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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q
(Mark One)

☑ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the quarterly period ended October 31, 2023

Or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-11504
CHAMPIONS ONCOLOGY, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as defined in its charter)

Delaware | 52-1401755
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
One University Plaza, Suite 307 | 07601
Hackensack, New Jersey | (Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices) |

(201) 808-8400
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share |  | CSBR |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company”, and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ¨ | Accelerated filer ¨ | Non-accelerated filer þ | Smaller reporting company ☑
|  | Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No þ
The number of shares of common stock of the Registrant outstanding as of December 8, 2023 was 13,593,767.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE - None

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED OCTOBER 31, 2023

| PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements. |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of Oc tober 31, 2023 (unaudited) and April 30, 202 3 | 4
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 | 5
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 | 6
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 | 7
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 18
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 22
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 22
| PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 23
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 23
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 23
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 23
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 23
Item 5. | Other Information | 23
Item 6. | Exhibits | 24

3

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
CHAMPIONS ONCOLOGY, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in Thousands)

| October 31, 2023 |  | April 30, 2023
| (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 5,513 |  |  | $ | 10,118 |
Accounts receivable, net | 7,724 |  |  | 8,011 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 780 |  |  | 1,328 |
Total current assets | 14,017 |  |  | 19,457 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | 6,816 |  |  | 7,318 |
Property and equipment, net | 6,941 |  |  | 7,186 |
Other long-term assets | 185 |  |  | 15 |
Goodwill | 335 |  |  | 335 |
Total assets | $ | 28,294 |  |  | $ | 34,311 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 4,536 |  |  | $ | 5,334 |
Accrued liabilities | 2,023 |  |  | 2,270 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 1,275 |  |  | 1,208 |
Other current liability | 148 |  |  | 145 |
Deferred revenue | 12,968 |  |  | 12,776 |
Total current liabilities | 20,950 |  |  | 21,733 |
Non-current operating lease liabilities | 6,775 |  |  | 7,391 |
Other non-current liabilities | 476 |  |  | 551 |
Total liabilities | $ | 28,201 |  |  | $ | 29,675 |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock, $.001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 13,714,099 and 13,558,650 shares issued; and 13,593,766 and 13,544,228 outstanding as of October 31, 2023 and April 30, 2023, respectively | 14 |  |  | 14 |
Treasury stock, at cost | (708) |  |  | (74) |
Additional paid-in capital | 82,741 |  |  | 82,013 |
Accumulated deficit | (81,954) |  |  | (77,317) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 93 |  |  | 4,636 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 28,294 |  |  | $ | 34,311 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

CHAMPIONS ONCOLOGY, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Oncology services revenue | $ | 11,573 |  |  | $ | 14,281 |  |  | $ | 24,134 |  |  | $ | 28,026 |
Costs and operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of oncology services | 6,618 |  |  | 7,443 |  |  | 14,302 |  |  | 14,495 |
Research and development | 2,515 |  |  | 2,604 |  |  | 5,308 |  |  | 5,491 |
Sales and marketing | 1,795 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 3,491 |  |  | 3,392 |
General and administrative | 2,600 |  |  | 2,527 |  |  | 5,540 |  |  | 4,925 |
Total costs and operating expenses | 13,528 |  |  | 14,274 |  |  | 28,641 |  |  | 28,303 |
Income (loss) from operations | (1,955) |  |  | 7 |  |  | (4,507) |  |  | (277) |
Other loss | (105) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (91) |  |  | (27) |
Loss before provision for income taxes | (2,060) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (4,598) |  |  | (304) |
Provision for income taxes | 11 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 31 |
Net loss | $ | (2,071) |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | (4,637) |  |  | $ | (335) |
Net loss per common share outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |
basic and diluted | $ | (0.15) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.34) |  |  | $ | (0.02) |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |
basic and diluted | 13,497,061 |  |  | 13,528,643 |  |  | 13,529,629 |  |  | 13,521,496 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

CHAMPIONS ONCOLOGY, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Common Stock |  | Treasury Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance April 30, 2023 | 13,544,228 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | 14,422 |  |  | $ | (74) |  |  | $ | 82,013 |  |  | $ | (77,317) |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,636 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 423 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 423 |
Issuance of common stock on exercise of stock options | 40,897 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 12 |
Repurchase of common stock | (101,015) |  |  | — |  |  | 101,015 |  |  | (602) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (602) |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,566) |  |  |  |  | (2,566) |
Balance July 31, 2023 | 13,484,110 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | 115,437 |  |  | $ | (676) |  |  | $ | 82,448 |  |  | $ | (79,883) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,903 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 53 |
Issuance of common stock on exercise of stock options | 114,552 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 240 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 240 |
Repurchase of common stock | (4,896) |  | — |  |  | 4,896 |  |  | (32) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (32) |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,071) |  |  |  |  | (2,071) |
Balance October 31, 2023 | 13,593,766 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | 120,333 |  |  | $ | (708) |  |  | $ | 82,741 |  |  | $ | (81,954) |  |  |  |  | $ | 93 |
| Common Stock |  | Treasury Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance April 30, 2022 | 13,522,441 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 81,064 |  |  | $ | (71,982) |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,096 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 206 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 206 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (319) |  |  |  |  | (319) |
Balance July 31, 2022 | 13,522,441 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 81,270 |  |  | $ | (72,301) |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,983 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 119 |
Issuance of common stock on exercise of stock options | 36,209 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 86 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  |  |  | (16) |
Balance October 31, 2022 | 13,558,650 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 81,475 |  |  | $ | (72,317) |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,172 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

