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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ |  | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023
or

☐ |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 1-442

| THE BOEING COMPANY |

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 91-0425694
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
929 Long Bridge Drive | Arlington, | VA |  | 22202
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

| (703) | 414-6338 |

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $5.00 Par Value |  | BA |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large Accelerated Filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
As of October 18, 2023, there were 604,976,797 shares of common stock, $5.00 par value, issued and outstanding.

THE BOEING COMPANY
FORM 10-Q
For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2023
INDEX

Part I. Financial Information (Unaudited) | Page
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity | 5
| Summary of Business Segment Data | 7
| Note 1 - Basis of Presentation | 8
| Note 2 - Earnings Per Share | 8
| Note 3 - Income Taxes | 9
| Note 4 - Allowance for Losses on Financial Assets | 10
| Note 5 - Inventories | 10
| Note 6 - Contracts with Customers | 11
| Note 7 - Customer Financing | 12
| Note 8 - Investments | 13
| Note 9 - Liabilities, Commitments & Contingencies | 13
| Note 10 - Arrangements with Off-Balance Sheet Risk | 17
| Note 11 - Debt | 18
| Note 12 - Postretirement Plans | 18
| Note 13 - Share-Based Compensation and Other Comprehensive Arrangements | 19
| Note 14 - Shareholders' Equity | 20
| Note 15 - Derivative Financial Instruments | 21
| Note 16 - Fair Value Measurements | 23
| Note 17 - Legal Proceedings | 25
| Note 18 - Segment and Revenue Information | 25
| Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 29
Forward-Looking Statements | 30
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 32
| Consolidated Results of Operations and Financial Condition | 32
| Commercial Airplanes | 37
| Defense, Space & Security | 42
| Global Services | 45
| Liquidity and Capital Resources | 46
| Contingent Obligations | 47
| Non-GAAP Measures | 47
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 49
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 50
Part II. Other Information |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 51
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 51
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 51
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 51
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 51
Item 5. | Other Information | 51
Item 6. | Exhibits | 52
Signature |  | 53

Table of Contents
Part I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Sales of products | $46,661 |  |  | $38,767 |  |  | $15,060 |  |  | $13,331 |
Sales of services | 9,115 |  |  | 7,861 |  |  | 3,044 |  |  | 2,625 |
Total revenues | 55,776 |  |  | 46,628 |  |  | 18,104 |  |  | 15,956 |
Cost of products | (43,140) |  |  | (38,237) |  |  | (14,464) |  |  | (14,541) |
Cost of services | (7,609) |  |  | (6,725) |  |  | (2,475) |  |  | (2,230) |
Total costs and expenses | (50,749) |  |  | (44,962) |  |  | (16,939) |  |  | (16,771) |
| 5,027 |  |  | 1,666 |  |  | 1,165 |  |  | (815) |
Income/(loss) from operating investments, net | 45 |  |  | (27) |  |  | 28 |  |  | (24) |
General and administrative expense | (3,633) |  |  | (2,757) |  |  | (1,043) |  |  | (1,226) |
Research and development expense, net | (2,496) |  |  | (2,058) |  |  | (958) |  |  | (727) |
Gain on dispositions, net | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss from operations | (1,056) |  |  | (3,174) |  |  | (808) |  |  | (2,792) |
Other income, net | 919 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 288 |
Interest and debt expense | (1,859) |  |  | (1,921) |  |  | (589) |  |  | (628) |
Loss before income taxes | (1,996) |  |  | (4,373) |  |  | (1,100) |  |  | (3,132) |
Income tax expense | (216) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (538) |  |  | (176) |
Net loss | (2,212) |  |  | (4,390) |  |  | (1,638) |  |  | (3,308) |
Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | (13) |  |  | (89) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (33) |
Net loss attributable to Boeing Shareholders | ($2,199) |  |  | ($4,301) |  |  | ($1,636) |  |  | ($3,275) |
Basic loss per share | ($3.64) |  |  | ($7.24) |  |  | ($2.70) |  |  | ($5.49) |
Diluted loss per share | ($3.64) |  |  | ($7.24) |  |  | ($2.70) |  |  | ($5.49) |
Weighted average diluted shares (millions) | 605.0 |  | 594.0 |  | 607.2 |  | 596.3

See Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
1

Table of Contents
The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net loss | ($2,212) |  |  | ($4,390) |  |  | ($1,638) |  |  | ($3,308) |
Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency translation adjustments | (29) |  |  | (123) |  |  | (39) |  |  | (71) |
Unrealized gain/(loss) on certain investments, net of tax of $0, $0, $0 and $0 | 1 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (2) |
Derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss arising during period, net of tax of $17, $46, $10 and $25 | (60) |  |  | (157) |  |  | (35) |  |  | (83) |
Reclassification adjustment for losses/(gains) included in net loss, net of tax of $0, ($6), ($1) and $2 | 2 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (6) |
Total unrealized loss on derivative instruments, net of tax | (58) |  |  | (133) |  |  | (31) |  |  | (89) |
Defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial (loss)/gain arising during the period, net of tax of $2, $0, $0 and $0 | (5) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Amortization of actuarial (gains)/losses included in net periodic pension cost, net of tax of $1, ($129), $0 and ($45) | (6) |  |  | 469 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 155 |
Amortization of prior service credits included in net periodic pension cost, net of tax of $17, $19, $5 and $7 | (61) |  |  | (68) |  |  | (21) |  |  | (22) |
Pension and postretirement cost related to our equity method investments, net of tax of $0, $0, $0 and $0 |  |  | (2) |  |  |  |  | (2) |
Total defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefits, net of tax | (72) |  |  | 399 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 131 |
Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax | (158) |  |  | 141 |  |  | (91) |  |  | (31) |
Comprehensive loss, net of tax | (2,370) |  |  | (4,249) |  |  | (1,729) |  |  | (3,339) |
Less: Comprehensive loss related to noncontrolling interest | (13) |  |  | (89) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (33) |
Comprehensive loss attributable to Boeing Shareholders, net of tax | ($2,357) |  |  | ($4,160) |  |  | ($1,727) |  |  | ($3,306) |

See Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
2

Table of Contents
The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data) | September 30 2023 |  | December 31 2022
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $6,811 |  |  | $14,614 |
Short-term and other investments | 6,561 |  |  | 2,606 |
Accounts receivable, net | 3,032 |  |  | 2,517 |
Unbilled receivables, net | 9,184 |  |  | 8,634 |
Current portion of customer financing, net | 88 |  |  | 154 |
Inventories | 78,972 |  |  | 78,151 |
Other current assets, net | 2,287 |  |  | 2,847 |
Total current assets | 106,935 |  |  | 109,523 |
Customer financing, net | 963 |  |  | 1,450 |
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $22,085 and $21,442 | 10,484 |  |  | 10,550 |
Goodwill | 8,069 |  |  | 8,057 |
Acquired intangible assets, net | 2,143 |  |  | 2,311 |
Deferred income taxes | 64 |  |  | 63 |
Investments | 1,061 |  |  | 983 |
Other assets, net of accumulated amortization of $993 and $949 | 4,562 |  |  | 4,163 |
Total assets | $134,281 |  |  | $137,100 |
Liabilities and equity |  |  |
Accounts payable | $11,143 |  |  | $10,200 |
Accrued liabilities | 21,104 |  |  | 21,581 |
Advances and progress billings | 55,924 |  |  | 53,081 |
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt | 4,891 |  |  | 5,190 |
Total current liabilities | 93,062 |  |  | 90,052 |
Deferred income taxes | 218 |  |  | 230 |
Accrued retiree health care | 2,385 |  |  | 2,503 |
Accrued pension plan liability, net | 5,713 |  |  | 6,141 |
Other long-term liabilities | 2,239 |  |  | 2,211 |
Long-term debt | 47,381 |  |  | 51,811 |
Total liabilities | 150,998 |  |  | 152,948 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock, par value $5.00 — 1,200,000,000 shares authorized; 1,012,261,159 shares issued | 5,061 |  |  | 5,061 |
Additional paid-in capital | 10,616 |  |  | 9,947 |
Treasury stock, at cost — 407,648,773 and 414,671,383 shares | (49,972) |  |  | (50,814) |
Retained earnings | 27,274 |  |  | 29,473 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (9,708) |  |  | (9,550) |
Total shareholders’ deficit | (16,729) |  |  | (15,883) |
Noncontrolling interests | 12 |  |  | 35 |
Total equity | (16,717) |  |  | (15,848) |
Total liabilities and equity | $134,281 |  |  | $137,100 |

See Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Table of Contents
The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022
Cash flows – operating activities: |  |  |
Net loss | ($2,212) |  |  | ($4,390) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Non-cash items – |  |  |
Share-based plans expense | 548 |  |  | 528 |
Treasury shares issued for 401(k) contribution | 1,204 |  |  | 928 |
Depreciation and amortization | 1,380 |  |  | 1,477 |
Investment/asset impairment charges, net | 12 |  |  | 78 |
Customer financing valuation adjustments | (4) |  |  | 39 |
Gain on dispositions, net | (1) |  |  | (2) |
Other charges and credits, net | (21) |  |  | 388 |
Changes in assets and liabilities – |  |  |
Accounts receivable | (523) |  |  | (22) |
Unbilled receivables | (547) |  |  | (678) |
Advances and progress billings | 2,963 |  |  | 204 |
Inventories | (940) |  |  | (1,164) |
Other current assets | 707 |  |  | (860) |
Accounts payable | 982 |  |  | 590 |
Accrued liabilities | (574) |  |  | 2,416 |
Income taxes receivable, payable and deferred | 73 |  |  | 1,382 |
Other long-term liabilities | (254) |  |  | (114) |
Pension and other postretirement plans | (785) |  |  | (1,053) |
Customer financing, net | 472 |  |  | 76 |
Other | 99 |  |  | 232 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 2,579 |  |  | 55 |
Cash flows – investing activities: |  |  |
Payments to acquire property, plant and equipment | (1,096) |  |  | (896) |
Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment | 19 |  |  | 19 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (19) |  |  |
Contributions to investments | (14,485) |  |  | (2,773) |
Proceeds from investments | 10,497 |  |  | 10,182 |
Other | (157) |  |  | (11) |
Net cash (used)/provided by investing activities | (5,241) |  |  | 6,521 |
Cash flows – financing activities: |  |  |
New borrowings | 55 |  |  | 19 |
Debt repayments | (5,181) |  |  | (1,038) |
Stock options exercised | 45 |  |  | 39 |
Employee taxes on certain share-based payment arrangements | (52) |  |  | (36) |
Other | 2 |  |  |
Net cash used by financing activities | (5,131) |  |  | (1,016) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (22) |  |  | (134) |
Net (decrease)/increase in cash & cash equivalents, including restricted | (7,815) |  |  | 5,426 |
Cash & cash equivalents, including restricted, at beginning of year | 14,647 |  |  | 8,104 |
Cash & cash equivalents, including restricted, at end of period | 6,832 |  |  | 13,530 |
Less restricted cash & cash equivalents, included in Investments | 21 |  |  | 36 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $6,811 |  |  | $13,494 |

See Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
(Unaudited)

| Boeing shareholders |  |
(Dollars in millions) | Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Treasury Stock | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Non- controlling Interests | Total
Balance at January 1, 2022 | $5,061 |  | $9,052 |  | ($51,861) |  | $34,408 |  | ($11,659) |  | $153 |  | ($14,846) |
Net loss |  |  |  | (4,301) |  |  | (89) |  | (4,390) |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax of ($70) |  |  |  |  | 141 |  |  | 141 |
Share-based compensation |  | 528 |  |  |  |  |  | 528 |
Treasury shares issued for stock options exercised, net |  | (25) |  | 64 |  |  |  |  | 39 |
Treasury shares issued for other share-based plans, net |  | (75) |  | 40 |  |  |  |  | (35) |
Treasury shares issued for 401(k) contribution |  | 225 |  | 703 |  |  |  |  | 928 |
Balance at September 30, 2022 | $5,061 |  | $9,705 |  | ($51,054) |  | $30,107 |  | ($11,518) |  | $64 |  | ($17,635) |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | $5,061 |  | $9,947 |  | ($50,814) |  | $29,473 |  | ($9,550) |  | $35 |  | ($15,848) |
Net loss |  |  |  | (2,199) |  |  | (13) |  | (2,212) |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax of $37 |  |  |  |  | (158) |  |  | (158) |
Share-based compensation |  | 548 |  |  |  |  |  | 548 |
Treasury shares issued for stock options exercised, net |  | (27) |  | 72 |  |  |  |  | 45 |
Treasury shares issued for other share-based plans, net |  | (82) |  | 63 |  |  |  |  | (19) |
Treasury shares issued for 401(k) contribution |  | 497 |  | 707 |  |  |  |  | 1,204 |
Subsidiary shares purchased from noncontrolling interests |  | (267) |  |  |  |  |  | (267) |
Other changes in noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  | (10) |  | (10) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | $5,061 |  | $10,616 |  | ($49,972) |  | $27,274 |  | ($9,708) |  | $12 |  | ($16,717) |

See Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

Table of Contents
The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity
For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
(Unaudited)

| Boeing shareholders |  |
(Dollars in millions, except per share data) | Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Treasury Stock | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Non- controlling Interests | Total
Balance at July 1, 2022 | $5,061 |  | $9,475 |  | ($51,319) |  | $33,382 |  | ($11,487) |  | $97 |  | ($14,791) |
Net loss |  |  |  | (3,275) |  |  | (33) |  | (3,308) |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax of ($11) |  |  |  |  | (31) |  |  | (31) |
Share-based compensation |  | 176 |  |  |  |  |  | 176 |
Treasury shares issued for stock options exercised, net |  | (4) |  | 8 |  |  |  |  | 4 |
Treasury shares issued for other share-based plans, net |  | (3) |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | (1) |
Treasury shares issued for 401(k) contribution |  | 61 |  | 255 |  |  |  |  | 316 |
Balance at September 30, 2022 | $5,061 |  | $9,705 |  | ($51,054) |  | $30,107 |  | ($11,518) |  | $64 |  | ($17,635) |
Balance at July 1, 2023 | $5,061 |  | $10,310 |  | ($50,181) |  | $28,910 |  | ($9,617) |  | $24 |  | ($15,493) |
Net loss |  |  |  | (1,636) |  |  | (2) |  | (1,638) |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax of $14 |  |  |  |  | (91) |  |  | (91) |
Share-based compensation |  | 167 |  |  |  |  |  | 167 |
Treasury shares issued for stock options exercised, net |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Treasury shares issued for other share-based plans, net |  | (9) |  | 14 |  |  |  |  | 5 |
Treasury shares issued for 401(k) contribution |  | 147 |  | 195 |  |  |  |  | 342 |
Other changes in noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  | (10) |  | (10) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | $5,061 |  | $10,616 |  | ($49,972) |  | $27,274 |  | ($9,708) |  | $12 |  | ($16,717) |

See Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Table of Contents
The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
Summary of Business Segment Data
(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Airplanes | $23,420 |  |  | $16,755 |  |  | $7,876 |  |  | $6,303 |
Defense, Space & Security | 18,187 |  |  | 16,981 |  |  | 5,481 |  |  | 5,307 |
Global Services | 14,278 |  |  | 13,044 |  |  | 4,812 |  |  | 4,432 |
Unallocated items, eliminations and other | (109) |  |  | (152) |  |  | (65) |  |  | (86) |
Total revenues | $55,776 |  |  | $46,628 |  |  | $18,104 |  |  | $15,956 |
Loss from operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Airplanes | ($1,676) |  |  | ($1,738) |  |  | ($678) |  |  | ($622) |
Defense, Space & Security | (1,663) |  |  | (3,656) |  |  | (924) |  |  | (2,798) |
Global Services | 2,487 |  |  | 2,093 |  |  | 784 |  |  | 733 |
Segment operating loss | (852) |  |  | (3,301) |  |  | (818) |  |  | (2,687) |
Unallocated items, eliminations and other | (1,067) |  |  | (719) |  |  | (271) |  |  | (384) |
FAS/CAS service cost adjustment | 863 |  |  | 846 |  |  | 281 |  |  | 279 |
Loss from operations | (1,056) |  |  | (3,174) |  |  | (808) |  |  | (2,792) |
Other income, net | 919 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 288 |
Interest and debt expense | (1,859) |  |  | (1,921) |  |  | (589) |  |  | (628) |
Loss before income taxes | (1,996) |  |  | (4,373) |  |  | (1,100) |  |  | (3,132) |
Income tax expense | (216) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (538) |  |  | (176) |
Net loss | (2,212) |  |  | (4,390) |  |  | (1,638) |  |  | (3,308) |
Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | (13) |  |  | (89) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (33) |
Net loss attributable to Boeing Shareholders | ($2,199) |  |  | ($4,301) |  |  | ($1,636) |  |  | ($3,275) |

This information is an integral part of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 18 for further segment results.
7

Table of Contents
The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in millions, except otherwise stated)
(Unaudited)
Note 1 – Basis of Presentation
The condensed consolidated interim financial statements included in this report have been prepared by management of The Boeing Company (herein referred to as “Boeing”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) necessary for a fair presentation are reflected in the interim financial statements. The results of operations for the period ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. The interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements, including the notes thereto, included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. As discussed further in Note 18, prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Long-term Contracts
Substantially all contracts at our Defense, Space & Security (BDS) segment and certain contracts at our Global Services (BGS) segment are long-term contracts with the U.S. government and other customers that generally extend over several years. Changes in estimated revenues, cost of sales, and the related effect on operating income are recognized using a cumulative catch-up adjustment which recognizes in the current period the cumulative effect of the changes on current and prior periods based on a long-term contract’s percentage-of-completion. When the current estimates of total sales and costs for a long-term contract, and/or contractual options that are probable of exercise, indicate a loss, a provision for the entire loss is recognized.
Net cumulative catch-up adjustments to prior periods' revenue and earnings, including certain losses, across all long-term contracts were as follows:

(In millions - except per share amounts) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Decrease to Revenue | ($1,582) |  |  | ($2,204) |  |  | ($800) |  |  | ($1,319) |
Increase to Loss from operations | ($2,600) |  |  | ($3,965) |  |  | ($1,252) |  |  | ($2,424) |
Increase to Diluted loss per share | ($4.76) |  |  | ($6.70) |  |  | ($3.07) |  |  | ($4.29) |

Note 2 – Earnings Per Share
Basic and diluted earnings per share are computed using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation method that determines earnings per share for common shares and participating securities. The undistributed earnings are allocated between common shares and participating securities as if all earnings had been distributed during the period. Participating securities and common shares have equal rights to undistributed earnings.
Basic earnings per share is calculated by taking net earnings, less earnings available to participating securities, divided by the basic weighted average common shares outstanding.
8

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Diluted earnings per share is calculated by taking net earnings, less earnings available to participating securities, divided by the diluted weighted average common shares outstanding.
The elements used in the computation of Basic and Diluted loss per share were as follows:

(In millions - except per share amounts) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net loss available to common shareholders | ($2,199) |  |  | ($4,301) |  |  | ($1,636) |  |  | ($3,275) |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 605.0 |  |  | 594.0 |  |  | 607.2 |  |  | 596.3 |
Less: participating securities(1) | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding | 604.7 |  |  | 593.7 |  |  | 606.9 |  |  | 596.0 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 605.0 |  |  | 594.0 |  |  | 607.2 |  |  | 596.3 |
Less: participating securities(1) | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding | 604.7 |  |  | 593.7 |  |  | 606.9 |  |  | 596.0 |
Net loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | ($3.64) |  |  | ($7.24) |  |  | ($2.70) |  |  | ($5.49) |
Diluted | (3.64) |  |  | (7.24) |  |  | (2.70) |  |  | (5.49) |

(1)Participating securities include certain instruments in our deferred compensation plan.
The following table represents potential common shares that were not included in the computation of Diluted loss per share because the effect was antidilutive based on their strike price or the performance condition was not met.

(Shares in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Performance awards |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  |  |  | 2.5 |
Performance-based restricted stock units |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  |  |  | 0.4 |
Restricted stock units |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  |  |  | 1.6 |
Stock options | 0.8 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.8 |

In addition, potential common shares of 5.6 million and 3.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and 6.2 million and 3.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were excluded from the computation of Diluted loss per share, because the effect would have been antidilutive as a result of incurring a net loss in those periods.
Note 3 – Income Taxes
We computed our interim tax provision using an estimated annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items. Our 2023 estimated annual effective tax rate is primarily driven by taxes on non-U.S. operations and an increase to the federal and state valuation allowance. The effective tax rates were (10.8)% and (0.4)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was (48.9)% and includes cumulative adjustments to increase tax expense to our current estimate of the annual effective tax rate.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had recorded valuation allowances of $3,162 primarily for certain federal deferred tax assets, as well as for certain federal and state net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. To measure the valuation allowance, the Company estimated in what year each of its deferred tax assets and liabilities would reverse using systematic and logical methods to estimate the
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reversal patterns. Based on these methods, deferred tax liabilities are assumed to reverse and generate taxable income over the next 5 to 10 years while deferred tax assets related to pension and other postretirement benefit obligations are assumed to reverse and generate tax deductions over the next 15 to 20 years. The valuation allowance primarily results from not having sufficient income from deferred tax liability reversals in the appropriate future periods to support the realization of deferred tax assets.
Federal income tax audits have been settled for all years prior to 2018. The Internal Revenue Service is currently auditing the 2018-2020 tax years. We are also subject to examination in major state and international jurisdictions for the 2010-2022 tax years. We believe appropriate provisions for all outstanding tax issues have been made for all jurisdictions and all open years.
Audit outcomes and the timing of audit settlements are subject to significant uncertainty. It is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months, unrecognized tax benefits related to federal tax matters under audit may decrease by up to $620 based on current estimates.
Note 4 – Allowances for Losses on Financial Assets
The changes in allowances for expected credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

| Accounts receivable | Unbilled receivables | Other current assets | Customer financing | Other assets | Total
Balance at January 1, 2022 | ($390) |  | ($91) |  | ($62) |  | ($18) |  | ($186) |  | ($747) |
Changes in estimates |  | 19 |  | (16) |  | (38) |  | (31) |  | (66) |
Write-offs | 246 |  | 47 |  | 1 |  |  | 133 |  | 427 |
Recoveries | 5 |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
Balance at September 30, 2022 | ($139) |  | ($25) |  | ($77) |  | ($56) |  | ($84) |  | ($381) |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | ($116) |  | ($23) |  | ($85) |  | ($55) |  | ($88) |  | ($367) |
Changes in estimates | (8) |  | 3 |  | 15 |  | 4 |  | (16) |  | (2) |
Write-offs | 27 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 32 |
Recoveries | 4 |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | ($93) |  | ($20) |  | ($65) |  | ($51) |  | ($104) |  | ($333) |

