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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
__________________________________________________________
FORM 10-K
__________________________________________________________

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period From to
Commission File Number 001-35004
__________________________________________________________
FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc.
__________________________________________________________

Delaware |  |  | 72-1074903
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
3280 Peachtree Road, Suite 2400, | Atlanta, | Georgia | 30305
(Address of principal executive offices) |  |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (770) 449-0479
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share | FLT | NYSE

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
NONE
__________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
Emerging growth company |  | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximat ely $15,492,832,955 as of June 30, 2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based on the closing sale price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.
As of February 17, 2023, there were 73,491,592 s hares of common stock outstanding.
__________________________________________________________
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on June 9, 2023 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

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FLEETCOR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
FORM 10-K
For The Year Ended December 31, 2022
INDEX

|  | Page
PART I |
Item 1. | Business | 4
Item X. | Executive Officers of the Registrant | 15
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 16
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 29
Item 2. | Properties | 29
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 30
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 31
PART II |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 32
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 33
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 34
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 54
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 56
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 97
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 97
Item 9B. | Other Information | 99
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 99
PART III |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 100
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 100
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 100
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 100
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 100
PART IV |
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 101
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 106
| Signatures | 106

2

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Note About Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about FLEETCOR’s beliefs, expectations and future performance, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “intend,” “believe,” “estimate,” “plan,” “seek,” “project” or “expect,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “could” or “should,” the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology.
These forward-looking statements are not a guarantee of performance, and you should not place undue reliance on such statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events. Forward-looking statements are subject to many uncertainties and other variable circumstances, including those discussed in this report in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” many of which are outside of our control, that could cause our actual results and experience to differ materially from any forward-looking statement.
These forward-looking statements may not be realized due to a variety of factors, including, without limitation:
•the impact of macroeconomic conditions and whether expected trends, including retail fuel prices, fuel price spreads, fuel transaction patterns, electric vehicle, and retail lodging price trends develop as anticipated and we are able to develop successful strategies in light of these trends;
•the ongoing effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19), including the transmissibility and severity of new variants of the virus; the duration and spread of any outbreak, its severity, the actions to contain the virus or treat its impact through vaccines or otherwise, how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume and the impact on macroeconomic conditions, including any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future;
•our ability to successfully execute our strategic plan, manage our growth and achieve our performance targets;
•our ability to attract new and retain existing partners, fuel merchants, and lodging providers, their promotion and support of our products, and their financial performance;
•the failure of management assumptions and estimates, as well as differences in, and changes to, economic, market, interest rate, interchange fees, foreign exchange rates, and credit conditions, including changes in borrowers’ credit risks and payment behaviors;
•the risk of higher borrowing costs and adverse financial market conditions impacting our funding and liquidity, and any reduction in our credit ratings;
•our ability to successfully manage our credit risks and the sufficiency of our allowance for expected credit losses;
•our ability to securitize our trade receivables;
•the occurrence of fraudulent activity, data breaches or failures of our information security controls or cybersecurity-related incidents that may compromise our systems or customers’ information;
•any disruptions in the operations of our computer systems and data centers;
•the international operational and political risks and compliance and regulatory risks and costs associated with international operations, including the impact of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine on our business and operations and the anticipated sale of our Russia business;
•our ability to develop and implement new technology, products, and services;
•any alleged infringement of intellectual property rights of others and our ability to protect our intellectual property;
•the regulation, supervision, and examination of our business by foreign and domestic governmental authorities, as well as litigation and regulatory actions, including the lawsuit filed by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC);
•the impact of regulations relating to privacy, information security and data protection; use of third-party vendors and ongoing third-party business relationships; and failure to comply with anti-money laundering (AML) and anti-terrorism financing laws;
•changes in our senior management team and our ability to attract, motivate and retain qualified personnel consistent with our strategic plan;
•tax legislation initiatives or challenges to our tax positions and/or interpretations, and state sales tax rules and regulations;
•the risks of mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, including, without limitation, the related time and costs of implementing such transactions, integrating operations as part of these transactions and possible failures to achieve expected gains, revenue growth and/or expense savings from such transactions; and
•the other factors and information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and other filings that we make with the SEC under the Exchange Act and Securities Act. See “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Given these risks and uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements included in this report are made only as of the date hereof. We do not undertake, and specifically disclaim, any obligation to update any such statements or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any of such statements to reflect future events or developments.
3

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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Introduction
FLEETCOR is a leading global business payments company that helps businesses spend less by enabling them to better manage their expense-related purchasing and vendor payments processes. Since its incorporation in 2000, FLEETCOR’s smarter payment and spend management solutions have been delivered in a variety of ways depending on the needs of the customer. From physical payment cards to software that includes customizable controls and robust payment capabilities, we provide businesses with a better way to pay. FLEETCOR has been a member of the S&P 500 since 2018 and trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker FLT.
Businesses spend an estimated $135 trillion each year with other businesses. In many instances, they lack the proper tools to monitor what is being purchased, and employ manual, paper-based, disparate processes and methods to both approve and make payments for their purchases. This often results in wasted time and money due to unnecessary or unauthorized spending, fraud, receipt collection, data input and consolidation, report generation, reimbursement processing, account reconciliations, employee disciplinary actions, and more.
Digital payments are faster and more secure than paper-based methods such as checks, and provide timely and detailed data that can be utilized to effectively reduce unauthorized purchases and fraud, automate data entry and reporting, and eliminate reimbursement processes. Combining this payment data with analytical tools delivers powerful insights, which managers can use to better run their businesses.
FLEETCOR’s vision is that every payment is digital, every purchase is controlled, and every related decision is informed. Our wide range of modern, digitized solutions generally provides control, reporting, and automation benefits superior to many of the payment methods businesses often use such as cash, paper checks, general purpose credit cards, as well as employee pay and reclaim processes. In addition to delivering meaningful value to our customers, our solutions also share several important and attractive business model characteristics such as:
•the majority of revenue is derived primarily from business customers, which tend to have relatively predictable, consistent volumes;
•recurring revenue models driven by recurring volume, resulting in predictable revenue;
•similar business-to-business (B2B) selling systems with common sales approaches, management and reporting;
•specialized technology platforms and proprietary payment acceptance networks, which create competitive advantages and barriers to entry; and
•high EBITDA margins and cash flow translation with limited infrastructure investment requirements.
We actively market and sell to current and prospective customers leveraging a multi-channel, go-to-market approach, which includes comprehensive digital channels, direct sales forces and strategic partner relationships. We sell stand-alone products and services, and are currently organizing and establishing platforms where a single customer can use multiple products from one user interface. It is important to note that we compete mostly with legacy payment methods and traditional ways of paying, such as cash and checks. We supplement our organic growth strategy and sales efforts by pursuing attractive acquisition opportunities, which serve to strengthen and extend our market positions and create value even faster. With a long, proven operating history, FLEETCOR now serves hundreds of thousands of business customers with millions of cardholders making payments to millions of vendors around the world.
FLEETCOR has the following reportable segments: Fleet, Corporate Payments, Lodging, Brazil and Other. We report these segments as they reflect how we organize and manage our global employee base, manage operating performance, and contemplate the differing regulatory environments across geographies and solutions.
To help facilitate an understanding of our expansive range of solutions around the world, we describe them in two solution driven categories: Vehicle and Mobility solutions and Corporate Payments solutions. Our Vehicle and Mobility solutions help control and monitor employee spending while in the field or in a vehicle and include fuel, lodging, tolls and other complementary products. Our Corporate Payments solutions simplify and automate vendor payments and include accounts payable (AP) automation, virtual cards, cross-border, and purchasing and travel and entertainment (T&E) card products.
Vehicle and Mobility Solutions
Our Vehicle and Mobility solutions are purpose-built to enable our business and consumer customers to pay for vehicle and mobility-related expenses, while providing greater control and visibility of employee spending when compared with less specialized payment methods, such as cash or general-purpose credit cards. Our solutions provide customers with significant control capabilities including: customizable user-level controls, programmable alerts, and detailed transaction reporting, among
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others. Our customers can use the data, controls and tools to combat employee misuse and fraud, streamline expense administration and potentially lower their operating costs.
We utilize both proprietary and third-party payment acceptance networks to deliver our Vehicle and Mobility solutions. In our proprietary networks, which tend to be geographically distinct, transactions are processed on applications and operating systems owned and operated by us, and only at select participating merchants with whom we have contracted directly for acceptance. These proprietary networks generally provide us with better economics, as we control more of the transaction, and richer data because of how the networks and point of sale software are configured. Third-party networks are operated by independent parties, and tend to be more broadly accepted, which is the primary benefit compared with our proprietary networks. Mastercard and VISA are our primary third-party network partners in North America and Europe, respectively.
Fuel
We offer Fuel solutions to businesses and government entities who operate vehicle fleets. At the most basic level, we provide the measurement of fuel used and facilitate the payment for that fuel to the merchant, whether that fuel be diesel, gasoline, compressed natural gas, or electricity, while also providing online control, reporting and tracking capabilities to fleet operators. Our solutions are fuel type agnostic.
The measurement, control and payment needs of our customers operating electric vehicles (EV) are similar to those operating traditional, internal combustion vehicles, just centered around electricity usage instead of gas or diesel usage. As we help our customers manage through the transition to EVs, many of them will operate mixed fleets for a long period of time, and will need access to all modalities of fueling, including networks of fuel stations, electric charging stations both on the road and at the office, in addition to at-home charging options. Considering the increased complexity of managing a mixed fleet or an all EV fleet, our product sets are positioned to remain valuable and capture transaction economics, regardless of the vehicle type or propulsion method.
We utilize both proprietary and third-party networks to deliver our Fuel solutions. Our proprietary networks are geographically distinct, and may also be unique to specific markets we serve, such as highway-based truck stops with high speed diesel pumps that can quickly refuel long-haul diesel trucks. Many of our solutions also have additional capabilities, where we can enable the fuel card to allow customers to purchase a limited set of non-fuel items, such as oil, and vehicle maintenance supplies. Our EV networks, primarily in western Europe, offer access to hundreds of thousands of charge points, while also providing operating software for the charge point operators and the management of at-home charging. We are actively expanding our EV footprint to accommodate charging in the U.S., U.K. and Europe.
We also provide program management services to major oil companies, leasing companies and fuel marketers, which allow these partners to outsource the sales, marketing, credit, service, and system operations of their branded fuel card portfolios. Our fuel partners include British Petroleum (BP), Arco, Speedway, Casey's and over 640 fuel marketers of all sizes.
Lodging
We offer Lodging solutions to businesses in North America, the U.K. and Germany that have employees who travel overnight for work purposes, to airlines and cruise lines globally to accommodate both their traveling crews and stranded passengers and to policyholders displaced from their homes due to damage or catastrophe on behalf of property insurance carriers. We utilize both proprietary and third-party networks where we provide access to deeply discounted hotel rooms with enhanced controls and reporting, and audit and tax management services. The size, scale, and nature of our Lodging customer base enables us to negotiate lodging nightly rates lower than the rates most companies could negotiate directly and far below the rates available to the general public. We also can secure hotel rooms outside our proprietary networks in our workforce and airline verticals, or private homes, in our insurance vertical, if required by our customers.
We use proprietary data management and payment processing systems to manage customer billings and reports, which, combined with our discounted hotel network, provide customers with potential savings and increased visibility into their lodging costs. The integration of our processing systems with airline logistics and crew management systems enables us to deliver enhanced services to the travel industry vertical.
Tolls
Operated only in Brazil, we are the leading electronic toll payments provider to businesses and consumers in the form of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags affixed to vehicle windshields. Our Tolls solution operates on our proprietary Sem Parar TM network, which processes transactions for more than 6.3 million tagholders on 100% of the toll roads that accept RFID across Brazil. We provide convenience and faster travel for customers, while also reducing manual labor and cash handling at merchants’ toll booths. Our Tolls solution also provides commercial customers with driver routing controls and fare auditing, mostly in the form of vehicle type and axle count configuration.
Our tags may also be used at approximately 5,700 participating merchant locations to purchase goods and services while in the vehicle, such as parking, fuel, car washes, and meals at drive-through restaurants. At merchant locations, payment via electronic tags is faster, safer and more secure for customers, which in turn increases loyalty and throughput for merchants and eliminates the handling of cash.
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Other
Fleet Maintenance – We provide a vehicle maintenance service solution that helps fleet customers to manage their vehicle maintenance, service, and repair needs in the U.K. This solution is provided through our proprietary maintenance and repair network, which processes transactions for fleet customers at over 9,200 service centers across the U.K. We also offer compliance service to the U.K.’s heavy goods (truck) operators, workshops and drivers.
Long-Haul Transportation Services – In addition to, and often in conjunction with our Fuel solutions, we provide trucking companies in North America with various solutions and services relevant to their industry including road tax compliance analysis and reporting, permit procurement and cash movement and disbursement.
Benefits – In Mexico and Brazil, we offer prepaid food vouchers or cards that may be used as a form of payment in restaurants and grocery stores. Additionally, in Brazil, we offer prepaid transportation cards and vouchers that may be used by commuting employees as a form of payment on public transportation.
Corporate Payments
Our Corporate Payments solutions are designed to help businesses streamline the back-office operations associated with making outgoing payments to vendors. Companies can save time, cut costs, and manage B2B payment processing more efficiently with our suite of corporate payment solutions, including AP automation, virtual cards, cross-border, and purchasing and T&E cards.
AP Automation – We offer AP automation solutions with options that are purpose-built for the simplest small business to the most complex large enterprise. We initiate, manage and guarantee payment of all company-approved bills to all domestic and international vendors through whichever payment modalities the vendors allow, such as automated clearing house (ACH), wire, check or payment card. For small/medium-sized businesses (SMB), our offering is simple, modern bill pay with invoice scanning and automated workflows, which also integrates with popular accounting systems like QuickBooks TM. Our mid-market/enterprise option meets the needs of the most complex global enterprises with multiple organizational hierarchies, approval workflows, locations, bank accounts, robust on-demand reporting and seamless integration with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. We also provide rich data on the remittance to the vendor, regardless of payment modality, which facilitates invoice reconciliations and payment posting. By automating the process of paying vendors, businesses of all sizes can reduce the time, costs and fraud risks associated with their payment processes, and focus more on operating their businesses.
Virtual Card – Our Virtual Card solution provides a single-use card number for a specific amount, usable within a defined timeframe. Virtual Cards provide enhanced security relative to checks while reducing total payment costs for our customers. Full remittance data accompanies each Virtual Card payment, providing significant reconciliation advantages to ACH payments. We have integrated our Virtual Card offering into most leading ERP systems, providing a seamless experience for AP personnel.
We have built a proprietary merchant acceptance network that accepts our Virtual Card payments. Our merchant acceptance network is unique due to the nature of commercial Virtual Card acceptance. Each issuer negotiates directly with the merchant for acceptance, so other issuers’ virtual cards are not interchangeable. This network is managed with proprietary technology that allows us to continuously expand Virtual Card acceptance and optimize the amount of spend we can capture. The scale of this network, coupled with an in-house vendor enrollment service, is a competitive advantage. Our ERP integrations, application programming interface (API) capabilities, strategic vendor enrollment, and transaction management tools enable us to optimize our customers’ electronic payables programs.
Our Virtual Card operates solely on the Mastercard network. Our customers’ ERP systems are directly integrated with our issuing system, and merchants must be enrolled in our proprietary vendor network to accept our Virtual Card solution. This two-sided transaction, where both payor and receiver are in our network, provides substantial payment security relative to paper checks or ACH.
Cross-Border – Our Cross-Border solution is used by our customers to pay international vendors, foreign office and personnel expenses, capital expenditures, and profit repatriation and dividends. We also offer hedging and risk management services to customers, which helps them manage the impact of volatile exchange rates in the course of doing business internationally. This solution is often sold in conjunction with our AP Automation and Virtual Card solutions.
Trade settlement and payment delivery is facilitated through a global network of correspondent banks, in-country payment gateways and technology providers, enabling us to send payments to recipients in over 200 countries and 145 currencies. Our customers rely on us to deliver personalized service and customer solutions, with a heavy focus on technology. We offer a proprietary trading and payments platform that we can "white label" for financial institutions looking to expand their cross-border payment capability, as well as a suite of API products that enables us to embed our full capability directly within the technology of both customers and partners. By utilizing transaction monitoring and watch list screening systems, we ensure payments are safe, secure, and meet all applicable regulatory requirements.
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Purchasing and T&E Cards – We also offer purchasing cards and travel & entertainment (T&E) solutions to our customers. These solutions are generally sold in conjunction with our Virtual Card or AP Automation offerings. Additionally, we provide technology, which combines and leverages transaction data captured from our virtual, purchasing, and T&E card products, to help our customers analyze and manage their corporate spending.
Additional Solutions
FLEETCOR provides other payments solutions that due to their nature are not considered within our Vehicle and Mobility or Corporate Payments solutions.
Gift
We provide fully integrated gift card program management and processing services to retailers in 64 countries, in both plastic and digital form. The gift cards are issued specifically for each customer under their specific brands and are generally accepted exclusively within their retail network, digitally or in-person.
Our Gift solutions include card design, production and packaging, delivery and fulfillment, card and account management, transaction processing, promotion development and management, website design and hosting, program analytics, and card distribution channel management. Our turnkey solution benefits our customers in the form of brand promotion, cardholder loyalty, increased sales, interest on prepaid balances, and breakage on abandoned card balances.
Payroll Card
We offer a payroll card solution in North America in the form of a reloadable stored value card, that can be used instead of a paper payroll check. Our solution operates on the Mastercard payment network and the Allpoint ATM network, and the payroll cards are issued to our customers’ employees, and funded by the employees’ wages. As cardholders, the employees may present the payroll card as a form of payment for personal purchases, transfer funds to their bank account or withdraw funds from participating ATMs.
Sales and Distribution
We actively market and sell our solutions to current and prospective customers leveraging a multi-channel approach. This go-to-market strategy includes comprehensive digital channels, direct sales forces and strategic partner relationships. We continue to expand online, end-to-end capability where the customers can buy, onboard and manage their accounts on their own. In addition, we leverage an omni-channel approach that enables our sales people to be more efficient by improving their prospecting efforts through digitally sourced leads. In our direct sales force channel, we acquire and manage the customer relationship, which has historically been either in-person or via telesales. Our capabilities are also offered through indirect sales channels (e.g., major oil companies and fuel marketers for Fuel, and retail establishments for Tolls) and on a branded or “white label” basis, indirectly through a broad range of resellers and partners across most of our solutions. In doing so, we leverage their sales networks to expand our reach into new customer segments, new industry verticals, and new geographies faster and at a significantly lower cost.
With respect to our Tolls solution, we also place proprietary manned kiosks and unmanned vending machines in areas with high consumer foot traffic, such as shopping malls, to reach consumers. With respect to our Gift solutions, third-party distribution is generally provided by other companies, who are reliant on access to our systems to meet their distribution obligations.
We capitalize on our products’ specialization by deploying product-dedicated sales forces to target specific customer segments. As our solution set has expanded, we are also facilitating cross-selling and bundled product offerings to fully leverage our distribution capabilities, capture more spend and revenue from our existing customer base, and deliver more value to customers which should improve customer loyalty and retention.
Credit Underwriting and Collections
We perform a detailed application review of all new applications for credit evaluating the applications for both fraud as well as credit risk. With both the fraud and credit review we leverage third-party data sources, including device data, fraud scores and credit bureau data to name a few. The credit review includes a combination of Machine Learning models as well as judgmental underwriting based on customer financials. We employ a variety of tools to manage risk in our portfolio, including billing frequency, payment terms, spending limits, payment methods, delinquency suspension, and security. Further, we use fraud detection programs, including proprietary and third-party solutions, to monitor transactions and prevent misuse. We monitor the credit quality of our portfolio periodically utilizing external credit scores and internal behavior data to identify high risk or deteriorating credit quality accounts and control our risk through various strategies. We conduct targeted strategies to minimize exposure to high-risk accounts, including reducing spending limits and payment terms or requiring additional security deposits.
Competition
Our primary competition is from financial institutions providing a full suite of financial products, including general purpose cards, AP payments (i.e. check and ACH), and FX solutions. We also compete with specialized competitive offerings from other companies that vary by product solution.
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•Our Fuel solutions compete with similar offerings from WEX, U.S. Bank Voyager Fleet Systems, Edenred, Sodexo, Alelo, Radius Payment Solutions and DKV.
•Our Lodging solutions compete with similar offerings from traditional travel management companies such as American Express Global Business Travel, as well as in-house travel solutions at large corporations and airlines.
•Our Toll solutions compete with similar offerings from ConectCar (Banco Itaú and Ipiranga), Veloe (Alelo), and Repom (Edenred).
•Our Corporate Payments solutions compete with similar offerings from financial institutions, American Express, Coupa, AvidXchange, Bill.com and Convera.
•Our Gift and Payroll Card solutions compete with similar offerings from Fiserv, other special-purpose card issuers, and payroll companies.
Competitive Advantage
In executing our strategy, we are advantaged by leveraging our competitive strengths:
•Global Scale – We have strong market positions across four continents. This enables us to provide new offerings with better cost economics, sell complementary products, acquire attractive assets that can leverage existing infrastructure and cost synergies, and introduce successful products and practices from other markets.
•Compounding Growth Model – Our growth model historically benefits from strong revenue retention, organic growth from new customer acquisitions and selling more value-added products to current customers, via developed and acquired payment solutions.
•Proprietary Networks – Our specialized proprietary networks allow for unique data capture at the point of sale, providing an incremental value proposition to our customers. These proprietary networks also provide us with advantageous economics by providing attractive, captive spend to the merchant base.
•Scalable Technology – Our easy-to-use platforms provide control and functionality for our customers, and we can on-board incremental customer volume with very limited need for additional infrastructure. We own and control all the critical components to our offering, creating improved speed to market and proprietary feature functionality in the marketplace.
•Diversification – Our solutions and geographic diversification are designed to provide stability through the “portfolio effect” when one geography or business is underperforming relative to the others. This allows FLEETCOR to deliver more consistent financial performance relative to competitors, continue to invest throughout business cycles, and reallocate resources to higher performing businesses.
Technology
Our technology provides continuous authorization of transactions, processing of critical account and customer information, and settlement between merchants, issuing companies, and individual commercial entities. We recognize the importance of state-of-the-art, secure, efficient, and reliable technology in our business and have made significant investments in our applications and infrastructure. In 2022, we spent appro ximately $324 million in capital a nd operating expenses to operate, protect, and enhance our technology.
We operate several proprietary processing systems that provide features and functionality to run our card programs and solutions, including our card issuing, processing, and information services. Our processing systems also integrate with our proprietary networks, which provide brand awareness and connectivity to our acceptance locations that enables the “end-to-end” card acceptance, data capture, and transaction authorization capabilities of our card programs. Our proprietary processing systems and aggregation software are tailored to meet the unique needs of the individual markets they serve and enable us to create and deliver solutions that serve each of our industry verticals and geographies. Our technology platforms are comprised of four key components, which were primarily developed and are maintained in-house: (1) a core processing platform; (2) specialized software; (3) integrated network capabilities; and (4) a cloud-based architecture with proprietary APIs.
Our technology function is based in the U.S., Europe, and Brazil and has expertise in the management of applications, transaction networks, and infrastructure. We operate application development centers in the U.S., U.K., Netherlands, Czech Republic, Brazil, and New Zealand. Our distributed application architecture allows us to maintain, administer, and innovate our solutions in a cost-effective and flexible manner. Our purpose-built solutions contain significant intellectual property that differentiates us from our competition.
We continually seek to modernize and evolve our technology solutions through our core IT transformation initiatives. Our IT transformation initiatives are focused on three main pillars: (1) digital strategy; (2) core systems modernization; and (3) data. Our digital strategy is focused on streamlining a digital customer experience across all of our solutions, providing a seamless experience. Additionally, we are investing in modernizing our core transactional systems to make them more resilient, secure, and scalable. Our technology infrastructure is supported by highly-secure data centers, with redundant locations. We operate our primary data centers, located in Atlanta, Georgia; Prague, Czech Republic; Las Vegas, Nevada; Lexington and Louisville, Kentucky; São Paulo, Brazil; and Toronto, Canada.
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Additionally, as we develop new solutions and modernize legacy assets, we increasingly leverage cloud services. Through the use of cloud technology and microservices, we are able to modernize our platforms with no disruption to our customers. Finally, data is becoming an ever-increasing part of how the Company and its customers do business. We are focused on investing in our data assets to deliver value for our customers through improved insights to help them to better control expenses and mitigate fraud. The use of cloud services provides us with increased flexibility and agility. We use only proven technology and expect no foreseeable capacity limitations.
We maintain disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which benefited us during the COVID-19 pandemic and continue to benefit us. Our telecommunications and internet systems have multiple levels of redundancy to ensure the reliability of network service. In 2022, we achieved ove r 99.9% up-time for authorizations globally.
Safeguarding Our Business
To provide our services, we may collect, use and store sensitive business information and personal information. Some of this information is also processed and stored by financial institutions, merchants, and other entities, as well as third-party service providers to whom we outsource certain functions and other agents, which we refer to collectively as, our associated third parties. We may have responsibility to the card networks, financial institutions, and in some instances, our customers, and/or individuals, for our failure or the failure of our associated third parties (as applicable) to protect this information.
We are subject to cyber attacks and information theft risks in our operations, which we seek to manage through cyber and information security programs, training, and insurance coverage. To strengthen our security and cyber defenses, we maintain a defensive in-depth approach to cyber and information security to defend our systems against misuse, intrusions, and cyberattacks and to protect the data we collect. Further, we work with information security and forensics firms and employ advanced technologies to help prevent, investigate and address issues relating to processing system security and availability. We also collaborate with third parties, regulators, and law enforcement, when appropriate, to resolve security incidents and assist in efforts to prevent unauthorized access to our processing systems.
Our systems align with industry standards for security, with multiple industry certifications. Our network is configured with multiple layers of security to isolate our core systems from unauthorized access. We use secure communication among applications, and our employees access critical components strictly on a "need-to-know" basis. We may not be able to adequately protect our systems or the data we collect from continually evolving cybersecurity risks or other technological risks, which could subject us to liability and damage our reputation. See also, "Risks related to information technology and security" under Item 1A for further discussion of the risks we face in connection with our technology systems and potential data breach and cybersecurity risks facing the Company.
Regulatory
A substantial number of laws and regulations, both in the U.S. and in other jurisdictions, apply to businesses offering payment products to customers, processing payments and servicing related accounts, or operating payment networks. These laws and regulations are often evolving and sometimes ambiguous or inconsistent, and the extent to which they apply to us is at times unclear. Failure to comply with regulations may result in the suspension or revocation of licenses or registrations, the limitation, suspension, or termination of services or relationships with our bank partners and sponsors and business and sales partners, and/or the imposition of civil and criminal penalties, including fines. Certain of our solutions are also subject to rules set by various payment networks, such as Mastercard, as more fully described below.
The following, while not exhaustive, is a description of several federal and state laws and regulations in the U.S., as well as foreign laws and regulations, that are applicable to our business, and therefore can materially affect our capital expenditures, earnings, and competitive position. In addition, the legal and regulatory framework governing our business is subject to ongoing revision, and changes in that framework could have a significant effect on us.
Money Transmission and Payment Instrument Licensing Regulations
We are subject to various U.S. laws and regulations governing money transmission and the issuance and sale of payment instruments relating to certain aspects of our business. In the U.S., most states license money transmitters and issuers of payment instruments. Through our subsidiaries, we are licensed in all states where required for business. Many states exercise authority over the operations related to money transmission and payment instruments and, as part of this authority, subject us to periodic examinations, which may include a review of our compliance practices, policies and procedures, financial position and related records, privacy and data security policies and procedures, and other matters related to our business. As a result of these periodic examinations, state agencies sometimes issue us findings and recommendations, prompting us to make changes to our operations, and procedures.
As a licensee, we are subject to certain restrictions and requirements, including net worth and surety bond requirements, record keeping and reporting requirements, requirements for regulatory approval of controlling stockholders or direct and indirect changes of control of the licensee and certain other corporate events, and requirements to maintain certain levels of permissible investments in an amount equal to our outstanding payment obligations. Many states also require money transmitters and issuers of payment instruments to comply with federal and state anti-money laundering laws (AML) and regulations. See “Anti-Money Laundering, Counter Terrorist, and Sanctions Regulations.”
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Government agencies may impose new or additional requirements on money transmission and sales of payment instruments, and we expect that compliance costs will increase in the future for our regulated subsidiaries.
Privacy and Information Security Laws and Regulations
We provide services that are subject to various state, federal, and foreign privacy and information security laws and regulations including, among others, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and its Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive, the U.K.'s GDPR and NIS Regulations, Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, Brazil’s General Data Protection Law, and China's Personal Information Protection Law. In the U.S., we are now subject to several comprehensive data privacy laws at the state level, including the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act, the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, the Colorado Privacy Act (effective July 1, 2023), the Connecticut Data Privacy Act (effective July 1, 2023), and the Utah Consumer Privacy Act (effective December 31, 2023). We are also subject to the separate security breach notification laws of each of the 50 states, and the District of Columbia. Some of the non-U.S. data protection laws, including in the U.K., EU., and China, impose restrictions on the international transfer of personal data absent lawfully recognized transfer mechanisms or, in some cases, prohibit such transfer completely. Additionally, we will likely be subject to new and evolving data privacy laws in the U.S. and abroad, which could result in additional costs of compliance, enforcement actions, regulatory fines, litigation, or reputational harm.
These and similar laws and their related regulations restrict certain collection, processing, storage, use, and disclosure of personal information, require notice to individuals of privacy practices, and provide individuals with certain rights to prevent use and disclosure of protected information. Some also impose requirements for the safeguarding and proper destruction of personal information through the issuance of data security standards or guidelines. In many cases they impose obligations to notify affected individuals, state officers or other governmental authorities, the media, and consumer reporting agencies, as well as businesses and governmental agencies, of security breaches affecting personal information. In addition, some restrict the ability to collect and utilize certain types of information such as Social Security and driver’s license numbers. The regulations and rules are complex and evolving, and can provide for significant penalties for non-compliance.
Certain of our products that access payment networks require compliance with Payment Card Industry (PCI) data security standards. See “Payment Card Industry Rules.”
Email and Text Marketing Laws and Regulations
We use direct email marketing and text-messaging to reach out to current or potential customers and therefore are subject to various statutes, regulations, and rulings, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA), the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act (CAN-SPAM Act) and related Federal Communication Commission (FCC) orders. Several states have enacted additional, more restrictive and punitive laws regulating telemarketing and commercial email. Foreign legislation exists as well, including Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation and the European laws that have been enacted pursuant to European Union Directive 2002/58/EC and its amendments. Although we believe that our telemarketing and email practices comply with the relevant regulatory requirements, violations could result in enforcement actions, statutory fines and penalties, class action litigation and reputational harm.
Unfair or Deceptive Business Practices
All persons engaged in commerce, including, but not limited to, us and our bank sponsors and customers, are subject to regulatory enforcement by the FTC, under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, and state attorneys general, under various consumer-protection statutes, prohibiting unfair or deceptive acts or practices, and certain products also are subject to the jurisdiction of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) regarding the prohibition of unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts and practices. As a service provider to certain of our bank sponsors, we may further be subject to direct supervision and examination by federal banking regulators in connection with certain of our products and services, which may increase our compliance costs. If we are accused of violating any of these laws, rules and regulations, we may be subject to enforcement actions and as a result, may incur losses and liabilities that may impact our business.
Lending Regulations
We are subject to several laws and related regulations governing the provision and administration of credit. The Truth in Lending Act (TILA) was enacted as a consumer protection measure to increase consumer awareness of the cost of credit and to protect consumers from unauthorized charges or billing errors, and is implemented by the CFPB’s Regulation Z. Most provisions of TILA and Regulation Z apply only to the extension of consumer credit, but a limited number of provisions apply to commercial cards as well. One example where TILA and Regulation Z are generally applicable is a limitation on liability for unauthorized use, although a business that acquires 10 or more credit cards for its personnel can agree to more expansive liability. Our cardholder agreements generally provide that these business customers waive, to the fullest extent possible, all limitations on liability for unauthorized card use. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) together with Regulation B prohibit creditors from discriminating on certain prohibited bases, such as an applicant’s sex, race, nationality, age and marital status, and further requires that creditors disclose the reasons for taking any adverse action against an applicant or a customer seeking credit. The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) regulates consumer reporting agencies and the disclosure and use of consumer reports. We obtain consumer reports with respect to an individual who guarantees or otherwise is obligated on a
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commercial card. The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 amended FCRA and requires creditors to adopt identity theft prevention programs to detect, prevent and mitigate identity theft in connection with covered accounts, which can include business accounts for which there is a reasonably foreseeable risk of identity theft.
Anti-Money Laundering, Counter Terrorist, and Sanctions Regulations
The Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act, which is also known as the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) and which has been amended by the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, contains a variety of provisions aimed at fighting terrorism and money laundering. Among other things, the BSA and related regulations issued by the U.S. Treasury Department require financial-services providers to establish AML programs, to not engage in terrorist financing, to report suspicious activity, and to maintain a number of related records. We are also subject to certain economic and trade sanctions programs that are administered by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) that prohibit or restrict transactions to or from or dealings with specified countries, their governments and, in certain circumstances, their nationals, narcotics traffickers, and terrorists or terrorist organizations. In addition to economic sanctions programs, we are also subject to a number of international laws and regulations focused on fighting terrorism and money laundering, including primarily:
•in Canada, Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (PCMLTFA);
•in Australia, as a registered remittance dealer with AUSTRAC, the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 (AML/CTF Act);
•in the U.K., as a registered Electronic Money Institution with the Financial Conduct Authority, the Proceeds of Crime Act, 2002, and the Terrorism Act 2000;
•in Ireland, the Criminal Justice (Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing) Act 2010, as amended by Part 2 of the Criminal Justice Act 2013 and by the Criminal Justice (Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing) (Amendment) Act 2018; and
•in the EU, AML requirements promulgated under the 4th, 5th and 6th EU Anti-Money Laundering Directives.
Numerous other countries have also enacted or proposed new or enhanced AML legislation and regulations applicable to us.
Non-banks that provide certain financial services are required to register with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (FinCEN) as “money services businesses” (MSB). Through certain subsidiaries, we are registered as MSBs.
In addition, provisions of the BSA known as the Prepaid Access Rule issued by FinCEN impose certain obligations, such as registration and collection of consumer information, on “providers” of certain prepaid access programs, including the stored value products issued by our sponsor banks for which we serve as program manager. FinCEN has taken the position that, where the issuing bank has principal oversight and control of such prepaid access programs, no other participant in the distribution chain would be required to register as a provider under the Prepaid Access Rule. Despite this position, we have opted to register as a provider of prepaid access through our subsidiary, Comdata Inc.
Interchange Fees
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act) effected comprehensive revisions to a wide array of federal laws governing financial institutions, financial services, and financial markets. The Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act provided that interchange fees that a card issuer or payment network receives or charges for debit transactions must be “reasonable and proportional” to the cost incurred by the card issuer in authorizing, clearing and settling the transaction. Payment network fees may not be used directly or indirectly to compensate card issuers in circumvention of the interchange transaction fee restrictions. The Federal Reserve has capped debit interchange fees, however the cap has not had a material direct impact on our results of operations because we operate under an exemption to the cap for the majority of our debit transactions.
Anti-Bribery Regulations
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) prohibits the payment of bribes to foreign government officials and political figures and includes anti-bribery provisions enforced by the Department of Justice and accounting provisions enforced by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The statute has a broad reach, covering all U.S. companies and citizens doing business abroad, among others, and defining a foreign official to include not only those holding public office but also local citizens affiliated with foreign government-run or -owned organizations. The statute also requires maintenance of appropriate books and records and maintenance of adequate internal controls to prevent and detect possible FCPA violations. We are subject to similar statutes in certain foreign jurisdictions in which we operate, such as the U.K. Bribery Act.
Payment Card Industry Rules
In connection with certain services we provide for payment cards bearing the Mastercard brand, and to those acting as merchants accepting those cards, we must comply with the bylaws, regulations and requirements that are promulgated by Mastercard and other applicable payment-card organizations, including the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), the Mastercard Site Data Protection Program (SDP) and other applicable data-security program requirements. A breach
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of such payment card network rules could subject us to a variety of fines or penalties that may be levied by the payment networks for certain acts or omissions. The payment networks routinely update and modify their requirements. Our failure to comply with the networks’ requirements or to pay the fines they impose could cause the termination of our registration and require us to stop processing transactions on their networks. Our subsidiary, Comdata Inc., is PCI DSS 3.2 compliant.
We are also subject to network operating rules promulgated by the National ACH Association relating to payment transactions processed by us using the ACH Network.
Escheat Regulations
We may be subject to unclaimed or abandoned property (escheat) laws in the U.S. that require us to turn over to certain government authorities the property of others that we hold that has been unclaimed for a specified period of time, such as payment instruments that have not been presented for payment and account balances that are due to a customer following discontinuation of our relationship. We may be subject to audit by individual U.S. states with regard to our escheatment practices.
Prepaid Card Regulations
Prepaid card programs that we manage may be subject to various federal and state laws and regulations, such as the Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility, and Disclosure Act of 2009 (CARD Act) and the CFPB’s Regulation E, which impose requirements on general-use prepaid cards, store gift cards and electronic gift certificates.
State Usury Laws
Extensions of credit under many of our card products may be treated as commercial loans. In some states, usury laws limit the interest rates that can be charged not only on consumer loans but on commercial loans as well. To the extent that these usury laws apply, we are limited in the amount of interest that we can charge and collect from our customers. Because we have substantial operations in multiple jurisdictions, we utilize choice of law provisions in our cardholder agreements as to the laws of which jurisdiction to apply. With respect to card products where we work with a partner or issuing bank, the partner bank may utilize the law of the jurisdiction applicable to the bank and “export” the usury limit of that state in connection with cards issued to residents of other states or we may use our choice of law provisions.
Derivatives Regulations
Rules adopted under the Dodd-Frank Act by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), provisions of the European Market Infrastructure Regulation and its technical standards, as well as derivative reporting in Canada and the U.S., have subjected certain of the foreign exchange derivative contracts we offer to our customers as part of our cross-border payments business to reporting, recordkeeping, and other requirements. Additionally, certain foreign exchange derivatives transactions we may enter into in the future may be subject to centralized clearing requirements, or may be subject to margin requirements in the U.S., U.K., and European Union. Other jurisdictions outside the U.S., U.K., and the European Union are considering, have implemented, or are implementing regulations similar to those described above.
Other
We must contractually comply with certain regulations to which our sponsor banks are subject, as applicable. We may be examined by our sponsor banks’ regulators and be subject to audits by certain sponsor banks relative to such regulations.
The Housing Assistance Tax Act of 2008 requires information returns to be made for each calendar year by merchants, acquiring entities, and third-party settlement organizations with respect to payments made in settlement of electronic payment transactions and third-party payment network transactions occurring in that calendar year. Reportable transactions are also subject to backup withholding requirements. We are required to comply with these requirements for the merchants in our Comdata network. We could be liable for penalties if our information return is not in compliance with these regulations.
Human Capital
As of December 31, 2022, FLEETCOR employed approxima tely 9,900 associates located in more than 18 countries a round the world, with approximately 4,100 of those associates based in the U.S. At FLEETCOR, we strongly believe that talent is a strong determinant of the Company’s performance and success. Our values-driven people programs, practices and policies have been developed to ensure we are able to attract, retain and develop the quality of talent necessary to advance our key initiatives and achieve our strategic objectives. We are firmly committed to delivering a strong employee value proposition and unique employment experience to our associates which, in turn, should lead to better customer experiences and business outcomes.
Culture
Our culture has evolved through time, as the Company has grown considerably both organically and through acquisitions. Despite FLEETCOR’s expansive size and geographic scope, we seek to retain a strong entrepreneurial spirit, and share a common vision, mission and set of values, which together serve as cornerstones to our “One FLEETCOR” culture. Our values,
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listed below, are infused in all aspects of FLEETCOR, and guide our employee selection, behavior and interactions with both internal and external stakeholders:
•Innovation – figure out a better way
•Execution – get it done quickly
•Integrity – do the right thing
•People – we make the difference
•Collaboration – accomplish more together
Diversity, Inclusion and Belonging
O ur focus on diversity, inclusion and belonging (DIB) is part of our successful “One FLEETCOR” culture. As of December 31, 2022, females represented approximately 53% of our global workforce and approximately 24% of our senior leadership team, while minorities comprised approximately 34% of our domestic workforce and approximately 12% of our senior leadership team.
Fostering a culturally diverse and inclusive environment and creating a true sense of belonging are among our top priorities. Our global diversity council, three regional councils and nine employee resource groups (ERGs) are dedicated to building diversity, inclusion and belonging into all aspects of our global operations. Sponsored by the Chairman of the Board and CEO, the councils and ERGs are vital to creating an environment where all employees are able to prosper. Our ERGs allow a safe space for traditionally underrepresented employees to connect and discuss experiences. The ERGs also provide FLEETCOR with perspectives on the unique needs and lived experiences of those who are traditionally underrepresented.
Employee Wellness
FLEETCOR’s benefits programs are designed to meet the evolving needs of a diverse workforce across the globe. Because we want our employees and their families to thrive, in additional to our regular benefit offerings, we focused on physical and mental well-being in 2022. During the year, we offered free, online fitness classes, sponsored the FLEETCOR Wellbeing Challenge, provided access to employee assistance programs in all regions, and celebrated Mental Health Awareness programs globally.
Talent Development
FLEETCOR offers a variety of high-quality learning opportunities, designed to support employee development and organizational effectiveness. Learning opportunities are available in all geographies at all levels, and incorporate personal, business and leadership skills development with the goal of empowering our organization, creating avenues for closing skill gaps, and enhancing the capabilities of our workforce. Leadership, teamwork, communication, and many other soft skills are vital to our success. We offer a wide variety of career opportunities and paths to advancement through on-the-job coaching, training, and education. We are proud to be a company where an associate can start as an intern and turn it into a successful career.
The Voice of the Employee
We continue to develop a nd refine our people programs based on feedback we receive directly from our workforce, which we gather through a survey of all employees globally. The participation rate for our 2021 survey was approximately 75%. Our employee engagement score in 2021 remained consistent (1 point lower) than our 2020 results. We are proud of these results during the continued COVID-19 pandemic and amid the great resignation. We believe our employee proposition remains strong and we continue to attract and retain top talent. We continue to share the detailed engagement scores across the organization, and analyze the results to understand differences by geography, demographics, job level, and leader, and to identify opportunities for further improvement. Throughout 2022, we conducted several additional pulse surveys to assess the ongoing engagement of our workforce. We are preparing to launch our 2023 survey in the coming months.
In October 2020, FLEETCOR published its inaugural Corporate Responsibility & Sustainability Report (CRS Report), in which we provided detailed information about the Company’s views and approaches regarding environmental, social and governance issues. We published a 2021 CRS Report in January 2022, which contains information incremental to our inaugural report and is therefore intended to be read in conjunction with that report. Our 2021 CRS Report includes further details related to our global talent strategy, DIB metrics, employee wellness and talent development. We are currently preparing our third CRS Report for publication later this year. Our CRS Reports may be accessed electronically at https://investor.fleetcor.com, in the governance section.
Additional Information
The Company maintains a website at www.fleetcor.com. The information on the Company’s website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We make available on or through our website certain reports and amendments to those reports that we file with or furnish the SEC in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act). These include our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and our Current
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Reports on Form 8-K. We make this information available on our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the information with, or furnish it to, the SEC.
In addition, the SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically at https://www.sec.gov.
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ITEM X. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers, with their respective ages as of December 31, 2022. Our officers serve at the discretion of our board of directors. There are no family relationships between any of our directors or executive officers.