CHAMPIONS ONCOLOGY, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Operating activities: |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (4,637) |  |  | $ | (335) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |
Stock-based compensation | 476 |  |  | 325 |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 929 |  |  | 1,088 |
Loss on disposal of equipment | 65 |  |  | — |
Operating lease right-of use assets | 502 |  |  | 542 |
Provision for doubtful accounts | 234 |  |  | 130 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 53 |  |  | 434 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 548 |  |  | 310 |
Other long term assets | (169) |  |  | — |
Accounts payable | (800) |  |  | 1,737 |
Accrued liabilities | (245) |  |  | (743) |
Operating lease liabilities | (549) |  |  | (511) |
Deferred revenue | 191 |  |  | 114 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | (3,402) |  |  | 3,091 |
Investing activities: |  |  |
Purchase of property and equipment | (821) |  |  | (1,358) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (821) |  |  | (1,358) |
Financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from exercise of options | 252 |  |  | 86 |
Repurchases of common stock | (634) |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (382) |  |  | 86 |
Increase (decrease) in cash | (4,605) |  |  | 1,819 |
Cash at beginning of period | 10,118 |  |  | 9,007 |
Cash at end of period | $ | 5,513 |  |  | $ | 10,826 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
7

CHAMPIONS ONCOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Organization, Use of Estimates and Basis of Presentation
Champions Oncology, Inc. (the "Company") is a technology-enabled research organization engaged in creating technology solutions to be utilized in drug discovery and development. The Company's research center operates in both regulatory and non-regulatory environments and consists of a comprehensive set of computational and experimental research platforms. Its pharmacology, biomarker, and data platforms are designed to facilitate drug discovery and development at lower costs and increased speeds.
The Company has four operating subsidiaries: Champions Oncology (Israel), Limited, Champions Biotechnology U.K., Limited, Champions Oncology, S.R.L. (Italy), and Corellia A.I.. For the three and six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no revenues earned by these subsidiaries.
The Company’s functional currency for its foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Transaction gains and losses are recognized in earnings. The Company is subject to foreign exchange rate fluctuations in connection with the Company’s international operations.
These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. Intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated. Certain information related to the Company’s organization, significant accounting policies and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, has been condensed or omitted. The April 30, 2023 condensed consolidated balance sheet in the accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements was derived from audited consolidated financial statements. The accounting policies followed in the preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are consistent with those followed in the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2023, as filed on Form 10-K with the SEC. In the opinion of management, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all material adjustments necessary to fairly state our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented and the presentations and disclosures herein are adequate when read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2023. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for a full fiscal year.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers only those investments which are highly liquid, readily convertible to cash, and with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of October 31, 2023 the Company had cash equivalents of $3.6 million and, as of April 30, 2023, the Company had no cash equivalents.
The Company is subject to a concentration of credit risk in the form of its cash deposits held at multiple banking institutions. Accounts at each institution are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000. As of October 31, 2023 and April 30, 2023, the Company had $4.3 million and $8.7 million in excess of the FDIC insured limit, respectively.
Liquidity
The Company's liquidity needs have typically arisen from the funding of our research and development programs and the launch of new products, working capital requirements, and other strategic initiatives. Recently, the Company has met these cash requirements through cash on hand, working capital management, and sales of products and services. In the past, the Company has also received proceeds from certain private placements and public offerings of its securities. For the six months ended October 31, 2023, the Company had a net loss of approximately $4.6 million and cash used in operations of approximately $3.4 million. As of October 31, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of approximately $82.0 million and cash on hand of approximately $5.5 million. The Company believes that cash on hand, together with expected cash to be provided from operations for the remainder of fiscal year 2024, are adequate to fund operations through at least 12 months from the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this "Report"). However, should the Company's revenue expectations not materialize, the Company believes it has cost reduction strategies that could be implemented without disrupting the business or restructuring the Company. Should the Company be required to raise additional capital, there can be no assurance that management would be successful in raising such capital on terms acceptable to us, if at all.
Fair Value
The carrying value of cash, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, and other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value based on the liquidity or the short-term maturities of these instruments. The fair value hierarchy promulgated by GAAP consists of three levels:
•Level one — Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
•Level two — Inputs other than level one inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable; and
•Level three — Unobservable inputs developed using estimates and assumptions, which are developed by the reporting entity and reflect those assumptions that a market participant would use.
Determining which category an asset or liability falls within the hierarchy requires significant judgment. The Company evaluates its hierarchy disclosures each quarter. As of October 31, 2023 the Company had assets measured at fair value on a recurring and/or non-recurring basis as follows:

(in 000s) | October 31, 2023
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
Cash Equivalents: |  |  |
Money market fund | 3,554 |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 3,554 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |

As of October 31, 2023, the Company had no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and/or non-recurring basis. As of April 30, 2023, the Company had no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and/or non-recurring basis.
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Earnings Per Share
Basic net income or loss per share is computed by dividing the net income or loss for the period by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing the net income for the period by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock plus dilutive potential common stock considered outstanding during the period. Such dilutive shares consist of incremental shares that would be issued upon exercise of the Company’s common stock options.
As of October 31, 2023 and 2022, all of the Company's potential common stock is considered anti-dilutive.

