IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the IASB defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

Some of the Group's financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period. The following table gives information about how the fair values of these financial assets and financial liabilities are determined (in particular, the valuation technique(s) and inputs used).


Financial assets/ financial liabilities	2023		2024		Fair value hierarchy	Valuation technique(s) and key input(s)
Non-derivative financial assets at FVTOCI (Note 11)		3,968		22,898	Level 1	Quoted prices in an active market.
Non-derivative financial assets at FVTOCI (Note 11)		1,370,806		1,463,463	Level 2	Quoted prices in markets that are not active.
Non-derivative financial assets at FVTOCI (Note 11)		2,322		3,261	Level 3	DCF method with weighted average discount ratio 14.1%
Unlisted equity investments classified as financial assets at FVTOCI		34		60	Level 3	Adjusted net assets based on most recent published financial statements of unlisted companies with discount for marketability and liquidity. Discount ratios varies from 10% to 30%.
Derivative financial assets (Note 11)		642		17,149	Level 2	DCF method. Future cash flows are estimated based on forward exchange rates (from observable forward exchange rates at the end of the reporting period) and contract forward rates, discounted at a rate that reflects the credit risk of various counterparties.
Derivative financial liabilities (Note 19)		1,165		262	Level 2	DCF method. Future cash flows are estimated based on forward exchange rates (from observable forward exchange rates at the end of the reporting period) and contract forward rates, discounted at a rate that reflects the credit risk of various counterparties.

As at 31 December 2023, the fair value of the investment securities in Level 2 includes short-term and long-term sovereign debt securities of KZT 407,086 million and KZT 713,131 million, respectively.

As at 31 December 2024, the fair value of the investment securities in Level 2 includes short-term and long-term sovereign debt securities of KZT 356,712 million and KZT 820,340 million, respectively. Those investment securities are by nature and for regulatory purposes treated as high quality liquid assets, but are classified as Level 2 due to insufficient trading on regulated market.

The reconciliation of Level 3 fair value measurements of financial assets is presented as follows:


	Fair value through other comprehensive income
	Unquoted debt securities		Total

1 January 2023		-		-
Total gains or losses:
- in profit or loss		-		-
- in other comprehensive income		-		-
Purchases		-		-
Issues		-		-
Disposals/settlements		-		-
Transfer into level 3		2,322		2,322
Transfers out of level 3		-		-

31 December 2023		2,322		2,322
Total gains or losses:
- in profit or loss	-		-
- in other comprehensive income		939		939
Purchases		-		-
Issues	-		-
Disposals/settlements	-		-
Transfer into level 3	-		-
Transfers out of level 3	-		-

31 December 2024		3,261		3,261

During the twelve months ended 31 December 2024, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3.

Except as detailed in the following table, management of the Group considers that the carrying amount of financial assets and financial liabilities recognized in the consolidated financial statements approximate their fair values.


	2023
	Carrying amount		Fair value		Fair value hierarchy

Due from banks		30,683		30,048	Level 2
Loans to customers		4,235,957		4,230,722	Level 3
Due to banks		154		154	Level 2
Customer accounts		5,441,456		5,382,189	Level 2
Debt securities issued		99,468		96,666	Level 2
Subordinated debt		62,369		60,895	Level 2


	2024
	Carrying amount		Fair value		Fair value hierarchy

Due from banks		37,908		37,330	Level 2
Loans to customers		5,746,600		5,663,357	Level 3
Due to banks		24,474		24,474	Level 2
Customer accounts		6,561,950		6,515,258	Level 2
Debt securities issued		51,050		49,838	Level 2
Subordinated debt		62,416		60,645	Level 2

For financial assets and liabilities that have a short-term maturity (less than 3 months), it is assumed that the carrying amounts approximate to their fair value. This assumption is also applied to demand deposits and savings accounts without a maturity.

The estimated fair value of term due from banks is determined by discounting the contractual cash flows using interest rates currently offered for due from banks with similar terms.

Loans to individual customers are made at fixed rates. The fair value of fixed rate loans has been estimated by reference to the market rates available at the reporting date for loans with similar maturity profile.

The estimated fair value of due to banks is determined by discounting the contractual cash flows using interest rates currently offered for due to banks with similar terms.

The estimated fair value of term deposits is determined by discounting contractual cash flows using interest rates currently offered for deposits with similar terms. For current accounts which are non-interest bearing, the Group considers fair value to equal carrying value, which is equivalent to the amount payable on the balance sheet date.