Name |  | Age |  | Position(s)
Ronald F. Clarke |  | 67 |  |  | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors
Alan King |  | 46 |  |  | Group President—Global Fleet
Armando L. Netto |  | 54 |  |  | Group President—Brazil
Alissa B. Vickery |  | 45 |  |  | Interim Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer

Ronald F. Clarke has been our Chief Executive Officer since August 2000 and was appointed Chairman of our Board of Directors in March 2003. From 1999 to 2000, Mr. Clarke served as President and Chief Operating Officer of AHL Services, Inc., a staffing firm. From 1990 to 1998, Mr. Clarke served as Chief Marketing Officer and later as a Division President with Automatic Data Processing, Inc., a computer services company. From 1987 to 1990, Mr. Clarke was a Principal with Booz Allen Hamilton, a global management consulting firm. Earlier in his career, Mr. Clarke was a marketing manager for General Electric Company, a diversified technology, media, and financial services corporation.
Alan King has served as our Group President of Global Fleet since May 2022. Mr. King joined FLEETCOR in August 2016 and served as our President - U.K., Australia, and New Zealand, based in London, until June 2019. From July 2019 to April 2022, Mr. King was Group President of Europe, Australia, and New Zealand Fuel. Prior to joining us, Mr. King worked at Mastercard where he was most recently Managing Director, MasterCard Prepaid Management Services. During his 11 year career at Mastercard, Mr. King held the roles of Group Head, Global Prepaid Solutions, Group General Manager for Market and Business Development in the U.K. & Ireland, and General Manager, Global Accounts. Prior to Mastercard, Mr. King held leadership positions at VISA in the CEMEA region from 2003 to 2005 and at Citibank from 1998 to 2003, largely across commercial payments in international markets. Mr. King spent the early part of his career in the telecom and automotive industries, in various sales and marketing roles covering Europe.
Armando L. Netto has served as Group President – Brazil since June 2014. Prior to joining us, Mr. Netto led IT Services for TIVIT, an IT and BPO services company, from 2006 to 2014, where he led the integration of functional areas into the business unit, focused on onboarding new clients and ensuring service quality. Prior to TIVIT, Mr. Netto held various leadership roles with Unisys and McKinsey, where he gained international experience in Europe supporting clients in the U.K., France, Austria, Portugal, and the Netherlands.
Alissa B. Vickery has been our interim Chief Financial Officer since October 2022 and our Chief Accounting Officer since September 2020. Mrs. Vickery joined FLEETCOR in 2011 and served as Senior Vice President of Accounting and Controls, with oversight of external reporting, technical accounting and internal audit. Prior to joining us, Mrs. Vickery held a Senior Director position at Worldpay and spent more than nine years in public accounting at Deloitte LLP and Arthur Andersen LLP, as a senior manager in the audit and assurance practice.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
You should carefully consider the following risks applicable to us. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, operating results, financial condition and the trading price of our common stock could be materially adversely affected. The risks discussed below also include forward-looking statements, and our actual results may differ substantially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. See “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this report.
Risks related to information technology and security
We are dependent on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of interconnected computer systems, telecommunications, data centers and call centers, including technology and network systems managed by multiple third parties, which could result in our inability to prevent disruptions in our services.
Our ability to provide reliable service to customers, cardholders and other network participants depends upon uninterrupted operation of our data centers and call centers as well as third-party labor and services providers. Our business involves processing large numbers of transactions, the movement of large sums of money and the management of large amounts of data. We rely on the ability of our employees, contractors, suppliers, systems and processes to complete these transactions in a secure, uninterrupted and error-free manner.
Our subsidiaries operate in various countries and country specific factors, such as power availability, telecommunications carrier redundancy, embargoes and regulation can adversely impact our information processing by or for our local subsidiaries.
We engage backup facilities for each of our processing centers for key systems and data. However, there could be material delays in fully activating backup facilities depending on the nature of the breakdown, security breach or catastrophic event (such as fire, explosion, flood, pandemic, natural disaster, power loss, telecommunications failure or physical break-in). We have controls and documented measures to mitigate these risks but these mitigating controls might not reduce the duration, scope or severity of an outage in time to avoid adverse effects.
We may experience software defects, system errors, computer viruses and development delays, which could damage customer relationships, decrease our profitability and expose us to liability.
Our business depends heavily on the reliability of proprietary and third-party processing systems. A system outage could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations, including by damaging our reputation or exposing us to third-party liability. To successfully operate our business, we must be able to protect our processing and other systems from interruption, including from events that may be beyond our control. Events that could cause system interruptions include fire, natural disaster, unauthorized entry, power loss, telecommunications failure, computer viruses, terrorist acts and war. Although we have taken steps to protect against data loss and system failures, there is still risk that we may lose critical data or experience system failures.
Our solutions are based on sophisticated software and computing systems that are constantly evolving. We often encounter delays and cost overruns in developing changes implemented to our systems. In addition, the underlying software may contain undetected errors, viruses or defects. Defects in our software products and errors or delays in our processing of electronic transactions could result in additional development costs, diversion of technical and other resources from our other development efforts, loss of credibility with current or potential customers, harm to our reputation or exposure to liability claims. In addition, we rely on technologies supplied to us by third parties that may also contain undetected errors, viruses or defects that could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Although we attempt to limit our potential liability for warranty claims through disclaimers in our software documentation and limitation of liability provisions in our licenses and other agreements with our customers, we cannot assure that these measures will be successful in limiting our liability.
We may not be able to adequately protect our systems or the data we collect from continually evolving cybersecurity risks or other technological risks, which could subject us to liability and damage our reputation.
We electronically receive, process, store and transmit data and sensitive information about our customers and merchants, including bank account information, social security numbers, expense data, and credit card, debit card and checking account numbers. We endeavor to keep this information confidential; however, our websites, networks, information systems, services and technologies may be targeted for sabotage, disruption or misappropriation. The uninterrupted operation of our information systems and our ability to maintain the confidentiality of the customer and consumer information that resides on our systems are critical to the successful operation of our business. Unauthorized access to our networks and computer systems could result in the theft or publication of confidential information or the deletion or modification of records or could otherwise cause interruptions in our service and operations.
Other than a previously disclosed unauthorized access incident during the second quarter of 2018, we are not aware of any material breach of our or our associated third parties’ computer systems, although we and others in our industry are regularly the subject of attempts by bad actors to gain unauthorized access to these computer systems and data or to obtain, change or destroy confidential data (including personal consumer information of individuals) through a variety of means.
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Because techniques used to sabotage or obtain unauthorized access to our systems and the data we collect change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. An incident may not be detected until well after it occurs and the severity and potential impact may not be fully known for a substantial period of time after it has been discovered. Our ability to address incidents may also depend on the timing and nature of assistance that may be provided from relevant governmental or law enforcement agencies. Threats to our systems and our associated third parties’ systems can derive from human error, fraud or malice on the part of employees or third parties, or may result from accidental technological failure. Computer viruses can be distributed and could infiltrate our systems or those of our associated third parties. In addition, denial of service or other attacks could be launched against us for a variety of purposes, including to interfere with our services or create a diversion for other malicious activities. Although we believe we have sufficient controls in place to prevent disruption and misappropriation and to respond to such attacks, any inability to prevent security breaches could have a negative impact on our reputation, expose us to liability, decrease market acceptance of electronic transactions and cause our present and potential clients to choose another service provider.
In addition, the risk of cyber-attacks has increased in connection with the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the resulting geopolitical conflict. In light of those and other geopolitical events, nation-state actors or their supporters may launch retaliatory cyber-attacks, and may attempt to cause supply chain and other third-party service provider disruptions, or take other geopolitically motivated retaliatory actions that may disrupt our business operations, result in data compromise, or both. Nation-state actors have in the past carried out, and may in the future carry out, cyber-attacks to achieve their aims and goals, which may include espionage, information operations, monetary gain, ransomware, disruption, and destruction. In February 2022, the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency issued a warning for American organizations noting the potential for Russia’s cyber-attacks on Ukrainian government and critical infrastructure organizations to impact organizations both within and beyond the U.S., particularly in the wake of sanctions imposed by the U.S. and its allies. These circumstances increase the likelihood of cyber-attacks and/or security breaches.
We could also be subject to liability for claims relating to misuse of personal information, such as unauthorized marketing purposes and violation of data privacy laws. For example, we are subject to a variety of U.S. and international statutes, regulations, and rulings relevant to the direct email marketing and text-messaging industries. While we believe we are in compliance with the relevant laws and regulations, if we were ever found to be in violation, our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. We cannot provide assurance that the contractual requirements related to security and privacy that we impose on our service providers who have access to customer and consumer data will be followed or will be adequate to prevent the unauthorized use or disclosure of data. In addition, we have agreed in certain agreements to take certain protective measures to ensure the confidentiality of customer data. The costs of systems and procedures associated with such protective measures, as well as the cost of deploying additional personnel, training our employees and hiring outside experts, may increase and could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. Any failure to adequately enforce or provide these protective measures could result in liability, protracted and costly litigation, governmental and card network intervention and fines, remediation costs, and with respect to misuse of personal information of our customers, lost revenue and reputational harm. While we maintain insurance covering certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses we may not carry insurance or maintain coverage sufficient to compensate for all liability and such insurance may not be available for renewal on acceptable terms or at all, and in any event, insurance coverage would not address the reputational damage that could result from a security incident.
In addition, under payment network rules, regulatory requirements, and related obligations, we may be responsible for the acts or failures to act of certain third parties, such as third-party service providers, vendors, partners and others, which we refer to collectively as associated participants. The failure of our associated participants to safeguard cardholder data and other information in accordance with such rules, requirements and obligations could result in significant fines and sanctions and could harm our reputation and deter existing and prospective customers from using our services. We cannot assure you that there are written agreements in place with every associated participant or that such written agreements will ensure the adequate safeguarding of such data or information or allow us to seek reimbursement from associated participants. Any such unauthorized use or disclosure of data or information also could result in litigation that could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we fail to develop and implement new technology, products and services, adapt our products and services to changes in technology, the marketplace requirements, or if our ongoing efforts to upgrade our technology, products and services are not successful, we could lose customers and partners.
The markets for our solutions are highly competitive and characterized by technological change, frequent introduction of new products and services and evolving industry standards. We must respond to the technological advances offered by our competitors and the requirements of regulators and our customers and partners, in order to maintain and improve upon our competitive position and fulfill contractual obligations. We may be unsuccessful in expanding our technological capabilities and developing, marketing, selling or encouraging adoption of new products and services that meet these changing demands, which could jeopardize our competitive position. Similarly, if new technologies are developed that displace our traditional payment card as payment mechanisms for purchase transactions by businesses, we may be unsuccessful in adequately responding to customer practices and our transaction volume may decline. In addition, we regularly engage in significant efforts to upgrade our products, services and underlying technology, which may or may not be successful in achieving broad acceptance or their intended purposes.
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The solutions we deliver are designed to process complex transactions and provide reports and other information on those transactions, all at high volumes and processing speeds. Any failure to deliver an effective and secure product or service or any performance issue that arises with a new product or service could result in significant processing or reporting errors or other losses. We may rely on third parties to develop or co-develop our solutions or to incorporate our solutions into broader platforms for the commercial payments industry. We may not be able to enter into such relationships on attractive terms, or at all, and these relationships may not be successful. In addition, partners, some of whom may be our competitors or potential competitors, may choose to develop competing solutions on their own or with third parties.
Risks related to our business and operations
The extent to which the ongoing effects of the novel strain of the coronavirus (COVID-19), the continuing spread of its variants and measures taken in response thereto impact our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and are difficult to predict.
The novel strain of the coronavirus (COVID-19) and its variants spread throughout the globe and negatively impacted the macroeconomic environment, significantly increasing economic uncertainty. The outbreak resulted in regulatory and other authorities periodically implementing numerous measures to try to contain the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter in place orders, and business shutdowns, as well as uncertainty regarding the scope or enforceability of vaccine mandates in certain jurisdictions. These measures negatively impacted consumer and business spending and could continue to do so. In addition, these measures adversely impacted and may further impact our ability, or the cost and expense incurred by us, to attract, retain, and develop our workforce, or otherwise impact our operations and the operations or workforces of our customers, suppliers and business partners. Whiles these measures have largely eased, they may return in the future with variants, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The spread of the coronavirus previously caused us to modify our business practices (including employee travel, employee work locations, and cancellation of physical participation in meetings, events and conferences), and subject to variations in infection levels in various jurisdictions, we may take renewed or further actions as may be required by government authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers and business partners. While vaccines are currently being administered around the world, vaccine availability, the distribution of vaccines, efficacy to new strains of the virus and the public's willingness to get vaccinated or receive booster doses could limit their impact. We continue to manage the business as appropriate in order to preserve our financial flexibility during this challenging time. There is no certainty that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by the virus or otherwise be satisfactory to government authorities.
In addition, any ongoing impact of COVID-19 on macroeconomic conditions may impact the proper functioning of financial and capital markets, foreign currency exchange rates, inflation and increasing commodity prices, including fuel prices, interest rates and the ongoing impact of the pandemic on the global supply chain. Even after the COVID-19 global pandemic subsided, we may continue to experience adverse impacts to our business as a result of any economic recession or depression that has occurred or may occur in the future. The continued disruption of global financial markets as a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic could have a negative impact on our ability to access capital in the future.
The extent to which the ongoing effects of COVID-19 impacts our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on numerous factors and future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including, but not limited to, the transmissibility and severity of new variants of the virus, the duration and spread of any outbreak, its severity, the actions to contain the virus or treat its impact through vaccines or otherwise, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions resume. In addition, we may continue to experience materially adverse impacts to our business as a result of the continued global economic impact from COVID-19, including any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future.
There are no comparable recent events which may provide guidance as to the effect of the spread of the coronavirus and a global pandemic, and, as a result, the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 outbreak or a similar health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of the impacts on our business, our operations or the global economy as a whole. However, the effects could have a material impact on our results of operations.
Adverse effects on payment card transaction volume, including from unfavorable macroeconomic conditions, weather conditions, natural catastrophes or public health crises or from changes to business purchasing practices, could adversely affect our revenues and operating results.
Adverse macroeconomic conditions within the U.S. or internationally, including but not limited to recessions, inflation, rising interest rates, high unemployment, currency fluctuations, actual or anticipated large-scale defaults or failures, rising energy prices, or a slowdown of global trade, and reduced consumer, small business, government, and corporate spending, have a direct impact on the demand for fuel, business-related products and services, or payment card services in general. A substantial portion of our revenue is based on the volume of payment card transactions by our customers. Accordingly, our operating results could be adversely impacted by such events or trends that negatively impact the demand for fuel, business-related products and services, or payment card services in general.
For example, our transaction volume is generally correlated with general economic conditions and levels of spending, particularly in the U.S., Europe, Latin America, Russia, Australia and New Zealand, and the related amount of business activity
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in economies in which we operate. Downturns in these economies are generally characterized by reduced commercial activity and, consequently, reduced purchasing of fuel and other business-related products and services by our customers. Similarly, prolonged adverse weather events, travel bans due to medical quarantine (such as the recent responses to the COVID-19 pandemic) or in response to natural catastrophes, especially those that impact regions in which we process a large number and amount of payment transactions, could adversely affect our transaction volumes. Likewise, recent political, investor and industry focus on greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues may adversely affect the volume of transactions or business operations of the oil companies, merchants and truck stop owners with whom we maintain strategic relationships, which could adversely impact our business. Further, we may not be able to successfully execute our EV strategy, which could further adversely impact our business.
In addition, our transaction volumes could be adversely affected if businesses do not continue to use, or fail to increase their use of, credit, debit or stored value cards as a payment mechanism for their transactions. Similarly, our transaction volumes could be impacted by adverse developments in the payments industry, such as new legislation or regulation that makes it more difficult for customers to do business, or a well-publicized data security breach that undermines the confidence of the public in electronic payment systems.
If we fail to adequately assess and monitor credit risks of our customers, we could experience an increase in credit loss.
We are subject to the credit risk of our customers which range in size from small sole proprietorships to large publicly traded companies. We use various methods to screen potential customers and establish appropriate credit limits, but these methods cannot eliminate all potential credit risks and may not always prevent us from approving customer applications that are not credit-worthy or are fraudulently completed. Changes in our industry, customer demand, and, in relation to our Fuel customers, movement in fuel prices may result in periodic increases to customer credit limits and spending and, as a result, could lead to increased credit losses. We may also fail to detect changes to the credit risk of customers over time. Further, during a declining economic environment (including economic weakness caused by large-scale crises like the COVID-19 pandemic), we may experience increased customer defaults and preference claims by bankrupt customers. Additionally, the counterparties to the derivative financial instruments that we use in our international payments provider business to reduce our exposure to various market risks, including changes in foreign exchange rates, may fail to honor their obligations, which could expose us to risks we had sought to mitigate. This risk includes the exposure generated when we write derivative contracts to our customers as part of our cross-currency payments business, and we typically hedge the net exposure through offsetting contracts with established financial institution counterparties. If a customer becomes insolvent, files for bankruptcy, commits fraud or otherwise fails to pay us, we may be exposed to the value of an offsetting position with such counterparties for the derivatives or may bear financial risk for those receivables where we have offered trade credit. If we fail to adequately manage our credit risks, our bad debt expense could be significantly higher than historic levels and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our bad debt expense, inclusive of fraud losses, was $131.1 million and $37.9 million, or 7 bps and 3 bps of total billings, respectively.
We may incur substantial losses due to fraudulent use of our payment solutions.
Under certain circumstances, when we fund customer transactions, we may bear the risk of substantial losses due to fraudulent use of our payment solutions. We do not maintain insurance to protect us against such losses. We bear similar risk relating to fraudulent acts of employees or contractors, for which we maintain insurance. However, the conditions or limits of coverage may be insufficient to protect us against such losses.
Criminals are using increasingly sophisticated methods to engage in illegal activities involving financial products, such as skimming and counterfeiting payment cards and identity theft. A single significant incident of fraud, or increases in the overall level of fraud, involving our cards and other products and services, could result in reputational damage to us, which could reduce the use and acceptance of our cards and other payment solutions and services or lead to greater regulation that would increase our compliance costs. Fraudulent activity could also result in the imposition of regulatory sanctions, including significant monetary fines, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any decrease in our receipt of fees and charges, or limitations on our fees and charges, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our card solutions include a variety of fees and charges associ ated with transactions, cards, reports, optional services and late payments. Revenues for late fees and finance charges represented 5% of o ur consolidated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022. If the users of our cards decrease their transaction activity, or the extent to which they use optional services or pay invoices late, our revenue could be materially adversely affected. In addition, several market factors can affect the amount of our fees and charges, including the market for similar charges for competitive card products and the availability of alternative payment methods such as cash or house accounts. Furthermore, regulators and Congress have scrutinized the electronic payments industry’s pricing, charges and other practices related to its customers. Any restrictions on our ability to price our products and services could materially and adversely affect our revenue.
We operate in a competitive business environment, and if we are unable to compete effectively, our business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.
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The market for our solutions is highly competitive, and competition could intensify in the future. Our competitors vary in size and in the scope and breadth of the products and services they offer. Our primary competitors in the North American Fuel solutions are small regional and large independent fleet card providers, major oil companies and petroleum marketers that issue their own fleet cards, and major financial services companies that provide card services to major oil companies and petroleum marketers. Corporate Payments solutions faces a variety of competitors, some of which have greater financial resources, name recognition and scope and breadth of products and services. Competitors in the Lodging solution include travel agencies, online lodging discounters, internal corporate procurement and travel resources, and independent services companies. Our primary competitors in Europe, Australia and New Zealand are independent fleet card providers, major oil companies and petroleum marketers that issue branded fleet cards, and providers of card outsourcing services to major oil companies and petroleum marketers. Our primary competitors in Latin America are independent providers of fleet cards and vouchers for food, fuel, tolls, and transportation and major oil companies and providers of card outsourcing services to major oil companies and petroleum marketers who offer commercial fleet cards.
The most significant competitive factors in our business are the breadth of product and service features, network acceptance size, customer service, payment terms, account management, and price. We may experience competitive disadvantages with respect to any of these factors from time to time as potential customers prioritize or value these competitive factors differently. As a result, a specific offering of our features, networks and pricing may serve as a competitive advantage with respect to one customer and a disadvantage for another based on the customers’ preferences.
Some of our existing and potential competitors have longer operating histories, greater brand name recognition, larger customer bases, more extensive customer relationships or greater financial and technical resources than we do. In addition, our larger competitors may also have greater resources than we do to devote to the promotion and sale of their products and services and to pursue acquisitions. Many of our competitors provide additional and unrelated products and services to customers, such as treasury management, commercial lending and credit card processing, which allow them to bundle their products and services together and present them to existing customers with whom they have established relationships, sometimes at a discount. If price competition continues to intensify, we may have to increase the incentives that we offer to our customers, decrease the prices of our solutions or lose customers, each of which could adversely affect our operating results. In Fuel solutions, major oil companies, petroleum marketers and large financial institutions may choose to integrate fuel card services as a complement to their existing or complementary card products and services to adapt more quickly to new or emerging technologies, such as EVs, and changing opportunities, standards or customer requirements. To the extent that our competitors are regarded as leaders in specific categories, they may have an advantage over us as we attempt to further penetrate these categories.
Future mergers or consolidations among competitors, or acquisitions of our competitors by large companies may present competitive challenges to our business if their fuel card products and services are effectively integrated and bundled into lower cost sales packages with other widely utilized non-fuel card related products and services.
Overall, increased competition in our markets could result in intensified pricing pressure, reduced profit margins, increased sales and marketing expenses and a failure to increase, or a loss of, market share. We may not be able to maintain or improve our competitive position against our current or future competitors, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.
In order to remain competitive and to continue to increase our revenues and earnings, we must continually and quickly update our services, a process that could result in higher costs and the loss of revenues, earnings and customers if the new services do not perform as intended or are not accepted in the marketplace.
The payments technology industry in which we compete is characterized by rapid technological change, new product introductions, evolving industry standards and changing customer needs. In order to remain competitive, we are continually involved in a number of projects, including the development of new platforms, mobile payment applications, e-commerce services and other new offerings emerging in the payments technology industry, including particularly with respect to EVs. These projects carry the risks associated with any development effort, including cost overruns, delays in delivery and performance problems. In the payments technology markets, these risks are even more acute. Any delay in the delivery of new services or the failure to differentiate our services could render our services less desirable to customers, or possibly even obsolete.
A decline in retail fuel prices or contraction in fuel price spreads could adversely affect our revenue and operating results.
We believe during the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 13% of our consolidated revenue was directly influenced by the absolute price of fuel. Approximately 6% of our consolidated revenue during the year ended December 31, 2022 was derived from transactions where our revenue is tied to fuel price spreads. When our fleet customers purchase fuel, certain arrangements in our Fuel solutions generate revenue as a percentage of the fuel transaction purchase amount and other arrangements generate revenue based on fuel price spreads. The fuel price that we charge to any Fuel customer is dependent on several factors including, among others, the fuel price paid to the fuel merchant, posted retail fuel prices and competitive fuel prices. The significant volatility in fuel prices can impact these revenues by lowering total fuel transaction purchase amounts and tightening fuel price spreads. We experience fuel price spread contraction when the merchant’s wholesale cost of fuel increases at a faster rate than the fuel price we charge to our Fuel customers, or the fuel price we charge to our Fuel customers decreases at a faster rate than the merchant’s wholesale cost of fuel. The volatility is due to many factors outside our control, including new oil production or production slowdowns, supply and demand for oil and gas and market expectations of future
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supply and demand, political conditions, actions by OPEC and other major oil producing countries, speculative trading, government regulation, weather and general economic conditions. When such volatility leads to a decline in retail fuel prices or a contraction of fuel price spreads, our revenue and operating results could be adversely affected.
The value of certain of our solutions depend, in part, on relationships with oil companies, fuel and lodging merchants, truck stop operators, airlines and sales channels to grow our business. The failure to maintain and grow existing relationships, or establish new relationships, could adversely affect our revenues and operating results.
The success and growth of our solutions depend on the wide acceptability of such cards when our customers need to use them. As a result, the success of these solutions is in part dependent on our ability to maintain relationships with major oil companies, petroleum marketers, closed-loop fuel and lodging merchants, truck stop operators, airlines and sales channels (each of whom we refer to as our “partners”) and to enter into additional relationships or expand existing arrangements to increase the acceptability of our payment cards. These relationships vary in length from one to eight years for oil companies to one to two years for merchants and may be renegotiated at the end of their respective terms. Due to the highly competitive, and at times exclusive, nature of these relationships, we often must participate in a competitive bidding process to establish or continue the relationships. Such bidding processes may focus on a limited number of factors, including pricing, which may affect our ability to effectively compete for these relationships.
If the various partners with whom we maintain relationships experience bankruptcy, financial distress, or otherwise are forced to contract their operations, our solutions could be adversely impacted. Similarly, because some of our solutions are marketed under the brands of major oil companies, certain other adverse events outside our control, like those companies’ failure to maintain their brands or a decrease in the size of their branded networks may adversely affect our ability to grow our revenue.
The loss of, failure to continue or failure to establish new relationships, or the weakness or decrease in size of companies with whom we maintain relationships, could adversely affect our ability to serve our customers and adversely affect our solutions and operating results.
We must comply with various rules and requirements, including the payment of fees, of Mastercard and our sponsor banks in order to remain registered to participate in the Mastercard networks.
A significant source of our revenue comes from processing transactions through the Mastercard networks. In order to offer Mastercard programs to our customers, one of our subsidiaries is registered as a member service provider with Mastercard through sponsorship by Mastercard member banks in both the U.S. and Canada. Registration as a service provider is dependent upon our being sponsored by member banks. If our sponsor banks should stop providing sponsorship for us or determine to provide sponsorship on materially less favorable terms, we would need to find other financial institutions to provide those services or we would need to become a Mastercard member, either of which could prove to be difficult and expensive. Even if we pursue sponsorship by alternative member banks, similar requirements and dependencies would likely still exist. In addition, Mastercard routinely updates and modifies its membership requirements. Changes in such requirements may make it significantly more expensive for us to provide these services. If we do not comply with Mastercard requirements, it could seek to fine us, suspend us or terminate our registration, which allows us to process transactions on its networks. The termination of our registration, or any changes in the payment network rules that would impair our registration, could require us to stop providing Mastercard payment processing services. If we are unable to find a replacement financial institution to provide sponsorship or become a member, we may no longer be able to provide such services to the affected customers.
Changes in Mastercard interchange fees could decrease our revenue.
A portion of our revenue is generated by network processing fees charged to merchants, known as interchange fees, associated with transactions processed using our Mastercard-branded cards. Interchange fee amounts associated with our Mastercard network cards are affected by a number of factors, including regulatory limits in the U.S. and Europe and fee changes imposed by Mastercard. In addition, interchange fees are the subject of intense legal and regulatory scrutiny and competitive pressures in the electronic payments industry, which could result in lower interchange fees generally in the future.
Our Cross-Border solution depends on our relationships with banks and other financial institutions around the world, which may impose fees, restrictions and compliance burdens on us that make our operations more difficult or expensive.
In our Cross-Border solution, we facilitate payment and foreign exchange solutions, primarily cross-border, cross-currency transactions, for small and medium size enterprises and other organizations. Increased regulation and compliance requirements are impacting these businesses by making it more costly for us to provide our solutions or by making it more cumbersome for businesses to do business with us. Any factors that increase the cost of cross-border trade for us or our customers or that restrict, delay, or make cross-border trade more difficult or impractical, such as trade policy (including restrictions arising out of the Russian and Ukrainian conflict) or higher tariffs, could negatively impact our revenues and harm our business. We may also have difficulty establishing or maintaining banking relationships needed to conduct our services due to banks’ policies.
Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, customers and our employees with respect to our environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.
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There is increased focus, including from governmental organizations, investors, employees and clients, on ESG issues such as environmental stewardship, climate change, diversity and inclusion, racial justice and workplace conduct. Negative public perception, adverse publicity or negative comments in social media could damage our reputation if we do not, or are not perceived to, adequately address these issues. Any harm to our reputation could impact employee engagement and retention and the willingness of customers and our partners to do business with us. In addition, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters, and unfavorable ratings of our company or our industries may lead to negative investor sentiment and the diversion of investment to other companies or industries.
Maintaining and enhancing our brands is critical to our business relationships and operating results.
We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brands is critical to our customer relationships, and our ability to obtain partners and retain employees. The successful promotion of our brands will depend upon our marketing and public relations efforts, our ability to continue to offer high-quality products and services and our ability to successfully differentiate our solutions from those of our competitors. In addition, future extension of our brands to add new products or services different from our current offerings may dilute our brands, particularly if we fail to maintain our quality standards in these new areas. The promotion of our brands will require us to make substantial expenditures, and we anticipate that the expenditures will increase as our markets become more competitive and we expand into new markets. Even if these activities increase our revenues, this revenue may not offset the expenses we incur. There can be no assurance that our brand promotion activities will be successful.
We are subject to risks related to volatility in foreign currency exchange rates, and restrictions on our ability to utilize revenue generated in foreign currencies.
As a result of our foreign operations, we are subject to risks related to changes in currency rates for revenue generated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. For the year ended December 31, 2022, approxi mately 39% of our revenue was denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar (primarily, British pound, Brazilian real, Canadian dollar, Russian ruble, Mexican peso, Czech koruna, euro, Australian dollar and New Zealand dollar). Revenue and profit generated by international operations may increase or decrease compared to prior periods as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Resulting exchange gains and losses are included in our net income. In addition, a majority of the revenue from our international payments provider business is from exchanges of currency at spot rates, which enable customers to make cross-currency payments. This solution also writes foreign currency forward and option contracts for our customers. The duration of these derivative contracts at inception is generally less than one year. The credit risk associated with our derivative contracts increases when foreign currency exchange rates move against our customers, possibly impacting their ability to honor their obligations to deliver currency to us or to maintain appropriate collateral with us.
Furthermore, we are subject to exchange control regulations that restrict or prohibit the conversion of more than a specified amount of our foreign currencies into U.S. dollars, and, as we continue to expand, we may become subject to further exchange control regulations that limit our ability to freely utilize and transfer currency in and out of particular jurisdictions. These restrictions may make it more difficult to effectively utilize the cash generated by our operations and may adversely affect our financial condition.
Our expansion through acquisitions may divert our management’s attention and result in unexpected operating or integration difficulties or increased costs and dilution to our stockholders, and we may never realize the anticipated benefits.
We have been an active acquirer in the U.S. and internationally, and, as part of our growth strategy, we expect to seek to acquire businesses, commercial account portfolios, technologies, services and products in the future. We have substantially expanded our overall portfolio of solutions, customer base, headcount and operations through acquisitions. The acquisition and integration of each business involves a number of risks and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties, delays and expenditures in assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, products, personnel or operations of the acquired business, all of which may divert resources and management attention otherwise available to grow our existing portfolio. In addition, acquisitions may expose us to geographic or business markets in which we have little or no prior experience, present difficulties in retaining the customers of the acquired business and present difficulties and expenses associated with new regulatory requirements, competition controls or investigations.
In addition, international acquisitions often involve additional or increased risks including difficulty managing geographically separated organizations, systems and facilities, difficulty integrating personnel with diverse business backgrounds, languages and organizational cultures, difficulty and expense introducing our corporate policies or controls and increased expense to comply with foreign regulatory requirements applicable to acquisitions.
Integration of acquisitions could also result in the distraction of our management, the disruption of our ongoing operations or inconsistencies on our services, standards, controls, procedures and policies, any of which could affect our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of an acquisition or otherwise adversely affect our operations and financial results.
To complete future acquisitions, we may determine that it is necessary to use a substantial amount of our cash or engage in equity or debt financing. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. In addition, we may not be able to obtain additional financing on
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terms favorable to us, if at all, which could limit our ability to engage in acquisitions. Moreover, we can make no assurances that the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, such as operating improvements or anticipated cost savings, would be realized. Further, an acquisition may negatively affect our operating results because it may require us to incur charges and substantial debt or other liabilities, may cause adverse tax consequences, substantial depreciation and amortization or deferred compensation charges, may require the amortization, write-down or impairment of amounts related to deferred compensation, goodwill and other intangible assets, may include substantial contingent consideration payments or other compensation that reduce our earnings during the quarter in which incurred, or may not generate sufficient financial return to offset acquisition costs.
In addition, from time to time, we may divest businesses, for, among other things, alignment with our strategic objectives. We may not be able to complete desired or proposed divestitures on terms favorable to us. Gains or losses on the sales of, or lost operating income from, those businesses may affect our profitability and margins. Moreover, we may incur asset impairment charges related to divestitures that reduce our profitability. Our divestiture activities may present financial, managerial and operational risks. Those risks include diversion of management attention from existing businesses, difficulties separating personnel and financial and other systems, possible need for providing transition services to buyers, adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers and indemnities and potential disputes with the buyers. Any of these factors could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our business in foreign countries may be adversely affected by operational and political risks that are greater than in the U.S.
We have foreign operations in, or provide services for customers in mor e than 165 countries thro ughout North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Oceania and Asia. We also expect to seek to expand our operations into various additional countries in Asia, Europe and Latin America as part of our growth strategy.
Some of the countries where we operate, and other countries where we will seek to operate, such as Russia, Brazil and Mexico, have undergone significant political, economic and social change in recent years, and the risk of unforeseen changes in these countries may be greater than in the U.S. In addition, changes in laws or regulations, including with respect to payment service providers, taxation, information technology, data transmission and the Internet, revenues from non-U.S. operations or in the interpretation of existing laws or regulations, whether caused by a change in government or otherwise, could materially adversely affect our portfolio, operating results and financial condition.
The current conflict between Russia and Ukraine is creating substantial uncertainty about the role Russia will play in the global economy in the future. Although the extent, duration, severity and outcome of the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine is highly unpredictable, this conflict could lead to significant market and other disruptions. The escalation or continuation of this conflict presents heightened risks and has resulted and could continue to result in volatile commodity markets, supply chain disruptions, increased risk of cyber incidents or other disruptions to information systems, heightened risks to employee safety, significant volatility of the Russian ruble, limitations on access to credit markets, increased operating costs (including fuel and other input costs), the frequency and volume of failures to settle securities transactions, inflation, potential for increased volatility in commodity, currency and other financial markets, safety risks, and restrictions on the transfer of funds to and from Russia. We cannot predict how and the extent to which the conflict will affect our customers, operations or business partners or the demand for our products and our global business. Depending on the actions we take or are required to take, the ongoing conflict could also result in loss of assets or impairment charges. Additionally, we may also face negative publicity and reputational risk based on the actions we take or are required to take as a result of the conflict, which could damage our brand image or corporate reputation. The extent of the impact of these tragic events on our business remains uncertain and will continue to depend on numerous evolving factors that we are not able to accurately predict, including the extent, severity, duration and outcome of the conflict. We are actively monitoring the situation and assessing its impact on our business, analyzing options as they develop, pursuing the potential disposition of our Russian operations, and refining crisis response materials designed to mitigate the impact of disruptions to our business. Subject to ongoing negotiations, we currently expect to complete the disposition of the Russia business in the second or third quarter of 2023.
In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the U.S., the European Union, the U.K. and other governments have imposed sanctions and other restrictive measures. Such sanctions, and other measures, as well as countersanctions or other responses from Russia or other countries have adversely affected, and will adversely affect, the global economy and financial markets and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations or otherwise aggravate the other risk factors that we identify herein. We cannot predict the scope of future developments in sanctions, punitive actions or macroeconomic factors arising from the conflict. These measures are complex and still evolving. Our efforts to comply with such measures may be costly and time consuming and will divert the attention of management. Any alleged or actual failure to comply with these measures may subject us to government scrutiny, civil or criminal proceedings, sanctions, and other liabilities, which may have a material and adverse effect on our operations, financial condition, and results of operations. In light of all of these events, we have developed and are continuing to refine our business continuity plan and crisis response materials to mitigate the impact of disruptions to our business, but it is unclear if our plan will successfully mitigate all potential disruptions. If our business continuity plan fails to mitigate some or all disruptions, it could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our business in Russia accounted for approximately 3.3% and 2.8% of our consolidated net revenues and 7.2% and 5.0% of our net income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our assets in Russia were approximately 3.2% and