Note 5 – Inventories
Inventories consisted of the following:

| September 30 2023 |  | December 31 2022
Long-term contracts in progress | $237 |  |  | $582 |
Commercial aircraft programs | 68,551 |  |  | 67,702 |
Capitalized precontract costs(1) | 890 |  |  | 794 |
Commercial spare parts, used aircraft, general stock materials and other | 9,294 |  |  | 9,073 |
Total | $78,972 |  |  | $78,151 |

(1) Capitalized precontract costs at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 includes amounts related to KC-46A Tanker, Commercial Crew, and T-7 Production Options. See Note 9.
Commercial Aircraft Programs
Commercial aircraft programs inventory included approximately 250 737 aircraft at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and approximately 75 and 100 787 aircraft at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
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At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, commercial aircraft programs inventory included the following amounts related to the 737 program: deferred production costs of $5,359 and $2,955 and unamortized tooling and other non-recurring costs of $574 and $626. At September 30, 2023, $5,899 of 737 deferred production costs, unamortized tooling and other non-recurring costs are expected to be recovered from units included in the program accounting quantity that have firm orders and $34 is expected to be recovered from units included in the program accounting quantity that represent expected future orders.
At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, commercial aircraft programs inventory included the following amounts related to the 777X program: $1,370 and $1,330 of deferred production costs and $3,956 and $3,774 of unamortized tooling and other non-recurring costs. In April 2022, we decided to pause production of the 777X-9 during 2022 and 2023. The production pause is resulting in abnormal production costs that are being expensed as incurred until 777X-9 production resumes. We have been gradually restarting the 777X production system and expect all phases to resume during the fourth quarter of 2023. We expensed abnormal production costs of $442 and $213 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The 777X program has near break-even margins at September 30, 2023.
At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, commercial aircraft programs inventory included the following amounts related to the 787 program: deferred production costs of $12,188 and $12,689, $1,734 and $1,831 of supplier advances, and $1,531 and $1,722 of unamortized tooling and other non-recurring costs. At September 30, 2023, $13,024 of 787 deferred production costs, unamortized tooling and other non-recurring costs are expected to be recovered from units included in the program accounting quantity that have firm orders and $695 is expected to be recovered from units included in the program accounting quantity that represent expected future orders. We are currently producing at abnormally low rates resulting in abnormal production costs that are being expensed as incurred. We do not expect abnormal costs related to abnormally low production rates to continue beyond September 30, 2023, and we expect the remaining abnormal costs related to inspections and rework to be incurred by the end of 2024. We expensed abnormal production costs of $937 and $925 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
Commercial aircraft programs inventory included amounts credited in cash or other consideration (early issue sales consideration) to airline customers totaling $3,862 and $3,586 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Note 6 – Contracts with Customers
Unbilled receivables increased from $8,634 at December 31, 2022 to $9,184 at September 30, 2023, primarily driven by revenue recognized at BDS and BGS in excess of billings.
Advances and progress billings increased from $53,081 at December 31, 2022 to $55,924 at September 30, 2023, primarily driven by advances on orders received at Commercial Airplanes (BCA), partially offset by revenue recognized from amounts previously recorded as advances or progress billings at BDS.
Revenues recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 from amounts recorded as Advances and progress billings at the beginning of each year were $11,602 and $9,501. Revenues recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 from amounts recorded as Advances and progress billings at the beginning of each year were $3,717 and $2,687.
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Note 7 – Customer Financing
Customer financing consisted of the following:

| September 30 2023 |  | December 31 2022
Financing receivables: |  |  |
Investment in sales-type/finance leases | $628 |  |  | $804 |
Notes | 115 |  |  | 385 |
Total financing receivables | 743 |  |  | 1,189 |
Less allowance for losses on receivables | 51 |  |  | 55 |
Financing receivables, net | 692 |  |  | 1,134 |
Operating lease equipment, at cost, less accumulated depreciation of $72 and $76 | 359 |  |  | 470 |
Total | $1,051 |  |  | $1,604 |

Financing arrangements typically range in terms from 1 to 12 years and may include options to extend or terminate. Certain leases include provisions to allow the lessee to purchase the underlying aircraft at a specified price.
At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $54 and $405 were determined to be uncollectible financing receivables and placed on non-accrual status. The allowance for losses on receivables remained largely unchanged during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Our financing receivable balances at September 30, 2023 by internal credit rating category and year of origination consisted of the following:

Rating categories | Current | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | Prior | Total
BBB |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $26 |  | $28 |
BB | $56 |  | $32 |  | 203 |  | $105 |  | $37 |  | 116 |  | 549 |
B |  |  |  |  | 16 |  | 96 |  | 112 |
CCC | 10 |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 9 |  | 54 |
Total carrying value of financing receivables | $66 |  | $32 |  | $240 |  | $105 |  | $53 |  | $247 |  | $743 |

At September 30, 2023, our allowance for losses related to receivables with ratings of CCC, B, BB, and BBB. We applied default rates that averaged 100.0%, 0.0%, 2.5%, and 0.1%, respectively, to the exposure associated with those receivables.
Customer Financing Exposure
The majority of our gross customer financing portfolio is concentrated in the following aircraft models:

| September 30 2023 |  | December 31 2022
717 Aircraft ($0 and $45 accounted for as operating leases) | $485 |  |  | $563 |
747-8 Aircraft (accounted for as sales-type/finance leases) | 131 |  |  | 394 |
737 Aircraft ($149 and $174 accounted for as operating leases) | 168 |  |  | 186 |
777 Aircraft (accounted for as operating leases) | 197 |  |  | 209 |
MD-80 Aircraft (accounted for as sales-type/finance leases) |  |  | 96 |
757 Aircraft (accounted for as sales-type/finance leases) | 63 |  |  | 107 |
747-400 Aircraft (accounted for as sales-type/finance leases) | 44 |  |  | 46 |

Operating lease equipment primarily includes large commercial jet aircraft.
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Lease income recorded in revenue on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 included $43 and $52 from sales-type/finance leases, and $45 and $50 from operating leases, of which $4 and $6 related to variable operating lease payments. Lease income recorded in revenue on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 included $14 and $16 from sales-type/finance leases, and $18 and $18 from operating leases, of which $3 and $1 related to variable operating lease payments.
Profit at the commencement of sales-type leases was recorded in revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 in the amount of $24 and $16. Customer financing interest income received was $122 and $10 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Profit at the commencement of sales-type leases was recorded in revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 in the amount of $4 and $4. Customer financing interest income received was $60 and $4 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
Note 8 – Investments
Our investments, which are recorded in Short-term and other investments or Investments, consisted of the following:

| September 30 2023 |  | December 31 2022
Time deposits | $6,042 |  |  | $2,093 |
Equity method investments (1) | 1,001 |  |  | 948 |
Available-for-sale debt investments | 498 |  |  | 479 |
Equity and other investments | 60 |  |  | 36 |
Restricted cash & cash equivalents(2) | 21 |  |  | 33 |
Total | $7,622 |  |  | $3,589 |