The following table reflects the total potential share-based instruments outstanding at October 31, 2023 and 2022 including those that could have an effect on the future computation of dilution per common share, had their effect not been anti-dilutive due to the Company's net losses in the related periods:

| October 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Total common stock equivalents | 1,831,867 |  |  | 1,675,447 |

Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes have been provided to show the effect of temporary differences between the recognition of expenses for financial and income tax reporting purposes and between the tax basis of assets and liabilities, and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company assesses the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be recovered through tax planning strategies or from future taxable income, and to the extent that recovery is not likely or there is insufficient earnings history, a valuation allowance is established. The Company's ability to utilize net operating losses (“NOL”) carryforwards to offset future taxable income would be limited if the Company had undergone or were to undergo an “ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (the “IRC”). The Company adjusts the valuation allowance in the period management determines it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will or will not be realized. Changes in valuation allowances from period to period are included in the tax provision in the period of change. As of October 31, 2023 and April 30, 2023, the Company provided a valuation allowance for all net deferred tax assets as it is more likely than not that the assets will not be recovered based on an insufficient history of earnings.
The Company reflects tax benefits only if it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to sustain the tax position, based on its technical merits. If a tax benefit meets this criterion, it is measured and recognized based on the largest amount of benefit that is cumulatively greater than 50% likely to be realized. The Company recorded $181,000 of liabilities related to uncertain tax positions relative to one of its foreign operations as of October 31, 2023 and April 30, 2023.
The Company’s practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company did not recognize interest or penalties on its consolidated statements of operations during the three and six-month periods ended October 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company does not anticipate unrecognized tax benefits will be recorded during the next 12 months.
The provision for income taxes for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 was $11,000 and $14,000, respectively. The provision for income taxes for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 was $39,000 and $31,000, respectively. The provision is mainly attributable to taxable income earned in Israel and/or Italy relating to transfer pricing.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606 ("ASC 606"), Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Under this standard, companies recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.
All revenue is generated from contracts with customers. The Company's arrangements are service type contracts that mainly have a duration of less than a year. The Company recognizes revenue when control of these services is transferred to the customer in an amount, referred to as the transaction price, that reflects the consideration to which the Company is expected to be entitled in exchange for those services. The Company determines revenue recognition utilizing the following five steps: (1)
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identification of the contract with a customer, (2) identification of the performance obligations in the contract (promised goods or services that are distinct), (3) determination of the transaction price, (4) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations, and (5) recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company transfers control of the product or service for each performance obligation. The Company records revenues net of any tax assessments by governmental authorities, such as value added taxes, that are imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue generating transactions.
The majority of the Company's revenue arrangements are service contracts that are completed within a year or less. There are a few contracts that range in duration between 1 and 3 years. Substantially all of the Company's performance obligations, and associated revenue, are transferred to the customer over time. Most of the Company's contracts can be terminated by the customer without cause. In the event of termination, the Company's contracts provide that the customer pay the Company for services rendered through the termination date. The Company generally receives compensation based on a predetermined invoicing schedule relating to specific milestones for that contract.
Amendments to contracts are common. The Company evaluates each amendment which meets the criteria of a contract modification under ASC 606. Each modification is further evaluated to determine whether the contract modification should be accounted for as a separate contract or as a continuation of the original agreement.
The Company accounts for amendments as a separate contract as they meet the criteria under ASC 606-10-25-12.
Pharmacology Study and Other Services
The Company generally enters into contracts with customers to provide oncology services with payments based on fixed-fee arrangements. At contract inception, the Company assesses the services promised in the contracts with customers to identify the performance obligations in the arrangement. The Company's fixed-fee arrangements for oncology services are considered a single performance obligation because the Company provides a highly-integrated service.
The Company recognizes revenue over time using a progress-based input method since there is no single output measure that would fairly depict the transfer of control over the life of the performance obligation. Revenue is recognized for the single performance obligation over time due to the Company's right to payment for work performed to date and the performance does not create an asset with an alternative use. The Company recognizes revenue as portions of the overall performance obligation are completed as this best depicts the progress of the performance obligation.
Incremental Costs of Obtaining a Contract (Sales Commissions)
Under ASC 606, the costs of obtaining a contract can be expensed immediately, rather than capitalized and amortized, if the amortization period is one year or shorter. Sales commissions for the Company represent contract costs with a term of one year or less. Therefore, under ASC 606, the Company elected the practical expedient to expense these costs as incurred.
Variable Consideration
In some cases, contracts provide for variable consideration that is contingent upon the occurrence of uncertain future events, such as the success of the initial performance obligation. Variable consideration is estimated at the expected value or at the most likely amount depending on the type of consideration. Estimated amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The estimate of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of its anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to the Company.
Trade Receivables, Unbilled Services and Deferred Revenue
In general, billings and payments are established by contractual provisions including predetermined payment schedules, which may or may not correspond to the timing of the transfer of control of the Company's services under the contract. In general, the Company's intention in its invoicing (payment terms) is to maintain cash neutrality over the life of the contract. Upfront payments, when they occur, are intended to cover certain expenses the Company incurs at the beginning of the contract. Neither the Company nor its customers view such upfront payments and contracted payment schedules as a means of financing. Unbilled services primarily arise when the revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Such situations occur due to divergences between revenue recognition and the invoicing milestones which are based on predetermined payment terms.
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Deferred revenue consists of unearned payments received in excess of revenue recognized. As the contracted services are subsequently performed and the associated revenue is recognized, the deferred revenue balance is reduced by the amount of the revenue recognized during the period. Deferred revenue is classified as a current liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as the Company expects to recognize the associated revenue in less than one year.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses” (Topic 326). This ASU represents a significant change in the current accounting model by requiring immediate recognition of management’s estimates of current expected credit losses. Under the prior model, losses were recognized only as they were incurred, which delayed recognition of expected losses that might not yet have met the threshold of being probable. The Company adopted ASU 2016-03 on April 1, 2023 and the adoption did not have any material effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Note 3. Accounts Receivable, Unbilled Services and Deferred Revenue
Accounts receivable and unbilled services were as follows (in thousands)

| October 31, 2023 |  | April 30, 2023
Accounts receivable | $ | 4,780 |  |  | $ | 3,843 |
Unbilled services | 4,002 |  |  | 4,993 |
Total accounts receivable and unbilled services | 8,782 |  |  | 8,836 |
Less allowances | (1,058) |  |  | (825) |
Total accounts receivable, net | $ | 7,724 |  |  | $ | 8,011 |