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2.4% of our consolidated assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The net book value of our assets in Russia at December 31, 2022 was approximately $226.1 million of which $215.8 million is restricted cash. As described in Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements, we currently have not recognized any impairment charges related to the assets of our Russian business. However, the extent, severity, duration and outcome of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and related sanctions could potentially impact the value of our assets in Russia as the conflict continues. Our Russian business is part of our Fleet segment.
In addition, conducting and expanding our international operations subjects us to other political, economic, technological, operational and regulatory risks and difficulties that we do not generally face in the U.S. These risks and difficulties could negatively affect our international operations and, consequently, our operating results. Further, operating in international markets requires significant management attention and financial resources. We cannot be certain that the investment and additional resources required to establish, acquire or integrate operations in other countries will produce desired levels of revenue or profitability.
Our payment solutions' results are subject to seasonality, which could result in fluctuations in our quarterly net income.
Our Fuel and Payroll Card solutions are typically subject to seasonal fluctuations in revenues and profit, which are impacted during the first and fourth quarter each year by the weather, holidays in the U.S., Christmas being celebrated in Russia in January, and lower business levels in Brazil due to summer break and the Carnival celebration. Our Gift solutions are typically subject to seasonal fluctuations in revenues as a result of consumer spending patterns. Historically, Gift revenues have been strongest in the third and fourth quarters and weakest in the first and second quarters, as the retail industry has its highest level of activity during and leading up to the Christmas holiday season.
Risks related to our intellectual property
If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights and confidential information, our competitive position could be harmed and we could be required to incur significant expenses in order to enforce our rights.
To protect our proprietary technology, we rely on copyright, trade secret, patent and other intellectual property laws and confidentiality agreements with employees and third parties, all of which offer only limited protection. Despite our precautions, it may be possible for third parties to obtain and use without our consent confidential information or infringe on our intellectual property rights, and our ability to police that misappropriation or infringement is uncertain, particularly in countries outside of the U.S. In addition, our confidentiality agreements with employees, vendors, customers and other third parties may not effectively prevent disclosure or use of proprietary technology or confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of such unauthorized use or disclosure.
Protecting against the unauthorized use of our intellectual property and confidential information is expensive, difficult and not always possible. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, to protect our confidential information, including trade secrets, or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. This litigation could be costly and divert management resources, either of which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property and proprietary information.
We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent the unauthorized use or the reverse engineering of our proprietary technology. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies that are competitive to ours or infringe our intellectual property. The enforcement of our intellectual property rights also depends on our legal actions against these infringers being successful, and we cannot be sure these actions will be successful, even when our rights have been infringed. Furthermore, effective patent, trademark, service mark, copyright and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which we may offer our products and services.
Claims by others that we or our customers infringe their intellectual property rights could harm our business.
Third parties have in the past, and could in the future claim that our technologies and processes underlying our products and services infringe their intellectual property. In addition, to the extent that we gain greater visibility, market exposure, and add new products and services, we may face a higher risk of being the target of intellectual property infringement claims asserted by third parties. We may, in the future, receive notices alleging that we have misappropriated or infringed a third party’s intellectual property rights. There may be third-party intellectual property rights, including patents and pending patent applications that cover significant aspects of our technologies, processes or business methods. Any claims of infringement or misappropriation by a third party, even those without merit, could cause us to incur substantial defense costs and could distract our management from our business, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to prevail against such claims. Some of our competitors may have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforcing their intellectual property rights and to defending claims that may be brought against them than we do. Furthermore, a party making such a claim, if successful, could secure a judgment that requires us to pay substantial damages, potentially including treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A judgment could also include an injunction or other court order that could prevent us from offering our products and services. In addition, we might be required to seek a license for the use of a third party’s intellectual property, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Alternatively, we might be required to develop non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense and might ultimately not be successful.
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Third parties may also assert infringement claims against our customers relating to their use of our technologies or processes. Any of these claims might require us to defend potentially protracted and costly litigation on their behalf, regardless of the merits of these claims, because under certain conditions we may agree to indemnify our customers from third-party claims of intellectual property infringement. If any of these claims succeed, we might be forced to pay damages on behalf of our customers, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.
Finally, we use open source software in connection with our technology and services. Companies that incorporate open source software into their products, from time to time, face claims challenging the ownership of open source software. As a result, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software. Open source software is also provided without warranty, and may therefore include bugs, security vulnerabilities or other defects for which we have no recourse or recovery. Some open source software licenses require users of such software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to their software and/or make available any derivative works of the open source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. While we monitor the use of open source software in our technology and services and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose the source code to the related technology or service, such use could inadvertently occur and any requirement to disclose our proprietary source code could be harmful to our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our success is dependent, in part, upon our executive officers and other key personnel, and the loss of key personnel could materially adversely affect our business.
Our success depends, in part, on our executive officers and other key personnel. Our senior management team has significant industry experience and would be difficult to replace. The market for qualified individuals is competitive, especially in certain fields, including information technology, and we may not be able to attract and retain qualified personnel or candidates to replace or succeed members of our senior management team or other key personnel. The loss of key personnel could materially adversely affect our business.
Risks related to regulatory matters and litigation
Changes in laws, regulations and enforcement activities may adversely affect our products and services and the markets in which we operate.
The electronic payments industry is subject to increasing regulation in the U.S. and internationally. Domestic and foreign government regulations impose compliance obligations on us and restrictions on our operating activities, which can be difficult to administer because of their scope, mandates and varied requirements. We are subject to government regulations covering a number of different areas, including, among others: interest rate and fee restrictions; credit access and disclosure requirements; licensing and registration requirements; collection and pricing regulations; compliance obligations; security, privacy and data breach requirements; identity theft protection programs; and AML compliance programs. While a large portion of these regulations focuses on individual consumer protection, legislatures and regulators continue to consider whether to include business customers, especially smaller business customers, within the scope of these regulations. As a result, new or expanded regulation focusing on business customers or changes in interpretation or enforcement of regulations may have an adverse effect on our business and operating results, due to increased compliance costs and new restrictions affecting the terms under which we offer our products and services.
In addition, certain of our subsidiaries are subject to regulation under the BSA by FinCEN and must comply with applicable AML requirements, including implementation of an effective AML program. Our business in Canada is also subject to the PCMLTFA, which is a corollary to the BSA. Changes in this regulatory environment, including changing interpretations and the implementation of new or varying regulatory requirements by the government, may significantly affect or change the manner in which we currently conduct some aspects of our business.
As a service provider to certain of our bank sponsors, we are subject to direct supervision and examination by the CFPB, in connection with certain of our products and services. CFPB rules, examinations and enforcement actions may require us to adjust our activities and may increase our compliance costs. In addition, our bank partners are subject to regulation by federal and state banking authorities and, as a result, could pass through some of those compliance obligations to us or alter the extent or the terms of their dealings with us in ways that may have adverse consequences for our business.
Many of these laws and regulations are evolving, unclear and inconsistent across various jurisdictions, and ensuring compliance with them is difficult and costly. With increasing frequency, federal and state regulators are holding businesses like ours to higher standards of training, monitoring and compliance, including monitoring for possible violations of laws by our customers and people who do business with our customers while using our products. If we fail or are unable to comply with existing or changed government regulations in a timely and appropriate manner, we may be subject to injunctions, other sanctions or the payment of fines and penalties, and our reputation may be harmed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
For more information about laws, regulations and enforcement activities that may adversely affect our products and services and the markets in which we operate, see “Business- Regulatory.”
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Derivatives regulations have added costs to our business and any additional requirements, such as future registration requirements and increased regulation of derivative contracts, may result in additional costs or impact the way we conduct our hedging activities, as well as impact how we conduct our business within our international payments provider operations.
Rules adopted under the Dodd-Frank Act by the CFTC, provisions of the European Market Infrastructure Regulation and its technical standards, as well as derivative reporting in Canada and the U.S., have subjected certain of the foreign exchange derivative contracts we offer to our customers as part of our Cross-Border solutions to reporting, record keeping, and other requirements. Additionally, certain foreign exchange derivatives transactions we may enter into in the future may be subject to centralized clearing requirements or may be subject to margin requirements in the U.S., U.K., and European Union or other jurisdictions.
Our compliance with these requirements has resulted, and may continue to result, in additional costs to our business and may impact our international payments provider business operations. Furthermore, our failure to comply with these requirements could result in fines and other sanctions, as well as necessitate a temporary or permanent cessation to some or all of our derivative related activities. Any such fines, sanctions or limitations on our business could adversely affect our operations and financial results. Additionally, the regulatory regimes for derivatives in the U.S., U.K., and European Union, such as under the Dodd-Frank Act and the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) are continuing to evolve and changes to such regimes, our designation under such regimes, our associated costs for entering into derivatives transactions or the implementation of new rules under such regimes, such as future registration requirements and increased regulation of derivative contracts, may result in additional costs to our business. Other jurisdictions outside the U.S., U.K., and the European Union are considering, have implemented, or are implementing regulations similar to those described above and these may result in greater costs to us as well.
In September 2022, the sixth and final phase of the Uncleared Margin Rules (UMR) in the U.S. and EU took effect. In light of this development, banks and other non-bank financial institutions are subject to additional regulatory requirements associated with trading non-centrally cleared OTC derivatives with any counterparty that has $8 billion or more in total derivatives within its portfolio. Non-centrally cleared OTC derivatives can have certain advantages over exchange-traded and centrally cleared derivatives. Some derivative types are only available to be traded as non-centrally cleared OTC. In other cases, exchange-traded equivalents are less liquid or less cost-effective in gaining or hedging certain market exposures. Further, OTC derivatives offer investors more flexibility in structure because, unlike the standardized cleared products, they can be tailored or customized to fit specific needs or investment goals. In order to best meet a client’s risk management objectives, our Cross-Border solution would like to preserve the ability to continue trading these types of OTC derivatives when possible. The most broadly used OTC derivative at Cross-Border Solutions are FX forwards, the most common financial tool used in the marketplace to hedge currency. Although the business is presently exempt from posting Initial Margin due to an exemption per counterparty, we will need to carefully monitor and manage initial and variation margin requirements. In cases where the currency market experiences significant disruption, our clients may take longer to post variation margin or collateral than what is required of our Cross-Border division related to its own interbank counterparties, resulting in transitory periods of elevated liquidity risk.
Derivative transactions and delayed settlements may expose us to unexpected risk and potential losses.
We are party to a large number of derivative transactions. Many of these derivative instruments are individually negotiated and non-standardized, which can make exiting, transferring or settling positions difficult. Derivative transactions may also involve the risk that documentation has not been properly executed, that executed agreements may not be enforceable against the counterparty, or that obligations under such agreements may not be able to be “netted” against other obligations with such counterparty. In addition, counterparties may claim that such transactions were not appropriate or authorized.
Derivative contracts and other transactions entered into with third parties often don’t require performance until a future date, which can be months away, and are not always settled on a timely basis. While the transaction remains open there is always the chance of non-performance, especially is market movements make the contract less attractive, so we are subject to heightened credit and operational risk and in the event of a default. In addition, as new complex derivative products are created, disputes about the terms of the underlying contracts could arise, which could impair our ability to effectively manage our risk exposures from these products and subject us to increased costs. The provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act requiring central clearing of OTC derivatives, or a market shift toward standardized derivatives, could reduce the risk associated with such transactions, but under certain circumstances could also limit our ability to develop derivatives that best suit the needs of our clients and to hedge our own risks, and could adversely affect our profitability and increase our credit exposure to such platform.
Governmental regulations and contractual obligations designed to protect or limit access to personal information could adversely affect our ability to effectively provide our services.
Governmental bodies in the U.S. and abroad have adopted, or are considering the adoption of, laws and regulations restricting the transfer of, and requiring safeguarding of, non-public personal information. For example, in the U.S., all financial institutions must undertake certain steps to help protect the privacy and security of consumer financial information. In connection with providing services to our clients, we are required by regulations and arrangements with payment networks, our sponsor banks and certain clients to provide assurances regarding the confidentiality and security of non-public consumer information. These arrangements require periodic audits by independent companies regarding our compliance with industry standards such as PCI standards and also allow for similar audits regarding best practices established by regulatory guidelines. The compliance standards relate to our infrastructure, components, and operational procedures designed to safeguard the
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confidentiality and security of non-public consumer personal information received from our customers. Our ability to maintain compliance with these standards and satisfy these audits will affect our ability to attract and maintain business in the future. If we fail to comply with these regulations, we could be exposed to suits for breach of contract or to governmental proceedings. In addition, our client relationships and reputation could be harmed, and we could be inhibited in our ability to obtain new clients. If more restrictive privacy laws or rules are adopted by authorities in the future on the federal or state level or internationally, our compliance costs may increase, our opportunities for growth may be curtailed by our compliance capabilities or reputational harm and our potential liability for security breaches may increase, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Legislation and regulation of greenhouse gases (“GHG”) and related divestment and other efforts could adversely affect our business.
We are aware of the increasing focus of local, state, regional, national and international regulatory bodies on GHG emissions and climate change issues. Legislation to regulate GHG emissions has periodically been introduced in the U.S. Congress, and there has been a wide-ranging policy debate, both in the U.S. and internationally, regarding the impact of these gases and possible means for their regulation. Several states and geographic regions in the U.S. have adopted legislation and regulations to reduce emissions of GHGs. Additional legislation or regulation by these states and regions, the EPA, and/or any international agreements to which the U.S. may become a party, that control or limit GHG emissions or otherwise seek to address climate change could adversely affect our partners’ and merchants’ operations, and therefore ours. See “Our fleet card business is dependent on several key strategic relationships, the loss of which could adversely affect our operating results.” and “If we are unable to maintain and expand our merchant relationships, our closed loop fleet card and lodging card businesses may be adversely affected.” Because our business depends on the level of activity in the oil industry, existing or future laws or regulations related to GHGs and climate change, including incentives to conserve energy or use alternative energy sources, could have a negative impact on our business if such laws or regulations reduce demand for fuel. Further, we may not be able to successfully execute our EV strategy, which could further adversely affect our business.
In addition to the regulatory efforts described above, there have also been efforts in recent years aimed at the investment community, including investment advisors, sovereign wealth funds, public pension funds, universities and other groups, promoting the divestment of fossil fuel equities as well as to pressure lenders and other financial services companies to limit or curtail activities with companies engaged in the extraction of fossil fuel reserves. If these efforts are successful, our ability to access capital markets may be limited and our stock price may be negatively impacted.
Members of the investment community have recently increased their focus on sustainability practices with regard to the oil and gas industry, including practices related to GHGs and climate change. An increasing percentage of the investment community considers sustainability factors in making investment decisions, and an increasing number of our partners and merchants consider sustainability factors in awarding work. If we are unable to successfully address sustainability enhancement, we may lose partners or merchants, our stock price may be negatively impacted, our reputation may be negatively affected, and it may be more difficult for us to effectively compete.
We contract with government entities and are subject to risks related to our governmental contracts.
In the course of our business we contract with domestic and foreign government entities, including state and local government customers, as well as federal government agencies. As a result, we are subject to various laws and regulations that apply to companies doing business with federal, state and local governments. The laws relating to government contracts differ from other commercial contracting laws and our government contracts may contain pricing terms and conditions that are not common among commercial contracts. In addition, we may be subject to investigation from time to time concerning our compliance with the laws and regulations relating to our government contracts. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in suspension of these contracts or administrative or other penalties.
Litigation and regulatory actions could subject us to significant fines, penalties or requirements resulting in significantly increased expenses, damage to our reputation and/or material adverse effects on our business.
We are subject to claims and a number of judicial and administrative proceedings in the ordinary course of our operations, including employment-related disputes, contract disputes, intellectual property disputes, government inquiries, investigations, audits and regulatory proceedings, customer disputes and tort claims. Responding to proceedings may be difficult and expensive, and we may not prevail. In some proceedings, the claimant seeks damages as well as other relief, which, if granted, would require expenditures on our part or changes in how we conduct business. There can be no certainty that we will not ultimately incur charges in excess of presently established or future financial accruals or insurance coverage, or that we will prevail with respect to such proceedings. Regardless of whether we prevail or not, such proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. Further, these types of matters could divert our management’s attention and other resources away from our business. In addition, from time to time, we have had, and expect to continue to receive, inquiries from regulatory bodies and administrative agencies relating to the operation of our business. Any potential claims or any such inquiries or potential claims have resulted in, and may continue to result in, various audits, reviews and investigations, which can be time consuming and expensive. These types of inquiries, audits, reviews, and investigations could result in the institution of administrative or civil proceedings, sanctions and the payment of fines and penalties, various forms of injunctive relief and redress, changes in personnel, and increased review and scrutiny by customers,
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regulatory authorities, the media and others, which could be significant and could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.
Failure to comply with the FCPA, AML regulations, economic and trade sanctions regulations and similar laws and regulations applicable to our international activities, could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.
As we continue to expand our business internationally, we may continue to expand into certain foreign countries, particularly those with developing economies, where companies often engage in business practices that are prohibited by U.S., U.K. and other foreign regulations, including the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act, Canada’s PCMLTFA, and Australia’s AML/CTF Act. These laws and regulations generally prohibit our employees, consultants and agents from bribing, being bribed or making other prohibited payments to government officials or other persons to obtain or retain business or gain some other business advantage. We have implemented policies to discourage such practices; however, there can be no assurances that all of our employees, consultants and agents, including those that may be based in or from countries where practices that violate these laws may be customary, will not take actions in violation of our policies for which we may be ultimately responsible.
In addition, we are subject to AML laws and regulations, including the BSA. Among other things, the BSA requires money services businesses (such as money transmitters and providers of prepaid access) to develop and implement risk-based AML programs, verify the identity of our customers, report large cash transactions and suspicious activity, and maintain transaction records.
We are also subject to certain economic and trade sanctions programs that are administered by OFAC, which prohibit or restrict transactions to or from or dealings with specified countries, their governments, and in certain circumstances, their nationals, and with individuals and entities that are specially designated nationals of those countries, narcotics traffickers, and terrorists or terrorist organizations. Other group entities may be subject to additional foreign or local sanctions requirements in other relevant jurisdictions.
Similar AML and counter-terrorist financing and proceeds of crime laws apply to movements of currency and payments through electronic transactions and to dealings with persons specified in lists maintained by the country equivalent to OFAC lists in several other countries and require specific data retention obligations to be observed by intermediaries in the payment process. Our businesses in those jurisdictions are subject to those data retention obligations.
Violations of these laws and regulations may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions and, in the U.S., suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracting. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of these laws and regulations by U.S. or foreign authorities could also have an adverse impact on our reputation and operating results. In addition, we cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our international operations might be subject or the manner in which existing laws and regulations might be administered or interpreted.
Risks related to our debt
Our debt obligations, or our incurrence of additional debt obligations, could limit our flexibility in managing our business and could materially and adversely affect our financial performance.
At December 31, 2022, we had approximatel y $7.1 billion of debt outstanding under our Credit Facility and Securitization Facility. In addition, we are permitted under our credit agreement to incur additional indebtedness, subject to specified limitations. Our indebtedness currently outstanding, or as may be outstanding if we incur additional indebtedness, could have important consequences, including the following:
•we may have difficulty satisfying our obligations under our debt facilities and, if we fail to satisfy these obligations, an event of default could result;
•we may be required to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to required payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of cash flow for acquisitions, working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate activities. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Material Cash Requirements and Uses of Cash;”
•covenants relating to our debt may limit our ability to enter into certain contracts, pay dividends or to obtain additional financing for acquisitions, working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate activities, including to react to changes in our business or the industry in which we operate;
•events outside our control, including volatility in the credit markets or a significant rise in fuel prices, may make it difficult to renew our Securitization Facility on terms acceptable to us and limit our ability to timely fund our working capital needs;
•we may be more vulnerable than our less leveraged competitors to the impact of economic downturns and adverse developments in the industry in which we operate; and
•we are exposed to the risk of increased interest rates because our borrowings are generally subject to variable or floating rates of interest.
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In addition, we and our subsidiaries may incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future, including through our Securitization Facility. Although our credit agreements contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of significant qualifications and exceptions, and under certain circumstances, the amount of additional indebtedness that could be incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. If new debt is added to our existing debt levels, the related risks that we will face would increase.
The transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") benchmark interest rate and the adoption of alternative benchmark reference rates could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our term loan B bears interest at a variable rate based on LIBOR. We have entered into hedging instruments to manage a portion of our exposure to fluctuations in the LIBOR benchmark interest rate, the last of which expires in December 2023. Effective January 1, 2022, the publication of LIBOR on a representative basis ceased for the one-week and two-month USD LIBOR settings and all sterling, yen, euros, and Swiss franc LIBOR settings. All other remaining USD LIBOR settings will cease July 1, 2023. In connection with the sunset of certain LIBOR reference rates occurring at the end of 2021, we have amended the Credit Agreement to provide for a transition from LIBOR to the Sterling Overnight Index Average Reference Rate (“SONIA”) plus a SONIA adjustment of 0.0326% for sterling borrowings, the Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”) for euro borrowings, and the Tokyo Interbank Offer Rate (“TIBOR”) for yen borrowings. In addition, the Company transitioned from LIBOR to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% for USD borrowings under the Securitization Facility, revolving credit facility and the term loan A. We continue to monitor developments related to the upcoming transition from USD LIBOR to an alternative benchmark reference rate after June 30, 2023. A failure to properly transition away from USD LIBOR could adversely affect the Company’s borrowing costs or expose the Company to various financial, operational and regulatory risks, which could affect the Company’s results of operations and cash flows.
Our balance sheet includes significant amounts of goodwill and intangible assets. The impairment of a significant portion of these assets would negatively affect our financial results.
Our balance sheet includes goodwill and intangible assets that represent a pproximately 52% of o ur total assets at December 31, 2022. These assets consist primarily of goodwill and identified intangible assets associated with our acquisitions, which may increase in the future in connection with new acquisitions. Under current accounting standards, we are required to amortize certain intangible assets over the useful life of the asset, while goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized. On at least an annual basis, we assess whether there have been impairments in the carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. If the carrying value of the asset is determined to be impaired, it is written down to fair value by a charge to operating earnings, which could materially negatively affect our operating results and financial condition.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
We have no unresolved written comments regarding our periodic or current reports from the staff of the SEC.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our corporate headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia where we lease approximately 46,500 square feet of office space. In addition to our corporate headquarters, we have major operations located in Brentwood, Tennessee; Covington, Louisiana; Louisville, Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky; and Peachtree Corners, Georgia. Our largest offices internationally are located in São Paulo, Brazil; Prague, Czech Republic; and Mexico City, Mexico. We lease all of the real property used in our business, except for our headquarters in Mexico City, which we own.
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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In the ordinary course of business, the Company is involved in various pending or threatened legal actions, arbitration proceedings, claims, subpoenas, and matters relating to compliance with laws and regulations (collectively, "legal proceedings"). Based on our current knowledge, management presently does not believe that the liabilities arising from these legal proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. However, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of these legal proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition for any particular period.
Derivative Lawsuits
On July 10, 2017, a shareholder derivative complaint was filed against the Company and certain of the Company’s directors and officers in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ("Federal Derivative Action") seeking recovery from the Company. The District Court dismissed the Federal Derivative Action on October 21, 2020, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the dismissal on July 27, 2022, ending the lawsuit. A similar derivative lawsuit that had been filed on January 9, 2019 in the Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia (“State Derivative Action”) was likewise dismissed on October 31, 2022.
On January 20, 2023, the previous State Derivative Action plaintiffs filed a new derivative lawsuit in the Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia. The new lawsuit, City of Aventura Police Officers’ Retirement Fund, derivatively on behalf of FleetCor Technologies, Inc. v. Ronald F. Clarke and Eric R. Dey, alleges that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties by causing or permitting the Company to engage in unfair or deceptive marketing and billing practices, making false and misleading public statements concerning the Company’s fee charges and financial and business prospects, and making improper sales of stock. The complaint seeks approximately $118 million in monetary damages on behalf of the Company, including contribution by defendants as joint tortfeasors with the Company in unfair and deceptive practices, and disgorgement of incentive pay and stock compensation. On January 24, 2023, the previous Federal Derivative Action plaintiffs filed a similar new derivative lawsuit, J errell Whitten, derivatively on behalf of FleetCor Technologies, Inc. v. Ronald F. Clarke and Eric R. Dey, against Mr. Clarke and Mr. Dey in Gwinnett County, Georgia. The defendants dispute the allegations in the derivative complaints and intend to vigorously defend against the claims.
FTC Investigation
In October 2017, the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") issued a Notice of Civil Investigative Demand to the Company for the production of documentation and a request for responses to written interrogatories. After discussions with the Company, the FTC proposed in October 2019 to resolve potential claims relating to the Company’s advertising and marketing practices, principally in its U.S. direct fuel card business within its North American Fuel Card business. The parties reached impasse primarily related to what the Company believes are unreasonable demands for redress made by the FTC.
On December 20, 2019, the FTC filed a lawsuit in the Northern District of Georgia against the Company and Ron Clarke. See FTC v. FLEETCOR and Ronald F. Clarke, No. 19-cv-05727 (N.D. Ga.). The complaint alleges the Company and Clarke violated the FTC Act’s prohibitions on unfair and deceptive acts and practices. The complaint seeks among other things injunctive relief, consumer redress, and costs of suit. The Company continues to believe that the FTC’s claims are without merit and these matters are not and will not be material to the Company’s financial performance. On April 17, 2021, the FTC filed a motion for summary judgment. On April 22, 2021, the United States Supreme Court held unanimously in AMG Capital Management v. FTC that the FTC does not have authority under current law to seek monetary redress by means of Section 13(b) of the FTC Act, which is the means by which the FTC has sought such redress in this case. FLEETCOR cross-moved for summary judgment regarding the FTC’s ability to seek monetary or injunctive relief on May 17, 2021. On August 13, 2021, the FTC filed a motion to stay or to voluntarily dismiss without prejudice the case pending in the Northern District of Georgia in favor of a parallel administrative action under Section 5 of the FTC Act that it filed on August 11, 2021 in the FTC’s administrative process. Apart from the jurisdiction and statutory change, the FTC’s administrative complaint makes the same factual allegations as the FTC’s original complaint filed in December 2019. The Company opposed the FTC’s motion for a stay or to voluntarily dismiss, and the court denied the FTC’s motion on February 7, 2022. In the meantime, the FTC’s administrative action is stayed. On August 9, 2022, the District Court for the Northern District of Georgia granted the FTC's motion for summary judgment as to liability for the Company and Ron Clarke, but granted the Company's motion for summary judgment as to the FTC's claim for monetary relief as to both the Company and Ron Clarke. The Company intends to appeal this decision after final judgment is issued. On October 20-21, 2022, the court held a hearing on the scope of injunctive relief. At the conclusion of the hearing, the Court did not enter either the FTC’s proposed order or the Company’s proposed order, and instead suggested that the parties enter mediation. Following mediation, both parties have filed proposed orders with the Court. The Company has incurred and continues to incur legal and other fees related to this complaint. Any settlement of this matter, or defense against the lawsuit, could involve costs to the Company, including legal fees, redress, penalties, and remediation expenses.
Estimating an amount or range of possible losses resulting from litigation proceedings is inherently difficult and requires an extensive degree of judgment, particularly where, as here, the matters involve indeterminate claims for monetary damages and are in the stages of the proceedings where key factual and legal issues have not been resolved. For these reasons, the Company is currently unable to predict the ultimate timing or outcome of, or reasonably estimate the possible losses or a range of possible losses resulting from, the matters described above.
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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER
MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker FLT. As of December 31, 2022, there were 426 holders o f record of our common stock.
DIVIDENDS AND SHARE REPURCHASES
We currently expect to retain all future earnings, if any, for use in the operation and expansion of our business. We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. In addition, our credit agreements restrict our ability to pay dividends. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements and covenants in our existing financing arrangements and any future financing arrangements.
The Company's Board of Directors (the "Board") has approved a stock repurchase program (as updated from time to time, the "Program") authorizing the Company to repurchase its common stock from time to time until February 1, 2024. On January 25, 2022, the Board increased the aggregate size of the Program by $1.0 billion, to $6.1 billion, and on October 25, 2022, the Board increased the aggregate size of the Program again by $1.0 billion to $7.1 billion. Since the beginning of the Program through December 31, 2022, 26,280,908 shares have been repurchased for an aggregate purchase price of $5.9 billion, leaving the Company up to $1.2 billion of remaining authorization available under the Program for future repurchases in shares of its common stock. There were 6,212,410 common shares totaling $1.4 billion in 2022; 5,451,556 common shares totaling $1.4 billion in 2021 and 3,497,285 common shares totaling $940.8 million in 2020; repurchased under the Program.
Any stock repurchases may be made at times and in such amounts as deemed appropriate. The timing and amount of stock repurchases, if any, will depend on a variety of factors including the stock price, market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements, and any additional constraints related to material inside information the Company may possess. Any repurchases have been and are expected to be funded by a combination of available cash flow from the business, working capital and debt.
The following table presents information with respect to purchase of common stock of the Company made during the three months ended December 31, 2022 by the Company as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of the Publicly Announced Plan |  | Maximum Value that May Yet be Purchased Under the Publicly Announced Plan (in thousands)
October 1, 2022 through October 31, 2022 |  | 46 |  |  | $ | 169.52 |  |  | 25,699,597 |  |  | $ | 1,355,261 |
November 1, 2022 through November 30, 2022 |  | 581,311 |  |  | $ | 188.45 |  |  | 26,280,908 |  |  | $ | 1,245,714 |
December 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 26,280,908 |  |  | $ | 1,245,714 |

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PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following graph assumes $100 invested on December 29, 2017, at the closing price ($192.43) of our common stock on that day, and compares (a) the percentage change of our cumulative total stockholder return on the common stock (as measured by dividing (i) the difference between our share price at the end and the beginning of the period presented by (ii) the share price at the beginning of the periods presented) with (b) (i) the Russell 2000 Index, (ii) the S&P 500® Data Processing & Outsourced Services and (iii) S&P 500.
RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Not Applicable.
ITEM 6. (RESERVED)
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this report. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from management’s expectations. Factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those described in Item 1A “Risk Factors” appearing elsewhere in this report. All foreign currency amounts that have been converted into U.S. dollars in this discussion are based on the exchange rate as reported by Oanda for the applicable periods.
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations generally discusses 2022 and 2021 items, with year-over-year comparisons between these two years. A detailed discussion of 2021 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020 that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Executive Overview
FLEETCOR is a leading global business payments company that helps businesses spend less by enabling them to better manage their expense-related purchasing and vendor payments processes. FLEETCOR’s smarter payment and spend management solutions are delivered in a variety of ways depending on the needs of the customer. From physical payment cards to software that includes customizable controls and robust payment capabilities, we provide businesses with a better way to pay. FLEETCOR has been a member of the S&P 500 since 2018 and trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker FLT.
Businesses spend an estim ated $135 trillion each year wit h other businesses. In many instances, they lack the proper tools to monitor what is being purchased, and employ manual, paper-based, disparate processes and methods to both approve and make payments for their purchases. This often results in wasted time and money due to unnecessary or unauthorized spending, fraud, receipt collection, data input and consolidation, report generation, reimbursement processing, account reconciliations, employee disciplinary actions, and more.
FLEETCOR’s vision is that every payment is digital, every purchase is controlled, and every related decision is informed. Digital payments are faster and more secure than paper-based methods such as checks, and provide timely and detailed data that can be utilized to effectively reduce unauthorized purchases and fraud, automate data entry and reporting, and eliminate reimbursement processes. Combining this payment data with analytical tools delivers powerful insights, which managers can use to better run their businesses. Our wide range of modern, digitized solutions generally provides control, reporting, and automation benefits superior to many of the payment methods businesses often use such as cash, paper checks, general purpose credit cards, as well as employee pay and reclaim processes.
Impact of COVID-19 on Our Business
The novel strain of coronavirus (including variants thereof, "COVID-19") negatively impacted our results of operations and liquidity and various aspects of the world economy and our customers, suppliers and vendors. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our business operations, financial results, and liquidity through the remainder of 2023 will depend on numerous evolving factors that we may not be able to accurately predict or assess, including the continued duration and scope of the pandemic and the geographies most affected; the transmissibility and severity of new variants of the virus; vaccine availability globally, distribution, efficacy to new strains of the virus, the effectiveness of vaccines and treatments over the long term and against new variants, and the public's willingness to get vaccinated, potential disruptions impacting our suppliers and vendors resulting, directly or indirectly, from new outbreaks of COVID-19, vaccine mandates and/or vaccine hesitancy; the negative impact the COVID-19 pandemic has on global and regional economies and general economic activity, including the duration and magnitude of its impact on unemployment rates and business spending levels; its short- and longer-term impact on the levels of consumer confidence; the effectiveness of actions that governments, businesses and individuals, including FLEETCOR, take in response to the pandemic; the inflationary impact of actions taken in connection with government and business responses to the COVID-19 pandemic; and how quickly economies recover after any new or continuing outbreak of COVID-19 subsides.
Impact of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine on Our Business
The current conflict between Russia and Ukraine is creating substantial uncertainty about the role Russia will play in the global economy in the future. Although the length, impact and outcome of the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine is highly unpredictable, this conflict could lead to significant market and other disruptions. The escalation or continuation of this conflict presents heightened risks and has resulted and could continue to result in volatile commodity markets, supply chain disruptions, increased risk of cyber incidents or other disruptions to information systems, heightened risks to employee safety, significant volatility of the Russian ruble, limitations on access to credit markets, increased operating costs (including fuel and other input costs), the frequency and volume of failures to settle securities transactions, inflation, potential for increased volatility in commodity, currency and other financial markets, safety risks, and restrictions on the transfer of funds to and from Russia. We cannot predict how and the extent to which the conflict will affect our customers, operations or business partners or
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the demand for our products and our global business. Depending on the actions we take or are required to take, the ongoing conflict could also result in loss of cash, assets or impairment charges. Additionally, we may also face negative publicity and reputational risk based on the actions we take or are required to take as a result of the conflict, which could damage our brand image or corporate reputation.
The extent of the impact of these tragic events on our business remains uncertain and will continue to depend on numerous evolving factors that we are not able to accurately predict, including the extent, severity, duration and outcome of the conflict. We are actively monitoring the situation and assessing its impact on our business, analyzing options as they develop, pursuing the potential disposition of our Russian operations, and refining crisis response materials designed to mitigate the impact of disruptions to our business. Subject to ongoing negotiations, we currently expect to complete the disposition of the Russia business in the second or third quarter of 2023. There can be no assurance that our plan will successfully mitigate all disruptions. To date we have not experienced any material interruptions in our infrastructure, technology systems or networks needed to support our operations. The extent, severity, duration and outcome of the military conflict, sanctions and resulting market disruptions could be significant and could potentially have substantial impact on the global economy and our business for an unknown period of time. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described herein.
Our business in Russia accounted for approximately 3.3% and 2.8% of our consolidated net revenues and 7.2% and 5.0% of our net income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our assets in Russia were approximately 3.2% and 2.4% of our consolidated assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The net book value of our assets in Russia at December 31, 2022 was approximately $226.1 million of which $215.8 million is restricted cash. As described in Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements, we currently have not recognized any impairment charges related to the assets of our Russian business. However, the extent, severity, duration and outcome of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and related sanctions could potentially impact the value of our assets in Russia as the conflict continues. Our Russian business is part of our Fleet segment.
Performance
Revenues, net, Net Income and Net Income Per Diluted Share. Set forth below are revenues, net, net income and net income per diluted share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions, except per share amounts).

