced assets under management for those mutual funds for which we pay distribution and servicing costs.
Distribution and servicing costs paid to third-party intermediaries that source the assets of certain share classes of our U.S. mutual funds are recognized in this expense line and are offset entirely by the 12b-1 revenue we earn and report in administrative, distribution, and servicing fees.
Advertising and promotion. Advertising and promotion costs were 14.2 in the third quarter of 2020, a decrease of $2.9 million, or 17.0%, compared to the $19.8 million recognized in the 2019 quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, these costs were $52.5 million, a decrease of $6.0 million, or 10.3%, compared to the 2019 period. The decrease for both periods is due primarily to fewer conference and promotional events in 2020 as compared to 2019.
Technology, occupancy, and facility costs. Technology, occupancy, and facility costs were $115.6 million in the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $9.1 million, or 8.5%, compared to the $106.5 million recognized in the 2019 quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, these costs were $332.3 million, an increase of $22.8 million, or 7.4%, compared to the 2019 period. The increase for both periods is due primarily to the ongoing investment in our technology capabilities, including related depreciation and hosted solution licenses.
General, administrative, and other. General, administrative, and other expenses were $74.5 million in the third quarter of 2020, a decrease of $.7 million, or 1%, compared to the $75.2 million recognized in the 2019 quarter. The decrease in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to the 2019 period is due primarily to lower travel-related expenses that were largely offset by higher professional fees and third-party investment research costs.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, general, administrative, and other expenses were $238.0 million, an increase of $15.4 million, or 6.9%, compared to the 2019 period. The increase in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the 2019 period is due to certain nonrecurring administrative expenses, along with higher third-party investment research costs and higher professional fees. These increases were partially offset by lower travel-related expenses.
Non-operating income
Non-operating income for the third quarter of 2020 was $191.6 million, an increase of $148.6 million from non-operating income of $43.0 million in the 2019 quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, non-operating income was $106.4 million, a decrease of $263.9 million from non-operating income in the comparable 2019 period of $370.3 million. The following table details the components of non-operating income for the quarter and year-to-date periods.
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| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
(in millions) | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
Net gains (losses) from non-consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and discretionary investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend income | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 18.1 |  |  | $ | 19.7 |  |  | $ | 52.2 |
Market related gains and equity in earnings | 21.3 |  |  | .7 |  |  | 30.5 |  |  | 46.6 |
Total cash and discretionary investments | 25.6 |  |  | 18.8 |  |  | 50.2 |  |  | 98.8 |
Seed capital investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend income | .2 |  |  | .2 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 1.0 |
Market related gains and equity in earnings | 14.3 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 8.3 |  |  | 30.9 |
Net gain (loss) recognized upon deconsolidation | — |  |  | (.1) |  |  | .1 |  |  | .1 |
Investments used to hedge the supplemental savings plan liability | 33.3 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 29.2 |  |  | 44.8 |
Total net gains from non-consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | 73.4 |  |  | 23.2 |  |  | 89.2 |  |  | 175.6 |
Other investment income | 11.2 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | 18.4 |
Net gains on investments | 84.6 |  |  | 32.1 |  |  | 100.6 |  |  | 194.0 |
Net gains on consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | 101.2 |  |  | 11.6 |  |  | 13.3 |  |  | 176.3 |
Other income (loss), including foreign currency gains and losses | 5.8 |  |  | (.7) |  |  | (7.5) |  |  | — |
Non-operating income | $ | 191.6 |  |  | $ | 43.0 |  |  | $ | 106.4 |  |  | $ | 370.3 |

Our investment portfolio recognized significant gains in the third quarter of 2020 as strong markets continued into the third quarter of 2020. Our consolidated investment products and supplemental savings plan hedge portfolio comprised about 70% of the net gains recognized during the third quarter of 2020. Our cash and discretionary investment portfolio also experienced net investment gains of $25.6 million in the third quarter of 2020.
Despite the global economies and markets disruption caused by the coronavirus pandemic in the first quarter of 2020, strong markets in the second quarter and third quarter of 2020 reversed net investment losses experienced in the first quarter of 2020. Our cash and discretionary investments and supplemental savings plan hedge portfolio comprised approximately 75% of the net gains recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The net investment gains returned by cash and discretionary investment portfolio was $50.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
The table above includes the net investment income of the underlying portfolios included in the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products and not just the net investment income related to our interest. The table below shows the impact that the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products had on the individual lines of our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and the portion attributable to our interest:

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
(in millions) | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
Operating expenses reflected in net operating income | $ | (4.4) |  |  | $ | (3.7) |  |  | $ | (11.7) |  |  | $ | (10.6) |
Net investment income reflected in non-operating income | 101.2 |  |  | 11.6 |  |  | 13.3 |  |  | 176.3 |
Impact on income before taxes | $ | 96.8 |  |  | $ | 7.9 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 165.7 |
Net income (loss) attributable to our interest in the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | $ | 41.4 |  |  | $ | 8.7 |  |  | $ | (2.8) |  |  | $ | 96.7 |
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests (unrelated third-party investors) | 55.4 |  |  | (.8) |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 69.0 |
| $ | 96.8 |  |  | $ | 7.9 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 165.7 |