Deferred revenue was as follows (in thousands):

| October 31, 2023 |  | April 30, 2023
Deferred revenue | $ | 12,968 |  |  | $ | 12,776 |

Deferred revenue is shown as a current liability on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.
As of May 1, 2023 and 2022, respectively, the consolidated balance of net accounts receivable was $8.0 million and $9.5 million, respectively, and deferred revenue was $12.8 million and $11.1 million, respectively. As of August 1, 2023 and 2022, respectively, the consolidated balance of net accounts receivable was $9.0 million and $9.4 million, respectively, and deferred revenue was $11.1 million and $10.9 million, respectively.
Note 4. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Oncology Services Revenue
The following table represents disaggregated revenue for the three and six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022:

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Pharmacology services | $ | 10,876 |  |  | $ | 13,480 |  |  | $ | 22,735 |  |  | $ | 26,236 |
Other TOS revenue | 697 |  |  | 731 |  |  | 1,381 |  |  | 1,679 |
Personalized oncology services | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 111 |
Total oncology services revenue | $ | 11,573 |  |  | $ | 14,281 |  |  | $ | 24,134 |  |  | $ | 28,026 |

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Other Translational Oncology Solutions ("TOS") revenue represents additional services provided to the Company's pharmaceutical and biotechnology customers, specifically flow cytometry services and software-as-a-service ("SaaS") provided via our Lumin Bioinformatics software ("Lumin").
Contract Balances
Contract assets include unbilled amounts typically resulting from revenue recognized in excess of the amounts billed to the customer for which the right to payment is subject to factors other than the passage of time. These amounts may not exceed their net realizable value. Contract assets are classified as current and included in accounts receivable. Contract liabilities consist of customer payments received in advance of performance and billings in excess of revenue recognized, net of revenue recognized from the balance at the beginning of the period and included in deferred revenue. Contract assets and liabilities are presented on the balance sheet on a net contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period.
Note 5. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is recorded at cost and primarily consists of laboratory equipment, computer equipment and software, capitalized software development costs, and furniture and fixtures. Depreciation and amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the various assets ranging from three to nine years. Property and equipment consisted of the following (table in thousands):

| October 31, 2023 |  | April 30, 2023
Furniture and fixtures | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 246 |
Computer equipment and software | 2,164 |  |  | 2,102 |
Capitalized software development costs | 1,888 |  |  | 1,888 |
Laboratory equipment | 11,762 |  |  | 10,390 |
Assets in progress | 62 |  |  | 1,079 |
Leasehold improvements | 316 |  |  | 111 |
Total property and equipment | 16,438 |  |  | 15,816 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (9,497) |  |  | (8,630) |
Property and equipment, net | $ | 6,941 |  |  | $ | 7,186 |

Depreciation and amortization expense was $484,000 and $560,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense was $929,000 and $1.1 million for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense, excluding expense recorded under finance leases, was $448,000 and $525,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense, excluding expense recorded under finance leases, was $857,000 and $1.0 million for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
As of October 31, 2023 and April 30, 2023, property, plant and equipment included gross assets held under finance leases of $1.0 million, respectively. Related depreciation expense was approximately $36,000 and $35,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $72,000 and $64,000 for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Capitalized Software Development Costs Under a Hosting Arrangement
The Company accounts for the cost of computer software obtained or developed for internal use as well as the software development and implementation costs associated with a hosting arrangement ("internal-use software") that is a service contract in accordance and with ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other ("ASC-350"). We capitalize certain costs in the development of our internal-use software when the preliminary project stage is completed and it is probable that the project itself will be completed and the software will perform as intended. These capitalized costs include personnel and related expenses for employees and costs of third-party consultants who are directly associated with and who devote time to these internal-use software projects. Capitalization of these costs ceases once the project is substantially complete and the software is
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ready for its intended purpose. Costs incurred for significant upgrades, increased functionality, and enhancements to the Company's internal-use software solutions are also capitalized. Costs incurred for training, maintenance, and minor modifications are expensed as incurred. Capitalized software development costs are amortized using the straight-line method over an estimated useful economic life of three years.
The Company has capitalized development and implementation costs in accordance with accounting guidance for its Lumin platform. Lumin is the Company's oncology data-driven software program and data tool which operates as SaaS. These capitalized costs represent salaries, including direct payroll-related costs, certain software development consultant expenses and molecular sequencing programming costs incurred in the engineering and coding of the software development. Total capitalized gross asset costs for the Lumin platform that was launched and placed into service were $1.9 million. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023, an impairment loss was recognized equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeded the future net revenues, or, its net book value at April 30, 2023 of $807,000. Amortization expense related to this asset was $0 and $157,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0 and $314,000 for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Finance Lease
During fiscal year 2023, the Company recognized a finance lease for laboratory equipment. This equipment was obtained as the result of a laboratory supplies purchase commitment with costs of approximately $368,000 at inception through June 2027. Cash payments for this lease are in the form of consideration for purchasing lab supplies under a purchase commitment agreement. The present value of the minimum future obligations of $368,000 was calculated based on an interest rate of 3.5%. Depreciation and amortization expense related to this finance lease was $17,600 and $17,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $35,000 and $28,200 for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
During fiscal year 2022, the Company recognized a finance lease for laboratory equipment. This equipment was obtained as the result of a laboratory supplies purchase commitment with costs of approximately $370,000 at inception through December 2025. Cash payments for this lease are in the form of consideration for purchasing lab supplies under a purchase commitment agreement. At the commencement of the commitment, the present value of the minimum future obligations of $370,000 was calculated based on an interest rate of 3.25%. Depreciation and amortization expense related to this finance lease was $18,500 and $18,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $36,900 and $35,700 for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The liabilities related to these finance leases are classified under other current liability and other non-current liabilities on the Company's balance sheet. The weighted average remaining lease term of these leases is 3.06 years.
Refer to Note 7, Leases, for information on operating leases.
Note 6. Share-Based Payments
Stock-based compensation expense was recognized as follows (table in thousands):