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Revenues, net |  | $ | 3,427 |  |  | $ | 2,834 |  |
Net income |  | $ | 954 |  |  | $ | 839 |  |
Net income per diluted share |  | $ | 12.42 |  |  | $ | 9.99 |  |

Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Net Income Per Diluted Share. Set forth below are adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions, except per share amounts).

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Adjusted net income |  | $ | 1,237 |  |  | $ | 1,110 |  |
Adjusted net income per diluted share |  | $ | 16.10 |  |  | $ | 13.21 |  |

Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share are supplemental non-GAAP financial measures of operating performance. See the heading entitled “Management’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. We use adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share to eliminate the effect of items that we do not consider indicative of our core operating performance on a consistent basis.
Sources of Revenue
FLEETCOR offers a variety of business payment solutions that help to simplify, automate, secure, digitize and effectively control the way businesses manage and pay their expenses. We provide our payment solutions to our business, merchant, consumer and payment network customers in more than 165 countries around the world today, although we operate primarily in three geographies, with approximately 85% of our business in the U.S., Brazil, and the U.K. Our customers may include commercial businesses (obtained through direct and indirect channels) and partners for whom we manage payment programs, as well as individual consumers.
In the second quarter of 2022, in order to align with recent changes in the organizational structure and management reporting, the Company updated its segment structure. The presentation of segment information has been recast for the prior years to align with this segment presentation for 2022. We manage and report our operating results through the following reportable segments, Fleet, Corporate Payments, Lodging, Brazil and Other, which aligns with how the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) allocates resources, assesses performance and reviews financial information.
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To help facilitate an understanding of our expansive range of solutions around the world, we describe them in two solution-driven categories: Vehicle and Mobility solutions and Corporate Payments solutions. Our Vehicle and Mobility solutions are purpose-built to enable our business and consumer customers to pay for vehicle and mobility-related expenses, while providing greater control and visibility of employee spending when compared with less specialized payment methods, such as cash or general-purpose credit cards. Our Vehicle and Mobility solutions include fuel, lodging, tolls and other complementary products. Our Corporate Payments solutions simplify and automate vendor payments and are designed to help businesses streamline the back-office operations associated with making outgoing payments. Companies save time, cut costs, and manage B2B payment processing more efficiently with our suite of corporate payment solutions, including AP automation, virtual cards, cross-border, and purchasing and T&E cards. We provide other payments solutions that are not considered within our Vehicle and Mobility and Corporate Payments solutions, including gift and payroll card.
Our revenue is generally reported net of the cost for underlying products and services purchased. In this report, we refer to this net revenue as “revenue". See “Results of Operations” for additional segment information.
Revenues, net, by Segment. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our segments generated the following revenues, net (in millions):

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenues by Segment* |  | Revenues, net |  | % of Total Revenues, net |  | Revenues, net |  | % of Total Revenues, net
Fleet |  | $ | 1,504.9 |  |  | 44 | % |  | $ | 1,320.1 |  |  | 47 | %
Corporate Payments |  | 772.4 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 600.0 |  |  | 21 | %
Lodging |  | 456.5 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 309.6 |  |  | 11 | %
Brazil |  | 442.2 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 368.1 |  |  | 13 | %
Other |  | 251.0 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 235.9 |  |  | 8 | %
Consolidated revenues, net |  | $ | 3,427.1 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,833.7 |  |  | 100 | %

*Columns may not calculate due to rounding. Other includes our Gift and Payroll card businesses.
Revenues, net, by Geography and Solution. Revenues, net by geography and solution category for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, were as follows (in millions):

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Revenues by Geography* |  | Revenues, net |  | % of total revenues, net |  | Revenues, net |  | % of total revenues, net |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 2,093.9 |  |  | 61 | % |  | $ | 1,785.2 |  |  | 63 | % |  |  |
Brazil |  | 442.2 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 368.1 |  |  | 13 | % |  |  |
United Kingdom |  | 363.3 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 321.8 |  |  | 11 | % |  |  |
Other |  | 527.7 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 358.6 |  |  | 13 | % |  |  |
Consolidated revenues, net |  | $ | 3,427.1 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,833.7 |  |  | 100 | % |  |  |

*Columns may not calculate due to rounding.

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenues by Solution Category* |  | Revenues, net |  | % of total revenues, net |  | Revenues, net |  | % of total revenues, net
Fuel |  | $ | 1,378.3 |  |  | 40 | % |  | $ | 1,180.1 |  |  | 42 | %
Corporate Payments |  | 772.4 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 600.0 |  |  | 21 | %
Tolls |  | 362.2 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 306.0 |  |  | 11 | %
Lodging |  | 456.5 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 309.6 |  |  | 11 | %
Gift |  | 194.5 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 179.5 |  |  | 6 | %
Other |  | 263.2 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 258.5 |  |  | 9 | %
Consolidated revenues, net |  | $ | 3,427.1 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,833.7 |  |  | 100 | %

*Columns may not calculate due to rounding.
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We generate revenue in our Fuel solutions through a variety of program fees, including transaction fees, card fees, network fees and charges, as well as from interchange. These fees may be charged as fixed amounts, costs plus a mark-up, based on a percentage of the transaction purchase amounts, or a combination thereof. Our programs also include other fees and charges associated with late payments and based on customer credit risk.
In our Corporate Payments solutions, the primary measure of volume is spend, the dollar amount of payments processed on behalf of customers through our various networks. We primarily earn revenue from the difference between the amount charged to the customer and the amount paid to the third party for a given transaction, as interchange or spread revenue. Our programs may also charge fixed fees for access to the network and ancillary services provided. In our cross-border payments business, the majority of revenue is from exchanges of currency at spot rates, which enables customers to make cross-currency payments. Our performance obligation in our foreign exchange payment services is providing a foreign currency payment to a customer’s designated recipient and therefore, we recognize revenue on foreign exchange payment services when the underlying payment is made. Revenues from foreign exchange payment services are primarily comprised of the difference between the exchange rate set by the Company to the customer and the rate available in the wholesale foreign exchange market.
In our Tolls solution, the relevant measure of volume is average monthly tags active during the period. We primarily earn revenue from fixed fees for access to the network and ancillary services provided. We also earn interchange on certain non-toll products.
In our Lodging solutions, we primarily earn revenue from the difference between the amount charged to the customer and the amount paid to the hotel for a given transaction and commissions paid by hotels. We may also charge fees for access to the network and ancillary services provided.
In our Gift solutions, we primarily earn revenue from the processing of gift card transactions sold by our customers to end users, as well as from the sale of the plastic cards. We may also charge fixed fees for ancillary services provided.
The remaining revenues represent other products that due to their nature or size, are not considered primary products. These include telematics offerings, fleet maintenance, food and transportation employee benefits related offerings, payroll cards and long-haul transportation services.
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The following table presents revenue per key performance metric by solution for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions except revenues, net per key performance indicator).*

|  | As Reported |  | Pro Forma and Macro Adjusted 2
|  | Year Ended December 31, |  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change |  | % Change |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change |  | % Change
FUEL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
'- Revenues, net |  | $ | 1,378 |  |  | $ | 1,180 |  |  | $ | 198 |  |  | 17 | % |  | $ | 1,261 |  |  | $ | 1,182 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | 7 | %
'- Transactions |  | 471 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 471 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 | %
'- Revenues, net per transaction |  | $ | 2.92 |  |  | $ | 2.55 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | 15 | % |  | $ | 2.68 |  |  | $ | 2.52 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | 6 | %
CORPORATE PAYMENTS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
'- Revenues, net |  | $ | 772 |  |  | $ | 600 |  |  | $ | 172 |  |  | 29 | % |  | $ | 796 |  |  | $ | 664 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | 20 | %
'- Spend volume |  | $ | 116,866 |  |  | $ | 92,368 |  |  | $ | 24,499 |  |  | 27 | % |  | $ | 116,866 |  |  | $ | 104,046 |  |  | $ | 12,821 |  |  | 12 | %
'- Revenues, net per spend $ |  | 0.66 | % |  | 0.65 | % |  | 0.01 | % |  | 2 | % |  | 0.68 | % |  | 0.64 | % |  | 0.04 | % |  | 7 | %
TOLLS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Revenues, net |  | $ | 362 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | 18 | % |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | 13 | %
- Tags |  | 6.2 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 6.2 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 5 | %
- Revenues, net per tag |  | $ | 58.41 |  |  | $ | 51.59 |  |  | $ | 6.82 |  |  | 13 | % |  | $ | 55.85 |  |  | $ | 51.59 |  |  | $ | 4.26 |  |  | 8 | %
LODGING |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
'- Revenues, net |  | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | 310 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | 47 | % |  | $ | 458 |  |  | $ | 365 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | 26 | %
'- Room nights |  | 37 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 28 | % |  | 37 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 12 | %
'- Revenues, net per room night |  | $ | 12.24 |  |  | $ | 10.63 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |  |  | 15 | % |  | $ | 12.29 |  |  | $ | 10.99 |  |  | $ | 1.30 |  |  | 12 | %
GIFT |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
'- Revenues, net |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | 11 | %
'- Transactions |  | 1,193 |  |  | 1,187 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 1,193 |  |  | 1,187 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 | %
'- Revenues, net per transaction |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | 10 | %
OTHER 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
'- Revenues, net |  | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | 2 | % |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | 5 | %
'- Transactions |  | 42 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 42 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 14 | %
'- Revenues, net per transaction |  | $ | 6.34 |  |  | $ | 7.07 |  |  | $ | (0.73) |  |  | (10) | % |  | $ | 6.52 |  |  | $ | 7.07 |  |  | $ | (0.54) |  |  | (8) | %
FLEETCOR CONSOLIDATED REVENUES, NET |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
'- Revenues, net |  | $ | 3,427 |  |  | $ | 2,834 |  |  | $ | 593 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 3,332 |  |  | $ | 2,956 |  |  | $ | 376 |  |  | 13 | %

1 Other includes telematics, maintenance, food, payroll card and transportation related businesses.
2 See heading entitled "Managements' Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of pro forma and macro adjusted revenue by product and metric non-GAAP measures to the comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP.
* Columns may not calculate due to rounding.

Organic revenue growth is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure of operating performance. Organic revenue growth is calculated as revenue growth in the current period adjusted for the impact of changes in the macroeconomic environment (to include fuel price, fuel price spreads and changes in foreign exchange rates) over revenue in the comparable prior period adjusted to include or remove the impact of acquisitions and/or divestitures and non-recurring items that have occurred subsequent to that period. See the heading entitled “Management’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. We believe that organic revenue growth on a macro-neutral, one-time item, and consistent acquisition/divestiture/non-recurring item basis is useful to investors for understanding the performance of FLEETCOR.
Revenue per relevant key performance indicator (KPI), which may include transaction, spend volume, monthly tags, room nights, or other metrics, is derived from the various revenue types as discussed above and can vary based on geography, the relevant merchant relationship, the payment product utilized and the types of products or services purchased, the mix of which would be influenced by our acquisitions, organic growth in our business, and the overall macroeconomic environment, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, fuel prices and fuel price spreads. Revenue per KPI per customer may change as the level of services we provide to a customer increases or decreases, as macroeconomic factors change and as
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adjustments are made to merchant and customer rates. See “Results of Operations” for further discussion of transaction volumes and revenue per transaction.
Sources of Expenses
We incur expenses in the following categories:
•Processing—Our processing expenses consist of expenses related to processing transactions, servicing our customers and merchants, credit losses and cost of goods sold related to our hardware and card sales in certain businesses.
•Selling—Our selling expenses consist primarily of wages, benefits, sales commissions (other than merchant commissions) and related expenses for our sales, marketing and account management personnel and activities.
•General and administrative—Our general and administrative expenses include compensation and related expenses (including stock-based compensation and bonuses) for our employees, finance and accounting, information technology, human resources, legal and other administrative personnel. Also included are facilities expenses, third-party professional services fees, travel and entertainment expenses, and other corporate-level expenses.
•Depreciation and amortization—Our depreciation expenses include depreciation of property and equipment, consisting of computer hardware and software (including proprietary software development amortization expense), card-reading equipment, furniture, fixtures, vehicles and buildings and leasehold improvements related to office space. Our amortization expenses include amortization of intangible assets related to customer and vendor relationships, trade names and trademarks, software and non-compete agreements. We are amortizing intangible assets related to business acquisitions and certain private label contracts associated with the purchase of accounts receivable.
•Other operating, net—Our other operating, net includes other operating expenses and income items that do not relate to our core operations or that occur infrequently.
•Other expense (income), net—Our other expense (income), net includes gains or losses from the following: sales of assets, foreign currency transactions, extinguishment of debt, and investments. This category also includes other miscellaneous non-operating costs and revenue. Certain of these items may be presented separately on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
•Interest expense, net—Our interest expense, net includes interest expense on our outstanding debt, interest income on operating cash balances and interest on our interest rate swaps.
•Provision for income taxes—Our provision for income taxes consists of corporate income taxes related primarily to profits resulting from the sale of our products and services on a global basis.
Factors and Trends Impacting our Business
We believe that the following factors and trends are important in understanding our financial performance:
•Global economic conditions—Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the economy generally, in North America, Brazil, and internationally, including the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine, as discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors affected by the economy include our transaction volumes, the credit risk of our customers and changes in tax laws across the globe. These factors affected our businesses in each of our segments.
•Foreign currency changes—Our results of operations are significantly impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates; namely, by movements of the Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Czech koruna, euro, Mexican peso, New Zealand dollar and Russian ruble, relative to the U.S. dollar. Approxi mately 61%, and 63% of our revenue in 2022 and 2021, respectively, was derived in U.S. dollars and was not affected by foreign currency exchange rates. See “Results of Operations” for information related to foreign currency impact on our total revenue, net.
Our cross-border foreign risk management business aggregates foreign currency exposures arising from customer contracts and economically hedges the resulting net currency risks by entering into offsetting contracts with established financial institution counterparties. These contracts are subject to counterparty credit risk.
•Fuel prices—Our fleet customers use our products and services primarily in connection with the purchase of fuel. Accordingly, our revenue is affected by fuel prices, which are subject to significant volatility. A change in retail fuel prices could cause a decrease or increase in our revenue from several sources, including fees paid to us based on a percentage of each customer’s total purchase. Changes in the absolute price of fuel may also impact unpaid account balances and the late fees and charges based on these amounts. We estimate approximately 13% and 12% of revenues, net were directly impacted by changes in fuel price in 2022 and 2021, respectively.
•Fuel price spread volatility—A portion of our revenue involves transactions where we derive revenue from fuel price spreads, which is the difference between the price charged to a fleet customer for a transaction and the price paid to the merchant for the same transaction. In these transactions, the price paid to the merchant is based on the wholesale cost of fuel. The merchant’s wholesale cost of fuel is dependent on several factors including, among others, the factors
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described above affecting fuel prices. The fuel price that we charge to our customer is dependent on several factors including, among others, the fuel price paid to the merchant, posted retail fuel prices and competitive fuel prices. We experience fuel price spread contraction when the merchant’s wholesale cost of fuel increases at a faster rate than the fuel price we charge to our customers, or the fuel price we charge to our customers decreases at a faster rate than the merchant’s wholesale cost of fuel. The inverse of these situations produces fuel price spread expansion. We estimate approximately 6% and 5% of revenues, net were directly impacted by fuel price spreads in 2022 and 2021, respectively.
•Acquisitions—Since 2002, we have completed o ver 95 acquis itions of companies and commercial account portfolios. Acquisitions have been an important part of our growth strategy, and it is our intention to continue to seek opportunities to increase our customer base and diversify our service offering through further strategic acquisitions. The impact of acquisitions has, and may continue to have, a significant impact on our results of operations and may make it difficult to compare our results between periods.
•Interest rates—From January 1, 2022 to February 13, 2023, the U.S. Federal Open Market Committee has increased the target federal funds rate eight times for a total rate increase of 4.50%. Additional increases are possible in future periods. We are exposed to market risk changes in interest rates on our cash investments and debt, particularly in rising interest rate environments. On January 22, 2019, we entered into three interest rate swap contracts. One contract (which matured in January 2022) had a notional value of $1.0 billion, while the two remaining contracts each have a notional value of $500 million. One of the remaining contracts matured on January 31, 2023 and the other will mature on December 19, 2023. The objective of these swap contracts was to reduce the variability of cash flows in the previously unhedged interest payments associated with $2.0 billion of unspecified variable rate debt, the sole source of which is due to changes in the LIBOR and/or SOFR benchmark interest rate. For each of these swap contracts, we pay a fixed monthly rate and receive one month LIBOR and/or SOFR. On January 30, 2023, we entered into five new interest rate swap contracts totaling $1.5 billion. The objective of these contracts is to eliminate the variability of cash flows in interest payments associated with $1.5 billion of unspecified variable rate debt, the sole source of which is due to changes in SOFR benchmark interest rate. For each of these swap contracts, we pay a fixed monthly rate and receive one month term SOFR.
In February 2023, to further manage the impact of the current interest rate environment, we entered into a cross-currency interest rate swap on $500 million of notional value of investments in various euro-functional subsidiaries. This swap matures in February 2024.
•Expenses—Over the long term, we expect that our expense will decrease as a percentage of revenue as our revenue increases, except for expenses related to transaction volume processed. To support our expected revenue growth, we plan to continue to incur additional sales and marketing expense by investing in our direct marketing, third-party agents, internet marketing, telemarketing and field sales force.
•Taxes—We pay taxes in various taxing jurisdictions, including the U.S., most U.S. states and many non-U.S. jurisdictions. The tax rates in most non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions are different than the U.S. tax rate. Consequently, as our earnings fluctuate between taxing jurisdictions, our effective tax rate fluctuates.
Acquisitions and Investments
2023
•In January 2023, we acquired Global Reach, a U.K.-based cross border payments provider for an immaterial amount.
•In February 2023, we acquired a European-based vehicle maintenance provider and a cloud-based EV charging software platform for an immaterial amount.
2022
•On November 1, 2022, we completed the acquisition of Roomex, a European workforce lodging provider serving the U.K. and German markets for approximately $56.8 million.
•In September 2022, we made an investment of $6.1 million in a U.K.-based EV search and pay mapping service.
•On September 6, 2022, we completed the acquisition of Plugsurfing, a European EV software and network provider, for $75.8 million.
•On August 3, 2022, we completed the acquisition of Accrualify, an AP automation software company, for $41.2 million.
•On March 1, 2022, we completed the acquisition of Levarti, a U.S.-based airline software platform company, for $23.7 million.
•In February 2022, we made an investment of $7.8 million in an EV charging payments business and $5.0 million in an EV data analytics business.
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2021
•On December 15, 2021, we completed the acquisition of a mobile fuel payments solution in Russia for an immaterial amount.
•On September 1, 2021, we completed the acquisition of ALE Solutions, Inc. (ALE), a U.S. based provider of lodging solutions to the insurance industry, for $421.8 million.
•On June 1, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Associated Foreign Exchange (AFEX), a U.S. based, cross-border payment solutions provider, for $459.8 million, including cash.
•On January 13, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Roger, which has been rebranded as Corpay One, a global accounts payable (AP) cloud software platform for small businesses, for $39.0 million.
•During 2021, we made an investment of $37.8 million in a joint venture in Brazil with CAIXA. We made investments in other businesses of $6.8 million.
Results from our ALE, Levarti and Roomex acquisitions are included in our Lodging segment, and results from our Accrualify, AFEX and Roger acquisitions are reported in our Corporate Payments segment, from the dates of acquisition. Results from our Plugsurfing and Russian acquisitions are reported in our Fleet segment from the dates of acquisition.
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Results of Operations
Year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021
The following table sets forth selected consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions, except percentages)*.

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  | % of Total Revenue |  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  | % of Total Revenue |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Change
Revenues, net: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet |  | $ | 1,504.9 |  |  | 43.9 | % |  | $ | 1,320.1 |  |  | 46.6 | % |  | $ | 184.8 |  |  | 14.0 | %
Corporate Payments |  | 772.4 |  |  | 22.5 | % |  | 600.0 |  |  | 21.2 | % |  | 172.4 |  |  | 28.7 | %
Lodging |  | 456.5 |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | 309.6 |  |  | 10.9 | % |  | 146.9 |  |  | 47.4 | %
Brazil |  | 442.2 |  |  | 12.9 | % |  | 368.1 |  |  | 13.0 | % |  | 74.2 |  |  | 20.1 | %
Other |  | 251.0 |  |  | 7.3 | % |  | 235.9 |  |  | 8.3 | % |  | 15.1 |  |  | 6.4 | %
Total revenues, net |  | 3,427.1 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 2,833.7 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 593.4 |  |  | 20.9 | %
Consolidated operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Processing |  | 764.7 |  |  | 22.3 | % |  | 559.8 |  |  | 19.8 | % |  | 204.9 |  |  | 36.6 | %
Selling |  | 309.1 |  |  | 9.0 | % |  | 262.1 |  |  | 9.2 | % |  | 47.0 |  |  | 17.9 | %
General and administrative |  | 584.1 |  |  | 17.0 | % |  | 485.8 |  |  | 17.1 | % |  | 98.3 |  |  | 20.2 | %
Depreciation and amortization |  | 322.3 |  |  | 9.4 | % |  | 284.2 |  |  | 10.0 | % |  | 38.1 |  |  | 13.4 | %
Other operating, net |  | 0.3 |  |  | — | % |  | (0.8) |  |  | — | % |  | 1.1 |  |  | NM
Operating income |  | 1,446.6 |  |  | 42.2 | % |  | 1,242.6 |  |  | 43.8 | % |  | 204.1 |  |  | 16.4 | %
Investment loss |  | 1.4 |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1.4 |  |  | NM
Other expense, net |  | 3.0 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 3.9 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 0.9 |  |  | NM
Interest expense, net |  | 164.7 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | 113.7 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | 51.0 |  |  | 44.8 | %
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  | 1.9 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 16.2 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | (14.3) |  |  | NM
Provision for income taxes |  | 321.3 |  |  | 9.4 | % |  | 269.3 |  |  | 9.5 | % |  | 52.0 |  |  | 19.3 | %
Net income |  | $ | 954.3 |  |  | 27.8 | % |  | $ | 839.5 |  |  | 29.6 | % |  | $ | 114.8 |  |  | 13.7 | %
Operating income by segments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet |  | $ | 728.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 670.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 57.7 |  |  | 8.6 | %
Corporate Payments |  | 255.4 |  |  |  |  | 197.6 |  |  |  |  | 57.8 |  |  | 29.3 | %
Lodging |  | 218.6 |  |  |  |  | 149.0 |  |  |  |  | 69.7 |  |  | 46.8 | %
Brazil |  | 174.7 |  |  |  |  | 154.3 |  |  |  |  | 20.4 |  |  | 13.2 | %
Other |  | 69.9 |  |  |  |  | 71.5 |  |  |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | (2.1) | %
Operating income |  | $ | 1,446.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,242.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 204.1 |  |  | 16.4 | %

*The sum of the columns and rows may not calculate due to rounding.
NM - not meaningful
Consolidated revenues, net
Our consolidated revenues were $3,427.1 million in 2022, an increase of 20.9% compared to the prior year. Consolidated revenues increased primarily due to organic growt h of 13% driven by increases in transaction volumes, the impact of acquisitions completed in 2021 and 2022 of approximately $121.8 million and the positive impact of the macroeconomic environment.
Although we cannot precisely measure the impac t of the macroeconomic environment, in total we estimate it had a positive impact on our consolidated revenue for 2022 over 2021 of approximately $96 million, driven primarily by the favorable impact of fuel prices of approximately $99 million and favorable fuel price spreads of approximately $43 million. These increases were partially offset by unfavorable foreign exchange rates of approximately $47 million, mostly in our U.K. an d European businesses.
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Consolidated operating income
Operating income was $1,446.6 million in 2022, an increase of 16.4% compared to the prior year. The increase in operating income was primarily due to organic growth driven by increases in transaction volume, acquisitions completed in 2022 and 2021, the favorable impact of fuel prices of $99 million and favorable fuel price spreads of approximately $43 million. The increase in operating income was partially offset by additional bad debt of approximately $92 million, stock compensation of $41 million and unfavorable movements in the foreign exchange rates of $24 million.
Consolidated operating expenses
Processing. Processing expenses were $764.7 million in 2022, an increase of 36.6% compared to the prior year. Increases were primarily due to higher variable expenses driven by larger transaction volumes, incremental credit losses of approximately $92 million and approximately $39 million of expenses r elated to acquisitions completed in 2021 and 2022. Bad debt expense has increased as customer spend increased due to higher fuel prices and new sales, which generally tend to have a higher loss rate, and higher losses among micro-SMB (small-medium business) customers who are feeling the brunt of negative economic conditions.
Selling. Selling expenses were $309.1 million in 2022, an increase of 17.9% compared to the prior year. Increases in selling expen ses were primarily associated with higher marketing and other variable costs due to increased sales volumes in 2022 and approximately $16 million of expenses related to acquisitions completed in 2021 and 2022.
General and administrative. General and administrative expenses were $584.1 million in 2022, an increase of 20.2% compared to the prior year. The increases were primarily due to increased stock based compensation expense of $41 million, the impact of acquisitions completed in 2021 and 2022 of approximately $30 million, and various other increases associated with the growth of our business over the comparable prior period.
Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expenses were $322.3 million in 2022, an increase of 13.4%. The increase was primarily due to expenses related to acquisitions completed in 2021 and 2022 of approximately $24 million.
Interest expense, net. Interest expense was $164.7 million in 2022, an increase of 44.8% compared to the prior year. The increase in interest expense is primarily due to rising interest rates on increased borrowings, partially offset by the benefit of interest earned on higher operating cash balances. The following table sets forth the weighted average interest rates paid on borrowings under our Credit Facility, excluding the related unused facility fees and swaps.

(Unaudited) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Term loan A |  | 3.22 | % |  | 1.60 | %
Term loan B |  | 3.46 | % |  | 1.85 | %
Revolving line of credit A & B (USD) |  | 3.50 | % |  | 1.60 | %
Revolving line of credit B (GBP) |  | — | % |  | 1.52 | %
Foreign swing line (GBP) |  | 2.06 | % |  | 1.54 | %

On January 22, 2019, we entered into three interest rate swap cash flow contracts. The objective of these interest rate swap contracts is to reduce the variability of cash flows in the previously unhedged interest payments associated with $2 billion of unspecified variable rate debt, tied to the one month LIBOR benchmark interest rate. During 2022, as a result of these swap contracts, we incurred additional interest expense of $10.6 million or 0.97% over th e average LIBOR rates on $2 billion of borrowings from January 1, 2022 to January 31, 2022 and $1 billion of borrowings from January 31, 2022 through December 31, 2022. In January 2022 and 2023, $1.0 billion and $500 million, respectively, of our interest rate swaps matured.
Provision for income taxes. The provision for income taxes and effective tax rate were $321.3 million and 25.2% in 2022, an increase of $52.0 million and 0.9%, respectively, compared to the prior year. The increase in the provision for income taxes was driven primarily by an increase in pre-tax earnings, less excess tax benefit on stock option exercises, and higher rates paid on certain foreign earnings compared to prior year. The increases were partially offset by the impact of a COVID-related tax benefit in Brazil realized during the fourth quarter of 2022, resulting in a $14 million tax benefit, which lowered our 2022 rate by 1.1%, and the determination that certain foreign income was permanently invested during the second quarter of 2022, resulting in a $9 million tax benefit that lowered our 2022 effective tax rate by 0.7%.
Net income. For the reasons discussed above, our net income was $954.3 million in 2022, an increase of 13.7% compared to the prior year.
Segment Results
Fleet
Fleet revenues were $1,504.9 million in 2022, an increase of 14.0% compared to the prior year. Fleet operating income was $728.0 million in 2022, an increase of 8.6% compared to the prior year. Fleet revenues and operating income increased primarily due to organic growth driven by increases in transaction volumes and new sales growth, as well as the positive impact of the macroeconomic environment, partially offset by incremental bad debt of $61 million.
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Although we cannot precisely measure the impact of the macroeconomi c environment, in total we estimate it had a positive impact on our Fleet revenues and operating income in 2022 over the comparable prior year of approximately $106 million and $120 million, respectively. This impact was driven primarily by the favorable impact of fuel prices of approximately $97 million and favorable fuel spread margins of approximately $43 million. These increases were partially offset by unfavorable changes in foreign exchange rates on revenues and operating income of $35 million and $21 million, respectively, mostly in our U.K. and European businesses.
Corporate Payments
Corporate Payments revenues were $772.4 million in 2022, an increase of 28.7% compared to the prior year. Corporate Payments operating income was $255.4 million in 2022, an increase of 29.3% compared to the prior year. Corporate Payments revenues and operating income increased primarily due to organic growth, with strong new sales in our AP and cross-border solutions, higher spend volume, as well as the impact of the AFEX acquisition, which were partially offset by the unfavorable impact of the macroeconomic environment.
Althou gh we cannot precisely measure the impact of the macroeconomic environment, in total we estimate it had a negative impact on our Corporate Payments revenues and operating income in 2022 over the comparable prior year of approximately $24 million and $7 million, res pectively, driven primarily by the unfavorable impact of foreign exchange rates.
Lodging
Lodging revenues were $456.5 million in 2022, an increase of 47.4% compared to the prior year. Lodging operating income was $218.6 million in 2022, an increase of 46.8% compared to the prior year. Lodging revenues and operating income increased primarily due to increases in transaction volume driving organic growth, as well as the impact of the ALE and Levarti acquisitions. Organic growth was driven by higher new sales and volumes in our workforce lodging product and continued recovery from the impact of COVID-19 of our airline product, producing increased domestic travel volumes.
Brazil
Brazil revenues were $442.2 million in 2022, an increase of 20.1% compared to the prior year. Brazil operating income was $174.7 million in 2022, an increase of 13.2% compared to the prior year. Brazil revenues and operating income increased primarily due to organic growth driven by increases in toll tags sold and expanded product utility, with the differentiated value proposition of our products. Brazil revenues and operating income were also impacted by favorable changes in foreign exchange rates of app roximately $19 million and $8 million, respe ctively, over the prior year.
Other
Other revenues were $251.0 million in 2022, an increase of 6.4% compared to the prior year. Other operating income was $69.9 million in 2022, a decrease of 2.1% compared to the prior year. Other revenues increased primarily due to organic growth driven by increases in transaction volumes and early retail ordering of gift cards, as retailers seek to ensure adequate card stock in advance of holiday season. Other operating income remained relatively the same year over year.
Liquidity and capital resources
Our principal liquidity requirements are to service and repay our indebtedness, make acquisitions of businesses and commercial account portfolios, repurchase shares of our common stock and meet working capital, tax and capital expenditure needs.
Sources of liquidity. We believe that our current level of cash and borrowing capacity under our Credit Facility and Securitization Facility (each defined below), together with expected future cash flows from operations, will be sufficient to meet the needs of our existing operations and planned requirements for the foreseeable future, based on our current assumptions. At December 31, 2022, we had approximately $2.0 billion in total liquidity, consisting of approximately $0.6 billion available under our Credit Facility (defined below) and unrestricted cash of $1.4 billion. Restricted cash primarily represents customer deposits in our corporate payments businesses in the U.S., as well as certain types of cash collateral received from customers for derivative transactions in our cross-border risk management business. Cross-border deposits are restricted from use other than to repay customer deposits, as well as to secure and settle cross-currency transactions. Cash collateral posted with financial institution counterparties is also reported in restricted cash. Based on our assessment of the current capital market conditions and related impact on our access to cash, we have classified all cash held at our Russian businesses of $215.8 million as restricted cash as of December 31, 2022.
We also utilize an accounts receivable Securitization Facility to finance a portion of our domestic receivables, to lower our cost of borrowing and more efficiently use capital. Accounts receivable collateralized within our Securitization Facility relate to trade receivables resulting primarily from charge card activity in the U.S. We also consider the undrawn amounts under our Securitization Facility and Credit Facility as funds available for working capital purposes and acquisitions. At December 31, 2022, we had no additional liquidity under our Securitization Facility.
We have determined that outside basis differences associated with our investments in foreign subsidiaries would not result in a material deferred tax liability, and, consistent with our assertion that these amounts continue to be indefinitely invested, have not recorded incremental income taxes for the additional outside basis differences.
We cannot predict how and the extent to which the conflict between Russia and Ukraine will affect our customers, supply chain, operations or business partners or the demand for our products and our global business. Depending on the actions we
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take or are required to take, the ongoing conflict could also result in loss of cash flows, assets or impairment charges. The extent of the impact of these tragic events on our business remains uncertain and will continue to depend on numerous evolving factors that we are not able to accurately predict, including the duration and scope of the conflict. We are actively monitoring the situation and assessing its impact on our business, analyzing options as they develop, pursuing the potential disposition of our Russian operations, and refining crisis response materials designed to mitigate the impact of disruptions to our business. Subject to ongoing negotiations, we currently expect to complete the disposition of the Russia business in the second or third quarter of 2023.
Cash flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

|  | Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 754.8 |  |  | $ | 1,197.1 |  |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | $ | (368.3) |  |  | $ | (715.9) |  |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | $ | (311.2) |  |  | $ | 343.9 |  |