(1)Dividends received were $28 and $23 during the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023 and $95 and $52 during the same periods in prior year.
(2)Reflects amounts restricted in support of our property sales, workers’ compensation programs, and insurance premiums.
Allowance for losses on available-for-sale debt investments are assessed quarterly. All instruments are considered investment grade, and we have not recognized an allowance for credit losses as of September 30, 2023.
Note 9 – Liabilities, Commitments and Contingencies
737 MAX Customer Concessions and Other Considerations
The following table summarizes changes in the 737 MAX customer concessions and other considerations liability during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

| 2023 |  | 2022 |
Beginning balance – January 1 | $1,864 |  |  | $2,940 |  |
Reductions for payments made | (304) |  |  | (959) |  |
Reductions for concessions and other in-kind considerations | (55) |  |  | (29) |  |
Changes in estimates | (54) |  |  | (16) |  |
Ending balance – September 30 | $1,451 |  |  | $1,936 |  |

The liability balance of $1.5 billion at September 30, 2023 includes $1.4 billion of contracted customer concessions and other liabilities and $0.1 billion that remains subject to negotiation with customers. The contracted amount includes $0.6 billion expected to be liquidated by lower customer delivery payments, $0.7 billion expected to be paid in cash and $0.1 billion in other concessions. Of the cash payments to
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customers, we expect to pay $0.3 billion in 2023 and the remaining $0.4 billion in future years. The type of consideration to be provided for the remaining $0.1 billion will depend on the outcomes of negotiations with customers.
Environmental
The following table summarizes changes in environmental remediation liabilities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

| 2023 |  | 2022
Beginning balance – January 1 | $752 |  |  | $605 |
Reductions for payments made, net of recoveries | (46) |  |  | (22) |
Changes in estimates | 149 |  |  | 171 |
Ending balance – September 30 | $855 |  |  | $754 |

The liabilities recorded represent our best estimate or the low end of a range of reasonably possible costs expected to be incurred to remediate sites, including operation and maintenance over periods of up to 30 years. It is reasonably possible that we may incur costs that exceed these recorded amounts because of regulatory agency orders and directives, changes in laws and/or regulations, higher than expected costs and/or the discovery of new or additional contamination. As part of our estimating process, we develop a range of reasonably possible alternate scenarios that includes the high end of a range of reasonably possible cost estimates for all remediation sites for which we have sufficient information based on our experience and existing laws and regulations. There are some potential remediation obligations where the costs of remediation cannot be reasonably estimated. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the high end of the estimated range of reasonably possible remediation costs exceeded our recorded liabilities by $1,017 and $1,058.
Product Warranties
The following table summarizes changes in product warranty liabilities recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

| 2023 |  | 2022
Beginning balance – January 1 | $2,275 |  |  | $1,900 |
Additions for current year deliveries | 121 |  |  | 143 |
Reductions for payments made | (258) |  |  | (305) |
Changes in estimates | 285 |  |  | 355 |
Ending balance – September 30 | $2,423 |  |  | $2,093 |

Commercial Aircraft Trade-In Commitments
In conjunction with signing definitive agreements for the sale of new aircraft, we have entered into trade-in commitments with certain customers that give them the right to trade in used aircraft at a specified price. The probability that trade-in commitments will be exercised is determined by using both quantitative information from valuation sources and qualitative information from other sources. The probability of exercise is assessed quarterly, or as events trigger a change, and takes into consideration the current economic and airline industry environments. Trade-in commitments, which can be terminated by mutual consent with the customer, may be exercised only during the period specified in the agreement, and require advance notice by the customer.
Trade-in commitment agreements at September 30, 2023 have expiration dates from 2023 through 2029. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 total contractual trade-in commitments were $1,430 and $1,117. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we estimated it was probable we would be obligated to perform on certain of these commitments with net amounts payable to customers totaling $360 and $286 and the fair value of the related trade-in aircraft was $360 and $286.
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Financing Commitments
Financing commitments related to aircraft on order, including options and those proposed in sales campaigns, and refinancing of delivered aircraft, totaled $16,499 and $16,105 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The estimated earliest potential funding dates for these commitments as of September 30, 2023 are as follows:

| Total
October through December 2023 | $30 |
2024 | 2,670 |
2025 | 3,011 |
2026 | 4,786 |
2027 | 2,384 |
Thereafter | 3,618 |
| $16,499 |