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31, |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
General and administrative | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |
Sales and marketing | 21 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 97 |  |
Research and development | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 7 |  |
Cost of oncology services | — |  |  | 43 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 75 |  |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 476 |  |  | $ | 325 |  |

The Company has in place a 2021 Equity Incentive Plan and 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (collectively, the "Plans"). In general, these Plans provide for stock-based compensation to the Company’s employees, directors and non-employees. The Plans also
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provide for limits on the aggregate number of shares that may be granted, the term of grants and the strike price of option awards.
2021 Equity Incentive Plan
As part of the 2021 Annual Shareholders Meeting, shareholders approved the adoption of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (“2021 Equity Plan”). The purpose of the 2021 Equity Plan is to grant (i) Non-statutory Stock Options; (ii) Incentive Stock Options; (iii) Restricted Stock Awards; and/or (iv) Stock Appreciation Rights (collectively, stock-based compensation) to its employees, directors and non-employees. Total stock awards under the 2021 Equity Plan shall not exceed 2 million shares of common stock. Options and Stock Appreciation Rights expire no later than ten years from the date of grant and the awards vest as determined by the Company's Board of Directors. Options and Stock Appreciation Rights have a strike price not less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock subject to the option or right at the date of grant. As of October 31, 2023, approximately 1.4 million shares were available for issue under this plan.
2010 Equity Incentive Plan
On February 18, 2011, shareholders owning a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company executed a written consent approving the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (“2010 Equity Plan”). The purpose of the 2010 Equity Plan is to grant (i) Non-statutory Stock Options; (ii) Restricted Stock Awards; and (iii) Stock Appreciation Rights (collectively, stock-based compensation) to its employees, directors and non-employees. Total stock awards under the 2010 Equity Plan shall not exceed 30 million shares of common stock. Options and Stock Appreciation Rights expire no later than ten years from the date of grant and the awards vest as determined by the Board of Directors. Options and Stock Appreciation Rights have a strike price not less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock subject to the option or right at the date of grant. After February 2021, no more shares were available to be issued from this plan.
Stock Option Grants
Black-Scholes assumptions used to calculate the fair value of options granted during the three and six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31, |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Expected term in years | 6 |  | 6 |  | 6 |  | 6 |
Risk-free interest rates | 4.49% |  | 0.00% |  | 3.95% - 4.49% |  | 2.87% |
Volatility | 63.30% |  | 0.00% |  | 62.83% - 63.30% |  | 62.58% |
Dividend yield | —% |  | —% |  | —% |  | —% |

The weighted average fair value of stock options granted during the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 was $4.02 and $0.00, respectively, as there were no stock options granted during the second quarter of fiscal year 2023. The weighted average fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 was $3.95 and $4.50, respectively.
The Company’s stock options activity for the six months ended October 31, 2023 was a s follows:
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| Directors and Employees | Non- Employees |  |  | Total |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding, April 30, 2023 | 1,739,336 |  | 36,331 |  |  |  | 1,775,667 |  |  | $ | 4.80 |  |  | 4.6 |  | $ | 2,683,000 |
Granted | 279,100 |  | — |  |  |  | 279,100 |  |  | 6.40 |  |  | 9.9 |  |
Exercised | (155,449) |  | — |  |  |  | (155,449) |  |  | 2.31 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (32,000) |  | — |  |  |  | (32,000) |  |  | 5.86 |  |  |  |  |
Canceled | (34,618) |  | — |  |  |  | (34,618) |  |  | 3.98 |  |  |  |  |
Expired | (833) |  | — |  |  |  | (833) |  |  | 15.96 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, October 31, 2023 | 1,795,536 |  | 36,331 |  |  |  | 1,831,867 |  |  | 5.25 |  |  | 4.6 |  | $ | 2,685,000 |
Vested and expected to vest as of October 31, 2023 | 1,795,536 |  | 36,331 |  |  |  | 1,831,867 |  |  | 5.25 |  |  | 4.6 |  | $ | 2,685,000 |
Exercisable as of October 31, 2023 | 1,478,204 |  | 1,875 |  |  |  | 1,480,079 |  |  | 4.91 |  |  | 4.0 |  | $ | 2,675,000 |