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Provision for income taxes
Our effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2020 was 24.1%, compared with 22.4% in the 2019 quarter. The effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2020 increased as compared to the third quarter of 2019 primarily due to lower estimated annual net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests held in the firm's consolidated investment products, which are not taxable to the firm despite being included in pre-tax income, and lower discrete tax benefits associated with option exercises. These impacts were partially offset by a lower state effective tax rate, resulting primarily from the remeasurement of deferred tax liabilities related to the firm's investment portfolio.
Our effective tax rate for both the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 was 24.0%. The year-to-date 2020 effective tax rate reflects a lower state effective tax rate and higher discrete tax benefits associated with option exercises in the 2020 period, offset by lower estimated annual net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests held by the firm’s consolidated investment products.
The following table reconciles the statutory federal income tax rate to our effective tax rate for both the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
| 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019 |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
State income taxes for current year, net of federal income tax benefits(1) | 3.9 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 4.4 |
Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | (.3) |  |  | (.8) |  |  | — |  |  | (.8) |
Net excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation plans activity | (.8) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | (.9) |
Other items | .3 |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | .2 |  |  | .3 |
Effective income tax rate | 24.1 | % |  | 22.4 | % |  | 24.0 | % |  | 24.0 | %

(1) State income tax benefits are reflected in the total benefits for net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests and stock-based compensation plans activity.
Our effective tax rate will continue to experience volatility in future periods as the discrete tax benefits recognized from option exercises are impacted by market fluctuations in our stock price and timing of option exercises. The rate will also be impacted by net investment income recognized on our consolidated investment products that are driven by market fluctuations and changes in the proportion of their net income that is attributable to non-controlling interests.
The non-GAAP tax rate primarily adjusts for the impact of the consolidated investment products, including the net income attributable to the redeemable non-controlling interests. Our non-GAAP effective tax rate increased to 24.1% in the third quarter of 2020 compared with 23.6% in third quarter of 2019, primarily due to lower discrete tax benefits associated with option exercises in the third quarter of 2020. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, our non-GAAP effective tax rate was 23.9%, down from the 24.8% for the comparable 2019 period. The decrease in the non-GAAP effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the 2019 period is primarily due to the lower effective state tax rate and higher discrete tax benefits associated with option exercises.
We currently estimate that our GAAP and non-GAAP effective tax rate for the full-year 2020 will be in the range of 23% to 25%.
NON-GAAP INFORMATION AND RECONCILIATION.
We believe the non-GAAP financial measures below provide relevant and meaningful information to investors about our core operating results. These measures have been established in order to increase transparency for the purpose of evaluating our core business, for comparing current results with prior period results, and to enable more appropriate comparison with industry peers. However, non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered a substitute for financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may be calculated differently by other companies.
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The following schedules reconcile certain U.S. GAAP financial measures for the three months ended
September 30, 2020 and 2019.

| Three months ended 9/30/2020
| Operating expenses |  | Net operating income |  | Non-operating income (loss) |  | Provision (benefit) for income taxes(4) |  | Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group |  | Diluted earnings per share(5)
U.S. GAAP Basis | $ | 866.9 |  |  | $ | 728.9 |  |  | $ | 191.6 |  |  | $ | 221.9 |  |  | $ | 643.2 |  |  | $ | 2.73 |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products(1) | (1.7) |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | (101.2) |  |  | (18.1) |  |  | (23.3) |  |  | (.10) |
Supplemental savings plan liability(2) | (34.7) |  |  | 34.7 |  |  | (33.3) |  |  | .6 |  |  | .8 |  |  | — |
Other non-operating income(3) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31.5) |  |  | (13.5) |  |  | (18.0) |  |  | (.08) |
Adjusted Non-GAAP Basis | $ | 830.5 |  |  | $ | 768.0 |  |  | $ | 25.6 |  |  | $ | 190.9 |  |  | $ | 602.7 |  |  | $ | 2.55 |

| Three months ended 9/30/2019
| Operating expenses |  | Net operating income |  | Non-operating income (loss) |  | Provision (benefit) for income taxes(4) |  | Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group |  | Diluted earnings per share(5)
U.S. GAAP Basis | $ | 767.6 |  |  | $ | 659.1 |  |  | $ | 43.0 |  |  | $ | 157.0 |  |  | $ | 545.9 |  |  | $ | 2.23 |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products(1) | (1.1) |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | (11.6) |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | (13.3) |  |  | (.05) |
Supplemental savings plan liability(2) | (1.4) |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | (1.7) |  |  | (.6) |  |  | .3 |  |  | — |
Other non-operating income(3) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10.9) |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (11.2) |  |  | (.05) |
Adjusted Non-GAAP Basis | $ | 765.1 |  |  | $ | 664.2 |  |  | $ | 18.8 |  |  | $ | 161.3 |  |  | $ | 521.7 |  |  | $ | 2.13 |