As of September 30, 2023, all of these financing commitments relate to customers we believe have less than investment-grade credit. We have concluded that no reserve for future potential losses is required for these financing commitments based upon the terms, such as collateralization and interest rates, under which funding would be provided.
Other Financial Commitments
We have financial commitments to make additional capital contributions totaling $274 to certain joint ventures over the next five years.
Standby Letters of Credit and Surety Bonds
We have entered into standby letters of credit and surety bonds with financial institutions primarily relating to the guarantee of our future performance on certain contracts and security agreements. Contingent liabilities on outstanding letters of credit agreements and surety bonds aggregated approximately $4,420 and $5,070 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Supply Chain Financing Programs
The Company has supply chain financing programs in place under which participating suppliers may elect to obtain payment from an intermediary. The Company confirms the validity of invoices from participating suppliers and agrees to pay the intermediary an amount based on invoice totals. The majority of amounts payable under these programs are due within 30 to 90 days but may extend up to 12 months. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Accounts payable included $2.9 billion and $2.5 billion payable to suppliers who have elected to participate in these programs. We do not believe that future changes in the availability of supply chain financing would have a significant impact on our liquidity.
Recoverable Costs on Government Contracts
Our final incurred costs for each year are subject to audit and review for allowability by the U.S. government, which can result in payment demands related to costs they believe should be disallowed. We work with the U.S. government to assess the merits of claims and where appropriate reserve for amounts disputed. If we are unable to satisfactorily resolve disputed costs, we could be required to record an earnings charge and/or provide refunds to the U.S. government.
Fixed-Price Contracts
Long-term contracts that are contracted on a fixed-price basis could result in losses in future periods. Certain of the fixed-price contracts are for the development of new products, services and related technologies. This development work scope is inherently uncertain and subject to significant variability in estimates of the cost and time required to complete the work by us and our suppliers. The operational and
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technical complexities of fixed-price development contracts create financial risk, which could trigger additional earnings charges, termination provisions, order cancellations, or other financially significant exposure.
VC-25B Presidential Aircraft
The Company’s firm fixed-price contract for the Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) effort on the U.S. Air Force’s (USAF) VC-25B Presidential Aircraft, commonly known as Air Force One, is a $4.3 billion program to develop and modify two 747-8 commercial aircraft. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we increased the reach-forward loss on the contract by $1,452. This year we made progress completing engineering and production requirements. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we increased the reach-forward loss on the contract by $482 driven by engineering changes to support the build and installation process; the resolution of supplier negotiations; and factory performance related to labor instability. While we have provisioned for all of our anticipated costs to complete the contract, risk remains that we may record additional losses in future periods.
KC-46A Tanker
In 2011, we were awarded a contract from the USAF to design, develop, manufacture, and deliver four next generation aerial refueling tankers as well as priced options for 13 annual production lots totaling 179 aircraft. Since 2016, the USAF has authorized nine low rate initial production (LRIP) lots for a total of 124 aircraft. The EMD contract and authorized LRIP lots total approximately $24 billion as of September 30, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we increased the reach-forward loss on the KC-46A Tanker program by $1,374. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we increased the reach-forward loss on the KC-46A Tanker program by $245 resulting from factory disruption and additional rework due to a supplier quality issue. As of September 30, 2023, we had approximately $160 of capitalized precontract costs and $150 of potential termination liabilities to suppliers related to unexercised future lots. Risk remains that we may record additional losses in future periods.
MQ-25
In the third quarter of 2018, we were awarded the MQ-25 EMD contract by the U.S. Navy. The contract is a fixed-price contract that includes development and delivery of seven aircraft and test articles at a contract price of $890. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we increased the MQ-25 reach-forward loss by $579. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, we increased the reach-forward loss by $68 primarily driven by production and flight testing delays for EMD aircraft. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we increased the reach-forward loss by $71 reflecting higher than anticipated production costs to complete EMD aircraft attributable to recent factory performance. Risk remains that we may record additional losses in future periods.
T-7A Red Hawk EMD Contract & Production Options
In 2018, we were awarded the T-7A Red Hawk program. The EMD portion of the contract is a $860 fixed-price contract and includes five aircraft and seven simulators. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded earnings charges of $203 related to the T-7A Red Hawk fixed-price EMD contract, which had a reach-forward loss at December 31, 2022. The production portion of the contract includes 11 production lots for aircraft and related services for 346 T-7A Red Hawk aircraft that we believe are probable of being exercised. We expect the first production and support contract option to be exercised in 2025. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we increased the reach-forward loss by $552. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, we increased the reach-forward loss by $189 primarily reflecting higher estimated production costs. At September 30, 2023, we had approximately $162 of capitalized precontract costs and $421 of potential termination liabilities to suppliers related to unexercised future lots. Risk remains that we may record additional losses in future periods.
Commercial Crew
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has contracted us to design and build the CST-100 Starliner spacecraft to transport crews to the International Space Station. During the second
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quarter of 2022, we successfully completed the uncrewed Orbital Flight Test. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we increased the reach-forward loss by $288. During the second quarter of 2023, we increased the reach-forward loss by $257 primarily as a result of delaying the crewed flight test previously scheduled for July 2023 following notification by a parachute supplier of an issue identified through testing. We anticipate being ready to launch in early 2024 and are working with NASA to identify a new launch window. At September 30, 2023, we had approximately $191 of capitalized precontract costs and $196 of potential termination liabilities to suppliers related to fixed-price unauthorized future missions. Risk remains that we may record additional losses in future periods.
Note 10 – Arrangements with Off-Balance Sheet Risk
We enter into arrangements with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business, primarily in the form of guarantees.
The following table provides quantitative data regarding our third party guarantees. The maximum potential payments represent a “worst-case scenario” and do not necessarily reflect amounts that we expect to pay. The carrying amount of liabilities represents the amount included in Accrued liabilities.

| Maximum Potential Payments |  | Estimated Proceeds from Collateral/Recourse |  | Carrying Amount of Liabilities
| September 30 2023 | December 31 2022 |  | September 30 2023 | December 31 2022 |  | September 30 2023 | December 31 2022
Contingent repurchase commitments | $420 |  | $514 |  |  | $420 |  | $514 |  |  |  |
Credit guarantees | 15 |  | 45 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $14 |  | $27 |

Contingent Repurchase Commitments In conjunction with signing a definitive agreement for the sale of commercial aircraft, we have entered into contingent repurchase commitments with certain customers wherein we agree to repurchase the sold aircraft at a specified price, generally 10 to 15 years after delivery. Our repurchase of the aircraft is contingent upon entering into a mutually acceptable agreement for the sale of additional new aircraft in the future. The commercial aircraft repurchase price specified in contingent repurchase commitments is generally lower than the expected fair value at the specified repurchase date. Estimated proceeds from collateral/recourse in the table above represent the lower of the contracted repurchase price or the expected fair value of each aircraft at the specified repurchase date.
If a future sale agreement is reached and a customer elects to exercise its right under a contingent repurchase commitment, the contingent repurchase commitment becomes a trade-in commitment. Our historical experience is that contingent repurchase commitments infrequently become trade-in commitments.
Credit Guarantees We have issued credit guarantees where we are obligated to make payments to a guaranteed party in the event that the original lessee or debtor does not make payments or perform certain specified services. Generally, these guarantees have been extended on behalf of guaranteed parties with less than investment-grade credit and are collateralized by certain assets. We record a liability for the fair value of guarantees and the expected contingent loss amount, which is reviewed quarterly. Current outstanding credit guarantees expire through 2036.
Other Indemnifications In conjunction with our sales of Electron Dynamic Devices, Inc. and Rocketdyne Propulsion and Power businesses and our BCA facilities in Wichita, Kansas and Tulsa and McAlester, Oklahoma, we agreed to indemnify, for an indefinite period, the buyers for costs relating to pre-closing environmental conditions and certain other items. We are unable to assess the potential number of future claims that may be asserted under these indemnifications, nor the amounts thereof (if any). As a result, we cannot estimate the maximum potential amount of future payments under these indemnities. To the extent that claims have been made under these indemnities and/or are probable and reasonably estimable, liabilities associated with these indemnities are included in the environmental liability disclosure in Note 9.
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Note 11 – Debt
In the third quarter of 2023, we entered into a $3,000 five-year revolving credit agreement expiring in August 2028 and a $800 364-day revolving credit agreement expiring in August 2024. The 364-day credit facility has a one-year term out option which allows us to extend the maturity of any borrowings until August 2025. The legacy three-year revolving credit agreement expiring in August 2025, which consists of $3,000 of total commitments, and the legacy five-year revolving credit agreement expiring in October 2024, as amended, which consists of $3,200 of total commitments, each remain in effect. As of September 30, 2023, we had $10,000 available under credit line agreements. We continue to be in full compliance with all covenants contained in our debt or credit facility agreements.
Note 12 – Postretirement Plans
The components of net periodic benefit (income)/cost were as follows:

| Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
Pension Plans | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Service cost | $3 |  |  | $2 |  |  | $1 |  |  |
Interest cost | 2,115 |  |  | 1,561 |  |  | 705 |  |  | $520 |
Expected return on plan assets | (2,581) |  |  | (2,843) |  |  | (861) |  |  | (948) |
Amortization of prior service credits | (61) |  |  | (61) |  |  | (20) |  |  | (20) |
Recognized net actuarial loss | 125 |  |  | 681 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 227 |
Settlement/curtailment gain |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  | (4) |
Net periodic benefit income | ($399) |  |  | ($664) |  |  | ($133) |  |  | ($225) |
Net periodic benefit cost included in Loss from operations | $3 |  |  | $2 |  |  | $1 |  |  |
Net periodic benefit income included in Other income, net | (402) |  |  | (666) |  |  | (134) |  |  | ($225) |
Net periodic benefit income included in Loss before income taxes | ($399) |  |  | ($664) |  |  | ($133) |  |  | ($225) |

| Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
Other Postretirement Plans | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Service cost | $36 |  |  | $54 |  |  | $12 |  |  | $18 |
Interest cost | 111 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 24 |
Expected return on plan assets | (6) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (3) |
Amortization of prior service credits | (17) |  |  | (26) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (9) |
Recognized net actuarial gain | (132) |  |  | (83) |  |  | (44) |  |  | (27) |
Net periodic benefit (income)/cost | ($8) |  |  | $10 |  |  | ($3) |  |  | $3 |
Net periodic benefit cost included in Loss from operations | $47 |  |  | $59 |  |  | $16 |  |  | $20 |
Net periodic benefit income included in Other income, net | (44) |  |  | (44) |  |  | (15) |  |  | (15) |
Net periodic benefit cost included in Loss before income taxes | $3 |  |  | $15 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $5 |