Share Repurchase Program
On March 29, 2023, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the Company to purchase up to an aggregate of $5.0 million of the Company’s common stock. The share repurchase program is designed in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act. The shares may be purchased from time to time in the open market, as permitted under applicable rules and regulations, at prevailing market prices. The timing and amount of repurchases will depend on market conditions, share price, applicable legal requirements and other factors. The program does not obligate the Company to acquire a minimum number of shares. As of October 31, 2023, the Company had purchased approximately 120,300 shares of its common stock, at an average price of $5.73 per share, totaling approximately $708,000 and leaving an available balance of approximately $4.3 million authorized by the Board for use in the program as of that date.
Note 7. Leases
The Company accounts for its leases under FASB ASC Topic 842, Leases. Under this guidance, arrangements meeting the definition of a lease are classified as operating or financing leases and are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as both a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability, calculated by discounting fixed lease payments over the lease term at the rate implicit in the lease, if applicable, or the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Lease liabilities are increased by interest and reduced by payments each period, and the right-of-use asset is amortized over the lease term. For operating leases, interest on the lease liability and the amortization of the right-of-use asset result in straight-line rent expense over the lease term.
Operating Leases
The Company currently leases certain office equipment and its office and laboratory facilities under non-cancelable operating leases. Rent expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term from the lease commencement date through the scheduled expiration date. Rent expense totaled $454,000 and $466,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Rent expense totaled $907,000 and $934,000 for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company considers its facilities adequate for its current operational needs.
The Company leases the following facilities:
•One University Plaza, Suite 307, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601, which, since November 2011, serves as the Company’s corporate headquarters. The lease expires in November 2026. The Company recognized $19,000 and $21,000 of rent expense relative to this lease for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.The Company recognized
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$38,000 and $42,000 of rent expense relative to this lease for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
•1330 Piccard Drive Suite 025, Rockville, MD 20850, which consists of laboratory and office space where the Company conducts operations related to its primary service offerings. The Company executed the original lease in January 2017. The lease was amended to expand the premises and extend the expiration date in March 2020 and again in December 2020. The operating commencement date was August 11, 2017. This lease expires in February 2029. The Company recognized $423,000 and $422,000 of rent expense relative to this lease for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $846,000 and $844,000 of rent expense relative to this lease for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
•VIA LEONE XIII, 14, Milan, Italy, which consists of laboratory and office space where the Company conducts operations related to its flow cytometry service offerings. The Company executed separate leases for its laboratory space and office space during fiscal 2022. During fiscal 2023, the Company executed a new lease to consolidate its office and laboratory space at a new nearby location in Italy. The lease expires October 31, 2028 and it replaces the previous two leases, which were terminated during fiscal year 2023. The Company recognized $13,000 and $23,000 of rent expense relative to these leases for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $26,000 and $48,000 for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
ROU assets and lease liabilities related to our current operating leases are as follows (in thousands):

| October 31, 2023 | April 30, 2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | $ | 6,816 |  | $ | 7,318 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 1,275 |  | 1,208 |
Non-current portion of operating lease liabilities | 6,775 |  | 7,391 |

As of October 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining operating lease term and the weighted average discount rate were 5.22 years and 5.87%, respectively.
Future minimum lease payments due each fiscal year as follows (in thousands):

2024 remaining | $ | 1,431 |
2025 | 2,902 |
2026 | 2,950 |
2027 | 2,916 |
2028 | 2,867 |
Thereafter | 2,392 |
Total undiscounted liabilities | 15,458 |
Less: Imputed interest | (7,408) |
Present value of minimum lease payments | $ | 8,050 |