Operating activities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $754.8 million in 2022, a decrease from $1,197.1 million in 2021. The decrease in operating cash flows was primarily due to unfavorable movement in working capital resulting mostly from the increase in fuel prices and volumes, as well as the timing of cash receipts and payments around year-end in 2022 versus 2021.
Investing activities. Net cash used in investing activities was $368.3 million in 2022, a decrease from $715.9 million in 2021. The decreased use of cash was primarily due to smaller acquisitions completed in 2022, partially offset by an increased investment in technology of $40 million in 2022 over 2021.
Financing activities. Net cash used in financing activities was $311.2 million in 2022, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $343.9 million in 2021. This change of $655 million was primarily due to decreases in net borrowings on our credit facility and securitization facility of $386 million and $249 million, respectively, and increased repurchases of common stock of $49 million.
Capital spending summary
Our capital expenditures were $151.4 million in 2022, an i ncrease of 35.8%, compared to the prior year due to the impact of acquisitions and continue d investments in technology.
Credit Facility
FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, and certain of our domestic and foreign owned subsidiaries, as designated co-borrowers (the “Borrowers”), are parties to a $6.4 billion Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and letter of credit issuer, and a syndicate of financial institutions (the “Lenders”), which has been amended multiple times. The Credit Agreement provides for senior secured credit f acilities (collectively, the "Credit Facility") consisting of a revolving credit facility in the amount of $1.5 billion, a term loan A facility in the amount of $3.0 billion and a term loan B facility in the amount of $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2022. The revolving credit facility consists of (a) a revolving A credit facility in the amount of $1 billion with sublimits for letters of credit and swing line loans and (b) a revolving B facility in the amount of $500 million with borrowings in U.S. dollars, euros, British pounds, Japanese yen or other currency as agreed in advance and a sublimit for swing line loans. The Credit Agreement also includes an accordion feature for borrowing an additional $750 million in term loan A, term loan B, revolving A or revolving B facility debt and an unlimited amount when the leverage ratio on a pro-forma basis is less than 3.75 to 1.00. Procee ds from the credit facilities may be used for working capital purposes, acquisitions, and other general corporate purposes.
On June 24, 2022, the Company entered into the twelfth amendment to the Credit Agreement. The amendment replaced the then-existing term loan A with the $3 billion term loan A described above and the then-existing revolving credit facility with the $1.5 billion revolving credit facility described above, resulting in net increases of $273 million and $215 million to the capacities of the term loan A and revolving credit facility, respectively. In addition, the amendment replaced LIBOR for USD borrowings with the SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% for the term loan A and the revolving Credit Facility and extended the maturity date. The maturity date for the new term loan A and revolving credit facilities A and B is June 24, 2027. The term loan B has a maturity date of April 30, 2028.
Interest on amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement (other than the term loan B) accrues as follows: For loans denominated in U.S. dollars, based on SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10%, in British pounds, based on the SONIA plus a SONIA adjustment of 0.0326%, in euros, based on the EURIBOR, or in Japanese yen, at the TIBOR plus a margin based on a leverage ratio, or our option (for U.S. dollar borrowings only), the Base Rate (defined as the rate equal to the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50%, (b) the prime rate announced by Bank of America, N.A., or (c) SOFR plus 1.00% plus a margin based on a leverage ratio). Interest on the term loan B facility accrues based on the British Bankers Association LIBOR Rate
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(the "Eurocurrency Rate") plus 1.75%. In addition, the Company pays a quarterly commitment fee at a rate per annum ranging from 0.25% to 0.30% of the daily unused portion of the credit facility.
At December 31, 2022, the interest rate on the term loan A was 5.80%, the interest rate on the term loan B was 6.13% and the interest rate on the revolving A facility was 5.79%. There were no amounts outstanding under the revolving B facility at December 31, 2022. The unused credit facility fee was 0.25% for all revolving facilities at December 31, 2022.
The term loans are payable in quarterly installments due on the last business day of each March, June, September, and December with the final principal payment due on the respective maturity date. Borrowings on the revolving line of credit are repayable at the maturity of the facility. Borrowings on the domestic swing line of credit are due on demand, and borrowings on the foreign swing line of credit are due no later than twenty business days after such loan is made.
The obligations of the Borrowers under the Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of the assets of FLEETCOR and its domestic subsidiaries, pursuant to a security agreement and includes a pledge of (i) 100% of the issued and outstanding equity interests owned by us of each Domestic Subsidiary and (2) 66% of the voting shares of the first-tier foreign subsidiaries, but excluding real property, personal property located outside of the U.S., accounts receivables and related assets subject to the Securitization Facility and certain investments required under money transmitter laws to be held free and clear of liens.
At December 31, 2022, we had $3.0 billion in borrowings outstanding on term loan A, net of discounts, $1.9 billion in borrowings outstanding on term loan B, net of discounts, and $0.9 billion in borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility. We have unamortized debt issuance costs of $4.6 million related to the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2022 recorded in other assets within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We have unamortized debt discounts and debt issuance costs of $23.9 million related to the term loans as of December 31, 2022 recorded in notes payable and other obligations, net of current potion within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As a result of the amortization of debt discounts and debt issuance costs, the effective interest rate incurred on the term loans was 3.41% during 2022.
During 2022, as a result of the amendment described above, we made principal payments of $2.8 billion on the term loans, and $6.5 billion on the revolving facilities.
As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with each of the covenants under the Credit Agreement.
Cash Flow Hedges
On January 22, 2019, we entered into three interest rate swap contracts. One contract (which matured in January 2022) had a notional value of $1.0 billion, while the two remaining contracts each have a notional value of $500 million. One of the remaining contracts matured on January 31, 2023 and the other will mature on December 19, 2023. The objective of these swap contracts is to reduce the variability of cash flows in the previously unhedged interest payments associated with $2.0 billion of unspecified variable rate debt, the sole source of which is due to changes in the LIBOR and/or SOFR benchmark interest rate. These swap contracts qualify as hedging instruments and have been designated as cash flow hedges. For each of these swap contracts, we pay a fixed monthly rate and receive one month LIBOR and/or SOFR. We reclassified approximately $11 million of gains from accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings during the year ended December 31, 2022 as a result of these hedging instruments.
During January 2023, we entered into five receive-variable, pay-fixed interest rate swap derivative contracts with U.S. dollar notional amounts as follows (in millions):

Notional Amount |  | Fixed Rates |  | Maturity Date
$250 |  | 4.01% |  | 7/31/2025
$250 |  | 4.02% |  | 7/31/2025
$500 |  | 3.80% |  | 1/31/2026
$250 |  | 3.71% |  | 7/31/2026
$250 |  | 3.72% |  | 7/31/2026

The purpose of these contracts is to eliminate the variability of cash flows in interest payments associated with the Company's unspecified variable rate debt, the sole source of which is due to changes in the SOFR benchmark interest rate. The Company has designated these derivative instruments as cash flow hedging instruments, which are expected to be highly effective at offsetting changes in cash flows of the related underlying exposure.
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Net Investment Hedge
In February 2023, we entered into a cross currency interest rate swap that we designate as a net investment hedge of our investments in euro-denominated operations. This contract effectively converts $500 million of U.S. dollar equivalent to an obligation denominated in euro, and partially offsets the impact of changes in currency rates on our euro denominated net investments. This contract also creates a positive interest differential on the U.S. dollar-denominated portion of the swap, resulting in a 1.96% interest rate savings on the USD notional.
Securitization Facility
We are a party to a $1.7 billion receivables purchase agreement among FleetCor Funding LLC, as seller, PNC Bank, National Association as administrator, and various purchaser agents, conduit purchasers and related committed purchasers parties thereto. We refer to this arrangement as the Securitization Facility. There have been multiple amendments to the Securitization Facility in 2022. On March 23, 2022, we entered into the tenth amendment to the Securitization Facility. The amendment increased the Securitization Facility commitment from $1.3 billion to $1.6 billion and replaced LIBOR with SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10%. On August 18, 2022, we entered into the eleventh amendment to the Securitization Facility. The amendment increased the Securitization Facility commitment from $1.6 billion to $1.7 billion, reduced the program fee margin and extended the maturity of the Securitization Facility to August 18, 2025.
The Securitization Facility provides for certain termination events, which includes nonpayment, upon the occurrence of which the administrator may declare the facility termination date to have occurred, may exercise certain enforcement rights with respect to the receivables, and may appoint a successor servicer, among other things.
We were in compliance with all financial and non-financial covenant requirements related to our Securitization Facility as of December 31, 2022.
Stock Repurchase Program
Given the Company’s returns on its capital investments and significant cash provided by operations, management believes it is prudent to reinvest in the business to drive profitable growth and use excess cash flow to return cash to shareholders over time through stock repurchases. The Company's Board of Directors (the "Board") has approved a stock repurchase program (as updated from time to time, the "Program") authorizing the Company to repurchase its common stock from time to time until February 1, 2024. On January 25, 2022, the Board increased the aggregate size of the Program by $1.0 billion, to $6.1 billion, and on October 25, 2022, the Board increased the aggregate size of the Program again by $1.0 billion to $7.1 billion. Since the beginning of the Program through December 31, 2022, 26,280,908 shares have been repurchased for an aggregate purchase price of $5.9 billion, leaving the Company up to $1.2 billion of remaining authorization available under the Program for future repurchases in shares of its common stock. There were 6,212,410 common shares totaling $1.4 billion in 2022; 5,451,556 common shares totaling $1.4 billion in 2021 and 3,497,285 common shares totaling $940.8 million in 2020; repurchased under the Program.
Any stock repurchases may be made at times and in such amounts as deemed appropriate. The timing and amount of stock repurchases, if any, will depend on a variety of factors including the stock price, market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements, and any additional constraints related to material inside information the Company may possess. Any repurchases have been and are expected to be funded by a combination of available cash flow from the business, working capital and debt.
Material Cash Requirements and Uses of Cash
Material cash requirements primarily consist of debt obligations and related interest payments, along with lease obligations. Refer to the Debt footnote on page 84 and Leases footnote on page 89 of this Form 10-K for more information.
Deferred income tax liabilities as of December 31, 2022 were approximately $527.5 million. Refer to Income Taxes footnote on page 87 of this Form 10-K for more information. Deferred income tax liabilities are calculated based on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their respective book bases, which will result in taxable amounts in future years when the liabilities are settled at their reported financial statement amounts. The results of these calculations do not have a direct connection with the amount of cash taxes to be paid in any future periods. As a result, scheduling deferred income tax liabilities as payments due by period could be misleading, as this scheduling would not relate to liquidity needs. At December 31, 2022, we had approximately $60.7 million of unrecognized income tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions. We cannot reasonably estimate when all of these unrecognized income tax benefits may be settled. We do not expect reductions to unrecognized income tax benefits within the next 12 months as a result of projected resolutions of income tax uncertainties.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates, Adoption of New Accounting Standards, and Pending Adoption of Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In applying the accounting policies that we use to prepare our consolidated financial statements, we necessarily make accounting estimates that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. Some of these estimates require us to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time we make the accounting estimates. We base these assumptions and the resulting estimates on historical information and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these assumptions and estimates on an ongoing basis. In many instances, however, we
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reasonably could have used different accounting estimates and, in other instances, changes in our accounting estimates could occur from period to period, with the result in each case being a material change in the financial statement presentation of our financial condition or results of operations. We refer to estimates of this type as critical accounting estimates. Our significant accounting policies are summarized in the consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this report. The critical accounting estimates that we discuss below are those that we believe are most important to an understanding of our consolidated financial statements.
See the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies footnote on page 65 of this Form 10-K for additional information.
Revenue recognition and presentation. We provide payment solutions to our business, merchant, consumer and payment network customers. Our payment solutions are primarily focused on specific commercial spend categories, including Fuel, Corporate Payments, Tolls and Lodging, as well as Gift solutions (stored value cards and e-cards). We provide solutions that help businesses of all sizes control, simplify and secure payment of various domestic and cross-border payables using specialized payment products. We also provide other payment solutions for fleet maintenance, employee benefits and long-haul transportation-related services.
Payment Services
Our primary performance obligation for the majority of our payment solutions (Corporate Payments, Fuel, Lodging, and Gift, among others) is to stand-ready to provide authorization and processing services (payment services) for an unknown or unspecified quantity of transactions and the consideration received is contingent upon the customer’s use (e.g., number of transactions submitted and processed) of the related payment services. Accordingly, the total transaction price is variable. Payment services involve a series of distinct daily services that are substantially the same, with the same pattern of transfer to the customer. As a result, we allocate and recognize variable consideration in the period we have the contractual right to invoice the customer. For the tolls payment solution, our primary performance obligation is to stand-ready each month to provide access to the toll network and process toll transactions. Each period of access is determined to be distinct and substantially the same as the customer benefits over the period of access. In our cross-border payments business, a portion of revenue is from exchanges of currency at spot rates, which enables customers to make cross-currency payments.
Gift Card Products and Services
Our Gift solutions deliver both stored value cards and e-cards (cards), and card-based services primarily in the form of gift cards to retailers. These activities each represent performance obligations that are separate and distinct. Revenue for stored value cards is recognized (gross of the underlying cost of the related card, recorded in processing expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Income) at the point in time when control passes to our customer, which is generally upon shipment.
Other
We account for revenue from late fees and finance charges, in jurisdictions where permitted under local regulations, primarily in the U.S. and Canada in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 310, "Receivables". Such fees are recognized net of a provision for estimated uncollectible amounts, at the time the fees and finance charges are assessed and services are provided. We cease billing and accruing for late fees and finance charges approximately 30 - 40 days after the customer’s balance becomes delinquent.
In addition, in our cross-border payments business, we write foreign currency forward and option contracts for our customers to facilitate future payments in foreign currencies. The duration of these derivative contracts at inception is generally less than one year. We aggregate our foreign exchange exposures arising from customer contracts, including forwards, options and spot exchanges of currency, as necessary, and economically hedge the net currency risks by entering into offsetting derivatives with established financial institution counterparties. The changes in fair value related to these instruments are recorded in revenues, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Refer to the Revenue footnote on page 71 of this Form 10-K for additional information.
Financial Instruments-Credit Losses. Our current expected credit loss methodology for measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost basis, replaces the previous incurred loss impairment methodology. Our financial assets subject to credit losses are primarily trade receivables. We utilize a combination of aging and loss-rate methods to develop an estimate of current expected credit losses, depending on the nature and risk profile of the underlying asset pool, based on product, size of customer and historical losses. Expected credit losses are estimated based upon an assessment of risk characteristics, historical payment experience, and the age of outstanding receivables, adjusted for forward-looking economic conditions. The allowances for remaining financial assets measured at amortized cost basis are evaluated based on underlying financial condition, credit history, and current and forward-looking economic conditions. The estimation process for expected credit losses includes consideration of qualitative and quantitative risk factors associated with the age of asset balances, expected timing of payment, contract terms and conditions, changes in specific customer risk profiles or mix of customers, geographic risk, economic trends and relevant environmental factors. Refer to the Financial Instruments-Credit Losses section in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies foot note on page 6 3 of this Form 10-K for additional information.
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Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets. We complete an impairment test of goodwill at least annually or more frequently if facts or circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. We first perform a qualitative assessment of certain of our reporting units. Factors considered in the qualitative assessment include general macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, overall financial performance of our reporting units, events or changes affecting the composition or carrying amount of the net assets of our reporting units, sustained decrease in our share price, and other relevant entity-specific events. If we elect to bypass the qualitative assessment or if we determine, on the basis of qualitative factors, that the fair value of the reporting unit is more likely than not less than the carrying amount, a quantitative test would be required. We then perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test for the applicable reporting units by comparing the reporting unit’s carrying amount, including goodwill, to its fair value which is measured based upon, among other factors, a discounted cash flow analysis and, to a lesser extent, market multiples for comparable companies. Estimates critical to our evaluation of goodwill for impairment include forecasts for revenues, net, and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) growth, and long-term growth rates, as well as the discount rates. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit is greater than its fair value, a goodwill impairment loss is recognized.
We also evaluate indefinite-lived intangible assets (primarily trademarks and trade names) for impairment annually. We test for impairment if events and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is below its carrying amount. Estimates critical to our evaluation of indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment include the discount rate, royalty rates used in our evaluation of trade names, projected revenue growth and projected long-term growth rates in the determination of terminal values. An impairment loss is recorded if the carrying amount of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds the estimated fair value on the measurement date.
Refer to the Impa irment of long-lived assets, intangibles and investments section in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies footnote on page 6 4 of this Form 10-K and the Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets footnote on page 82 of this Form 10-K for addi tional information.
Income taxes. We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. We have elected to treat the Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI) inclusion as a current period expense.
The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the associated temporary differences become deductible. We evaluate on a quarterly basis whether it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized in the future and conclude whether a valuation allowance must be established.
We account for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an entity’s financial statements and prescribe thresholds and measurement attributes for financial statement disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return. The impact of an uncertain income tax position on the income tax return must be recognized at the largest amount that is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50 percent likelihood of being sustained. We include any estimated interest and penalties on tax related matters in income tax expense. Refer to the Income Taxes footno te on page 87 of thi s Form 10-K for additional information.
Business combinations. Business combinations completed by us have been accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that the acquired assets and liabilities, including contingencies, be recorded at fair value determined as of the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the fair values of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed represents goodwill. The results of the acquired businesses are included in our results of operations beginning from the completion date of the transaction.
The estimates we use to determine the fair value of long-lived assets, such as intangible assets, can be complex and require significant judgments. We use information available to us to make fair value determinations and engage independent valuation specialists, when necessary, to assist in the fair value determination of significant acquired long-lived assets. The estimated fair values of customer-related and contract-based intangible assets are generally determined using the income approach, which is based on projected cash flows discounted to their present value using discount rates that consider the timing and risk of the forecasted cash flows. The discount rates used represented a risk adjusted market participant weighted-average cost of capital, derived using customary market metrics. These measures of fair value also require considerable judgments about future events, including forecasted revenue growth rates, forecasted customer attrition rates, contract renewal estimates and technology changes. Acquired technologies are generally valued using the replacement cost method, which requires us to estimate the costs to construct an asset of equivalent utility at prices available at the time of the valuation analysis, with adjustments in value for physical deterioration and functional and economic obsolescence. Trademarks and trade names are generally valued using the "relief-from-royalty" approach. This method assumes that trademarks and trade names have value to the extent that their owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from them. This method requires us to estimate the future revenues for the related brands, the appropriate royalty rate and the weighted-average cost of capital. This measure of fair value requires considerable judgment about the value a market participant would be willing to pay in order to achieve the benefits associated with the trade name.
49

While we use our best estimates and assumptions to determine the fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income. We also estimate the useful lives of intangible assets to determine the period over which to recognize the amount of acquisition-related intangible assets as an expense. Certain assets may be considered to have indefinite useful lives. We periodically review the estimated useful liv es assigned to our intangible assets to determine whether such estimated useful lives continue to be appropriate. Refer to the Acquisitions footnote on pages 79 of this Form 10-K for additional information and the Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets footnote on page 82 of this Form 10-K f or additional information.
Management’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We have included in the discussion above certain financial measures that were not prepared in accordance with GAAP. Any analysis of non-GAAP financial measures should be used only in conjunction with results presented in accordance with GAAP. Below, we define the non-GAAP financial measures, provide a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, and discuss the reasons that we believe this information is useful to management and may be useful to investors.
We have defined the non-GAAP measure adjusted net income as net income as reflected in our statement of income, adjusted to eliminate a) non-cash share based compensation expense related to share based compensation awards, (b) amortization of deferred financing costs, discounts, intangible assets and amortization of the premium recognized on the purchase of receivables, (c) integration and deal related costs, and (d) other non-recurring items, including the impact of discrete tax items, impairment charges, asset write-offs, restructuring and related costs, loss on extinguishment of debt, and legal settlements and regulatory-related legal fees.
We have defined the non-GAAP measure adjusted net income per diluted share as the calculation previously noted divided by the weighted average diluted shares outstanding as reflected in our statement of income.
We calculate adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share to eliminate the effect of items that we do not consider indicative of our core operating performance. We believe it is useful to exclude non-cash share based compensation expense from adjusted net income because non-cash equity grants made at a certain price and point in time do not necessarily reflect how our business is performing at any particular time and share based compensation expense is not a key measure of our core operating performance. We also believe that amortization expense can vary substantially from company to company and from period to period depending upon their financing and accounting methods, the fair value and average expected life of their acquired intangible assets, their capital structures and the method by which their assets were acquired; therefore, we have excluded amortization expense from our adjusted net income. Integration and deal related costs represent business acquisition transaction costs, professional services fees, short-term retention bonuses and system migration costs, etc., that are not indicative of the performance of the underlying business. We also believe that certain expenses, the impact of discrete tax items, impairment charges, asset write-offs, restructuring and related costs, losses on extinguishment of debt, and legal settlements and regulatory-related legal fees do not necessarily reflect how our business is performing. We adjust net income for the tax effect of each of these non-tax items using our effective income tax rate during the period, exclusive of discrete tax items. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share are supplemental measures of operating performance that do not represent and should not be considered as an alternative to net income, net income per diluted share or cash flow from operations, as determined by GAAP. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share are not intended to be a substitute for GAAP financial measures, and our calculation thereof may not be comparable to that reported by other companies.
Organic revenue growth is calculated as revenue growth in the current period adjusted for the impact of changes in the macroeconomic environment (to include fuel price, fuel price spreads and changes in foreign exchange rates) over revenue in the comparable prior period adjusted to include or remove the impact of acquisitions and/or divestitures and non-recurring items that have occurred subsequent to that period. We believe that organic revenue growth on a macro-neutral and consistent acquisition/divestiture/non-recurring item basis is useful to investors for understanding the performance of FLEETCOR.
Management uses adjusted net income, adjusted net income per diluted share and organic revenue growth:
•as measurements of operating performance because they assist us in comparing our operating performance on a consistent basis;
•for planning purposes, including the preparation of our internal annual operating budget;
•to allocate resources to enhance the financial performance of our business; and
•to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of our operational strategies.
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Revenue and Key Performance Metric by Solution to GAAP. Set forth below is a reconciliation of organic growth by component, calculated using pro forma and macro adjusted revenue and transactions to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, revenue, net and transactions (in millions):
50

|  | Revenue |  | Key Performance Indicators
|  | Year Ended December 31,* |  | Year Ended December 31,*
(Unaudited) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
FUEL - TRANSACTIONS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 1,261 |  |  | $ | 1,182 |  |  | 471 |  |  | 469 |
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |
Impact of fuel prices/spread |  | 141 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impact of foreign exchange rates |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
As reported |  | $ | 1,378 |  |  | $ | 1,180 |  |  | 471 |  |  | 463 |
CORPORATE PAYMENTS - SPEND |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 796 |  |  | $ | 664 |  |  | $ | 116,866 |  |  | $ | 104,046 |
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | (64) |  |  | — |  |  | (11,678) |
Impact of fuel prices/spread |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impact of foreign exchange rates |  | (26) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
As reported |  | $ | 772 |  |  | $ | 600 |  |  | $ | 116,866 |  |  | $ | 92,368 |
TOLLS - TAGS |  |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impact of fuel prices/spread |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impact of foreign exchange rates |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
As reported |  | $ | 362 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
LODGING - ROOM NIGHTS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 458 |  |  | $ | 365 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 33 |
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | (55) |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |
Impact of fuel prices/spread |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impact of foreign exchange rates |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
As reported |  | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | 310 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 29 |
GIFT - TRANSACTIONS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | 1,193 |  |  | 1,187 |
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impact of fuel prices/spread |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impact of foreign exchange rates |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
As reported |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | 1,193 |  |  | 1,187 |
OTHER 1 - TRANSACTIONS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 37 |
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impact of fuel prices/spread |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impact of foreign exchange rates |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
As reported |  | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 37 |
FLEETCOR CONSOLIDATED REVENUES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 3,332 |  |  | $ | 2,956 |  |  | Intentionally Left Blank
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | (122) |  |
Impact of fuel prices/spread 2 |  | 143 |  |  | — |  |
Impact of foreign exchange rates 2 |  | (47) |  |  | — |  |
As reported |  | $ | 3,427 |  |  | $ | 2,834 |  |

* Columns may not calculate due to rounding.
1 Other includes telematics, maintenance, food, payroll card and transportation related businesses.
2 Revenues reflect an estimated $99 million positive impact from fuel prices and approximately $43 million positive impact from fuel price spreads, partially offset by the negative impact of movements in foreign exchange rates of approximately $47 million.

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Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Organic Growth by Segment to GAAP. Set forth below is a reconciliation of organic growth by segment, calculated using pro forma and macro adjusted revenue to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, revenue, net and transactions (in millions):

|  | Revenue |
|  | Year Ended December 31,* |
(Unaudited) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
FLEET |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 1,399 |  |  | $ | 1,322 |  |
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |
Impact of fuel prices/spread |  | 141 |  |  | — |  |
Impact of foreign exchange rates |  | (35) |  |  | — |  |
As reported |  | $ | 1,505 |  |  | $ | 1,320 |  |
CORPORATE PAYMENTS |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 796 |  |  | $ | 664 |  |
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | (64) |  |
Impact of fuel prices/spread |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |
Impact of foreign exchange rates |  | (26) |  |  | — |  |
As reported |  | $ | 772 |  |  | $ | 600 |  |
LODGING |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 458 |  |  | $ | 365 |  |
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | (55) |  |
Impact of fuel prices/spread |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Impact of foreign exchange rates |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |
As reported |  | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | 310 |  |
BRAZIL |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 423 |  |  | $ | 368 |  |
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Impact of fuel prices/spread |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Impact of foreign exchange rates |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |
As reported |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 368 |  |
OTHER 1 |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 236 |  |
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Impact of fuel prices/spread |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Impact of foreign exchange rates |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |
As reported |  | $ | 251 |  |  | $ | 236 |  |
FLEETCOR CONSOLIDATED REVENUES |  |  |  |  |
Pro forma and macro adjusted |  | $ | 3,332 |  |  | $ | 2,956 |  |
Impact of acquisitions/dispositions |  | — |  |  | (122) |  |
Impact of fuel prices/spread |  | 143 |  |  | — |  |
Impact of foreign exchange rates |  | (47) |  |  | — |  |
As reported |  | $ | 3,427 |  |  | $ | 2,834 |  |

* Columns may not calculate due to rounding.
1 Other includes Gift and Payroll Card operating segments.

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Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures. Set forth below is a reconciliation of adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, net income and net income per diluted share (in thousands, except per share amounts)*:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
(Unaudited) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Net income |  | $ | 954,327 |  |  | $ | 839,497 |  |  |
Net income per diluted share |  | $ | 12.42 |  |  | $ | 9.99 |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  | 121,416 |  |  | 80,071 |  |  |
Amortization 1 |  | 238,020 |  |  | 215,456 |  |  |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  | 1,934 |  |  | 16,194 |  |  |
Integration and deal related costs |  | 18,895 |  |  | 30,632 |  |  |
Restructuring and related costs (subsidies) |  | 6,690 |  |  | (2,112) |  |  |
Legal settlements/litigation |  | 6,051 |  |  | 5,772 |  |  |
Total pre-tax adjustments |  | 393,006 |  |  | 346,013 |  |  |
Income taxes 2 |  | (110,634) |  |  | (75,703) |  |  |
Adjusted net income |  | $ | 1,236,699 |  |  | $ | 1,109,807 |  |  |
Adjusted net income per diluted share |  | $ | 16.10 |  |  | $ | 13.21 |  |  |
Diluted shares |  | 76,862 |  | 84,061 |  |

1 Includes amortization related to intangible assets, premium on receivables, deferred financing costs and debt discounts. |
2 Includes $9 million adjustment for tax benefit of certain income determined to be permanently invested in Q2 2022. |
* Columns may not calculate due to rounding. |

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Foreign currency risk
Foreign Earnings
Our international businesses expose us to foreign currency exchange rate changes that can impact translations of foreign-denominated assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars and future earnings and cash flows from transactions denominated in different currencies. Revenues from our international businesses were 38.9% and 37.0% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. We measure foreign currency exchange risk based on changes in foreign currency exchange rates using a sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis measures the potential change in earnings based on a hypothetical 10% change in currency exchange rates. Such analysis indicated that a hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates would have increased or decreased consolidated operating income during the year ended December 31, 2022 by approximately $68.4 million had the U.S. dollar exchange rate increased or decreased relative to the currencies to which we had exposure. Similarly, the analysis for the prior year indicated that a hypothetical 10% change in currency exchange rates would have increased or decreased consolidated operating income for the years ended December 31, 2021 by approximately $48.0 million had the U.S. dollar exchange rate increased or decreased relative to the currencies to which we had exposure.
Unhedged Cross-Currency Risk
With our cross-border payment solutions, we have additional foreign exchange risk and associated foreign exchange risk management requirements due to the nature of our cross-border payments provider business. The majority of cross-border payments revenue is from exchanges of currency at spot rates, which enable customers to make cross-currency payments. In our cross-border payment solutions, we also write foreign currency forward and option contracts for customers to facilitate future payments. The duration of these derivative contracts at inception is generally less than one year. We aggregate foreign exchange exposures arising from customer contracts, including the derivative contracts described above, and hedge (economic hedge) the resulting net currency risks by entering into offsetting contracts with established financial institution counterparties.
Interest rate risk
We are exposed to the risk of changing interest rates on our cash investments and on the unhedged portion of our variable rate debt. As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, we had $5.8 billion and $4.9 billion, respectively, of variable rate debt outstanding under our Credit Agreement. See Note 11 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for information about the Credit Agreement. We use derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure related to changes in interest rates. In January 2019, we entered into three interest rate swap cash flow contracts with U.S. dollar notional amounts of $1 billion with a fixed rate of 2.56%, $500 million with a fixed rate of 2.56%, and $500 million with a fixed rate of 2.55% maturing on January 31, 2022, January 31, 2023 and December 19, 2023, respectively. For each of these swap contracts, we receive one month LIBOR. While these agreements are intended to lessen the impact of rising interest rates on us, they also expose us to the risk that the other parties to the agreements will not perform, we could incur significant costs associated with the settlement of the agreements, the agreements will be unenforceable and the underlying transactions will fail to qualify as highly-effective cash flow hedges under GAAP. See Note 16 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for information about the swap contracts.
Based on the amounts and mix of our fixed and floating rate debt (exclusive of our Securitization Facility) at December 31, 2022 and 2021, if market interest rates had increased or decreased an average of 100 basis points, our interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 would have changed by approximately $43 million and $29 million, respectively. We determined these amounts by considering the impact of the hypothetical interest rates on our borrowing costs. These analyses do not consider the effects of changes in the level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment.
Fuel price risk
Our fleet customers use our products and services primarily in connection with the purchase of fuel. Accordingly, our revenue is affected by fuel prices, which are subject to significant volatility. A decline in retail fuel prices could cause a change in our revenue from several sources, including fees paid to us based on a percentage of each customer’s total purchase. Changes in the absolute price of fuel may also impact unpaid account balances and the late fees and charges based on these amounts. The impact of changes in fuel price is somewhat mitigated by our agreements with certain merchants, where the price paid to the merchant is equal to the lesser of the merchant’s cost plus a markup or a percentage of the transaction purchase price. We do not enter into any fuel price derivative instruments.
Fuel price spread risk
From our merchant and network relationships, we derive revenue from the difference between the price charged to a fleet customer for a transaction and the price paid to the merchant or network for the same transaction. For certain of our payment products, the price paid to a merchant or network is calculated as the merchant’s wholesale cost of fuel plus a markup. The merchant’s wholesale cost of fuel is dependent on several factors including, among others, the factors described above affecting fuel prices. The fuel price that we charge to our customer is dependent on several factors including, among others, the fuel price paid to the fuel merchant, posted retail fuel prices and competitive fuel prices. We experience fuel price spread contraction
54

when the merchant’s wholesale cost of fuel increases at a faster rate than the fuel price we charge to our customers, or the fuel price we charge to our customers decreases at a faster rate than the merchant’s wholesale cost of fuel. Accordingly, if fuel price spreads contract, we may generate less revenue, which could adversely affect our operating results. The impact of volatility in fuel spreads is somewhat mitigated by our agreements with certain merchants, where the price paid to the merchant is equal to cost plus a markup or a percentage of the transaction purchase price.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) | 57
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 | 59
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 60
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 61
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 62
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 63
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 64

56

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 28, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.

|  | Valuation of Goodwill
Description of the Matter |  | At December 31, 2022, the Company’s goodwill was $5.2 billion. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completes an impairment test of goodwill at the reporting unit level at least annually or more frequently if facts and circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. For a reporting unit in which the Company concludes, based on a qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount (or if the Company elects to not perform the qualitative assessment), the Company performs a quantitative impairment test, which involves estimating the fair value of the reporting unit which is measured based upon, among other factors, a discounted cash flow analysis, as well as market multiples for comparable companies. Auditing the Company's estimate of reporting unit fair value involved a high degree of subjectivity as estimates underlying the determination of reporting unit fair value using the discounted cash flow model were based on significant assumptions that are sensitive to change and are affected by expected future market and economic conditions. These assumptions included forecasts for Revenue, net, Earnings before Interest Taxes Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA), and long-term growth rates as well as the discount rates, which reflected risk-based factors based on the reporting units’ geographical location and business risk.

57

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit |  | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s goodwill impairment review process, including controls over management’s review of the significant assumptions described above. For example, we tested controls over management’s review of the quantitatively tested reporting units’ long-term growth rates and discount rates used in the determination of said reporting units’ estimated fair values. To test the estimated fair value of the Company’s quantitatively tested reporting units, our audit procedures included, among others, assessing the methodologies used by the Company and testing the significant assumptions discussed above, inclusive of the underlying data used by the Company in its development of these assumptions. We involved our valuation specialists to assist us with these procedures. Our valuation specialists evaluated management’s estimation of the discount rates used in the reporting units’ fair value calculations, performed a comparison of market multiples to observable transactions, and independently recalculated the discount rates for the respective reporting units. We also compared earnings forecasts to historical results, to current industry and economic trends, and performed sensitivity analyses of the significant assumptions to evaluate the changes in the fair value of the reporting units that would result from changes in the significant assumptions.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2002.
Atlanta, Georgia
February 28, 2023
58

FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In Thousands, Except Share and Par Value Amounts)

|  | December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,435,163 |  |  | $ | 1,520,027 |
Restricted cash |  | 854,017 |  |  | 730,668 |
Accounts and other receivables (less allowance for credit losses of $149,846 at December 31, 2022 and $98,719 at December 31, 2021) |  | 2,064,745 |  |  | 1,793,274 |
Securitized accounts receivable—restricted for securitization investors |  | 1,287,000 |  |  | 1,118,000 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 465,227 |  |  | 326,079 |
Total current assets |  | 6,106,152 |  |  | 5,488,048 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 294,692 |  |  | 236,294 |
Goodwill |  | 5,201,435 |  |  | 5,078,978 |
Other intangibles, net |  | 2,130,974 |  |  | 2,335,385 |
Investments |  | 74,281 |  |  | 52,016 |
Other assets |  | 281,726 |  |  | 213,932 |
Total assets |  | $ | 14,089,260 |  |  | $ | 13,404,653 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 1,568,942 |  |  | $ | 1,406,350 |
Accrued expenses |  | 351,936 |  |  | 369,054 |
Customer deposits |  | 1,505,004 |  |  | 1,788,705 |
Securitization facility |  | 1,287,000 |  |  | 1,118,000 |
Current portion of notes payable and lines of credit |  | 1,027,056 |  |  | 399,628 |
Other current liabilities |  | 303,517 |  |  | 208,614 |
Total current liabilities |  | 6,043,455 |  |  | 5,290,351 |
Notes payable and other obligations, less current portion |  | 4,722,838 |  |  | 4,460,039 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 527,465 |  |  | 566,291 |
Other noncurrent liabilities |  | 254,009 |  |  | 221,392 |
Total noncurrent liabilities |  | 5,504,312 |  |  | 5,247,722 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 475,000,000 shares authorized; 127,802,590 shares issued and 73,356,709 shares outstanding at December 31, 2022; and 127,113,023 shares issued and 78,879,551 shares outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  | 128 |  |  | 127 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 3,049,570 |  |  | 2,878,751 |
Retained earnings |  | 7,210,769 |  |  | 6,256,442 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (1,509,650) |  |  | (1,464,616) |
Less treasury stock (54,445,881 s hares and 48,233,471 shares at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) |  | (6,209,324) |  |  | (4,804,124) |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 2,541,493 |  |  | 2,866,580 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 14,089,260 |  |  | $ | 13,404,653 |

See accompanying notes.

59

FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Revenues, net |  | $ | 3,427,129 |  |  | $ | 2,833,736 |  |  | $ | 2,388,855 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Processing |  | 764,707 |  |  | 559,819 |  |  | 596,363 |
Selling |  | 309,082 |  |  | 262,118 |  |  | 192,732 |
General and administrative |  | 584,135 |  |  | 485,830 |  |  | 374,678 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 322,282 |  |  | 284,197 |  |  | 254,802 |
Other operating expense (income), net |  | 282 |  |  | (784) |  |  | (1,985) |
Operating income |  | 1,446,641 |  |  | 1,242,556 |  |  | 972,265 |
Investment loss (gain), net |  | 1,382 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (30,008) |
Other expense (income), net |  | 3,003 |  |  | 3,858 |  |  | (10,055) |
Interest expense, net |  | 164,662 |  |  | 113,705 |  |  | 129,803 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  | 1,934 |  |  | 16,194 |  |  | — |
Total other expense |  | 170,981 |  |  | 133,748 |  |  | 89,740 |
Income before income taxes |  | 1,275,660 |  |  | 1,108,808 |  |  | 882,525 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 321,333 |  |  | 269,311 |  |  | 178,309 |
Net income |  | $ | 954,327 |  |  | $ | 839,497 |  |  | $ | 704,216 |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 12.62 |  |  | $ | 10.23 |  |  | $ | 8.38 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 12.42 |  |  | $ | 9.99 |  |  | $ | 8.12 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic shares |  | 75,598 |  |  | 82,060 |  |  | 84,005 |
Diluted shares |  | 76,862 |  |  | 84,061 |  |  | 86,719 |

See accompanying notes.