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Note 13 – Share-Based Compensation and Other Compensation Arrangements
Restricted Stock Units
On February 16, 2023, we granted 327,523 restricted stock units (RSU) to our executives as part of our long-term incentive program. The RSUs granted under this program have a grant date fair value of $214.35 per unit. The RSUs granted under this program will generally vest and settle in common stock (on a one-for-one basis) on the third anniversary of the grant date. If an executive terminates employment because of retirement, layoff, disability, or death, the executive (or beneficiary) may receive some or all of their stock units depending on certain age and service conditions. In all other cases, the RSUs will not vest and all rights to the stock units will terminate.
Performance Restricted Stock Units
On February 16, 2023, we granted 195,526 performance restricted stock units (PRSU) to our elected executive officers as part of our long-term incentive program. The PRSUs granted under this program have a grant date fair value of $214.35 per unit. The award payout can range from 0% to 200% of the initial PRSU grant based on cumulative free cash flow achievement over the period January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2025 as compared to goals set at the start of the performance period. The PRSUs granted under this program will vest at the payout amount and settle in common stock (on a one-for-one basis) on the third anniversary of the grant date. If an executive terminates employment because of retirement, layoff, disability, or death, the executive (or beneficiary) remains eligible under the award and, if the award is earned, may receive some or all of their stock units depending on certain age and service conditions. In all other cases, the PRSUs will not vest and all rights to the stock units will terminate.
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Note 14 – Shareholders' Equity
Additional Paid-in Capital
During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, Additional paid-in capital included a decrease of $267 largely related to a non-cash transaction to purchase shares in a consolidated subsidiary from the noncontrolling interests.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCI) by component for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

| Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Certain Investments |  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Derivative Instruments |  | Defined Benefit Pension Plans & Other Postretirement Benefits |  | Total (1)
Balance at January 1, 2022 | ($105) |  |  | $1 |  |  | $6 |  |  | ($11,561) |  |  | ($11,659) |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (123) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (157) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (284) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  |  |  |  | 24 |  | (3) | 401 |  | (2) | 425 |
Net current period Other comprehensive (loss)/income | (123) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (133) |  |  | 399 |  |  | 141 |
Balance at September 30, 2022 | ($228) |  |  | ($1) |  |  | ($127) |  |  | ($11,162) |  |  | ($11,518) |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | ($167) |  |  |  |  | ($24) |  |  | ($9,359) |  |  | ($9,550) |
Other comprehensive (loss)/income before reclassifications | (29) |  |  | $1 |  |  | (60) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (93) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | (67) |  |  | (65) |
Net current period Other comprehensive (loss)/income | (29) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (58) |  |  | (72) |  |  | (158) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | ($196) |  |  | $1 |  |  | ($82) |  |  | ($9,431) |  |  | ($9,708) |
Balance at June 30, 2022 | ($157) |  |  | $1 |  |  | ($38) |  |  | ($11,293) |  |  | ($11,487) |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (71) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (83) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (158) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  | 133 |  | (2) | 127 |
Net current period Other comprehensive (loss)/income | (71) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (89) |  |  | 131 |  |  | (31) |
Balance at September 30, 2022 | ($228) |  |  | ($1) |  |  | ($127) |  |  | ($11,162) |  |  | ($11,518) |
Balance at June 30, 2023 | ($157) |  |  |  |  |  | ($51) |  |  | ($9,409) |  |  | ($9,617) |
Other comprehensive (loss)/income before reclassifications | (39) |  |  | $1 |  |  | (35) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (72) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | (23) |  |  | (19) |
Net current period Other comprehensive (loss)/income | (39) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (31) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (91) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | ($196) |  |  | $1 |  |  | ($82) |  |  | ($9,431) |  |  | ($9,708) |

(1) Net of tax.
(2) Primarily relates to amortization of actuarial losses for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2022 totaling $469 and $155 (net of tax of ($129) and ($45)), which are included in the net periodic pension cost.
(3) Includes losses of $39 (net of tax of ($11)) from cash flow hedges reclassified to Other income, net because the forecasted transactions are not probable of occurring.
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Note 15 – Derivative Financial Instruments
Cash Flow Hedges
Our cash flow hedges include foreign currency forward contracts, commodity swaps and commodity purchase contracts. We use foreign currency forward contracts to manage currency risk associated with certain expected sales and purchases through 2031. We use commodity derivatives, such as fixed-price purchase commitments and swaps to hedge against potentially unfavorable price changes for commodities used in production. Our commodity contracts hedge forecasted transactions through 2028.
Derivative Instruments Not Receiving Hedge Accounting Treatment
We have entered into agreements to purchase and sell aluminum to address long-term strategic sourcing objectives and non-U.S. business requirements. These agreements are derivative instruments for accounting purposes. The quantities of aluminum in these agreements offset and are priced at prevailing market prices. We also hold certain foreign currency forward contracts and commodity swaps which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.
Notional Amounts and Fair Values
The notional amounts and fair values of derivative instruments in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position were as follows:

| Notional amounts (1) | Other assets | Accrued liabilities
| September 30 2023 | December 31 2022 | September 30 2023 | December 31 2022 | September 30 2023 | December 31 2022
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | $2,800 |  | $2,815 |  | $21 |  | $23 |  | ($118) |  | ($122) |
Commodity contracts | 520 |  | 602 |  | 85 |  | 115 |  | (22) |  | (9) |
Derivatives not receiving hedge accounting treatment: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | 463 |  | 462 |  | 7 |  | 5 |  | (35) |  | (42) |
Commodity contracts | 103 |  | 412 |  |  | 2 |  | (2) |  | (1) |
Total derivatives | $3,886 |  | $4,291 |  | $113 |  | $145 |  | ($177) |  | ($174) |
Netting arrangements |  |  | (27) |  | (33) |  | 27 |  | 33 |
Net recorded balance |  |  | $86 |  | $112 |  | ($150) |  | ($141) |

(1)Notional amounts represent the gross contract/notional amount of the derivatives outstanding.
(Losses)/gains associated with our hedging transactions and forward points recognized in Other comprehensive (loss)/income are presented in the following table:

| Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Recognized in Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | ($30) |  |  | ($186) |  |  | ($41) |  |  | ($82) |
Commodity contracts | (30) |  |  | 29 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (1) |

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Gains/(losses) associated with our hedging transactions and forward points reclassified from AOCI to earnings are presented in the following table:

| Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  |  | $1 |  |  |  |  | $1 |
Costs and expenses | ($11) |  |  | 9 |  |  | ($5) |  |  | (1) |
General and administrative expense | (21) |  |  | (14) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (7) |
Commodity contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Costs and expenses | 24 |  |  | 18 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 11 |
General and administrative expense | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we reclassified losses associated with certain cash flow hedges of $50 from AOCI to Other income, net because it became probable the forecasted transactions would not occur. Losses related to undesignated derivatives on foreign exchange and commodity cash flow hedging transactions recognized in Other income, net were insignificant for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
Based on our portfolio of cash flow hedges, we expect to reclassify losses of $43 (pre-tax) out of AOCI into earnings during the next 12 months.
We have derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features. If we default on our five-year credit facility, our derivative counterparties could require settlement for foreign exchange and certain commodity contracts with original maturities of at least five years. The fair value of those contracts in a net liability position at September 30, 2023 was $32. For other particular commodity contracts, our counterparties could require collateral posted in an amount determined by our credit ratings. At September 30, 2023, there was no collateral posted related to our derivatives.
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Note 16 – Fair Value Measurements
The fair value hierarchy has three levels based on the reliability of the inputs used to determine fair value. Level 1 refers to fair values determined based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Level 2 refers to fair values estimated using significant other observable inputs and Level 3 includes fair values estimated using significant unobservable inputs. The following table presents our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy.