Refer to Note 5, Property and Equipment, for information on financing leases.
Note 8. Related Party Transactions
Related party transactions include transactions between the Company and its shareholders, management, or affiliates. The following transactions were in the normal course of operations and were measured and recorded at the exchange amount, which is the amount of consideration established and agreed to by the parties.
Consulting Services
During the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid an affiliate of a Board member $9,000 and $9,000, respectively, for consulting services unrelated to his duty as a Board member. During the six months ending October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid an affiliate of a Board member $18,000 and $18,000, respectively, for consulting services unrelated to his duty as a Board member.
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Such amounts are included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of October 31, 2023, $0 was due to this related party.
Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Matters
The Company is not currently party to any legal matters to its knowledge. The Company is not aware of any other matters that would have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
Registration Payment Arrangements
The Company has entered into an Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement in connection with the March 2015 private placement. This Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement contains provisions that may call for the Company to pay penalties in certain circumstances. This registration payment arrangement primarily relates to the Company’s ability to file a registration statement within a particular time period, have a registration statement declared effective within a particular time period and to maintain the effectiveness of the registration statement for a particular time period. The Company has not accrued any liquidated damages associated with the Amended and Restated Registration Right Agreement as the Company has filed the required registration statement and anticipates continued compliance with the agreement.
Royalties
The Company contracts with third-party vendors to license tumor samples for development into Patient Derived Xenograft (PDX) models and use in our pharmacology TOS business. These types of arrangements have an upfront fee ranging from nil to $30,000 per tumor sample depending on the successful growth of the tumor model and ability to develop them into a sellable product. The upfront costs are expensed as incurred. In addition, under certain agreements, for a limited period of time, the Company is subject to royalty payments if the licensed tumor models are used for sale in our TOS business, ranging from 2% to 20% of the contract price after recouping certain initiation costs. Some of these arrangements also set forth an annual minimum royalty due regardless of tumor models used for sale. For the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, we have recognized approximately $53,200 and $32,000, respectively, in expense related to these royalty arrangements. For the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, we have recognized approximately $126,200 and $108,000, respectively, in expense related to these royalty arrangements.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion of our historical results of operations and our liquidity and capital resources should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear elsewhere in this Report and our most recent annual report for the year ended April 30, 2023, as filed on Form 10-K.
Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain “forward-looking statements,” which include information relating to future events, future financial performance, strategies, expectations, competitive environment, regulation, and availability of resources. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements regarding: proposed new programs; expectations that regulatory developments or other matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or liquidity; statements concerning projections, predictions, expectations, estimates, or forecasts as to our business, financial and operational results, and future economic performance; and statements of management’s goals and objectives and other similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. Words such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “future,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates” and similar expressions, as well as statements in future tense, identify forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by, which such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made or management’s good faith belief as of that time with respect to future events, and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements.
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Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statements are made. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those described in “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2023, as updated in our subsequent reports filed with the SEC, including any updates found in Part II, Item 1A of this or other reports on Form 10-Q, if any. You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions, or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking information, except to the extent required by applicable securities laws. If we do update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.
Overview and Recent Developments
We are a technology-enabled research organization engaged in creating transformative technology solutions to be utilized in drug discovery and development. Our research center consists of a comprehensive set of computational and experimental research platforms. Our pharmacology, biomarker, and data platforms are designed to facilitate drug discovery and development at lower costs and increased speeds. We perform studies which we believe may predict the efficacy of experimental oncology drugs or approved drugs as stand-alone therapies or in combination with other drugs and can simulate the results of human clinical trials. These studies include in vivo studies that rely on implanting multiple tumors from our TumorBank in mice and testing the therapy of interest on these tumors. Studies may also include bioinformatics analysis that reveal the differences in the genetic signatures of the tumors that responded to a therapy as compared to the tumors that did not respond. Additionally, we provide computational or experimental support to identify novel therapeutic targets, select appropriate patient populations for clinical evaluation, identify potential therapeutic combination strategies, and develop biomarker hypothesis of sensitivity or resistance. These studies include the use of our in vivo, ex vivo, analytical and computational platforms.
We are engaged in the development and sale of advanced technology solutions and products to personalize the development and use of oncology drugs through our Translational Oncology Solutions ("TOS"). This technology ranges from computational-based discovery platforms, unique oncology software solutions, and innovative and proprietary experimental tools such as in vivo, ex vivo and biomarker platforms. Utilizing our TumorGraft Technology Platform (the "Platform"), a comprehensive bank of unique, well characterized models, we provide select services to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies seeking personalized approaches to drug development. By performing studies to predict the efficacy of oncology drugs, our Platform facilitates drug discovery with lower costs and increased speed of drug development as well as increased adoption of existing drugs.
We offer Lumin Bioinformatics ("Lumin"), an oncology data-driven Software as a Service (SaaS) program. Our Lumin software contains comprehensive information derived from our research services and clinical studies. Lumin leverages our large Datacenter coupled with analytics and artificial intelligence to provide a robust tool for computational cancer research. Insights developed using Lumin can provide the basis for biomarker hypotheses, reveal potential mechanisms of therapeutic resistance, and guide the direction of additional preclinical evaluations.
Our drug discovery and development business leverages the computational and experimental capabilities within our platforms. Our discovery strategy utilizes our Datacenter, coupled with artificial intelligence and other advanced computational analytics, to identify novel therapeutic targets. We then employ the use of our proprietary experimental platforms to validate these targets for further drug development efforts.
We have a pipeline of targets at various stages of discovery and validation, with a select group that has progressed to therapeutic development. Our commercial strategy for the validated targets and therapeutics established from this business is wide-ranging and still being developed. It will depend on many factors, and will be specific for each target or therapeutic area identified. All expenses associated with this part of our business are research and development and are expensed as incurred.
We regularly evaluate strategic options to create additional value from our drug discovery business, which may include, but are not limited to, potential spin-out transactions or capital raises.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our liquidity needs have typically arisen from the funding of our research and development programs and the launch of new products, working capital requirements, and other strategic initiatives. Recently, we have met these cash requirements through cash, working capital management, and sales of products and services. In the past, we have also received proceeds from certain
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private placements and public offerings of our securities. For the six months ended October 31, 2023, the Company had a net loss of approximately $4.6 million and cash used in operations of approximately $3.4 million. As of October 31, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of approximately $82.0 million and cash on hand of approximately $5.5 million. We believe that our cash on hand, together with expected cash flows from operations to be provided for the remainder of fiscal year 2024, are adequate to fund operations through at least 12 months from the filing of this Report. However, should our revenue expectations not materialize, we believe we have cost reduction strategies that could be implemented without disrupting the business or restructuring the Company. Should the Company be required to raise additional capital, there can be no assurance that management would be successful in raising such capital on terms acceptable to us, if at all.
Operating Results
The following table summarizes our operating results for the periods presented below (dollars in thousands):

| For the Three Months Ended October 31,
| 2023 |  | % of Revenue |  | 2022 |  | % of Revenue |  | % Change
Oncology services revenue | $ | 11,573 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 14,281 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | (19.0) | %
Costs and operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of oncology services | 6,618 |  |  | 57.2 |  |  | 7,443 |  |  | 52.2 |  |  | (11.1) |
Research and development | 2,515 |  |  | 21.7 |  |  | 2,604 |  |  | 18.2 |  |  | (3.4) |
Sales and marketing | 1,795 |  |  | 15.5 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | 5.6 |
General and administrative | 2,600 |  |  | 22.5 |  |  | 2,527 |  |  | 17.7 |  |  | 2.9 |
Total costs and operating expenses | 13,528 |  |  | 116.9 |  |  | 14,274 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | (5.2) |
Loss from operations | $ | (1,955) |  |  | (16.9) | % |  | $ | 7 |  |  | — | % |  | (28,028.6) | %

| For the Six months ended October 31,
| 2023 |  | % of Revenue |  | 2022 |  | % of Revenue |  | % Change
Oncology services revenue | $ | 24,134 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 28,026 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | (13.9) | %
Costs and operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of oncology services | 14,302 |  |  | 59.3 |  |  | 14,495 |  |  | 51.7 |  |  | (1.3) |
Research and development | 5,308 |  |  | 22.0 |  |  | 5,491 |  |  | 19.6 |  |  | (3.3) |
Sales and marketing | 3,491 |  |  | 14.5 |  |  | 3,392 |  |  | 12.1 |  |  | 2.9 |
General and administrative | 5,540 |  |  | 23.0 |  |  | 4,925 |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | 12.5 |
Total costs and operating expenses | 28,641 |  |  | 118.7 |  |  | 28,303 |  |  | 101.0 |  |  | 1.2 |
(Loss) Income from operations | $ | (4,507) |  |  | (18.7) |  |  | $ | (277) |  |  | (1.0) | % |  | 1,527.1 | %