The following schedules reconcile certain U.S. GAAP financial measures for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.

| Nine months ended 9/30/2020
| Operating expenses |  | Net operating income |  | Non-operating income (loss) |  | Provision (benefit) for income taxes(4) |  | Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group |  | Diluted earnings per share(5)
U.S. GAAP Basis | $ | 2,484.0 |  |  | $ | 1,989.8 |  |  | $ | 106.4 |  |  | $ | 502.5 |  |  | $ | 1,589.3 |  |  | $ | 6.66 |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products(1) | (4.4) |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | (13.3) |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | .02 |
Supplemental savings plan liability(2) | (45.4) |  |  | 45.4 |  |  | (29.2) |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | .04 |
Other non-operating income(3) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13.7) |  |  | (6.9) |  |  | (6.8) |  |  | (.03) |
Adjusted Non-GAAP Basis | $ | 2,434.2 |  |  | $ | 2,046.9 |  |  | $ | 50.2 |  |  | $ | 500.5 |  |  | $ | 1,596.6 |  |  | $ | 6.69 |

| Nine months ended 9/30/2019
| Operating expenses |  | Net operating income |  | Non-operating income (loss) |  | Provision (benefit) for income taxes(4) |  | Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group |  | Diluted earnings per share(5)
U.S. GAAP Basis | $ | 2,342.5 |  |  | $ | 1,806.7 |  |  | $ | 370.3 |  |  | $ | 522.0 |  |  | $ | 1,586.0 |  |  | $ | 6.47 |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products(1) | (4.3) |  |  | 10.6 |  |  | (176.3) |  |  | (23.7) |  |  | (73.0) |  |  | (.30) |
Supplemental savings plan liability(2) | (51.9) |  |  | 51.9 |  |  | (44.8) |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | .03 |
Other non-operating income(3) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (50.4) |  |  | (12.4) |  |  | (38.0) |  |  | (.16) |
Adjusted Non-GAAP Basis | $ | 2,286.3 |  |  | $ | 1,869.2 |  |  | $ | 98.8 |  |  | $ | 487.6 |  |  | $ | 1,480.4 |  |  | $ | 6.04 |

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(1) These non-GAAP adjustments remove the impact that the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products have on our U.S. GAAP consolidated statements of income. Specifically, we add back the operating expenses and subtract the investment income of the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products. The adjustment to our operating expenses represents the operating expenses of the consolidated products, net of the elimination of related management and administrative fees. The adjustment to net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group represents the net income of the consolidated products, net of redeemable non-controlling interest. We remove the impact of the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products as we believe they impact the reader’s ability to understand our core operating results.
(2) These non-GAAP adjustments remove the compensation expense impact from market valuation changes in the supplemental savings plan liability and the related net gains (losses) on investments designated as an economic hedge against the related liability. Amounts deferred under the supplemental savings plan are adjusted for appreciation (depreciation) of hypothetical investments chosen by participants. We use T. Rowe Price investment products to economically hedge the exposure to these market movements. We believe it is useful to offset the non-operating investment income (loss) realized on the hedges against the related compensation expense and remove the net impact to help the reader's ability to understand our core operating results and to increase comparability period to period.
(3) This non-GAAP adjustment represents the other non-operating income (loss) and the net gains (losses) earned on our non-consolidated investment portfolio that are not designated as economic hedges of the supplemental savings plan liability, and non-consolidated seed investments and other investments that are not part of the cash and discretionary investment portfolio. We retain the investment gains recognized on our non-consolidated cash and discretionary investments as these assets and related income (loss) are considered part of our core operations. We believe adjusting for these non-operating income (loss) items helps the reader’s ability to understand our core operating results and increases comparability to prior years. Additionally, we do not emphasize the impact of the portion of non-operating income (loss) removed when managing and evaluating our core performance.
(4) The income tax impacts were calculated in order to achieve an overall non-GAAP effective tax rate of 23.9% for the first nine months of 2020 and 24.8% for the first nine months of 2019. As such, the non-GAAP effective tax rate for the third quarter was 24.1% in 2020 and 23.6% in 2019. We estimate that our effective tax rate for the full-year 2020 on a non-GAAP basis will be in the range of 23% to 25%.
(5) This non-GAAP measure was calculated by applying the two-class method to adjusted net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group divided by the weighted-average common shares outstanding assuming dilution. The calculation of adjusted net income allocated to common stockholders is as follows:

|  | Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
|  | 9/30/2020 | 9/30/2019 |  | 9/30/2020 | 9/30/2019
Adjusted net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group |  | $ | 602.7 |  | $ | 521.7 |  |  | $ | 1,596.6 |  | $ | 1,480.4 |
Less: adjusted net income allocated to outstanding restricted stock and stock unit holders |  | 16.8 |  | 13.3 |  |  | 44.1 |  | 37.7 |
Adjusted net income allocated to common stockholders |  | $ | 585.9 |  | $ | 508.4 |  |  | $ | 1,552.5 |  | $ | 1,442.7 |

CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY.
Sources of Liquidity
We remain debt-free with ample liquidity, including cash and investments in T. Rowe Price products, as follows:

(in millions) |  | 9/30/2020 |  | 12/31/2019
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 2,228.2 |  |  | $ | 1,781.8 |
Discretionary investments |  | 2,119.1 |  |  | 1,899.6 |
Total cash and discretionary investments |  | 4,347.3 |  |  | 3,681.4 |
Redeemable seed capital investments |  | 1,097.4 |  |  | 1,325.6 |
Investments used to hedge the supplemental savings plan liability |  | 605.7 |  |  | 561.1 |
Total cash and investments in T. Rowe Price products |  | $ | 6,050.4 |  |  | $ | 5,568.1 |

Our discretionary investment portfolio is comprised primarily of short duration bond funds, which typically yield higher than money market rates, and asset allocation products. Cash and discretionary investments returned gains
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of $25.6 million and $50.2 million in the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, as compared to investment gains of $18.8 million and $98.8 million in the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. Cash and discretionary investments in T. Rowe Price products held by our subsidiaries outside the U.S. were $778.7 million at September 30, 2020 and $665.8 million at December 31, 2019. Given the availability of our financial resources and cash expected to be generated through future operations, we do not maintain an available external source of additional liquidity.
Our seed capital investments are redeemable, although we generally expect to be invested for several years for the products to build an investment performance history and until unrelated third-party investors substantially reduce our relative ownership percentage.
The cash and investment presentation on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet is based on the accounting treatment for the cash equivalent or investment item. The following table details how T. Rowe Price Group’s interests in cash and investments relate to where they are presented on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2020.

(in millions) |  | Cash and cash equivalents |  | Investments |  | Net assets of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products(1) |  | 9/30/2020
Cash and discretionary investments |  | $ | 2,228.2 |  |  | $ | 1,834.7 |  |  | $ | 284.4 |  |  | $ | 4,347.3 |
Seed capital investments |  | — |  |  | 326.2 |  |  | 771.2 |  |  | 1,097.4 |
Investments used to hedge the supplemental savings plan liability |  | — |  |  | 605.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 605.7 |
Total cash and investments in T. Rowe Price products attributable to T. Rowe Price Group |  | 2,228.2 |  |  | 2,766.6 |  |  | 1,055.6 |  |  | 6,050.4 |
Investment in UTI and other investments |  | — |  |  | 264.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 264.2 |
Total cash and investments attributable to T. Rowe Price Group |  | 2,228.2 |  |  | 3,030.8 |  |  | 1,055.6 |  |  | 6,314.6 |
Redeemable non-controlling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,340.2 |  |  | 1,340.2 |
As reported on unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2020 |  | $ | 2,228.2 |  |  | $ | 3,030.8 |  |  | $ | 2,395.8 |  |  | $ | 7,654.8 |

(1) The consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products are generally those products we provided seed capital at the time of their formation and we have a controlling interest. These products generally represent U.S. mutual funds as well as those funds regulated outside the U.S. The $284.4 million and the $771.2 million represent the total value at September 30, 2020 of our interest in the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products. The total net assets of the T. Rowe Price investment products at September 30, 2020 of $2,395.8 million includes assets of $2,442.3 million, less the liabilities of $46.5 million as reflected in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet reflects the cash and cash equivalents, investments, other assets and liabilities of those T. Rowe Price investment products we consolidate, as well as redeemable non-controlling interests for the portion of these T. Rowe Price investment products that are held by unrelated third-party investors. Although we can redeem our net interest in these T. Rowe Price investment products at any time, we cannot directly access or sell the assets held by the products to obtain cash for general operations. Additionally, the assets of these T. Rowe Price investment products are not available to our general creditors. Our interest in these
T. Rowe Price investment products was used as initial seed capital and is recategorized as discretionary when it is determined by management that the seed capital is no longer needed. We assess the discretionary investment products and, when we decide to liquidate our interest, we seek to do so in a way as to not impact the product and, ultimately, the unrelated third-party investors.
Additionally, in October 2020, UTI Asset Management Company Limited (India), one of our equity method investments, held an initial public offering in India. As part of the offering, we sold a portion of our 26% interest and received net proceeds of approximately $28.0 million and recorded a net gain on the sale of approximately $3.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2020. Subsequent to the sale, we have an ownership interest of 23% of UTI Asset Management Company Limited (India).
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Uses of Liquidity
We increased our quarterly recurring dividend per common share in February 2020 by 18.4% to $.90 per common share from $.76 per common share. Additionally, we expended $1.2 billion in the first nine months of 2020 to repurchase 10.8 million shares, or 4.6%, of our outstanding common stock at an average price of $108.77 per share. These dividends and repurchases were expended using existing cash balances and cash generated from operations. While opportunistic in our approach to stock buybacks, we will generally repurchase our common stock over time to offset the dilution created by our equity-based compensation plans.
Since the end of 2017, we have returned $5.0 billion to stockholders through stock repurchases and our regular quarterly dividends, as follows:

(in millions) | Recurring dividend |  |  |  | Stock repurchases |  | Total cash returned to stockholders
2018 | $ | 694.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,099.6 |  |  | $ | 1,794.3 |
2019 | 733.6 |  |  |  |  | 708.8 |  |  | 1,442.4 |
Nine months ended 9/30/2020 | 635.3 |  |  |  |  | 1,170.7 |  |  | 1,806.0 |
Total | $ | 2,063.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,979.1 |  |  | $ | 5,042.7 |

We anticipate property and equipment expenditures for the full-year 2020 to be about $230 million, of which more than three-quarters is planned for technology initiatives. We expect to fund our anticipated capital expenditures with operating cash flows and other available resources.
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Cash Flows
The following table summarizes the cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, that are attributable to T. Rowe Price Group, our consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products, and the related eliminations required in preparing the statement.

| Nine months ended
| 9/30/2020 |  | 9/30/2019
(in millions) | Cash flow attributable to T. Rowe Price Group |  | Cash flow attributable to consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products |  | Elims |  | As reported |  | Cash flow attributable to T. Rowe Price Group |  | Cash flow attributable to consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products |  | Elims |  | As reported
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1,589.3 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | 1,593.7 |  |  | $ | 1,586.0 |  |  | $ | 165.7 |  |  | $ | (96.7) |  |  | $ | 1,655.0 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment | 144.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 144.0 |  |  | 131.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 131.7 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 164.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 164.5 |  |  | 136.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 136.1 |
Net (gains) losses recognized on investments | (72.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (2.8) |  |  | (75.3) |  |  | (234.0) |  |  | — |  |  | 96.7 |  |  | (137.3) |
Net investments in T. Rowe Price investment products used to economically hedge supplemental savings plan liability | (19.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19.1) |  |  | (20.5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20.5) |
Net change in trading securities held by consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | — |  |  | (350.8) |  |  | — |  |  | (350.8) |  |  | — |  |  | (688.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (688.1) |
Other changes in assets and liabilities | 458.8 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | (1.4) |  |  | 459.9 |  |  | 428.8 |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (3.9) |  |  | 423.8 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 2,265.0 |  |  | (346.7) |  |  | (1.4) |  |  | 1,916.9 |  |  | 2,028.1 |  |  | (523.5) |  |  | (3.9) |  |  | 1,500.7 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (100.6) |  |  | (49.1) |  |  | 96.6 |  |  | (53.1) |  |  | (230.0) |  |  | (8.3) |  |  | 161.6 |  |  | (76.7) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (1,718.0) |  |  | 393.9 |  |  | (95.2) |  |  | (1,419.3) |  |  | (1,010.1) |  |  | 544.8 |  |  | (157.7) |  |  | (623.0) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | — |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | — |  |  | (2.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (2.2) |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents during period | 446.4 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 447.9 |  |  | 788.0 |  |  | 10.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 798.8 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 1,781.8 |  |  | 76.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,858.3 |  |  | 1,425.2 |  |  | 70.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,495.3 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 2,228.2 |  |  | $ | 78.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,306.2 |  |  | $ | 2,213.2 |  |  | $ | 80.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,294.1 |