60

FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In Thousands)

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net income |  | $ | 954,327 |  |  | $ | 839,497 |  |  | $ | 704,216 |
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation losses, net of tax |  | (77,135) |  |  | (144,543) |  |  | (367,249) |
Net change in derivative contracts, net of tax |  | 32,101 |  |  | 43,085 |  |  | (23,444) |
Total other comprehensive loss |  | (45,034) |  |  | (101,458) |  |  | (390,693) |
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | 909,293 |  |  | $ | 738,039 |  |  | $ | 313,523 |

See accompanying notes.
61

FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(In Thousands)

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 2,494,721 |  |  | $ | 4,712,729 |  |  | $ | (972,465) |  |  | $ | (2,523,493) |  |  | $ | 3,711,616 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 704,216 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 704,216 |
Other comprehensive loss from currency exchange, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (390,693) |  |  | — |  |  | (390,693) |
Acquisition of common stock |  | — |  |  | 75,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (924,909) |  |  | (849,909) |
Share-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | 43,384 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,384 |
Issuance of common stock |  | 2 |  |  | 136,795 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 136,797 |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | 126 |  |  | 2,749,900 |  |  | 5,416,945 |  |  | (1,363,158) |  |  | (3,448,402) |  |  | 3,355,411 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 839,497 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 839,497 |
Other comprehensive loss from currency exchange, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (101,458) |  |  | — |  |  | (101,458) |
Acquisition of common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,355,722) |  |  | (1,355,722) |
Share-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | 80,071 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80,071 |
Issuance of common stock |  | 1 |  |  | 48,780 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 48,781 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | 127 |  |  | 2,878,751 |  |  | 6,256,442 |  |  | (1,464,616) |  |  | (4,804,124) |  |  | 2,866,580 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 954,327 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 954,327 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45,034) |  |  | — |  |  | (45,034) |
Acquisition of common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,405,200) |  |  | (1,405,200) |
Share-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | 121,416 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,416 |
Issuance of common stock |  | 1 |  |  | 49,403 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 49,404 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | 3,049,570 |  |  | $ | 7,210,769 |  |  | $ | (1,509,650) |  |  | $ | (6,209,324) |  |  | $ | 2,541,493 |

See accompanying notes.
62

FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In Thousands)

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 954,327 |  |  | $ | 839,497 |  |  | $ | 704,216 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  | 92,010 |  |  | 75,571 |  |  | 65,181 |
Stock based compensation |  | 121,416 |  |  | 80,071 |  |  | 43,384 |
Provision for losses on accounts and other receivables |  | 131,096 |  |  | 37,919 |  |  | 158,549 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts |  | 7,748 |  |  | 6,831 |  |  | 6,486 |
Amortization of intangible assets and premium on receivables |  | 230,272 |  |  | 208,625 |  |  | 189,620 |
Deferred income taxes |  | (33,174) |  |  | 11,026 |  |  | 15,668 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  | 1,934 |  |  | 16,194 |  |  | — |
Investment loss (gain) |  | 1,382 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (30,008) |
Other non-cash operating expense (income), net |  | 282 |  |  | (784) |  |  | (1,985) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities (net of acquisitions): |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable and other receivables |  | (598,674) |  |  | (731,137) |  |  | 264,140 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | (17,543) |  |  | 141,058 |  |  | 119,531 |
Derivative assets and liabilities, net |  | (11,260) |  |  | (15,360) |  |  | (58,347) |
Other assets |  | (41,068) |  |  | 47,055 |  |  | 79,405 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and customer deposits |  | (83,951) |  |  | 480,506 |  |  | (83,251) |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 754,797 |  |  | 1,197,063 |  |  | 1,472,589 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | (216,917) |  |  | (602,120) |  |  | (80,787) |
Purchases of property and equipment |  | (151,428) |  |  | (111,530) |  |  | (78,425) |
Proceeds from disposal of investment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52,963 |
Other |  | — |  |  | (2,281) |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (368,345) |  |  | (715,931) |  |  | (106,249) |
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock |  | 49,404 |  |  | 48,781 |  |  | 136,797 |
Repurchase of common stock |  | (1,405,200) |  |  | (1,355,722) |  |  | (849,910) |
Borrowings (payments) on securitization facility, net |  | 169,000 |  |  | 418,000 |  |  | (270,973) |
Deferred financing costs paid and debt discount |  | (10,355) |  |  | (38,920) |  |  | (2,637) |
Proceeds from issuance of notes payable |  | 3,000,000 |  |  | 1,900,000 |  |  | — |
Principal payments on notes payable |  | (2,824,000) |  |  | (507,500) |  |  | (175,285) |
Borrowings from revolver |  | 7,236,000 |  |  | 1,910,000 |  |  | 1,243,500 |
Payments on revolver |  | (6,526,000) |  |  | (1,978,851) |  |  | (1,496,907) |
Borrowings (payments) on swing line of credit, net |  | 194 |  |  | (51,049) |  |  | (1,042) |
Other |  | (271) |  |  | (811) |  |  | (344) |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | (311,228) |  |  | 343,928 |  |  | (1,416,801) |
Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash |  | (36,739) |  |  | (50,984) |  |  | (148,157) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | 38,485 |  |  | 774,076 |  |  | (198,618) |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year |  | 2,250,695 |  |  | 1,476,619 |  |  | 1,675,237 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of year |  | $ | 2,289,180 |  |  | $ | 2,250,695 |  |  | $ | 1,476,619 |
Supplemental cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 229,641 |  |  | $ | 132,504 |  |  | $ | 126,460 |
Cash paid for income taxes |  | $ | 358,231 |  |  | $ | 229,721 |  |  | $ | 165,315 |

See accompanying notes.

63

FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022
1. Description of Business
FLEETCOR is a leading global business payments company that helps businesses spend less by enabling them to better manage their expense-related purchasing and vendor payments processes. FLEETCOR’s smarter payment and spend management solutions are delivered in a variety of ways depending on the needs of the customer. From physical payment cards to software that includes customizable controls and robust payment capabilities, we provide businesses with a better way to pay. FLEETCOR has been a member of the S&P 500 since 2018 and trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker FLT.
FLEETCOR’s vision is that every payment be digital, every purchase be controlled, and every related decision be informed. Digital payments are faster and more secure than paper-based methods such as checks, and provide timely and detailed data that can be utilized to effectively reduce unauthorized purchases and fraud, automate data entry and reporting, and eliminate reimbursement processes. Combining this payment data with analytical tools delivers insights, which managers can use to better run their businesses. The Company's wide range of digitized solutions generally provides control, reporting, and automation benefits over the payment methods businesses often use, such as cash, paper checks, general purpose credit cards, as well as employee pay and reclaim processes.
The Company has the following reportable segments: Fleet, Corporate Payments, Lodging, Brazil, and Other. The Company reports these segments to reflect how we organize and manage our global employee base, manage operating performance and contemplate the differing regulatory environments across geographies and solutions.
To help facilitate an understanding of our expansive range of solutions around the world, we describe them in two solution driven categories: Vehicle and Mobility solutions and Corporate Payments solutions. Our Vehicle and Mobility solutions are purpose-built to enable our business and consumer customers to pay for vehicle and mobility related expenses, while providing greater control and visibility of employee spending when compared with less specialized payment methods, such as cash or general-purpose credit cards. Our Vehicle and Mobility solutions include fuel, lodging, tolls and other complementary products. Our Corporate Payments solutions simply and automate vendor payments and are designed to help businesses streamline the back-office operations associated with making outgoing payments. Companies save time, cut costs, and manage B2B payment processing more efficiently with our suite of corporate payment solutions, including AP automation, virtual cards, cross-border, and purchasing and travel & entertainment cards. FLEETCOR provides other payments solutions that are not considered within our Vehicle and Mobility and Corporate Payments solutions, including gift and payroll card.
Our solutions provide customers with control capabilities including customizable user-level controls, programmable alerts, and detailed transaction reporting, among others. Our customers can use the data, controls and tools to combat employee misuse and fraud, streamline expense administration and potentially lower their operating costs.
We utilize both proprietary and third-party payment acceptance networks to deliver our solutions. In our proprietary networks, which tend to be geographically distinct, transactions are processed on applications and operating systems owned and operated by us, and only at select participating merchants with whom we have contracted directly for acceptance. Third-party networks are operated by independent parties, and tend to be more broadly accepted, which is the primary benefit compared with our proprietary networks. Mastercard and VISA are our primary third-party network partners in North America and Europe, respectively.
We actively market and sell our solutions to current and prospective customers leveraging a multi-channel approach. This go-to-market strategy includes comprehensive digital channels, direct sales forces and strategic partner relationships. We sell stand-alone products and services, and are currently organizing and establishing platforms where a single customer can use multiple products from one user interface. Our capabilities are also offered through indirect sales channels (e.g., major oil companies and fuel marketers for Fleet, and retail establishments for our products in Brazil) and on a branded or “white label” basis, indirectly through a broad range of resellers and partners across Fleet, Lodging, and Corporate Payments. In doing so, we leverage their sales networks to expand our reach into new customer segments, new industry verticals, and new geographies faster and at a significantly lower cost.
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2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Future events and their effects cannot be predicted with certainty; accordingly, accounting estimates require the exercise of judgment. The accounting estimates used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained and as the Company’s operating environment changes. Actual results may differ from these estimates due to the uncertainty around the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the impact of changes to monetary policy, as well as other factors.
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and all of its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
The Company’s fiscal year ends on December 31. In certain of the Company’s U.K. businesses, the Company records the operating results using a 4-4-5 week accounting cycle with the fiscal year ending on the Friday on or immediately preceding December 31. Fiscal years 2022, 2021, and 2020 include 52 weeks for the businesses reporting using a 4-4-5 accounting cycle.
Financial Instruments-Credit Losses
The Company accounts for financial assets' expected credit losses in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 326, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses". The Company’s financial assets subject to credit losses are primarily trade receivables. The Company utilizes a combination of aging and loss-rate methods to develop an estimate of current expected credit losses, depending on the nature and risk profile of the underlying asset pool, based on product, size of customer and historical losses. Expected credit losses are estimated based upon an assessment of risk characteristics, historical payment experience, and the age of outstanding receivables, adjusted for forward-looking economic conditions. The allowances for any remaining financial assets measured at amortized cost basis are evaluated based on underlying financial condition, credit history, and current and forward-looking economic conditions. The estimation process for expected credit losses includes consideration of qualitative and quantitative risk factors associated with the age of asset balances, expected timing of payment, contract terms and conditions, changes in specific customer risk profiles or mix of customers, geographic risk, economic trends and relevant environmental factors. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately 91% and 96%, respectively, of outstanding accounts receivable were current. Accounts receivable deemed uncollectible are removed from accounts receivable and the allowance for credit losses when internal collection efforts have been exhausted and accounts have been turned over to a third-party collection agency. Recoveries from the third-party collection agency are not significant.
Business Combinations
Business combinations completed by us have been accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that the acquired assets and liabilities, including contingencies, be recorded at fair value determined as of the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the fair values of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed represents goodwill. Amounts assigned to goodwill are primarily attributable to buyer-specific synergies expected to arise after the acquisition (e.g., enhanced reach of the combined organization and other synergies) and the assembled work force of the acquiree. The results of the acquired businesses are included in our results of operations beginning from the completion date of the transaction.
The estimates the Company uses to determine the fair value of long-lived assets, such as intangible assets, can be complex and require significant judgments. The Company uses information available to us to make fair value determinations and engages independent valuation specialists, when necessary, to assist in the fair value determination of significant acquired long-lived assets. The estimated fair values of customer-related and contract-based intangible assets are generally determined using the income approach, which is based on projected cash flows discounted to their present value using discount rates that consider the timing and risk of the forecasted cash flows. The discount rates used represent a risk-adjusted market participant weighted-average cost of capital, derived using customary market metrics. These measures of fair value also require considerable judgments about future events, including forecasted revenue growth rates, forecasted customer attrition rates, contract renewal estimates and technology changes. Acquired technologies are generally valued using the replacement cost method, which requires us to estimate the costs to construct an asset of equivalent utility at prices available at the time of the valuation analysis, with adjustments in value for physical deterioration and functional and economic obsolescence. Trademarks and trade names are generally valued using the "relief-from-royalty" approach. This method assumes that trademarks and trade names have value to the extent that their owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from them. This method requires the Company to estimate the future revenues for the related brands, the appropriate royalty rate and the weighted-average cost of capital. This measure of fair value requires considerable judgment about the value a market participant would be willing to pay in order to achieve the benefits associated with the trade name. Non-compete arrangements are measured at fair value separately from the business combination using a cash flow method based on the Company's best estimate of the probability of competition and its business effect absent the non-compete arrangement.
65

While the Company uses our best estimates and assumptions to determine the fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company records adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company also estimates the useful lives of intangible assets to determine the period over which to recognize the amount of acquisition-related intangible assets as an expense. Certain assets may be considered to have indefinite useful lives. The Company periodically reviews the indefinite nature of these assets. The Company also periodically reviews the estimated useful lives assigned to our intangible assets to determine whether such estimated useful lives continue to be appropriate.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets, Goodwill, Intangibles and Investments
The Company regularly evaluates whether events and circumstances have occurred that indicate the carrying amount of property and equipment and intangible assets with finite lives may not be recoverable. When factors indicate that these long-lived assets should be evaluated for possible impairment, the Company assesses the potential impairment by determining whether the carrying amount of such long-lived assets will be recovered through the future undiscounted cash flows expected from use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If the carrying amount of the asset is determined not to be recoverable, a write-down to fair value is recorded. Fair values are determined based on quoted market prices or discounted cash flow analysis as applicable. The Company regularly evaluates whether events and circumstances have occurred that indicate the useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets with finite lives may warrant revision.
The Company completes an impairment test of goodwill at least annually or more frequently if facts or circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company first performs a qualitative assessment of certain of its reporting units. Factors considered in the qualitative assessment include general macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, overall financial performance of our reporting units, events or changes affecting the composition or carrying amount of the net assets of our reporting units, sustained decrease in our share price, and other relevant entity-specific events. If the Company elects to bypass the qualitative assessment or if it determines, on the basis of qualitative factors, that the fair value of the reporting unit is more likely than not less than the carrying amount, a quantitative test would be required. The Company then performs the quantitative goodwill impairment test for the applicable reporting units by comparing the reporting unit’s carrying amount, including goodwill, to its fair value which is measured based upon, among other factors, a discounted cash flow analysis and, to a lesser extent, market multiples for comparable companies. Estimates critical to the Company’s evaluation of goodwill for impairment include the discount rates, forecasts for revenues, net and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) growth, and long-term growth rates. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit is greater than its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired.
Based on the goodwill asset impairment analysis performed qualitatively and/or quantitatively as of October 1, 2022, the Company determined that the fair value of each of its reporting units was in excess of the carrying value. No events or changes in circumstances have occurred since the date of this most recent annual impairment test that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount.
The Company evaluates indefinite-lived intangible assets (primarily trademarks and trade names) for impairment annually. The Company also tests for impairment more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is below its carrying amount. Estimates critical to the Company’s evaluation of indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment include the discount rate, royalty rates used in its evaluation of trade names, projected revenue growth and projected long-term growth rates in the determination of terminal values. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds the estimated fair value on the measurement date.
The Company has elected the alternative to measure certain investments in equity instruments that do not have readily determinable fair values at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes for similar investments of the issuer. The Company reassesses these investments each reporting period to evaluate whether these investments continue to qualify for the alternative measurement at cost minus impairment, rather than requiring measurement at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company evaluates for impairment these equity investments without readily determinable fair values based on qualitative indicators (e.g., significant deterioration in investee's financial performance, adverse regulation, etc.). Investments classified as trading securities are carried at fair value with any unrealized gain or loss recorded within investment (gain) loss in the Consolidated Statements of Income. During 2021, the Company made an investment of $37.4 million in a 20-year joint venture with a third-party Brazilian bank. The Company determined that it exercises significant influence, but does not control, the joint venture and/or intermediary and records its allocable share of the joint ventures earnings/losses as an equity method investment under ASC 323. The Company monitors its equity method investments qualitatively for other than temporary impairment. The Company recorded no impairment charges on its investments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
Property, Plant and Equipment and Definite-Lived Intangible Assets
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated on the straight-line basis. Intangible assets with finite lives, consisting primarily of customer relationships, are stated at fair value upon acquisition and are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Customer and merchant relationship useful lives are estimated using historical attrition rates.
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The Company develops client-facing software that is used in providing processing and information management services to customers. A significant portion of the Company’s capital expenditures are devoted to the development of such internal-use computer software. Software development costs are capitalized once application development stage of the software has been established. Costs incurred during preliminary project stage prior to the application development stage are expensed as incurred. Application development stage is established when the Company has completed all planning, designing, coding and testing activities that are necessary to determine that the software can be produced to meet its design specifications, including functions, features and technical performance requirements. Capitalization of costs ceases when the software is ready for its intended use. Software development costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software. The Company capitalized software costs of $120.5 million, $76.7 million and $51.6 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Amortization expense for software totaled $59.1 million, $46.7 million and $40.2 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company has elected to treat the Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI) inclusion as a current period expense.
The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the associated temporary differences become deductible. The Company evaluates on a quarterly basis whether it is more likely than not that its deferred tax assets will be realized in the future and concludes whether a valuation allowance must be established.
The Company recognizes the impact of an uncertain income tax position on the income tax return at the largest amount that is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50 percent likelihood of being sustained. The Company includes any estimated interest and penalties on tax related matters in income tax expense. S ee Note 13 for f urther information regarding income taxes.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
Cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash represents customer deposits repayable on demand, as well as collateral received from customers for cross-currency transactions in our cross-border payments business, which are restricted from use other than to repay customer deposits, as well as secure and settle cross-currency transactions. Based on our assessment of the current capital market conditions and related impact on our access to cash, we have classified all cash held at our Russian businesses of $215.8 million as restricted cash as of December 31, 2022.
Foreign Currency
Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries as well as intra-entity balances denominated in foreign-currency and designated for long-term investment are translated into U.S. dollars at the rates of exchange in effect at period-end. The related translation adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income. Income and expenses are translated at the average monthly rates of exchange in effect during the year. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions of these subsidiaries are included in net income. The Company recognized foreign exchange (losses) gains, which are recorded within other (income) expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31 as follows (in millions):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Foreign exchange (losses) gains |  | $ | (1.7) |  |  | $ | (3.7) |  |  | $ | 2.9 |

The Company recorded foreign currency losses on long-term intra-entity transactions included as a component of foreign currency translation losses, net of tax, in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31 as follows (in millions):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Foreign currency losses on long-term intra-entity transactions |  | $ | 205.7 |  |  | $ | 44.4 |  |  | $ | 219.8 |

Derivatives
The Company uses derivatives to minimize its exposures related to changes in interest rates. The Company also uses derivatives to facilitate cross-currency corporate payments by writing derivatives to customers and enters into cross currency derivative contracts with banking partners to mitigate foreign exchange risk associated with customer derivative contracts.
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The Company is exposed to the risk of changing interest rates because its borrowings are subject to variable interest rates. In order to mitigate this risk, the Company utilizes derivative instruments. Interest rate swap contracts designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The Company hedges interest payments on an unspecified portion of its variable rate debt utilizing derivatives designated as cash flow hedges.
Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges are recorded to the derivative assets/liabilities and offset against accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. Derivative fair value changes that are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are reclassified to earnings in the same period or periods that the hedged item affects earnings, to the extent the derivative is highly effective in offsetting the change in cash flows attributable to the hedged risk.
In the Company's cross-border payments business, it writes foreign currency forward and option contracts for its customers to facilitate future payments. The Company recognizes current cross-border payments derivatives in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other current liabilities and derivatives greater than one year in other assets and other noncurrent liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets at their fair value. Any gains/losses associated with these derivatives are recorded through earnings. All cash flows associated with derivatives are included in cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Ref er to Note 16.
Spot Trade Offsetting
The Company uses spot trades to facilitate cross-currency corporate payments in its cross-border payments business. The Company applies offsetting to spot trade assets and liabilities associated with contracts that include master netting agreements with the same counterparty, as a right of offset exists, which the Company believes to be enforceable. As such, the Company has netted spot trade liabilities against spot trade receivables at the counter-party level. The Company recognizes all spot trade assets, net in accounts receivable and all spot trade liabilities, net in accounts payable, each net at the customer level, in its Consolidated Balance Sheets at their fair value.
The following table presents the Company’s spot trade assets and liabilities at their fair value for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions):

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Gross |  | Offset on the Balance Sheet |  | Net |  | Gross |  | Offset on the Balance Sheet |  | Net
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts Receivable | $ | 2,409.8 |  |  | $ | (2,266.0) |  |  | $ | 143.8 |  |  | $ | 1,185.9 |  |  | $ | (1,057.7) |  |  | $ | 128.2 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts Payable | $ | 2,332.5 |  |  | $ | (2,266.0) |  |  | $ | 66.5 |  |  | $ | 1,199.5 |  |  | $ | (1,057.7) |  |  | $ | 141.8 |

Stock-Based Compensation
The Company routinely grants employee stock options and restricted stock awards/units as part of employee compensation plans. Stock options are granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the underlying Company share on the date of grant. Options granted have vesting provisions ranging from one to five years, and vesting of the options is generally based on the passage of time, performance or market conditions, or a combination of these. Stock option grants are subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to vesting. The Company has selected the Black-Scholes option pricing model for estimating the grant date fair value of stock option awards. The Company has considered the retirement and forfeiture provisions of the options and utilized its historical experience to estimate the expected term of the options. Option forfeitures are accounted for upon occurrence. The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the yield of a zero coupon U.S. Treasury security with a maturity equal to the expected term of the option from the date of the grant. Expected volatility is based on the Company's historical volatility.
Awards of restricted stock and restricted stock units are independent of stock option grants and are subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to vesting. The vesting of shares granted is generally based on the passage of time, performance or market conditions, or a combination of these. Shares generally have graded vesting provisions of one to four years. The fair value of restricted stock where the shares vest based on the passage of time or performance is based on the grant date fair value of the Company’s stock.
The fair value of stock options and restricted stock units granted with market-based vesting conditions is estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation valuation model. The risk-free interest rate and volatility assumptions used within the Monte Carlo simulation valuation model are calculated consistently with those applied in the Black-Scholes options pricing model utilized in determining the fair value of the market-based stock option awards.
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For performance-based restricted stock awards/units and performance-based stock option awards, the Company must also make assumptions regarding the likelihood of achieving performance goals. If actual results differ significantly from these estimates, stock-based compensation expense and the Company’s results of operations could be materially affected.
Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the value of the award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period based on the number of years over which the requisite service is expected to be rendered.
Deferred Financing Costs/Debt Discounts
Costs incurred to obtain financing are amortized over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method and are included within interest expense. The Company capitalized additional debt issuance costs of $10.4 million associated with refinancing its Credit Facility and Securitization Facility in 2022 and $38.9 million in 2021. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had deferred financing costs of $7.8 million and $5.8 million, respectively, related to the revolver under the Credit Facility and the revolving Securitization Facility, each recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had deferred financing costs of $23.9 million and $25.2 million, respectively, related to the term notes under the Credit Facility, recorded as a discount to the term debt outstanding within the current portion of notes payable and lines of credit and notes payable and other obligations, less current portion, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the total of net income and all other changes in equity that result from transactions and other economic events of a reporting period other than transactions with owners.
Accounts Receivable
The Company main tains a $1.7 billion revo lving trade accounts receivable Securitization Facility. Accounts receivable collateralized within our Securitization Facility relate to trade receivables resulting primarily from charge card activity in the U.S. Pursuant to the terms of the Securitization Facility, the Company transfers certain of its domestic receivables, on a revolving basis, to FLEETCOR Funding LLC (Funding), a wholly-owned bankruptcy remote consolidated subsidiary. In turn, Funding transfers, without recourse, on a revolving basis, an undivided ownership interest in this pool of accounts receivable to third-party multi-seller banks and asset-backed commercial paper conduits (Conduit) which serve as a securitization vehicle for the receivables. Funding maintains a subordinated interest, in the form of over-collateralization, in a portion of the receivables sold. Purchases by the Conduit are financed with its sale of highly-rated commercial paper issued as beneficial interest to Conduit investors. The Company does not consolidate the Conduit.
The Company utilizes proceeds from the transferred assets as an alternative to other forms of financing to reduce its overall borrowing costs. The Company has agreed to continue servicing the sold receivables for the financial institution at market rates, which approximates the Company’s cost of servicing. The Company retains a residual interest in the transferred asset as a form of credit enhancement. The residual interest’s fair value approximates carrying value due to its short-term nature. Funding determines the level of funding achieved by the sale of trade accounts receivable, subject to a maximum amount. As the Company maintains certain continuing involvement in the transferred/sold receivables, it does not derecognize the receivables from its Consolidated Balance Sheets. Instead, the Company records cash proceeds and any residual interest received as a Securitization Facility liability.
The Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and Statements of Income reflect the activity related to securitized accounts receivable and the corresponding securitized debt, including interest income, fees generated from late payments, provision for losses on accounts receivable and interest expense. The cash flows from borrowings and repayments associated with the securitized debt are presented as cash flows from financing activities. The maturity date for the Company's Securitization Facility is August 18, 2025.
The Company’s accounts receivable and securitized accounts receivable include the following at December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Gross domestic unsecuritized accounts receivables |  | $ | 985,873 |  |  | $ | 994,063 |
Gross domestic securitized accounts receivable |  | 1,287,000 |  |  | 1,118,000 |
Gross foreign receivables |  | 1,228,718 |  |  | 897,930 |
Total gross receivables |  | 3,501,591 |  |  | 3,009,993 |
Less allowance for credit losses |  | (149,846) |  |  | (98,719) |
Net accounts and securitized accounts receivable |  | $ | 3,351,745 |  |  | $ | 2,911,274 |

The Company recorded a $90.1 million provision for credit losses and write-off related to a customer receivable in our cross-border payment business during the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company's estimated expected credit losses as of December 31, 2020, included estimated adjustments for economic conditions related to COVID-19. A rollforward of the
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Company’s allowance for credit losses related to accounts receivable for the years ended December 31 is as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Allowance for credit losses beginning of year |  | $ | 98,719 |  |  | $ | 86,886 |  |  | $ | 70,890 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 131,096 |  |  | 37,919 |  |  | 158,549 |
Write-offs |  | (90,540) |  |  | (35,868) |  |  | (146,063) |
Recoveries |  | 10,320 |  |  | 13,459 |  |  | 9,603 |
Impact of foreign currency |  | 251 |  |  | (3,677) |  |  | (6,093) |
Allowance for credit losses end of year |  | $ | 149,846 |  |  | $ | 98,719 |  |  | $ | 86,886 |

Advertising
The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense was $65.5 million, $54.8 million and $28.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Earnings Per Share
The Company reports basic and diluted earnings per share. Basic earnings per share is calculated using the weighted average of common stock and non-vested, non-forfeitable restricted shares outstanding, unadjusted for dilution, and net income attributable to common shareholders.
Diluted earnings per share is calculated using the weighted average shares outstanding and contingently issuable shares less weighted average shares recognized during the period. The net outstanding shares have been adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents, which consist of outstanding stock options and unvested forfeitable restricted stock units.
Reclassifications and Adjustments
During 2021, the Company identified and corrected an immaterial error in the presentation of Deferred income taxes and changes in Accounts payable, accrued expenses and customer deposits, both presented within Net cash provided by operating activities, in our prior year Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The impact of this correction for the year ended December 31, 2020 was an increase to the adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities related to deferred income taxes of $30.8 million, with a corresponding decrease to changes in accounts payable, accrued expenses and customer deposits in operating activities of $30.8 million. There was no impact to net cash provided by operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
Additionally, certain disclosures for prior periods have been reclassified to conform with current year presentation.
Adoption of New Accounting Standards
Reference Rate Reform
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting" (“ASU 2020-04”). The pronouncement provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the current guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. The guidance was effective upon issuance and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. The adoption of ASU 2020-04 did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Company will transition from LIBOR to the Sterling Overnight Index Average Reference Rate (“SONIA”) plus a SONIA adjustment of 0.0326% for sterling borrowings, the Euro Interbank Offered Rate for euro borrowings, and the Tokyo Interbank Offer Rate for yen borrowings. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, "Deferral of the Sunset Date of (Topic 848)" which defers the sunset date of ASC 848 until December 31, 2024. The ASU became effective upon issuance. The Company has availed itself to the practical expedients related to any changes in the reference rate related to our debt and interest rate swaps. Cross currency derivatives are not impacted by this ASU.
Debt with Conversion and Other Options and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity
In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, "Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40)—Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity" ("ASU 2020-06"), which address issues identified as a result of the complexity associated with applying GAAP for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity. ASU 2020-06 also improve the guidance related to the disclosures and earnings-per-share (EPS) for convertible instruments and contract in entity's own equity. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years and should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the
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effective date of the amendments. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2022. The adoption of ASU 2020-06 did not have a material impact on the Company's results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (Topic 805) ("ASU 2021-08"), which requires an acquirer to account for revenue contracts acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606 as if it had originated the contracts. The acquirer may assess how the acquiree applied Topic 606 to determine what to record for the acquired contracts. This update also provides certain practical expedients for acquirers when recognizing and measuring acquired contract assets and contract liabilities from revenue contracts in a business combination. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years and should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2023. The adoption of ASU 2021-08 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
3. Revenue
The Company provides payment solutions to our business, merchant, consumer and payment network customers. Our payment solutions are primarily focused on specific commercial spend categories, including Corporate Payments, Fuel, Lodging, Tolls, as well as Gift solutions (stored value cards and e-cards). The Company provides solutions that help businesses of all sizes control, simplify and secure payment of various domestic and cross-border payables using specialized payment products. The Company also provides other payment solutions for fleet maintenance, employee benefits and long-haul transportation-related services.
Payment Services
The Company’s primary performance obligation for the majority of its payment solutions (Corporate Payments, Fuel, Lodging, and Gift, among others) is to stand-ready to provide authorization and processing services (payment services) for an unknown or unspecified quantity of transactions and the consideration received is contingent upon the customer’s use (e.g., number of transactions submitted and processed) of the related payment services. Accordingly, the total transaction price is variable. Payment services involve a series of distinct daily services that are substantially the same, with the same pattern of transfer to the customer. As a result, the Company directly allocates and recognizes variable consideration in the period it has the contractual right to invoice the customer. Similarly, for the tolls payment solution, the Company's primary performance obligation is to stand-ready each month to provide access to the toll network and process toll transactions. Each period of access is determined to be distinct and substantially the same as the customer benefits over the period of access.
The Company records revenue for its payment services net of (i) the cost of the underlying products and services; (ii) assessments and other fees charged by the credit and debit payment networks (along with any rebates provided by them); (iii) customer rebates and other discounts; and (iv) taxes assessed (e.g. VAT and VAT-like taxes) by a government, imposed concurrent with a revenue-producing transaction. Variability arising from rebates is generally resolved and/or reset within the reporting period to which the variable consideration is allocated. As such, the Company is able to directly allocate net adjustments against revenue in the reporting period in which they are invoiced and does not materially constrain revenue recognition as a significant reversal of revenue is not probable at invoicing.
The majority of the transaction price the Company receives for fulfilling the Payment Services performance obligation are comprised of one or a combination of the following: 1) interchange fees earned from the payment networks; 2) discount fees earned from merchants; 3) fees calculated based on a number of transactions processed; 4) fees calculated based upon a percentage of the transaction value for the underlying goods or services (i.e. fuel, food, toll, lodging, and transportation cards and vouchers); and 5) monthly access fees.
The Company recognizes revenue when the underlying transactions are complete and as its performance obligations are satisfied. Transactions are considered complete depending upon the related payment solution but generally when the Company has authorized the transaction, validated that the transaction has no errors and accepted and posted the data to the Company’s records.
In the Company's cross-border payments business, a portion of revenue is from exchanges of currency at spot rates, which enables customers to make cross-currency payments. The Company's performance obligation for its foreign exchange payment services is providing a foreign currency payment to a customer’s designated recipient and therefore, the Company recognizes revenue on foreign exchange payment services when the underlying payment is made. Revenues from foreign exchange payment services are primarily comprised of the difference between the exchange rate set by the Company to the customer and the rate available in the wholesale foreign exchange market.
Finally, the Company currently records as revenue certain interest earned on customer deposits. Such revenue has historically not been significant to the Company's overall earnings.
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Gift Card Products and Services
The Company’s Gift solutions deliver both stored value cards and e-cards (cards), and card-based services primarily in the form of gift cards to retailers. These activities each represent performance obligations that are separate and distinct. Revenue for stored value cards is recognized (gross of the underlying cost of the related card, recorded in processing expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Income) at the point in time when control passes to the Company's customer, which is generally upon shipment.
Card-based services consist of transaction processing and reporting of gift card transactions where the Company recognizes revenue based on the passage of time as it stands ready to process an unknown or unspecified quantity of transactions. As a result, the Company directly allocates and recognizes variable consideration over the estimated period of time over which the performance obligation is satisfied.
Other
The Company accounts for revenue from late fees and finance charges, in jurisdictions where permitted under local regulations, primarily in the U.S. and Canada, in accordance with ASC 310, "Receivables." Such fees are recognized net of a provision for estimated uncollectible amounts, at the time the fees and finance charges are assessed and services are provided and represent approximately 5% of consolidated revenues, net for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company ceases billing and accruing for late fees and finance charges approximately 30 - 40 days after the customer’s balance becomes delinquent.
In addition, in its cross-border payments business, the Company writes foreign currency forward and option contracts for its customers primarily to facilitate future payments in foreign currencies. The duration of these derivative contracts at inception is generally less than one year. The Company aggregates its foreign exchange exposures arising from customer contracts, including forwards, options and spot exchanges of currency, as necessary, and economically hedges the net currency risks by entering into offsetting derivatives with established financial institution counterparties. The Company accounts for the derivatives in its cross-border payments business in accordance with ASC 815, "Derivatives and Hedging." Revenues earned on the currency spread inherent in the instruments on date of execution, as well as changes in fair value related to these instruments prior to settlement, represented approximately 8% of consolidated revenues, net, for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Revenue is also derived from the sale of equipment and cards in certain of the Company’s businesses, which is recognized at the time the device or card is sold and control has passed to the customer. This revenue is recognized gross of the cost of sales related to the equipment and cards in revenues, net within the Consolidated Statements of Income. The related cost of sales for the equipment and cards is recorded in processing expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Revenues from contracts with customers, within the scope of Topic 606, represent approximately 87% of consolidated revenues, net, for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Disaggregation of Revenues
The Company provides its services to customers across different payment solutions and geographies. Revenues, net by solution for the years ended December 31 (in millions) are as follows:

Revenues by Solution |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
Fuel |  | $ | 1,378.3 |  |  | $ | 1,180.1 |  |  | $ | 1,057.2 |  |  |  |
Corporate Payments |  | 772.4 |  |  | 600.0 |  |  | 434.0 |  |  |  |
Tolls |  | 362.2 |  |  | 306.0 |  |  | 292.0 |  |  |  |
Lodging |  | 456.5 |  |  | 309.6 |  |  | 207.0 |  |  |  |
Gift |  | 194.5 |  |  | 179.5 |  |  | 154.4 |  |  |  |
Other |  | 263.2 |  |  | 258.5 |  |  | 244.3 |  |  |  |
Consolidated revenues, net |  | $ | 3,427.1 |  |  | $ | 2,833.7 |  |  | $ | 2,388.9 |  |  |  |

Revenues, net by geography for the years ended December 31 (in millions) are as follows:

Revenues by Geography |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
United States (country of domicile) |  | $ | 2,093.9 |  |  | $ | 1,785.2 |  |  | $ | 1,467.5 |
Brazil |  | 442.2 |  |  | 368.1 |  |  | 344.2 |
United Kingdom |  | 363.3 |  |  | 321.8 |  |  | 262.9 |
Other |  | 527.7 |  |  | 358.6 |  |  | 314.2 |
Consolidated revenues, net |  | $ | 3,427.1 |  |  | $ | 2,833.7 |  |  | $ | 2,388.9 |