Oncology Services Revenue
Oncology services revenue, which is primarily derived from pharmacology studies, was $11.6 million and $14.3 million for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, a decrease of $2.7 million or 19.0%. Oncology services revenue was $24.1 million and $28.0 million for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, a decrease of $3.9 million or 13.9%. The decrease in revenue resulted from an increase in study cancellations during fiscal year 2023, thereby reducing our net bookings and available convertible revenue in the current year.
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Cost of Oncology Services
Cost of oncology services for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 were $6.6 million and $7.4 million, respectively, a decrease of $825,000 or 11.1%. Cost of oncology services for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 were $14.3 million and $14.5 million, respectively, a decrease of $193,000 or 1.3%. The decrease in cost of oncology services for the three months ended October 31, 2023 was primarily from a decrease in compensation and supply expenses and outsourced lab services. For the six months ended October 31, 2023, the decrease was primarily from a reduction in compensation expense. For the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, margins were 42.8% and 47.9%, respectively. For the six months ended October 2023 and 2022, margins were 40.7% and 48.3%, respectively. The lower margin for both the three months and six months ended October 31, 2023 resulted primarily from a decline in top line revenue against a generally unchanged cost base.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 were $2.5 million and $2.6 million, respectively, a slight decrease of approximately $89,000 or 3.4%. Research and development expenses for the six months ended October 2023 and 2022 were $5.3 million and $5.5 million, respectively, a decrease of approximately $183,000 or 3.3%. Approximately $2.5 million of the Company’s research and development expenses in the first half of 2024 was directed towards our target discovery program.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 were $1.8 million and $1.7 million, respectively, a slight increase of $95,000 or 5.6%. Sales and marketing expenses for the six months ended October 2023 and 2022 were $3.5 million and $3.4 million, respectively, a slight increase of $99,000 or 2.9%. Sales and marketing expenses are primarily comprised of compensation expenses to support business development.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 were $2.6 million and $2.5 million, respectively, an increase of $73,000, or 2.9%. General and administrative expenses for the the six months ended October 2023 and 2022 were $5.5 million and $4.9 million, respectively, an increase of $615,000, or 12.5%. General and administrative expenses are primarily comprised of compensation, insurance, professional fees, IT and depreciation and amortization expenses. The increase for both the three months and six months ended October 31, 2023 was primarily from compensation and recruiting expenses.
Cash Flows
The following discussion relates to the major components of our cash flows:
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $600,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2023, primarily due from increases in accounts receivable collections and deferred revenue. For the six months ended October 31, 2023, net cash used in operating activities was $3.4 million. The cash used in operating activities was primarily due to the loss for the period resulting from lower revenue.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $821,000 and $1.4 million for the six months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The cash used in investing activities was for the investment in additional lab and computer equipment.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $382,000 for the six months ended October 31, 2023. The cash used was for the the Company's stock repurchase program, offset by cash received from stock option exercises.
Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies
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The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP in the United States requires management to apply methodologies and make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates of the Company include, among other things, accounts receivable realization, revenue recognition (replacement of licensed tumors), valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, valuation of goodwill, and stock-based compensation and warrant assumptions. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company’s critical accounting policies are summarized in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023.
Off-Balance Sheet Financing
We have no off-balance sheet debt or similar obligations. We have no transactions or obligations with related parties that are not disclosed, consolidated into or reflected in our reported results of operations or financial position. We do not guarantee any third-party debt.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are a smaller reporting companies company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information otherwise required under this Item.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
It is management’s responsibility to establish and maintain “disclosure controls and procedures” as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly Report. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the relationship between the benefit of desired controls and procedures and the cost of implementing new controls and procedures.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.
Management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2023. Based on that assessment, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of October 31, 2023 at the reasonable assurance level in ensuring that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Further, management concluded that our consolidated financial statements in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q present fairly, in all material respects, the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of the dates, and for the periods presented, in conformity with U.S. GAAP.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
None.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this Item; however, the discussion of our business and operations should be read together with the Risk Factors set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 24, 2023. Such risks and uncertainties have the potential to affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, strategies or prospects in a material and adverse manner.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
None.
Use of Proceeds
None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
On March 29, 2023, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the Company to purchase up to an aggregate of $5.0 million of the Company’s common stock. The share repurchase program is designed in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act. The shares may be purchased from time to time in the open market, as permitted under applicable rules and regulations, at prevailing market prices. The timing and amount of repurchases will depend on market conditions, share price, applicable legal requirements and other factors. The program does not obligate the Company to acquire a minimum number of shares. As of October 31 2023, the Company had purchased approximately 120,300 shares of its common stock, at an average price of $5.73 per share, totaling approximately $708,000 and leaving an available balance of approximately $4.3 million authorized by the Board for use in the program as of that date.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
None.
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Item 6. Exhibits

No. |  | Exhibit
31.1* |  | Section 302 Certification of Principal Executive Officer
31.2* |  | Section 302 Certification of Principal Financial Officer
32.1** |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS* |  | iXBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH* |  | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL* |  | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF* |  | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB* |  | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE* |  | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

* filed herewith
** furnished herewith
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| CHAMPIONS ONCOLOGY, INC.
| (Registrant)
Date: December 13, 2023 | By: | /s/ Ronnie Morris
|  | Ronnie Morris
|  | Chief Executive Officer
|  | (principal executive officer)
Date: December 13, 2023 | By: | /s/ David Miller
|  | David Miller
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (principal financial and accounting officer)

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