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Operating Activities
Operating activities attributable to T. Rowe Price Group during the first nine months of 2020 provided cash flows of $2,265.0 million as compared to $2,028.1 million during the first nine months of 2019. Operating cash flows attributable to T. Rowe Price Group increased $236.9 million, including $203.6 million in higher non-cash adjustments, including unrealized investment gains/losses, depreciation, and stock-based compensation expense; timing differences on the cash settlement of our assets and liabilities of $30.0 million; and the $3.3 million increase in net income from the first nine months of 2019. The non-cash adjustments were driven by a $161.5 million decrease in net investment gains in the first nine months of 2020 compared with the first nine months of 2019. Our interim operating cash flows do not include the cash impact of variable compensation that is accrued throughout the year before being substantially paid out in December. The remaining change in reported cash flows from operating activities was attributable to the net change in trading securities held in our consolidated investment products’ underlying portfolios.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities that are attributable to T. Rowe Price Group totaled $100.6 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared with $230.0 million in the 2019 period. During 2020, we received net proceeds from the sale of certain of our discretionary investments of $141.6 million compared to net proceeds of $77.0 million during 2019. In addition, while we increased our property and equipment expenditures by $6.5 million, we decreased the level of seed capital provided by $65.0 million. We eliminate our seed capital in those T. Rowe Price investment products we consolidate in preparing our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows. The remaining $40.8 million change in reported cash flows from investing activities is related to the net cash removed from our balance sheet from consolidating and deconsolidating investment products.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities attributable to T. Rowe Price Group were $1,718.0 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared with $1,010.1 million in the 2019 period. During 2020, there was a $582.5 million increase in cash paid for common stock repurchases as we repurchased 5.1 million more shares of common stock in the first nine months of 2020 as compared to the first nine months of 2019. Additionally, there was a $85.3 million increase in dividends paid in 2020 as a result of an 18.4% increase in our quarterly dividend per share. The remaining change in reported cash flows from financing activities is primarily attributable to a $88.4 million decrease in net subscriptions received from redeemable non-controlling interest holders of our consolidated investment products during the first nine months of 2020 compared to the 2019 period.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES.
The preparation of financial statements often requires the selection of specific accounting methods and policies from among several acceptable alternatives. Further, significant estimates and judgments may be required in selecting and applying those methods and policies in the recognition of the assets and liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, the revenues and expenses in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income, and the information that is contained in our significant accounting policies and notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Making these estimates and judgments requires the analysis of information concerning events that may not yet be complete and of facts and circumstances that may change over time. Accordingly, actual amounts or future results can differ materially from those estimates that we include currently in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, significant accounting policies, and notes.
There have been no material changes in the critical accounting policies previously identified in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
NEWLY-ISSUED BUT NOT YET ADOPTED ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE.
See Note 1 - The Company and Basis of Preparation note within Item 1. Financial Statements for a discussion of newly issued but not yet adopted accounting guidance.
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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION.
From time to time, information or statements provided by or on behalf of T. Rowe Price, including those within this report, may contain certain forward-looking information, including information or anticipated information relating to: our revenues, net income, and earnings per share on common stock; changes in the amount and composition of our assets under management; our expense levels; our tax rate; and our expectations regarding financial markets, future transactions, dividends, stock repurchases, investments, new products and services, capital expenditures, changes in our effective fee rate, the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, and other market conditions. Readers are cautioned that any forward-looking information provided by or on behalf of T. Rowe Price is not a guarantee of future performance. Actual results may differ materially from those in forward-looking information because of various factors including, but not limited to, those discussed below and in Item 1A, Risk Factors, of this Form 10-Q and our Form 10-K Annual Report for 2019. Further, forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which it is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
Our future revenues and results of operations will fluctuate primarily due to changes in the total value and composition of assets under our management. Such changes result from many factors, including, among other things: cash inflows and outflows in the U.S. mutual funds, subadvised funds, separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts, and other investment products, fluctuations in global financial markets that result in appreciation or depreciation of the assets under our management, our introduction of new mutual funds and investment products, changes in retirement savings trends relative to participant-directed investments and defined contribution plans, and the impact of the recent coronavirus outbreak. The ability to attract and retain investors’ assets under our management is dependent on investor sentiment and confidence; the relative investment performance of the U.S. mutual funds and other managed investment products as compared with competing offerings and market indexes; the ability to maintain our investment management and administrative fees at appropriate levels; competitive conditions in the mutual fund, asset management, and broader financial services sectors; and our level of success in implementing our strategy to expand our business. Our revenues are substantially dependent on fees earned under contracts with the T. Rowe Price funds and could be adversely affected if the independent directors of one or more of the T. Rowe Price funds terminated or significantly altered the terms of the investment management or related administrative services agreements. Non-operating investment income will also fluctuate primarily due to the size of our investments, changes in their market valuations, and any other-than-temporary impairments that may arise or, in the case of our equity method investments, our proportionate share of the investees' net income.
Our future results are also dependent upon the level of our expenses, which are subject to fluctuation for the following or other reasons: changes in the level of our advertising and promotion expenses in response to market conditions, including our efforts to expand our investment advisory business to investors outside the U.S. and to further penetrate our distribution channels within the U.S.; the pace and level of spending to support key strategic priorities; variations in the level of total compensation expense due to, among other things, bonuses, restricted stock units and other equity grants, other incentive awards, our supplemental savings plan, changes in our employee count and mix, and competitive factors; any goodwill or other asset impairment that may arise; fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates applicable to the costs of our international operations; expenses and capital costs, such as technology assets, depreciation, amortization, and research and development, incurred to maintain and enhance our administrative and operating services infrastructure; the timing of the assumption of all third party research payments, unanticipated costs that may be incurred to protect investor accounts and the goodwill of our clients; and disruptions of services, including those provided by third parties, such as fund and product recordkeeping, facilities, communications, power, and the mutual fund transfer agent and accounting systems.
Our business is also subject to substantial governmental regulation, and changes in legal, regulatory, accounting, tax, and compliance requirements may have a substantial effect on our operations and results, including, but not limited to, effects on costs that we incur and effects on investor interest in T. Rowe Price investment products and investing in general or in particular classes of mutual funds or other investments.
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Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
EQUITY PRICE RISK.
During the first quarter of 2020, the impact of the global coronavirus pandemic began to rapidly spread throughout the world and caused increasing disruption to populations, economic activity, and the global financial markets. While markets recovered sharply in the second and third quarters of 2020, the impact and ongoing uncertainty related to the pandemic continued into the end of September 2020. Since our investments in T. Rowe Price investment products are carried at fair value, these investments are subject to market risk. The following table presents the equity price risk from our investments in T. Rowe Price investment products. Investments in these products generally moderate market risk as they are diversified and invest in a number of different financial instruments. T. Rowe Price manages its cash and discretionary investments exposure to market risk by diversifying its investments among equity and fixed income portfolios. In addition, investment holdings may be altered from time to time in response to changes in market risks and other factors, as management deems appropriate. We do not actively manage the market risk related to our our seed capital investments.
In order to quantify the sensitivity of our investments to changes in market valuations, we have chosen to use a variant of each product's net asset value to quantify the equity price risk, as we believe the volatility in each product's net asset value best reflects the underlying risk potential as well as the market trends surrounding each of its investment objectives. The potential future loss of value, before any income tax benefits, of these investments at September 30, 2020 was determined by using the lower of each product’s lowest net asset value per share during the first nine months of 2020 or its net asset value per share at September 30, 2020, reduced by 10%. In considering this presentation, it is important to note that: not all products experienced their lowest net asset value per share on the same day; it is likely that the composition of the investment portfolio would be changed if adverse market conditions persisted; and we could experience future losses in excess of those presented below.