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Contract Liabilities
Deferred revenue contract liabilities for customers subject to ASC 606 were $57.7 million and $73.7 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect to recognize approximately $38.6 million of these amounts in revenues within 12 months and the remaining $19.1 million over the next five years as of December 31, 2022. The amount and timing of revenue recognition is affected by several factors, including contract modifications and terminations, which could impact the estimate of amounts allocated to remaining performance obligations and when such revenues could be recognized. Revenue recognized for the year ended December 31, 2022, that was included in the deferred revenue contract liability as of January 1, 2022, was approximately $41.7 million.
Costs to Obtain or Fulfill a Contract and/or Customer Incentives
In accordance with ASC 606, the Company capitalizes the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if the Company expects to recover those costs. The incremental costs of obtaining a contract are those that the Company incurs to obtain a contract with a customer that it would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained (for example, a sales commission).
Costs incurred to fulfill a contract are capitalized if those costs meet all of the following criteria:
a.The costs relate directly to a contract or to an anticipated contract that the Company can specifically identify.
b.The costs generate or enhance resources of the Company that will be used in satisfying (or in continuing to satisfy) performance obligations in the future.
c.The costs are expected to be recovered.
In order to determine the appropriate amortization period for contract costs, the Company considers a combination of factors, including customer attrition rates, estimated terms of customer relationships, the useful lives of technology used by the Company to provide products and services to its customers, whether further contract renewals are expected and if there is any incremental commission to be paid on a contract renewal. Contract acquisition and fulfillment costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the expected period of benefit (ranging from five to ten years). Costs to obtain a contract with an expected period of benefit of one year or less are recognized as an expense when incurred. The amortization of contract acquisition costs associated with sales commissions that qualify for capitalization is recorded as selling expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income.
Amortization of capitalized contract costs recorded in selling expense was $15.4 million, $16.0 million and $15.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Costs to obtain or fulfill a contract are classified as contract cost assets within prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company had capitalized contract costs of $17.1 million and $16.1 million within prepaid expenses and other current assets and $42.9 million and $38.9 million within other assets in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Further, the Company on occasion may make a cash payment to a customer as a contract incentive. We defer these costs as payments to a customer if recoverable and amortize them over the benefit period, including anticipated customer renewals. The amortization of costs associated with cash payments for client incentives is included as a reduction of revenues in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company had deferred customer incentives of $9.5 million as of December 31, 2022. Amortization of deferred customer incentives was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The Company has recorded $83.1 million, $76.6 million and $65.5 million of expenses related to sales of equipment and cards in processing expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Practical Expedients
ASC 606 requires disclosure of the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations; however, as allowed by ASC 606, the Company elected to exclude this disclosure for contracts with performance obligations of one year or less and contracts with variable consideration that is directly allocated to a single performance obligation such as a stand-ready series. As described above, the Company's most significant single performance obligations consist of variable consideration directly allocated under a stand-ready series of distinct days of service. Such direct allocation of variable consideration meets the specified criteria for the disclosure exclusion; therefore, the majority of the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations is variable consideration that is not required for this disclosure. The aggregate fixed consideration portion of customer contracts with an initial contract duration greater than one year is not material.
The Company elected to exclude all sales taxes and other similar taxes from the transaction price. Accordingly, the Company presents all collections from customers for these taxes on a net basis, rather than having to assess whether the Company is acting as an agent or a principal in each taxing jurisdiction.
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In certain arrangements with customers, the Company has determined that certain promised services and products are immaterial in the context of the contract, both quantitatively and qualitatively.
As a practical expedient, the Company is not required to adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the Company transfers a promised service or product to a customer and when the customer pays for the service or product will be one year or less. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s contracts with customers retain standard pricing where the timing on control transfer is dependent upon the customer in a stand-ready environment and therefore did not contain a significant financing component.
4. Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is a market-based measurement that reflects assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. GAAP discusses valuation techniques, such as the market approach (comparable market prices), the income approach (present value of future income or cash flow), and the cost approach (cost to replace the service capacity of an asset or replacement cost). These valuation techniques are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions.
As the basis for evaluating such inputs, a three-tier value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:
•Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
•Level 2: Observable inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for similar or identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.
•Level 3: Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions. The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.
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The following table presents the Company’s financial assets and liabilities which are measured at fair values on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, (in thousands):

|  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements |  | $ | 444,216 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 444,216 |  |  | $ | — |
Money market |  | 37,821 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,821 |  |  | — |
Certificates of deposit |  | 181 |  |  | — |  |  | 181 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps |  | 11,953 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,953 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 266,917 |  |  | — |  |  | 266,917 |  |  | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 761,088 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 761,088 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash collateral for foreign exchange contracts |  | $ | 56,103 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 224,725 |  |  | — |  |  | 224,725 |  |  | — |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 224,725 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 224,725 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash collateral obligation for foreign exchange contracts |  | $ | 148,167 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements |  | $ | 477,069 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 477,069 |  |  | $ | — |
Money market |  | 43,023 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,023 |  |  | — |
Certificates of deposit |  | 958 |  |  | — |  |  | 958 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 120,859 |  |  | — |  |  | 120,859 |  |  | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 641,909 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 641,908 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash collateral for foreign exchange contracts |  | $ | 25,881 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps 1 |  | $ | 30,733 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 30,733 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 89,925 |  |  | — |  |  | 89,925 |  |  | — |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 120,658 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 120,658 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash collateral obligation for foreign exchange contracts |  | $ | 24,803 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

1 During 2022, the Company identified and corrected an immaterial error in the presentation of the December 31, 2021 interest rate swap liabilities in the table above. Such amount was incorrectly bracketed, which has since been corrected. The liability was correctly presented and classified in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2021.
The Company has highly-liquid investments classified as cash equivalents, with original maturities of 90 days or less, included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company utilizes Level 2 fair value determinations derived from directly or indirectly observable (market based) information to determine the fair value of these highly liquid investments. The Company has certain cash and cash equivalents that are invested on an overnight basis in repurchase agreements, money markets and certificates of deposit. The value of overnight repurchase agreements is determined based upon the quoted market prices for the treasury securities associated with the repurchase agreements. The value of money market instruments is determined based upon the financial institutions' month-end statement, as these instruments are not tradable and must be settled directly by us with the respective financial institution. Certificates of deposit are valued at cost, plus interest accrued. Given the short-term nature of these instruments, the carrying value approximates fair value. Foreign exchange derivative contracts are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The fair value of the Company's derivatives is derived with reference to a valuation from a derivatives dealer operating in an active market, which approximates the fair value of these instruments. Interest rate swap derivative contracts are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income to the extent designated as highly effective cash flow hedges for accounting purposes.
The fair value represents the net settlement if the contracts were terminated as of the reporting date. Cash collateral received for foreign exchange derivatives is recorded within customer deposits in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cash collateral deposited for foreign exchange derivatives is recorded within restricted cash in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
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The level within the fair value hierarchy and the measurement technique are reviewed quarterly. Transfers between levels are deemed to have occurred at the end of the quarter. There were no transfers between fair value levels during the periods presented for 2022 and 2021.
The Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are evaluated with periodic testing for impairment include property, plant and equipment, investments, goodwill and other intangible assets. Estimates of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations are generally developed using key inputs such as management’s projections of cash flows on a held-and-used basis (if applicable), discounted as appropriate, management’s projections of cash flows upon disposition and discount rates. Accordingly, these fair value measurements are in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
The Company determines the fair values of its derivatives based on quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities or pricing models using current market rates. Accordingly, these fair value measurements are in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The amounts exchanged are calculated by reference to the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity rates or other financial indices. The Company's derivatives are over-the-counter instruments with liquid markets.
The Company regularly evaluates the carrying value of its investments. As of December 31, 2022, the carrying amounts of cost-method investments without a readily determinable fair value and equity-method investments were $26.8 million and $47.5 million, respectively.
The fair value of the Company’s cash, accounts receivable, securitized accounts receivable and related facility, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, customer deposits and short-term borrowings approximate their respective carrying values due to the short-term maturities of the instruments. The carrying value of the Company’s debt obligations approximates fair value as the interest rates on the debt are variable market-based interest rates that reset on a monthly basis. These are each Level 2 fair value measurements, except for cash, which is a Level 1 fair value measurement.
5. Stockholders' Equity
The Company's Board of Directors (the "Board") has approved a stock repurchase program (as updated from time to time, the "Program") authorizing the Company to repurchase its common stock from time to time until February 1, 2024. On January 25, 2022, the Board increased the aggregate size of the Program by $1.0 billion, to $6.1 billion, and on October 25, 2022, the Board increased the aggregate size of the Program again by $1.0 billion to $7.1 billion. Since the beginning of the Program through December 31, 2022, 26,280,908 shares have been repurchased for an aggregate purchase price of $5.9 billion, leaving the Company up to $1.2 billion of remaining authorization available under the Program for future repurchases in shares of its common stock. There were 6,212,410 common shares totaling $1.4 billion in 2022; 5,451,556 common shares totaling $1.4 billion in 2021 and 3,497,285 common shares totaling $940.8 million in 2020; repurchased under the Program. Repurchased shares are held as treasury stock on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
6. Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for stock-based compensation pursuant to relevant authoritative guidance, which requires measurement of compensation cost for all stock awards at fair value on the date of grant and recognition of compensation, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period for awards expected to vest.
The Company has a Stock Incentive Plan (the "Plan"), pursuant to which the Company's board of directors is permitted to grant equity to employees and directors. Under the Plan, a maximum of 20.65 million shares of our common stock is approved to be issued for grants of restricted stock and stock options. At December 31, 2022, the re were 4.6 million shares av ailable to be granted under the Plan. The Company does not issue shares from treasury stock under the Plan.
The table below summarizes the expense recognized within general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income related to stock-based compensation for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Stock options |  | $ | 61,993 |  |  | $ | 30,057 |  |  | $ | 23,407 |
Restricted stock |  | 59,423 |  |  | 50,014 |  |  | 19,977 |
Stock-based compensation |  | $ | 121,416 |  |  | $ | 80,071 |  |  | $ | 43,384 |

The tax benefits recorded upon the exercises of options and vesting of restricted stock were $25.5 million, $32.8 million and $70.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The following table summarizes the Company’s total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock-based compensation as of December 31, 2022 (cost in thousands):
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|  | Unrecognized Compensation Cost |  | Weighted Average Period of Expense Recognition (in Years)
Stock options |  | $ | 45,659 |  |  | 1.58
Restricted stock |  | 41,570 |  |  | 0.70
Total |  | $ | 87,229 |  |  |

Stock Options
The following summarizes the changes in the number of shares of common stock under option for the following periods (shares and aggregate intrinsic value in thousands):

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Options Exercisable at End of Year |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price of Exercisable Options |  | Weighted Average Fair Value of Options Granted During the Year |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 |  | 6,263 |  |  | $ | 124.38 |  |  | 5,137 |  |  | $ | 109.03 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,022,860 |
Granted |  | 503 |  |  | 215.36 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 53.18 |  |  |
Exercised |  | (1,681) |  |  | 80.84 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 322,823 |
Forfeited |  | (121) |  |  | 194.61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 |  | 4,964 |  |  | 146.69 |  |  | 3,994 |  |  | 130.37 |  |  |  |  | 626,107 |
Granted |  | 1,097 |  |  | 261.85 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 72.84 |  |  |
Exercised |  | (592) |  |  | 82.50 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 83,686 |
Forfeited |  | (22) |  |  | 230.14 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  | 5,447 |  |  | 176.52 |  |  | 3,798 |  |  | 145.18 |  |  |  |  | 257,707 |
Granted |  | 649 |  |  | 223.66 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 65.23 |  |  |
Exercised |  | (544) |  |  | 94.79 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 64,783 |
Forfeited |  | (251) |  |  | 230.60 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  | 5,301 |  |  | $ | 188.12 |  |  | 3,512 |  |  | $ | 159.46 |  |  |  |  | $ | 113,681 |
Expected to vest at December 31, 2022 |  | 1,422 |  |  | $ | 240.05 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2022 (shares in thousands):

Exercise Price |  | Options Outstanding |  | Weighted Average Remaining Vesting Life in Years |  | Options Exercisable
$87.61 – $199.75 |  | 3,182 |  |  | 0.04 |  | 3,051 |
$202.02 – $216.18 |  | 117 |  |  | 0.20 |  | 83 |
$220.13 – $231.70 |  | 685 |  |  | 1.12 |  | 151 |
$235.52 – $248.28 |  | 38 |  |  | 1.39 |  | 5 |
$249.77 – $252.50 |  | 202 |  |  | 0.11 |  | 146 |
$256.55 – $261.27 |  | 1,000 |  |  | 0.21 |  | 48 |
$263.21 – $319.55 |  | 78 |  |  | 0.82 |  | 28 |
|  | 5,301 |  |  |  |  | 3,512 |

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercisable at December 31, 2022 was $113.6 million. The weighted average remaining contractual term of options exercisable at December 31, 2022 was 3.4 years.
The fair value of stock option awards granted was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions for grants or modifications during the years ended December 31 as follows:

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Risk-free interest rate |  | 1.65 | % |  | 0.45 | % |  | 0.37 | %
Dividend yield |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Expected volatility |  | 34.62 | % |  | 34.44 | % |  | 31.00 | %
Expected term (in years) |  | 3.9 |  | 4.0 |  | 3.9

The weighted-average remaining contractual term for options outstanding was 4.1 years at December 31, 2022.
The fair value of stock options granted with market based vesting conditions was estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation valuation model with the following assumptions during the year ended December 31 as follows. There were no performance options granted with market based vesting conditions in 2022 or 2020.

|  | 2021 |
Risk-free interest rate |  | 0.59 | % |
Dividend yield |  | — |  |
Expected volatility |  | 36.10 | % |
Expected term (in years) |  | 3.3 |

Restricted Stock
The following table summarizes the changes in the number of shares of restricted stock and restricted stock units for the following periods (shares in thousands):
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|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 |  | 243 |  |  | $ | 246.34 |
Granted |  | 171 |  |  | 252.36 |
Cancelled |  | (100) |  |  | 249.17 |
Issued |  | (140) |  |  | 227.20 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 |  | 174 |  |  | 265.29 |
Granted |  | 215 |  |  | 272.59 |
Cancelled |  | (38) |  |  | 265.76 |
Issued |  | (73) |  |  | 258.13 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  | 278 |  |  | 278.57 |
Granted |  | 386 |  |  | 229.22 |
Cancelled |  | (83) |  |  | 267.53 |
Issued |  | (146) |  |  | 283.60 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  | 435 |  |  | $ | 237.68 |

The total fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units vested was $34.4 million, $20.2 million and $33.3 million fo r the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
7. Acquisitions and Equity Method Investments
2022 Acquisitions
During 2022, the Company acquired Levarti, an airline software platform company reported in the Lodging segment; Accrualify, an accounts payable (AP) automation software company reported in the Corporate Payments segment; Plugsurfing, a European EV software and network provider reported in the Fleet segment; and Roomex, a European workforce lodging provider reported in the Lodging segment. The aggregate purchase price of these acquisitions was approximately $197.6 million, net of cash. The Company financed the acquisitions using a combination of available cash and borrowings under its existing credit facility. In connection with one of these acquisitions, the Company signed noncompete agreements of $1.1 million with certain parties affiliated with the business for which the Company is still completing the valuation. These noncompete agreements were accounted for separately from the business acquisition.
Acquisition accounting is preliminary as the Company is still completing the valuation for goodwill, intangible assets, income taxes, working capital, and contingencies.
The following table summarizes the preliminary acquisition accounting, in aggregate, for the business acquisitions noted above (in thousands):

Trade and other receivables | $ | 15,140 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 4,236 |
Other long term assets | 1,192 |
Goodwill | 159,171 |
Intangibles | 50,730 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | (18,467) |
Other current liabilities | (4,960) |
Other noncurrent liabilities | (9,470) |
Aggregate purchase price | $ | 197,572 |

The estimated fair value of intangible assets acquired and the related estimated useful lives consisted of the following (in thousands):
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| Useful Lives (in Years) |  | Value |
Trade Names and Trademarks | 2 - Indefinite |  | $ | 4,786 |  |
Proprietary Technology | 5 - 10 |  | 12,375 |  |
Lodging / Supplier Network | 10 |  | 817 |  |
Customer Relationships | 5 - 20 |  | 32,752 |  |
|  |  | $ | 50,730 |  |

Other
In February 2022, the Company also made investments of $7.8 million in an EV charging payments business and $5.0 million in an EV data analytics business. In September 2022, the Company made an investment of $6.1 million in a U.K.-based EV search and pay mapping service.
2021 Acquisitions
ALE
On September 1, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of ALE Solutions, Inc. (ALE), a U.S.-based provider of lodging solutions to the insurance industry, for a net purchase price of $421.8 million. The purpose of this acquisition is to expand the Company's lodging business into the insurance vertical. The Company financed the acquisition using a combination of available cash and borrowings under its existing credit facility. The results from the acquisition are reported in the Lodging segment.
In connection with this acquisition, the Company signed noncompete agreements with certain parties affiliated with the business with an estimated fair value of $18.3 million. These noncompete agreements were accounted for separately from the business acquisition. Accounting for the fair values of the ALE customer relationship intangible asset was subjective due to the uncertainty in estimating customer attrition rates, which had a significant impact on the estimated fair values. The customer attrition rates are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions.
The following table summarizes the final acquisition accounting for ALE (in thousands):

Trade and other receivables | $ | 178,396 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 2,555 |
Other long term assets | 10,121 |
Goodwill | 136,471 |
Intangibles | 175,800 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | (31,048) |
Other current liabilities | (38,866) |
Other noncurrent liabilities | (11,596) |
Aggregate purchase price | $ | 421,833 |

The estimated fair value of intangible assets acquired and the related estimated useful lives consisted of the following (in thousands):

| Useful Lives (in Years) |  | Value
Trade Names and Trademarks | Indefinite |  | $ | 14,500 |
Proprietary Technology | 4 |  | 14,400 |
Lodging Network | 20 |  | 800 |
Customer Relationships | 15 |  | 146,100 |
|  |  | $ | 175,800 |

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AFEX
On June 1, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of Associated Foreign Exchange (AFEX), a U.S. based, cross-border payment solutions provider, for $459.8 million. This included $210.3 million of cash and cash equivalents and $178.7 million of restricted cash, resulting in a net purchase price of $70.7 million. The purpose of this acquisition is to further expand the Company's cross-border payment solutions. The Company financed the acquisition using a combination of available cash and borrowings under its existing credit facility. The results from the acquisition are reported in the Corporate Payments segment.
In connection with this acquisition, the Company signed noncompete agreements with certain parties affiliated with the business with an estimated fair value of $4.1 million. These noncompete agreements were accounted for separately from the business acquisition. Accounting for the fair value of the AFEX customer relationship intangible asset was subjective due to the uncertainty in estimating customer attrition rates, which had a significant impact on the estimated fair value. The customer attrition rates are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions.
The following table summarizes the final acquisition accounting for AFEX (in thousands):

Trade and other receivables | $ | 8,159 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 108,402 |
Property, plant and equipment | 1,723 |
Other long term assets | 51,074 |
Goodwill | 257,332 |
Intangibles | 237,900 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | (40,164) |
Other current liabilities | (81,430) |
Customer deposits | (375,049) |
Other noncurrent liabilities | (97,855) |
Aggregate purchase price | $ | 70,092 |

The estimated fair value of intangible assets acquired and the related estimated useful lives consisted of the following (in thousands):

| Useful Lives (in Years) |  | Value
Trade Names and Trademarks | 2 |  | $ | 5,400 |
Proprietary Technology | 4 |  | 11,800 |
Banking Relationships | 20 |  | 1,800 |
Licenses | 20 |  | 2,600 |
Customer Relationships | 10 |  | 216,300 |
|  |  | $ | 237,900 |

Roger
On January 13, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of Roger, rebranded Corpay One, a global accounts payable (AP) cloud software platform for small businesses, for $39.0 million, net of cash acquired. The Company financed the acquisition using a combination of available cash and borrowings under its existing credit facility. The results from the acquisition are reported in the Corporate Payments segment.
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The following table summarizes the final acquisition accounting for Roger (in thousands):

Accounts and other receivables | $ | 110 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 37 |
Other assets | 28 |
Goodwill | 34,359 |
Other intangibles | 5,400 |
Current liabilities | (925) |
Deferred income taxes | (6) |
Aggregate purchase price | $ | 39,003 |

The estimated fair value of intangible assets acquired and the related estimated useful lives consisted of the following (in thousands):

| Useful Lives (in Years) |  | Value
Proprietary Technology | 10 |  | $ | 4,800 |
Customer Relationships | 13 |  | 600 |
|  |  | $ | 5,400 |

Other
On December 15, 2021, the Company acquired a mobile fuel payments solution in Russia for a net purchase price of $5.0 million. The results from the acquisition are reported in the Fleet segment. During 2021, the Company made an investment of $37.8 million in a joint venture in Brazil with CAIXA. The Company also made investments in other businesses of $6.8 million. The Company financed the investments using a combination of available cash and borrowings under its existing credit facility.
8. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
A summary of changes in the Company’s goodwill by reportable segment is as follows (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2021 |  | Acquisitions |  |  |  | Acquisition Accounting Adjustments |  | Foreign Currency |  | December 31, 2022
Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet |  | $ | 1,929,095 |  |  | $ | 71,856 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,216 |  |  | $ | (47,514) |  |  | $ | 1,954,653 |
Corporate Payments |  | 1,888,875 |  |  | 40,387 |  |  |  |  | 2,933 |  |  | (26,125) |  |  | 1,906,070 |
Lodging |  | 364,653 |  |  | 46,928 |  |  |  |  | 4,700 |  |  | (237) |  |  | 416,044 |
Brazil |  | 546,148 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 29,590 |  |  | 575,738 |
Other |  | 350,207 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,277) |  |  | 348,930 |
|  | $ | 5,078,978 |  |  | $ | 159,171 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,849 |  |  | $ | (45,563) |  |  | $ | 5,201,435 |

|  | December 31, 2020 |  | Acquisitions |  |  |  | Acquisition Accounting Adjustments |  | Foreign Currency |  | December 31, 2021
Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet |  | $ | 1,943,065 |  |  | $ | 3,286 |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,294) |  |  | $ | (15,962) |  |  | $ | 1,929,095 |
Corporate Payments |  | 1,606,704 |  |  | 288,758 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (6,587) |  |  | 1,888,875 |
Lodging |  | 233,413 |  |  | 131,771 |  |  |  |  | 398 |  |  | (929) |  |  | 364,653 |
Brazil |  | 585,861 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (39,713) |  |  | 546,148 |
Other |  | 350,138 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | 350,207 |
|  | $ | 4,719,181 |  |  | $ | 423,815 |  |  |  |  | $ | (896) |  |  | $ | (63,122) |  |  | $ | 5,078,978 |

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately $945.0 million and $923.3 million of the Company’s goodwill is deductible for tax purposes, respectively. Acquisition accounting adjustments recorded in 2022 and 2021 are a result of the Company completing its acquisition accounting and working capital adjustments for certain prior year acquisitions.
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Other intangible assets consisted of the following at December 31 (in thousands):

|  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | Weighted- Avg Useful Life (Years) |  | Gross Carrying Amounts |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amounts |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Customer and vendor relationships |  | 16.4 |  | $ | 2,922,586 |  |  | $ | (1,332,542) |  |  | $ | 1,590,044 |  |  | $ | 2,925,719 |  |  | $ | (1,167,218) |  |  | $ | 1,758,501 |
Trade names and trademarks—indefinite lived |  | N/A |  | 419,270 |  |  | — |  |  | 419,270 |  |  | 466,327 |  |  | — |  |  | 466,327 |
Trade names and trademarks—other |  | 1.7 |  | 47,939 |  |  | (9,111) |  |  | 38,828 |  |  | 12,093 |  |  | (5,235) |  |  | 6,858 |
Technology |  | 6.0 |  | 278,460 |  |  | (216,858) |  |  | 61,602 |  |  | 272,461 |  |  | (198,628) |  |  | 73,833 |
Non-compete agreements |  | 4.3 |  | 80,098 |  |  | (58,868) |  |  | 21,230 |  |  | 78,145 |  |  | (48,279) |  |  | 29,866 |
Total other intangibles |  |  |  | $ | 3,748,353 |  |  | $ | (1,617,379) |  |  | $ | 2,130,974 |  |  | $ | 3,754,745 |  |  | $ | (1,419,360) |  |  | $ | 2,335,385 |

Changes in foreign exchange rates resulted in $18.4 million and $32.7 million decreases to the carrying values of other intangible assets in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $227.2 million, $205.5 million, and $184.2 million, respectively. Due to rebranding activity, the Company reassessed the useful lives of certain trademarks. This resulted in a reclassification of $45.6 million from indefinite to finite-lived assets. At the time of change in estimate, which was applied prospectively, the Company tested these trademarks for impairment, which resulted in no impairment charge.
The future estimated amortization of intangible assets at December 31, 2022 is as follows (in thousands):

2023 |  | $ | 208,509 |
2024 |  | 203,417 |
2025 |  | 180,525 |
2026 |  | 160,646 |
2027 |  | 150,867 |
Thereafter |  | 807,740 |

9. Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following at December 31 (in thousands):

|  | Estimated Useful Lives (in Years) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Computer hardware and software |  | 3 to 5 |  | $ | 470,191 |  |  | $ | 472,145 |
Card-reading equipment |  | 4 to 6 |  | 49,655 |  |  | 36,829 |
Furniture, fixtures, and vehicles |  | 2 to 10 |  | 19,482 |  |  | 22,650 |
Buildings and improvements |  | 5 to 50 |  | 36,105 |  |  | 33,517 |
Property, plant and equipment, gross |  |  |  | 575,433 |  |  | 565,141 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  |  | (280,741) |  |  | (328,847) |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  |  | $ | 294,692 |  |  | $ | 236,294 |

Depreciation expense related to property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $92.0 million, $75.6 million, and $65.2 million, respectively. Amortization expense includes $59.1 million, $46.7 million, and $40.2 million for capitalized computer software costs for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had unamortized computer software costs of $167.5 million and $155.3 million, respectively.
Write-offs of property, plant and equipment were immaterial for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
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10. Accrued Expenses
Accrued expenses consisted of the following at December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Accrued bonuses |  | $ | 19,975 |  |  | $ | 26,950 |
Accrued payroll and severance |  | 48,007 |  |  | 38,328 |
Accrued taxes |  | 94,557 |  |  | 93,627 |
Accrued commissions/rebates |  | 83,190 |  |  | 92,063 |
Other 1 |  | 106,207 |  |  | 118,086 |
|  | $ | 351,936 |  |  | $ | 369,054 |

1 Other accrued expenses include several types of amounts due to our merchants, vendors, and other third parties.
11. Debt
The Company’s debt instruments at December 31 consist primarily of term notes, revolving lines of credit and a Securitization Facility as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Term Loan A note payable (a), net of discounts |  | $ | 2,956,053 |  |  | $ | 2,763,162 |
Term Loan B note payable (a), net of discounts |  | 1,855,891 |  |  | 1,871,505 |
Revolving line of credit facilities (a) |  | 935,000 |  |  | 225,000 |
Other obligations (c) |  | 2,950 |  |  | — |
Total notes payable, credit agreements, and other obligations |  | 5,749,894 |  |  | 4,859,667 |
Securitization Facility(b) |  | 1,287,000 |  |  | 1,118,000 |
Total debt |  | $ | 7,036,894 |  |  | $ | 5,977,667 |
Current portion |  | $ | 2,314,056 |  |  | $ | 1,517,628 |
Long-term portion |  | 4,722,838 |  |  | 4,460,039 |
Total debt |  | $ | 7,036,894 |  |  | $ | 5,977,667 |

_____________________
(a)The Company is party to a $6.4 billion Credit Agreement (the "Credit Agreement"), with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and letter of credit issuer, and a syndicate of financial institutions (the "Lenders"), which has been amended multiple times. The Credit Agreement provides for senior secured credit f acilities (collectively, the "Credit Facility") consisting of a revolving credit facility in the amount of $1.5 billion, a term loan A facility in the amount of $3.0 billion and a term loan B facility in the amount of $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2022. The revolving credit facility consists of (a) a revolving A credit facility in the amount of $1 billion with sublimits for letters of credit and swing line loans and (b) a revolving B facility in the amount of $500 million with borrowings in U.S. dollars, euros, British pounds, Japanese yen or other currency as agreed in advance and a sublimit for swing line loans. The Credit Agreement also includes an accordion feature for borrowing an additional $750 million in term loan A, term loan B, revolving A or revolving B facility debt and an unlimited amount when the leverage ratio on a pro-forma basis is less than 3.75 to 1.00. Procee ds from the credit facilities may be used for working capital purposes, acquisitions, and other general corporate purposes.
On June 24, 2022, the Company entered into the twelfth amendment to the Credit Agreement. The amendment replaced the then-existing term loan A with the $3 billion term loan A described above and the then-existing revolving credit facility with the $1.5 billion revolving credit facility described above, resulting in net increases of $273 million and $215 million to the capacities of the term loan A and revolving credit facility, respectively. In addition, the amendment replaced LIBOR for USD borrowings with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% for the term loan A and the revolving Credit Facility and extended the maturity date. The maturity date for the new term loan A and revolving credit facilities A and B is June 24, 2027. The term loan B has a maturity date of April 30, 2028.
Interest on amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement (other than the term loan B) accrues as follows: For loans denominated in U.S. dollars, based on SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10%, in British pounds, based on the SONIA plus a SONIA adjustment of 0.0326%, in euros, based on the Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”), or in Japanese yen, at the Tokyo Interbank Offer Rate (“TIBOR”) plus a margin based on a leverage ratio, or our option (for U.S. dollar borrowings only), the Base Rate (defined as the rate equal to the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus
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0.50%, (b) the prime rate announced by Bank of America, N.A., or (c) SOFR plus 1.00% plus a margin based on a leverage ratio). Interest on the term loan B facility accrues based on the British Bankers Association LIBOR Rate (the "Eurocurrency Rate") plus 1.75%. In addition, the Company pays a quarterly commitment fee at a rate per annum ranging from 0.25% to 0.30% of the daily unused portion of the credit facility.
The interest rates at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021
Term loan A | 5.80 | % |  | 1.60 | %
Revolving A facility | 5.79 | % |  | 1.61 | %
Term loan B | 6.13 | % |  | 1.85 | %
Unused credit facility fee | 0.25 | % |  | 0.30 | %

The term loans are payable in quarterly installments due on the last business day of each March, June, September, and December with the final principal payment due on the respective maturity date. Borrowings on the revolving line of credit are repayable at the maturity of the facility. Borrowings on the domestic swing line of credit are due on demand, and borrowings on the foreign swing line of credit are due no later than twenty business days after such loan is made.
The Company has unamortized debt discounts and debt issuance costs of $23.9 million and $25.2 million related to the term loans as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, recorded in notes payable and other obligations, net of current portion within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company has unamortized debt issuance costs of $4.6 million and $3.3 million related to the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, recorded in other assets within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
As a result of the amortization of debt discounts and debt issuance costs, the effective interest rate incurred on the term loans was 3.41% during 2022. Principal payments of $2.8 billion were made on the term loans during 2022.
(b)The Company is party to a $1.7 billion receivables purchase agreement (Securitization Facility). On March 23, 2022, the Company entered into the tenth amendment to the Securitization Facility. The amendment increased the Securitization Facility commitment from $1.3 billion to $1.6 billion and replaced LIBOR with SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10%. On August 18, 2022, the Company entered into the eleventh amendment to the Securitization Facility. The amendment increased the Securitization Facility commitment from $1.6 billion to $1.7 billion, reduced the program fee margin and extended the maturity of the Securitization Facility to August 18, 2025. There is a program fee equal to SOFR plus 0.10% adjustment plus 0.95% or the Commercial Paper Rate plus 0.85% as of December 31, 2022 and one month LIBOR plus 1.00% or the Commercial Paper Rate plus 0.90% as of December 31, 2021. The program fee was 4.48% plus 0.94% as of December 31, 2022 and 0.12% plus 0.98% as of December 31, 2021. The unused facility fee is payable at a rate of between 0.30% and 0.40% based on utilization as of December 31, 2022 an d 0.40% as of December 31, 2021. The Company has unamortized debt issuance costs o f $3.2 million and $2.5 million related to the revolving Securitization Facility as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, recorded in other assets within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Securitization Facility provides for certain termination events, which includes nonpayment, upon the occurrence of which the administrator may declare the facility termination date to have occurred, may exercise certain enforcement rights with respect to the receivables, and may appoint a successor servicer, among other things.
(c)Other obligations includes a credit facility assumed as part of a business acquisition in 2022.
The Company was in compliance with all financial and non-financial covenants at December 31, 2022. The Company has entered into interest rate swap cash flow contracts with U.S. dollar notional amounts in order to reduce the variability of cash flows in the previously unhedged interest payments associated with $2.0 billion of unspecified variable rate debt. The $1.0 billion interest rate swap matured in January 2022 and one of the $500 million interest rate swaps matured in January 2023. Refer to Note 16 for further details.
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The contractual maturities of the Company’s total debt at December 31, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

2023 |  | $ | 2,318,950 |
2024 |  | 131,500 |
2025 |  | 169,000 |
2026 |  | 169,000 |
2027 |  | 2,494,000 |
Thereafter |  | 1,778,375 |
Total principal payments |  | 7,060,825 |
Less: debt discounts and issuance costs included in debt |  | (23,931) |
Total debt |  | $ | 7,036,894 |

12. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (AOCI)
The changes in the components of AOCI for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

| Cumulative Foreign Currency Translation |  | Unrealized (Losses) Gains on Derivative Instruments |  | Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | (929,713) |  |  | $ | (42,752) |  |  | $ | (972,465) |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  | (367,249) |  |  | (70,719) |  |  | (437,968) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | — |  |  | 39,264 |  |  | 39,264 |
Tax effect |  | — |  |  | 8,011 |  |  | 8,011 |
Other comprehensive loss |  | (367,249) |  |  | (23,444) |  |  | (390,693) |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | (1,296,962) |  |  | (66,196) |  |  | (1,363,158) |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  | (144,543) |  |  | 7,394 |  |  | (137,149) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | — |  |  | 49,747 |  |  | 49,747 |
Tax effect |  | — |  |  | (14,056) |  |  | (14,056) |
Other comprehensive (loss) gain |  | (144,543) |  |  | 43,085 |  |  | (101,458) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | (1,441,505) |  |  | (23,111) |  |  | (1,464,616) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications |  | (77,135) |  |  | 31,853 |  |  | (45,282) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | — |  |  | 10,835 |  |  | 10,835 |
Tax effect |  | — |  |  | (10,587) |  |  | (10,587) |
Other comprehensive (loss) gain |  | (77,135) |  |  | 32,101 |  |  | (45,034) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | (1,518,640) |  |  | $ | 8,990 |  |  | $ | (1,509,650) |

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13. Income Taxes
Income before the provision for income taxes is attributable to the following jurisdictions for years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
United States |  | $ | 506,214 |  |  | $ | 515,041 |  |  | $ | 457,090 |
Foreign |  | 769,446 |  |  | 593,767 |  |  | 425,435 |
Total |  | $ | 1,275,660 |  |  | $ | 1,108,808 |  |  | $ | 882,525 |

The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31 consists of the following (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 166,172 |  |  | $ | 118,861 |  |  | $ | 71,123 |
State |  | 34,947 |  |  | 31,674 |  |  | 19,597 |
Foreign |  | 153,388 |  |  | 107,751 |  |  | 71,921 |
Total current |  | 354,507 |  |  | 258,286 |  |  | 162,641 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | (36,613) |  |  | (12,165) |  |  | 143 |
State |  | (6,066) |  |  | (4,540) |  |  | (4,323) |
Foreign |  | 9,505 |  |  | 27,730 |  |  | 19,848 |
Total deferred |  | (33,174) |  |  | 11,025 |  |  | 15,668 |
Total provision |  | $ | 321,333 |  |  | $ | 269,311 |  |  | $ | 178,309 |

The provision for income taxes differs from amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal tax rate of 21% for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, to income before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 due to the following (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Computed “expected” tax expense |  | $ | 267,889 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 232,850 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 185,330 |  |  | 21.0 | %
Changes resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in valuation allowance |  | 22,399 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 1,378 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 25,932 |  |  | 2.9 |
Foreign income tax differential |  | 566 |  |  | — |  |  | (10,326) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | (20,852) |  |  | (2.3) |
State taxes net of federal benefits |  | 12,745 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 18,352 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 7,489 |  |  | 0.8 |
Increase in tax expense due to uncertain tax positions |  | 8,257 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 8,185 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 14,848 |  |  | 1.7 |
Foreign withholding tax |  | 13,547 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 9,143 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 15,630 |  |  | 1.8 |
Change in indefinite reinvestment - Russia |  | (9,049) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation |  | (10,000) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (16,304) |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | (58,942) |  |  | (6.7) |
Sub-part F Income/GILTI |  | 79,420 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 72,449 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | 34,990 |  |  | 4.0 |
Foreign tax credits |  | (73,974) |  |  | (5.8) |  |  | (63,926) |  |  | (5.8) |  |  | (30,497) |  |  | (3.5) |
Foreign source non-deductible interest |  | 9,462 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 10,348 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 6,986 |  |  | 0.8 |
IRC section 162(m) adjustment |  | 8,119 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 3,665 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 1,393 |  |  | 0.2 |
Brazil tourism tax benefit |  | (13,810) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other |  | 5,762 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 3,497 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (3,998) |  |  | (0.5) |
Provision for income taxes |  | $ | 321,333 |  |  | 25.2 | % |  | $ | 269,311 |  |  | 24.3 | % |  | $ | 178,309 |  |  | 20.2 | %

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The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, principally due to the allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 19,508 |  |  | $ | 13,987 |
Accrued expenses not currently deductible for tax |  | 7,307 |  |  | 6,252 |
Lease deferral |  | 18,146 |  |  | 20,349 |
Interest rate swap |  | — |  |  | 7,621 |
Stock based compensation |  | 41,202 |  |  | 39,658 |
Income tax credits |  | 62,512 |  |  | 51,264 |
Net operating loss carry forwards |  | 81,580 |  |  | 76,988 |
Accrued escheat |  | 3,286 |  |  | 3,170 |
Other |  | 28,773 |  |  | 10,078 |
Deferred tax assets before valuation allowance |  | 262,314 |  |  | 229,367 |
Valuation allowance |  | (117,379) |  |  | (94,601) |
Deferred tax assets, net |  | 144,935 |  |  | 134,766 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Intangibles—including goodwill |  | (504,590) |  |  | (520,349) |
Basis difference in investment in subsidiaries |  | (42,091) |  |  | (42,938) |
Interest rate swap |  | (2,964) |  |  | — |
Lease deferral |  | (15,428) |  |  | (17,739) |
Accrued expense liability |  | (742) |  |  | (795) |
Prepaid expenses |  | (1,713) |  |  | (1,788) |
Withholding taxes |  | (31,448) |  |  | (38,704) |
Property and equipment and other |  | (72,076) |  |  | (76,810) |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | (671,052) |  |  | (699,123) |
Net deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (526,117) |  |  | $ | (564,357) |

The Company’s deferred tax balances are classified in its balance sheets as of December 31 as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Long term deferred tax assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Long term deferred tax assets |  | $ | 1,348 |  |  | $ | 1,934 |
Long term deferred tax liabilities |  | (527,465) |  |  | (566,291) |
Net deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (526,117) |  |  | $ | (564,357) |