(in millions) | Fair value 9/30/2020 |  | Potential lower value |  | Potential loss
Investments in T. Rowe Price products |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discretionary investments | $ | 1,005.6 |  |  | $ | 901.7 |  |  | $ | 103.9 |  |  | 10 | %
Seed capital not consolidated | 160.0 |  |  | 74.5 |  |  | 85.5 |  |  | 53 | %
Investments designated as an economic hedge of supplemental savings plan liability held at fair value | 565.3 |  |  | 413.6 |  |  | 151.7 |  |  | 27 | %
Total | $ | 1,730.9 |  |  | $ | 1,389.8 |  |  | $ | 341.1 |  |  | 20 | %
Direct investment in consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discretionary investments | $ | 284.4 |  |  | $ | 193.4 |  |  | $ | 91.0 |  |  | 32 | %
Seed capital | 771.2 |  |  | 633.4 |  |  | 137.8 |  |  | 18 | %
Total | $ | 1,055.6 |  |  | $ | 826.8 |  |  | $ | 228.8 |  |  | 22 | %
Investment partnerships and other investments held at fair value | $ | 99.4 |  |  | $ | 83.2 |  |  | $ | 16.2 |  |  | 16 | %

Any losses arising from the change in fair value of investments in T. Rowe Price products would result in a corresponding decrease, net of tax, in our net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group.
The direct investment in consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products represents our portion of the net assets of the product. Upon consolidation of these products, our direct investment is eliminated, and the net assets of the products are combined in our consolidated balance sheet, together with redeemable non-controlling interests, which represents the portion of the products that is owned by unrelated third-party investors. Any losses arising from the change in fair value of our direct investments in consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products would also result in a corresponding decrease, net of tax, in our net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group.
Further, we have investments that are used to economically hedge the change in our supplemental savings plan liability. Since we are hedging the liability, the impact on our net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group would result from any ineffectiveness of this economic hedge.
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Item 4.Controls and Procedures.
Our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2020. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive and principal financial officers have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2020, are effective at the reasonable assurance level to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including this Form 10-Q quarterly report, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, has evaluated any change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the third quarter of 2020, and has concluded that there was no change during the third quarter of 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
On February 14, 2017, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc., T. Rowe Price Trust Company, current and former members of the management committee, and trustees of the T. Rowe Price U.S. Retirement Program were named as defendants in a lawsuit filed in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. The lawsuit alleges breaches of ERISA’s fiduciary duty and prohibited transaction provisions on behalf of a class of all participants and beneficiaries of the T. Rowe Price 401(k) Plan from February 14, 2011, to the time of judgment. The matter has been certified as a class action. T. Rowe Price believes the claims are without merit and is vigorously defending the action. Plaintiffs have filed a motion for partial summary judgment and defendants have filed a cross-motion for summary judgment, and briefing is underway. We cannot predict the eventual outcome, or whether it will have a material negative impact on our financial results, or estimate the possible loss or range of loss that may arise from any negative outcome.
On April 27, 2016, certain shareholders in the T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund, T. Rowe Price Capital Appreciation Fund, T. Rowe Price Equity Income Fund, T. Rowe Price Growth Stock Fund, T. Rowe Price International Stock Fund, T. Rowe Price High Yield Fund, T. Rowe Price New Income Fund and T. Rowe Price Small Cap Stock Fund (the “Funds”) filed a Section 36(b) complaint under the caption Zoidis v. T. Rowe Price Assoc., Inc., against T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. (“T. Rowe Price”) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The complaint alleges that the management fees for the identified funds are excessive because T. Rowe Price charges lower advisory fees to subadvised clients with funds in the same strategy. The complaint seeks to recover the allegedly excessive advisory fees received by T. Rowe Price in the year preceding the start of the lawsuit, along with investments’ returns and profits. In the alternative, the complaint seeks the rescission of each fund’s investment management agreement and restitution of any allegedly excessive management fees. T. Rowe Price believes the claims are without merit and is vigorously defending the action. This matter is in the discovery phase of litigation and we cannot predict the eventual outcome, or whether it will have a material negative impact on our financial results, or estimate the possible loss or range of loss that may arise from any negative outcome.
In addition to the matters discussed above, various claims against us arise in the ordinary course of business, including employment-related claims. In the opinion of management, after consultation with counsel, the likelihood of an adverse determination in one or more of these pending ordinary course of business claims that would have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations is remote.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Information regarding our risk factors appears in Item 1A. of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC on February 13, 2020. The following risk factor has occurred since previously reporting our risk factors in Item 1A. of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.
Our business, financial condition, and results of operation may be adversely affected by the recent coronavirus outbreak.
Beginning in early 2020, global financial markets have been monitoring and reacting to the novel coronavirus pandemic. The spread of the coronavirus has created significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption to the global economy and may impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In particular global financial markets have seen increased volatility and significant changes in the value of investments. If the value of our assets under our management decreases, our revenue and operating results could be materially impacted. Furthermore, w hile we have in place robust and well-established business continuity plans that address the potential impact to our associates and our facilities, and a comprehensive suite of technologies which enable our associates to work remotely and conduct business, no assurance can be given that the steps we have taken will continue to be effective or appropriate. In the event that our associates become incapacitated by the coronavirus, our business operations may be impacted, which could lead to reputational and financial harm. Since our revenue is based on the market value and composition of the assets under our management, the ultimate impact on global financial markets and our clients’ decisions related to this event could adversely affect the Company’s revenue and operating results.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
(c) Repurchase activity during the third quarter of 2020 is as follows:

Month |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program
July |  | 64,123 |  |  | $ | 128.93 |  |  | 32,814 |  |  | 22,703,350 |
August |  | 35,016 |  |  | $ | 138.44 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,703,350 |
September |  | 1,110,116 |  |  | $ | 126.64 |  |  | 1,090,792 |  |  | 21,612,558 |
Total |  | 1,209,255 |  |  | $ | 127.10 |  |  | 1,123,606 |  |  |

Shares repurchased by us in a quarter may include repurchases conducted pursuant to publicly announced board authorization, outstanding shares surrendered to the company to pay the exercise price in connection with swap exercises of employee stock options, and shares withheld to cover the minimum tax withholding obligation associated with the vesting of restricted stock awards. Of the total number of shares purchased during the third quarter of 2020, 85,649 were related to shares surrendered in connection with employee stock option exercises and no shares were withheld to cover tax withholdings associated with the vesting of restricted stock awards.
The following table details the changes in and status of the Board of Directors’ outstanding publicly announced board authorizations.

Authorization Dates |  | 7/1/2020 |  |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased at 9/30/2020
February 2019 |  | 7,736,164 |  |  |  |  | (1,123,606) |  |  | 6,612,558 |
March 2020 |  | 15,000,000 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 15,000,000 |
|  | 22,736,164 |  |  |  |  | (1,123,606) |  |  | 21,612,558 |

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
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Item 5. Other Information.
On October 29, 2020, we issued an earnings release reporting our results of operations for the third quarter of 2020 and the first nine months of 2020. A copy of that earnings release is furnished herewith as Exhibit 99.1 This information shall not be deemed filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933.
Item 6. Exhibits.
The following exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are furnished herewith.

3(i) |  | Charter of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., as reflected by Articles of Restatement dated June 20, 2018. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q Quarterly Report filed on July 25, 2018.)
3(ii) |  | Amended and Restated By-Laws of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. as of February 12, 2019. (Incorporated by reference from Form 8-K Current Report filed on February 13, 2019.)
15 |  | Report from KPMG LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, re unaudited interim financial information.
31(i).1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer.
31(i).2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer.
32 |  | Section 1350 Certifications.
99.1 |  | Earnings release issued October 29, 2020, reporting our results of operations for the third quarter of 2020.
101 |  | The following series of unaudited XBRL-formatted documents are collectively included herewith as Exhibit 101. The financial information is extracted from T. Rowe Price Group’s unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and notes that are included in this Form 10-Q Report.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized on October 29, 2020.
T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.
By: /s/ Céline S. Dufétel
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
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