The valuation allowances relate to capital loss carryforwards, income tax credits, state 163(j) carryforward, foreign net operating loss carryforwards and state net operating loss carryforwards. The net change in the total valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2022 was an increase of $22.8 million. The valuation allowance increase was primarily due to net operating losses generated in certain states where the Company and its subsidiaries file on a separate company basis as well as an increase in foreign net operating losses where significant negative evidence on future utilization was considered.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had a net operating loss carryforward for U.S. federal income tax purposes of approximately $3.6 million gross of tax that is available to offset U.S. federal taxable income indefinitely. The Company had a net operating loss carryforward for state income tax purposes of approximately $901.7 million gross of tax that is available to offset future state taxable income indefinitely, and in some cases subject to expiration in 15 or 20 years. Additionally, the Company had $95.0 million net operating loss carryforwards gross of tax that are available to offset future foreign taxable income. Most foreign net operating loss carryforwards will not expire in future years. The Company has provided a valuation allowance against $47.2 million of its deferred tax asset related to the net operating losses as it does not anticipate utilizing the losses in the foreseeable future.
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In addition, the Company has foreign tax credits for foreign income purposes in the amount of $62.5 million. The Company has provided a valuation allowance against $62.5 million of the tax credits as it does not anticipate utilizing the credits in the foreseeable future.
During 2022 and 2021, the Company had recorded accrued interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits of $4.4 million and $5.6 million, respectively. Accumulated interest and penalties were $22.7 million and $18.1 million on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In accordance with the Company's accounting policy, interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are included as a component of income tax expense.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits excluding interest and penalties for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 42,773 |
Additions based on tax provisions related to the current year |  | 6,412 |
Additions based on tax provisions related to the prior year |  | 13,532 |
Deduction of cumulative interest and penalties |  | (12,508) |
Deductions based on settlement/expiration of prior year tax positions |  | (14,460) |
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2020 |  | 35,749 |
Additions based on tax provisions related to the current year |  | 8,543 |
Additions based on tax provisions related to the prior year |  | 5,909 |
Deductions based on settlement of prior year tax positions |  | (2,122) |
Deductions based on expiration of prior year tax positions |  | (1,058) |
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2021 |  | 47,021 |
Additions based on tax provisions related to the current year |  | 7,752 |
Additions based on tax provisions related to the prior year |  | 200 |
Deductions based on expiration of prior year tax positions |  | (1,550) |
Addition for cumulative federal benefit of state tax deductions |  | 7,281 |
Change due to OCI |  | (35) |
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 60,669 |

In prior years, the Company included federal benefits of state tax deductions related to unrecognized tax benefits in its tabular reconciliation above. A cumulative adjustment was made in 2022 to remove these amounts from the above tabular disclosure.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had total unrecognized tax benefits of $60.7 million all of which, if recognized, would affect its effective tax rate. It is not anticipated that there are any unrecognized tax benefits that will significantly increase or decrease within the next twelve months.
The Company files numerous consolidated and separate income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The statute of limitations for the Company’s U.S. federal income tax returns has expired for years prior to 2015. The statute of limitations for most state income tax returns has expired for years prior to 2019. The statute of limitations has expired for years prior to 20 19 for the Company’s Russian income tax returns, 2017 for the Company’s Mexican income tax returns, and 2017 for the Company’s Luxembourg income tax returns.
14. Leases
The Company primarily leases office space, data centers, vehicles, and equipment. Some of our leases contain variable lease payments, typically payments based on an index. The Company’s leases have remaining lease terms of one year to thirty years, some of which include options to extend from one to five years or more. The exercise of lease renewal options is typically at the Company's sole discretion; therefore, the majority of renewals to extend the lease terms are not reasonably certain to exercise and are not included in Right of Use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities. Variable lease payments based on an index or rate are initially measured using the index or rate in effect at lease commencement. Additional payments based on the change in an index or rate are recorded as a period expense when incurred. Lease modifications result in remeasurement of the lease liability as of the modification date.
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Other assets include ROU assets, other current liabilities include short-term operating lease liabilities, and other non-current liabilities include long-term lease liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021 is as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
ROU assets |  | $ | 94,604 |  |  | $ | 84,777 |
Short term lease liabilities |  | $ | 22,661 |  |  | $ | 20,296 |
Long term lease liabilities |  | $ | 86,671 |  |  | $ | 79,905 |

The Company does not recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a term of twelve months or less. The effect of short-term leases were not material to the ROU assets and lease liabilities.
Under ASC 842, a Company discounts future lease obligations by the rate implicit in the contract, unless the rate cannot be readily determined. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of the lease payments. In determining the borrowing rate, the Company considers the applicable lease terms, the Company's cost of borrowing, and for leases denominated in a foreign currency, the collateralized borrowing rate that the Company would obtain to borrow in the same currency in which the lease is denominated.
Total lease costs for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were $24.1 million, $22.6 million, and $20.7 million, respectively. Variable lease costs and short-term lease costs were immaterial for all periods presented.
The supplementary cash and non-cash disclosures for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 25,403 |  |  | $ | 23,803 |  |  | $ | 20,068 |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease obligations |  | $ | 31,204 |  |  | $ | 29,428 |  |  | $ | 7,134 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) |  | 6.09 |  | 5.99 |  | 7.07
Weighted-average discount rate |  | 3.64% |  | 3.80% |  | 4.18%

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

2023 |  | $ | 26,163 |
2024 |  | 24,571 |
2025 |  | 21,787 |
2026 |  | 16,905 |
2027 |  | 9,251 |
Thereafter |  | 23,675 |
Total lease payments |  | 122,352 |
Less imputed interest |  | 13,020 |
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 109,332 |

15. Commitments and Contingencies
In the ordinary course of business, the Company is involved in various pending or threatened legal actions, arbitration proceedings, claims, subpoenas, and matters relating to compliance with laws and regulations (collectively, "legal proceedings"). Based on our current knowledge, management presently does not believe that the liabilities arising from these legal proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. However, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of these legal proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition for any particular period.
Derivative Lawsuits
On July 10, 2017, a shareholder derivative complaint was filed against the Company and certain of the Company’s directors and officers in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ("Federal Derivative Action") seeking recovery from the Company. The District Court dismissed the Federal Derivative Action on October 21, 2020, and the United
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States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the dismissal on July 27, 2022, ending the lawsuit. A similar derivative lawsuit that had been filed on January 9, 2019 in the Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia (“State Derivative Action”) was likewise dismissed on October 31, 2022.
On January 20, 2023, the previous State Derivative Action plaintiffs filed a new derivative lawsuit in the Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia. The new lawsuit, City of Aventura Police Officers’ Retirement Fund, derivatively on behalf of FleetCor Technologies, Inc. v. Ronald F. Clarke and Eric R. Dey, alleges that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties by causing or permitting the Company to engage in unfair or deceptive marketing and billing practices, making false and misleading public statements concerning the Company’s fee charges and financial and business prospects, and making improper sales of stock. The complaint seeks approximately $118 million in monetary damages on behalf of the Company, including contribution by defendants as joint tortfeasors with the Company in unfair and deceptive practices, and disgorgement of incentive pay and stock compensation. On January 24, 2023, the previous Federal Derivative Action plaintiffs filed a similar new derivative lawsuit, Jerrell Whitten, derivatively on behalf of FleetCor Technologies, Inc. v. Ronald F. Clarke and Eric R. Dey, against Mr. Clarke and Mr. Dey in Gwinnett County, Georgia. The defendants dispute the allegations in the derivative complaints and intend to vigorously defend against the claims.
FTC Investigation
In October 2017, the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") issued a Notice of Civil Investigative Demand to the Company for the production of documentation and a request for responses to written interrogatories. After discussions with the Company, the FTC proposed in October 2019 to resolve potential claims relating to the Company’s advertising and marketing practices, principally in its U.S. direct fuel card business within its North American Fuel Card business. The parties reached impasse primarily related to what the Company believes are unreasonable demands for redress made by the FTC.
On December 20, 2019, the FTC filed a lawsuit in the Northern District of Georgia against the Company and Ron Clarke. See FTC v. FLEETCOR and Ronald F. Clarke, No. 19-cv-05727 (N.D. Ga.). The complaint alleges the Company and Clarke violated the FTC Act’s prohibitions on unfair and deceptive acts and practices. The complaint seeks among other things injunctive relief, consumer redress, and costs of suit. The Company continues to believe that the FTC’s claims are without merit. On April 17, 2021, the FTC filed a motion for summary judgment. On April 22, 2021, the United States Supreme Court held unanimously in AMG Capital Management v. FTC that the FTC does not have authority under current law to seek monetary redress by means of Section 13(b) of the FTC Act, which is the means by which the FTC has sought such redress in this case. FLEETCOR cross-moved for summary judgment regarding the FTC’s ability to seek monetary or injunctive relief on May 17, 2021. On August 13, 2021, the FTC filed a motion to stay or to voluntarily dismiss without prejudice the case pending in the Northern District of Georgia in favor of a parallel administrative action under Section 5 of the FTC Act that it filed on August 11, 2021 in the FTC’s administrative process. Apart from the jurisdiction and statutory change, the FTC’s administrative complaint makes the same factual allegations as the FTC’s original complaint filed in December 2019. The Company opposed the FTC’s motion for a stay or to voluntarily dismiss, and the court denied the FTC’s motion on February 7, 2022. In the meantime, the FTC’s administrative action is stayed. On August 9, 2022, the District Court for the Northern District of Georgia granted the FTC's motion for summary judgment as to liability for the Company and Ron Clarke, but granted the Company's motion for summary judgment as to the FTC's claim for monetary relief as to both the Company and Ron Clarke. The Company intends to appeal this decision after final judgment is issued. On October 20-21, 2022, the court held a hearing on the scope of injunctive relief. At the conclusion of the hearing, the Court did not enter either the FTC’s proposed order or the Company’s proposed order, and instead suggested that the parties enter mediation. Following mediation, both parties have filed proposed orders with the Court. The Company has incurred and continues to incur legal and other fees related to this complaint. Any settlement of this matter, or defense against the lawsuit, could involve costs to the Company, including legal fees, redress, penalties, and remediation expenses.
Estimating an amount or range of possible losses resulting from litigation proceedings is inherently difficult and requires an extensive degree of judgment, particularly where, as here, the matters involve indeterminate claims for monetary damages and are in the stages of the proceedings where key factual and legal issues have not been resolved. For these reasons, the Company is currently unable to predict the ultimate timing or outcome of, or reasonably estimate the possible losses or a range of possible losses resulting from, the matters described above.
16. Derivative Financial Instruments
Foreign Currency Derivatives
The Company uses derivatives to facilitate cross-currency corporate payments by writing derivatives to customers within its cross-border solution. The Company writes derivatives, primarily foreign currency forward contracts, option contracts, and swaps, mostly with small and medium size enterprises that are customers and derives a currency spread from this activity.
Derivative transactions associated with the Company's cross-border solution include:
•Forward contracts, which are commitments to buy or sell at a future date a currency at a contract price and will be settled in cash.
•Option contracts, which gives the purchaser, the right, but not the obligation to buy or sell within a specified time a currency at a contracted price that may be settled in cash.
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•Swap contracts, which are commitments to settlement in cash at a future date or dates, usually on an overnight basis.
The credit risk inherent in derivative agreements represents the possibility that a loss may occur from the nonperformance of a counterparty to the agreements. Concentrations of credit and performance risk may exist with counterparties, which includes customers and banking partners, as we are engaged in similar activities with similar economic characteristics related to fluctuations in foreign currency rates. The Company performs a review of the credit risk of these counterparties at the inception of the contract and on an ongoing basis. The Company also monitors the concentration of its contracts with any individual counterparty against limits at the individual counterparty level. The Company anticipates that the counterparties will be able to fully satisfy their obligations under the agreements, but takes action when doubt arises about the counterparties' ability to perform. These actions may include requiring customers to post or increase collateral, and for all counterparties, if the counterparty does not perform under the term of the contract, the contract may be terminated. The Company does not designate any of its foreign exchange derivatives as hedging instruments in accordance with ASC 815, "Derivatives and Hedging".
The aggregate equivalent U.S. dollar notional amount of foreign exchange derivative customer contracts held by the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions) is presented in the table below.

| Notional
| 2022 |  | 2021
Foreign exchange contracts: |  |  |
Swaps | $ | 160.9 |  |  | $ | 2,670.4 |
Futures, forwards and spot | 15,159.4 |  |  | 7,818.3 |
Written options | 13,701.9 |  |  | 11,221.9 |
Purchased options | 11,474.2 |  |  | 10,614.0 |
Total | $ | 40,496.4 |  |  | $ | 32,324.6 |

The majority of customer foreign exchange contracts are written in currencies such as the U.S. dollar, Canadian dollar, British pound, euro and Australian dollar.
The following table summarizes the fair value of derivatives reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions):

December 31, 2022 | Fair Value, Gross |  | Fair Value, Net |  |
| Derivative Assets |  | Derivative Liabilities |  | Derivative Assets |  | Derivative Liabilities |  |  |  |
Derivatives - undesignated: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | $ | 582.2 |  |  | $ | 540.0 |  |  | $ | 266.9 |  |  | $ | 224.7 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Cash collateral | 56.1 |  |  | 148.2 |  |  | 56.1 |  |  | 148.2 |  |  |  |  |
Total net derivative assets and liabilities | $ | 526.1 |  |  | $ | 391.8 |  |  | $ | 210.8 |  |  | $ | 76.5 |  |  |  |  |

December 31, 2021 | Fair Value, Gross |  | Fair Value, Net
| Derivative Assets |  | Derivative Liabilities |  | Derivative Assets |  | Derivative Liabilities
Derivatives - undesignated: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | $ | 338.8 |  |  | $ | 307.8 |  |  | $ | 120.9 |  |  | $ | 89.9 |
Less: Cash collateral | 25.9 |  |  | 24.8 |  |  | 25.9 |  |  | 24.8 |
Total net derivative assets and liabilities | $ | 312.9 |  |  | $ | 283.0 |  |  | $ | 95.0 |  |  | $ | 65.1 |

The fair values of derivative assets and liabilities associated with contracts, which include netting terms that the Company believes to be enforceable, have been recorded net within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company receives cash from customers as collateral for trade exposures, which is recorded within cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and customer deposits in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The customer has the right to recall their collateral in the event exposures move in their favor, they perform on all outstanding contracts and have no outstanding amounts due to the Company, or they cease to do business with the Company. Cash collateral posted with banks is recorded within restricted cash and can be recalled in the event that exposures move in the Company’s favor. The Company does not offset fair value amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral or the obligation to return cash collateral. The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative assets and liabilities, as well as their classification on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in millions).
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|  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | Balance Sheet Classification |  | Fair Value
Derivative Assets |  | Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 204.9 |  |  | $ | 94.0 |
Derivative Assets |  | Other assets |  | $ | 62.0 |  |  | $ | 26.9 |
Derivative Liabilities |  | Other current liabilities |  | $ | 184.1 |  |  | $ | 66.9 |
Derivative Liabilities |  | Other noncurrent liabilities |  | $ | 40.6 |  |  | $ | 23.0 |

Cash Flow Hedges
On January 22, 2019, the Company entered into three interest rate swap cash flow contracts (the "swap contracts"). One contract (which matured in January 2022) had a notional value of $1.0 billion, while the two remaining contracts (one of which matured in January 2023) each have a notional value of $500 million. The objective of these swap contracts is to reduce the variability of cash flows in the previously unhedged interest payments associated with $2.0 billion of unspecified variable rate debt, the sole source of which is due to changes in the LIBOR and/or SOFR benchmark interest rate. At inception, the Company designated these contracts as hedging instruments in accordance with ASC 815, "Derivatives and Hedging".
For derivatives accounted for as hedging instruments, the Company formally designates and documents, at inception, the financial instrument as a hedge of a specific underlying exposure, the risk management objective and the strategy for undertaking the hedge transaction. The Company formally assesses, both at the inception and at least quarterly thereafter, whether the financial instruments used in hedging transactions are highly effective at offsetting changes in cash flows of the related underlying exposures.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had the following outstanding interest rate derivatives that qualify as hedging instruments and are designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk (in millions):

|  | Notional Amount as of |  | Fixed Rates |  | Maturity Date
|  | December 31, 2022 |
Interest Rate Derivative: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swap |  | $500 |  | 2.56 | % |  | 1/31/2023
Interest Rate Swap |  | $500 |  | 2.55 | % |  | 12/19/2023

For each of these swap contracts, the Company pays a fixed monthly rate and receives one month LIBOR and/or SOFR. The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s interest rate swap contracts, as well as their classification on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions). See Note 4 for additional information on the fair value of the Company’s swap contracts.

|  | Balance Sheet Classification |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |
Swap contracts |  | Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 12.0 |  |  | $ | — |
Swap contracts |  | Other current liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (23.4) |
Swap contracts |  | Other noncurrent liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (7.3) |

The estimated net amount of the existing gains expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months is approximately $12.0 million at December 31, 2022.
17. Earnings Per Share
The Company reports basic and diluted earnings per share. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reported period. Diluted earnings per share reflect the potential dilution related to equity-based incentives using the treasury stock method.
The calculation and reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31 (in thousands, except per share data) follows:
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|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net income |  | $ | 954,327 |  |  | $ | 839,497 |  |  | $ | 704,216 |
Denominator for basic earnings per share |  | 75,598 |  |  | 82,060 |  |  | 84,005 |
Dilutive securities |  | 1,264 |  |  | 2,001 |  |  | 2,714 |
Denominator for diluted earnings per share |  | 76,862 |  |  | 84,061 |  |  | 86,719 |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 12.62 |  |  | $ | 10.23 |  |  | $ | 8.38 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 12.42 |  |  | $ | 9.99 |  |  | $ | 8.12 |

Diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 excludes the effect of 2.3 million, 1.4 million and 0.1 million shares, respectively, of common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of employee stock options because such effect would be antidilutive. Diluted earnings per share also excludes the effect of performance-based restricted stock for which the performance criteria have not yet been achieved, which was immaterial for 2022 and 2021 and 0.1 million shares for the year ended December 31, 2020.
18. Segments
The Company reports information about its operating segments in accordance with the authoritative guidance related to segments. In the second quarter of 2022, in order to align with recent changes in the organizational structure and management reporting, the Company updated its segment structure into seven operating segments, which were combined into four reportable segments: Fleet, Corporate Payments (includes aggregation with Cross-Border operating segment), Lodging, Brazil and an Other category (which combines Gift and Payroll Card operating segments). We manage and report our operating results through these four reportable segments consistent with how the CODM allocates resources, assesses performance and reviews financial information. The presentation of segment information has been recast for the prior periods to align with this segment presentation for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The Company’s segment results are as follows as of and for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
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|  | 2022 1 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Revenues, net: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet |  | $ | 1,504,933 |  |  | $ | 1,320,141 |  |  | $ | 1,192,471 |
Corporate Payments |  | 772,434 |  |  | 599,991 |  |  | 433,952 |
Lodging |  | 456,511 |  |  | 309,619 |  |  | 207,037 |
Brazil |  | 442,242 |  |  | 368,080 |  |  | 344,248 |
Other 2 |  | 251,009 |  |  | 235,905 |  |  | 211,147 |
|  | $ | 3,427,129 |  |  | $ | 2,833,736 |  |  | $ | 2,388,855 |
Operating income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet |  | $ | 727,999 |  |  | $ | 670,265 |  |  | $ | 594,741 |
Corporate Payments |  | 255,401 |  |  | 197,582 |  |  | 76,277 |
Lodging |  | 218,637 |  |  | 148,973 |  |  | 90,888 |
Brazil |  | 174,655 |  |  | 154,265 |  |  | 148,051 |
Other 2 |  | 69,949 |  |  | 71,471 |  |  | 62,308 |
|  | $ | 1,446,641 |  |  | $ | 1,242,556 |  |  | $ | 972,265 |
Depreciation and amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet |  | $ | 140,118 |  |  | $ | 144,974 |  |  | $ | 142,231 |
Corporate Payments |  | 74,322 |  |  | 53,658 |  |  | 34,898 |
Lodging |  | 42,366 |  |  | 26,478 |  |  | 16,896 |
Brazil |  | 56,641 |  |  | 50,020 |  |  | 51,363 |
Other 2 |  | 8,835 |  |  | 9,067 |  |  | 9,414 |
|  | $ | 322,282 |  |  | $ | 284,197 |  |  | $ | 254,802 |
Capital expenditures: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet |  | $ | 76,276 |  |  | $ | 62,620 |  |  | $ | 41,765 |
Corporate Payments |  | 24,154 |  |  | 13,696 |  |  | 9,757 |
Lodging |  | 10,570 |  |  | 4,604 |  |  | 3,586 |
Brazil |  | 32,008 |  |  | 24,431 |  |  | 17,116 |
Other 2 |  | 8,420 |  |  | 6,179 |  |  | 6,201 |
|  | $ | 151,428 |  |  | $ | 111,530 |  |  | $ | 78,425 |
Long-lived assets (excluding goodwill and investments): |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet |  | $ | 148,110 |  |  | $ | 121,076 |  |  | $ | 104,337 |
Corporate Payments |  | 43,227 |  |  | 34,974 |  |  | 28,393 |
Lodging |  | 17,884 |  |  | 12,592 |  |  | 11,885 |
Brazil |  | 66,583 |  |  | 53,236 |  |  | 47,994 |
Other 2 |  | 18,888 |  |  | 14,416 |  |  | 9,900 |
|  | $ | 294,692 |  |  | $ | 236,294 |  |  | $ | 202,509 |

1 Results from Levarti acquired in the first quarter of 2022 and Roomex acquired in the fourth quarter of 2022 are reported in our Lodging segment. Results from Accrualify and Plugsurfing acquired in the third quarter of 2022 are reported in our Corporate Payments and Fleet segments, respectively.
2 Other includes Gift and Payroll Card operating segments.
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The following table presents the Company's long-lived assets (excluding goodwill, other intangible assets and investments) at December 31 (in thousands).

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Long-lived assets (excluding goodwill, other intangible assets, and investments): |  |  |  |
United States (country of domicile) |  | $ | 176,263 |  |  | $ | 135,232 |
Brazil |  | $ | 66,583 |  |  | $ | 53,235 |
United Kingdom |  | $ | 24,715 |  |  | $ | 24,294 |

More than 10% of ou r consolidated revenues in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were derived through our relationship with our open-loop network partner in our Fleet segment.
19. Subsequent Events
Cash Flow Hedges
In January 2023, the Company entered into five receive-variable, pay-fixed interest rate swap derivative contracts with U.S. dollar notional amounts as follows (in millions):

Notional Amount |  | Fixed Rates |  | Maturity Date
$250 |  | 4.01% |  | 7/31/2025
$250 |  | 4.02% |  | 7/31/2025
$500 |  | 3.80% |  | 1/31/2026
$250 |  | 3.71% |  | 7/31/2026
$250 |  | 3.72% |  | 7/31/2026

The purpose of these contracts is to eliminate the variability of cash flows in interest payments associated with the Company's unspecified variable rate debt, the sole source of which is due to changes in the SOFR benchmark interest rate. The Company has designated these derivative instruments as cash flow hedging instruments which are expected to be highly effective at offsetting changes in cash flows of the related underlying exposure.
Net Investment Hedge
In February 2023, we entered into a cross currency interest rate swap that we designate as a net investment hedge of our investments in euro-denominated operations. This contract effectively converts $500 million U.S. dollar equivalent to an obligation denominated in euro, and partially offsets the impact of changes in currency rates on our euro denominated net investments. This contract also creates a positive interest differential on the U.S. dollar-denominated portion of the swap, resulting in a 1.96% interest rate savings on the USD notional.
Acquisitions
In January 2023, the Company acquired a U.K.-based cross border payments provider. In February 2023, the Company acquired a European-based vehicle maintenance provider and a cloud-based EV charging software platform. These acquisitions are not expected to be material to the financial results of the Company. The Company financed these acquisitions using a combination of available cash and borrowings under its existing Credit Facility.
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 2022, management carried out, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in applicable rules and forms and are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in those reports is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management team is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2013, Internal Control-Integrated Framework. As of December 31, 2022, management believes that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria. Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an audit report on our internal control over financial reporting, which is included in this annual report.
In connection with management's evaluation, our management team excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, the internal controls related to four subsidiaries that we acquired during the year ended December 31, 2022, and for which financial results are included in our consolidated financial statements.
During 2022, the Company acquired Levarti, an airline software platform company; Accrualify, an accounts payable (AP) automation software company; Plugsurfing, a European EV software and network provider; and Roomex, a European workforce lodging provider. Collectively, we refer to these transactions as the 2022 Acquisitions. These 2022 Acquisitions constituted 2.0% of total assets, at December 31, 2022, and 0.3% of revenues, net for the year then ended. This exclusion was in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission guidance that an assessment of a recently acquired business may be omitted in management's report on internal control over financial reporting the year of acquisition.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Due to such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, such risk.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2022, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria.
As indicated in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of the 2022 Acquisitions (as defined by management) which are included in the 2022 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted 2.0% of total assets as of December 31, 2022 and 0.2% of revenues, net for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of the acquired businesses.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and our report dated February 28, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Atlanta, Georgia
February 28, 2023
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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTION
None.
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
A list of our executive officers and biographical information appears in Part I, Item X of this Form 10-K. Information about our directors may be found under the caption “Director Nominees” and “Continuing Directors” in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held June 9, 2023 (the “Proxy Statement”). Information about our Audit Committee may be found under the caption “Board Meetings and Committees” in the Proxy Statement. The foregoing information is incorporated herein by reference.
The information in the Proxy Statement set forth under the caption “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” is incorporated herein by reference.
We have ado pted the FLEETCOR Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “code of ethics”), which applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer and C orporate Controller, and other finance organization employees. The code of ethics is publicly available on our website at www.fleetcor.com under Investor Relations. If we make any substantive amendments to the code of ethics or grant any waiver, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the code to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, or Chief Accounting Officer, we will disclose the nature of the amendment or waiver on that website or in a report on Form 8-K.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information in the Proxy Statement set forth under the captions “Director Compensation,” “2022 Named Executive Officer Compensation,” “Compensation Committee Report,” and “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information in the Proxy Statement set forth under the captions “Information Regarding Beneficial Ownership of Principal Shareholders, Directors, and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR
INDEPENDENCE
The information set forth in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Director Independence” and “Certain Relationships and Related-Party Transactions” is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Information concerning principal accountant fees and services appears in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Fees Billed by Ernst & Young LLP” and “Policy on Audit Committee Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services of Independent Auditor” and is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) Financial Statements and Schedules
The financial statements are set forth under Item 8 of this Form 10-K, as indexed below. Financial statement schedules have been omitted since they either are not required, not applicable, or the information is otherwise included.
Index to Financial Statements

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 57
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 | 59
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years En ded December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 60
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Y ears Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 61
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Yea rs Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 62
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years En ded December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 63
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 64

(b) Exhibit Listing

Exhibit no. |
3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc.
3.2 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. (marked to show amendments)
4.1 | Form of Stock Certificate for Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 3 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on June 29, 2010)
4.2 | Description of FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. Common Stock Registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the registrant’s Form 10-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2020)
10.1* | Form of Indemnity Agreement entered into between FLEETCOR and its directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 3 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on June 29, 2010)
10.2* | Form of Incentive Stock Option Award Agreement pursuant to the FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Amendment No. 1 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on May 20, 2010)
10.3* | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement pursuant to the FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Amendment No. 1 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on May 20, 2010)
10.4* | Form of Performance Share Restricted Stock Agreement pursuant to the FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to Amendment No. 1 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on May 20, 2010)
10.5* | FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. Annual Executive Bonus Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Amendment No. 2 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on June 8, 2010)
10.6* | Employee Noncompetition, Nondisclosure and Developments Agreement, dated September 25, 2000, between Fleetman, Inc. and Ronald F. Clarke (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Amendment No. 2 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on June 8, 2010)

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10.7 | Sixth Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated April 1, 2009, between FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and each of the stockholders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to Amendment No. 2 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on June 8, 2010)
10.8 | First Amendment to Sixth Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.17 to the registrant’s form 10-K, File No. 001-35004. with the SEC on March 25, 2011)
10.9 | Form of Indemnity Agreement to be entered into between FLEETCOR and representatives of its major stockholders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to Amendment No. 3 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on June 29, 2010)
10.10 | Form of Director Restricted Stock Grant Agreement pursuant to the FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. 2010 Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to Amendment No. 6 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on November 30, 2010)
10.11* | Form of Employee Performance Share Restricted Stock Agreement pursuant to the FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. 2010 Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to Amendment No. 6 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on November 30, 2010)
10.12* | Form of Employee Incentive Stock Option Award Agreement pursuant to the FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. 2010 Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to Amendment No. 6 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on November 30, 2010)
10.13* | Form of Employee Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement pursuant to the FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. 2010 Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to Amendment No. 6 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on November 30, 2010)
10.14 | Form of Director Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement pursuant to the FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. 2010 Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42 to Amendment No. 6 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on November 30, 2010)
10.15* | Amended and Restated Employee Noncompetition, Nondisclosure and Developments Agreement, dated November 29, 2010, between FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Ronald F. Clarke (incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.43 to Amendment No. 6 to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-166092, filed with the SEC on November 30, 2010)
10.16 | Arrangement Agreement Among FLEETCOR Luxembourg Holdings2 S.À.R.L, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and CTF Technologies, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on May 10, 2012)
10.17 | FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. 2010 Equity Compensation Plan, as amended and restated effective April 13, 2022
10.18 | FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. Section 162(M) Performance—Based Program (incorporated by reference to Annex A to the registrant’s Proxy Statement, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on April 18, 2014)
10.19* | FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. Amended and Restated 2010 Equity Compensation Plan, Key Employee Performance-Based Stock Option Certification to Ronald F. Clarke, dated September 30, 2021(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2021)
10.20 | Credit Agreement, dated October 24, 2014, among FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, as Borrower, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc., as Parent, FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, as a borrower and guarantor, certain of the our foreign subsidiaries as borrowers, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer and a syndicate of financial institutions (incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.4 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on November 10, 2014)
10.21 | Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated November 14, 2014, by and among FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchaser agents, and certain other parties (incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.1 to the registrant’s Form 8-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on November 17, 2014)
10.22 | Amended and Restated Performance Guaranty dated as of November 14, 2014 made by FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, in favor of PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator under the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the registrant’s Form 10-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2015)

104

10.23 | Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement dated as of November 14, 2014, among various entities listed on Schedule I thereto, as originators, and FLEETCOR Funding LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to the registrant’s Form 10-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2015)
10.24 | Receivables Purchase and Sale Agreement dated as of November 14, 2014, among Comdata TN, Inc. and Comdata Network, Inc. of California, as the sellers, and Comdata Inc., as the buyer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to the registrant’s Form 10-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2015)
10.25 | Investor Rights Agreement, dated November 14, 2014, between FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Ceridian LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to the registrant’s Form 10-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2015)
10.26* | Offer Letter, dated July 29, 2014, between FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Armando Lins Netto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on May 11, 2015)
10.27 | First Amendment to the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 5, 2015, by and among FLEETCOR Funding LLC, FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchaser agents, and certain other parties (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2015)
10.28* | Employee agreement on confidentiality, work product, non-competition, and non-solicitation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to the registrant's Form 10-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on February 29, 2016)
10.29 | Second Amendment to the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2015, by and among FLEETCOR Funding LLC, FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchaser agents, and certain other parties (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to the registrant's Form 10-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on February 29, 2016)
10.30 | First Amendment to Credit Agreement and Lender Joinder Agreement, dated as of August 22, 2016, by and among FLEETCOR Funding LLC, FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchaser agents, and certain other parties (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2016)
10.31 | Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of January 2017, among FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, as the Company, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc., as the Parent, the designated borrowers party hereto, the other guarantors party hereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and l/c issuer, and the other lenders party hereto and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, as sole lead arranger and sole bookrunner (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to the registrant's Form 10-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2017)
10.32 | Third Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of August 2, 2017, among FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, as the Company, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc., as the Parent, the designated borrowers party hereto, the other guarantors party hereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and l/c issuer, and the other lenders party hereto, and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, as sole lead arranger and sole bookrunner (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on August 8, 2017)
10.33 | Third Amendment to Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 14, 2017, by and among FLEETCOR Funding LLC, FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchase agents, and certain other parties (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to the registrant's Form 10-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2018)
10.34* | Offer letter, dated September 10, 2015, between FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Alexey Gavrilenya (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on May 10, 2018)
10.35 | Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated August 30, 2018, among FleetCor Technologies Operating Company, LLC, FleetCor Technologies Operating Company, LLC, FleetCor Technologies, Inc., the designated borrowers party thereto, Cambridge Mercantile Corp. (U.S.A.), the other guarantors party thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and l/c issuer, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on November 8, 2018)

105

10.36 | Fourth Amendment to Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated August 30, 2018, by and among FleetCor Funding LLC, FleetCor Technologies Operating Company, LLC, PNC Bank, National Association as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchaser agents, and certain other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.3 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on November 8, 2018)
10.37 | Fifth Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of December 19, 2018, among FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, as the Company, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc., as the Parent, the designated borrowers party hereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer, and the other lenders party hereto Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, as sole lead arranger and sole bookrunner (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.47 to the registrant's Form 10-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2019)
10.38 | Fifth Amendment to the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated December 19, 2018 by and among FleetCor Funding LLC, FleetCor Technologies Operating Company, LLC, PNC Bank, National Association as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchaser agents, and certain other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.3 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on May 10, 2019)
10.39 | Sixth Amendment to the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated February 8, 2019 by and among FleetCor Funding LLC, FleetCor Technologies Operating Company, LLC, PNC Bank, National Association as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchaser agents, and certain other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.4 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on May 10, 2019)
10.40 | Sixth Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of August 2, 2019, among FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, as the Company, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc., as the Parent, the designated borrowers party hereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer, and the other lenders party hereto Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, as sole lead arranger and sole bookrunner (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on August 9, 2019)
10.41 | Seventh Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of November 14, 2019, among FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, as the Company, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc., as the Parent, the designated borrowers party hereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer, and the other lenders party hereto Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, as sole lead arranger and sole bookrunner (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.53 to the registrant's Form 10-k, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2020)
10.42 | Eighth Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of April 24, 2020, among FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, as the Company, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc., as the Parent, the designated borrowers party hereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer, and the other borrowers hereto Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, as sole lead arranger and sole bookrunner (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on May 11, 2020)
10.43* | Offer letter, dated September 1, 2020, between FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Charles Freund (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K/A, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on September 4, 2020) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2020)
10.44 | Seventh Amendment to the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated November 13, 2020 by and among FleetCor Funding LLC, FleetCor Technologies Operating Company, LLC, PNC Bank, National Association as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchaser agents, and certain other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.53 to the registrant's Form 10-k, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2020)
10.45 | Eighth Amendment to the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated March 29, 2021 by and among FleetCor Funding LLC, FleetCor Technologies Operating Company, LLC, PNC Bank, National Association as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchaser agents, and certain other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on May 10, 2021)

106

10.52 | Ninth Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of April 30, 2021 among FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, as the Company, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc., as the Parent, the designated borrowers party hereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer, and the other borrowers hereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on May 10, 2021)
10.53 | Ninth Amendment to the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated September 15, 2021 by and among FleetCor Funding LLC, FleetCor Technologies Operating Company, LLC, PNC Bank, National Association as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchaser agents, and certain other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2021)
10.54 | Tenth Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of November 16, 2021 among FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, as the Company, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc., as the Parent, the designated borrowers party hereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer, and the other borrowers hereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.54 to the registrant's on Form 10-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2022)
10.55 | Eleventh Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2021 among FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, as the Company, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc., as the Parent, the designated borrowers party hereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer, and the other borrowers hereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.55 to the registrant's Form 10-K, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2022)
10.56 | Tenth Amendment to the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated March 23, 2022 by and among by and among FleetCor Funding LLC, FleetCor Technologies Operating Company, LLC, PNC Bank, National Association as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchaser agents, and certain other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on May 9, 2022)
10.57 | Twelfth Amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated as of June 24, 2022 among FLEETCOR Technologies Operating Company, LLC, as the Company, FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc., as the Parent, Cambridge Mercantile Corp. (USA) as the additional borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, a domestic swing line lender, the foreign swing line lender and the L/C issuer, and the other lenders party hereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on August 9, 2022)
10.58 | Offer letter, dated May 23, 2022, between FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc. and Alan King (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on August 9, 2022)
10.59 | Eleventh Amendment to the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated August 18, 2022 by and among by and among FleetCor Funding LLC, FleetCor Technologies Operating Company, LLC, PNC Bank, National Association as administrator for a group of purchasers and purchaser agents, and certain other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the registrant's Form 10-Q, File No. 001-35004, filed with the SEC on November 8, 2022)
21.1 | List of subsidiaries of FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc.
23.1 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906
101 | The following financial information for the registrant formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity; (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and contained in Exhibit 101)

* | Identifies management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned; thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Atlanta, State of Georgia, on February 28, 2023.

FLEETCOR Technologies, Inc.
By: |  | /s/ RONALD F. CLARKE
|  | Ronald F. Clarke
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 28, 2023.

Signature |  | Title
/s/ RONALD F. CLARKE |  | President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors (Principal Executive Officer)
Ronald F. Clarke |  |
/s/ ALISSA B. VICKERY |  | Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
Alissa B. Vickery |  |
/s/ ANNABELLE BEXIGA |  | Director
Annabelle Bexiga |  |
/s/ MICHAEL BUCKMAN |  | Director
Michael Buckman |  |
/s/ JOSEPH W. FARRELLY |  | Director
Joseph W. Farrelly |  |
/s/ THOMAS M. HAGERTY |  | Director
Thomas M. Hagerty |  |
/s/ ARCHIE L. JONES, JR. |  | Director
Archie L. Jones, Jr. |  |
/s/ RICHARD MACCHIA |  | Director
Richard Macchia |  |
/s/ HALA G. MODDELMOG |  | Director
Hala G. Moddelmog |  |
/s/ JEFFREY S. SLOAN |  | Director
Jeffrey S. Sloan |  |
/s/ STEVEN T. STULL |  | Director
Steven T. Stull |  |