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $1,604 |  |  | $1,604 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $1,797 |  |  | $1,797 |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale debt investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | 292 |  |  |  |  | $292 |  |  |  |  | 256 |  |  |  |  | $256 |  |  |
Corporate notes | 170 |  |  |  |  | 170 |  |  |  |  | 195 |  |  |  |  | 195 |  |  |
U.S. government agencies | 36 |  |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |
Other equity investments | 35 |  |  | 35 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives | 86 |  |  |  |  | 86 |  |  |  |  | 112 |  |  |  |  | 112 |  |  |
Total assets | $2,223 |  |  | $1,639 |  |  | $584 |  |  |  |  |  | $2,417 |  |  | $1,807 |  |  | $610 |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives | ($150) |  |  |  |  | ($150) |  |  |  |  | ($141) |  |  |  |  | ($141) |  |  |
Other | (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | ($2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities | ($152) |  |  |  |  |  | ($150) |  |  | ($2) |  |  | ($141) |  |  |  |  | ($141) |  |  |

Money market funds, available-for-sale debt investments and equity securities are valued using a market approach based on the quoted market prices or broker/dealer quotes of identical or comparable instruments.
Derivatives include foreign currency and commodity contracts. Our foreign currency forward contracts are valued using an income approach based on the present value of the forward rate less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount. Commodity derivatives are valued using an income approach based on the present value of the commodity index prices less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount.
Certain assets have been measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). The following table presents the nonrecurring losses recognized for the nine months ended September 30 due to long-lived asset impairment and the fair value and asset classification of the related assets as of the impairment date:

| 2023 |  | 2022
| Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  | Total Losses |  | Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  | Total Losses
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ($11) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ($31) |
Customer financing assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $47 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7) |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19) |
Other assets and Acquired intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (21) |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ($12) |  |  | $48 |  |  |  |  |  |  | ($78) |

Investments, Property, plant and equipment, Other assets and Acquired intangible assets were primarily valued using an income approach based on the discounted cash flows associated with the underlying assets. The fair value of the impaired customer financing assets includes operating lease equipment and
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investments in sales type-leases/finance leases and is derived by calculating a median collateral value from a consistent group of third party aircraft value publications. The values provided by the third party aircraft publications are derived from their knowledge of market trades and other market factors. Management reviews the publications quarterly to assess the continued appropriateness and consistency with market trends. Under certain circumstances, we adjust values based on the attributes and condition of the specific aircraft or equipment, usually when the features or use of the aircraft vary significantly from the more generic aircraft attributes covered by third party publications, or on the expected net sales price for the aircraft.
Fair Value Disclosures
The fair values and related carrying values of financial instruments that are not required to be remeasured at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position were as follows:

| September 30, 2023
| Carrying Amount | Total Fair Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Notes receivable, net | $283 |  | $294 |  |  | $294 |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Debt, excluding finance lease obligations | (52,031) |  | (47,481) |  |  | (47,481) |  |

| December 31, 2022
| Carrying Amount | Total Fair Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Notes receivable, net | $385 |  | $403 |  |  | $403 |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Debt, excluding finance lease obligations | (56,794) |  | (52,856) |  |  | (52,856) |  |

The fair values of notes receivable are estimated with discounted cash flow analysis using interest rates currently offered on loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. The fair value of our debt that is traded in the secondary market is classified as Level 2 and is based on current market yields. For our debt that is not traded in the secondary market, the fair value is classified as Level 2 and is based on our indicative borrowing cost derived from dealer quotes or discounted cash flows. With regard to other financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, it is not practicable to estimate the fair value of our indemnifications and financing commitments because the amount and timing of those arrangements are uncertain. Items not included in the above disclosures include cash, restricted cash, time deposits and other deposits, commercial paper, money market funds, Accounts receivable, Unbilled receivables, Other current assets, Accounts payable and long-term payables. The carrying values of those items, as reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, approximate their fair value at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The fair value of assets and liabilities whose carrying value approximates fair value is determined using Level 2 inputs, with the exception of cash (Level 1).
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Note 17 – Legal Proceedings
Various legal proceedings, claims and investigations related to products, contracts, employment and other matters are pending against us. In addition, we are subject to various U.S. government inquiries and investigations from which civil, criminal or administrative proceedings could result or have resulted in the past. Such proceedings involve or could involve claims by the government for fines, penalties, compensatory and treble damages, restitution and/or forfeitures. Under government regulations, a company, or one or more of its operating divisions or subdivisions, can also be suspended or debarred from government contracts, or lose its export privileges, based on the results of investigations. Except as described below, we believe, based upon current information, that the outcome of any such legal proceeding, claim, or government dispute and investigation will not have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Where it is reasonably possible that we will incur losses in excess of recorded amounts in connection with any of the matters set forth below, we will disclose either the amount or range of reasonably possible losses in excess of such amounts or, where no such amount or range can be reasonably estimated, the reasons why no such estimate can be made.
Multiple legal actions have been filed against us as a result of the October 29, 2018 accident of Lion Air Flight 610 and the March 10, 2019 accident of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302. In January 2021, we entered into a Deferred Prosecution Agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice that resolved the Department’s investigation into matters concerning the 737 MAX. We remain subject to obligations under this three-year agreement, including reporting requirements and ongoing oversight by the Department of Justice of the Company’s compliance program. While we have resolved a number of other investigations and cases related to the 737 MAX, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss, if any, not covered by available insurance that we may incur as a result of the remaining pending lawsuits or other matters related to the accidents and the 737 MAX.
During 2019, we entered into agreements with Embraer S.A. (Embraer) to establish joint ventures that included the commercial aircraft and services operations of Embraer, of which we were expected to acquire an 80 percent ownership stake for $4,200, as well as a joint venture to promote and develop new markets for the C-390 Millennium. In 2020, we exercised our contractual right to terminate these agreements based on Embraer’s failure to meet certain required closing conditions. Embraer has disputed our right to terminate the agreements, and the dispute is currently in arbitration. We cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss, if any, that may result from the arbitration, which we currently expect to be completed in late 2023 or early 2024.
Note 18 – Segment and Revenue Information
Segment results reflect the realignment of the Boeing Customer Financing team and portfolio into the BCA segment during the first quarter of 2023. Interest and debt expense now includes interest and debt expense previously attributable to Boeing Capital and classified as a component of Total Costs and Expenses ("Cost of Sales"). Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
Our primary profitability measurement to review a segment’s operating results is Loss from operations. We operate in three reportable segments: BCA, BDS, and BGS. All other activities fall within Unallocated items, eliminations and other. See page 7 for the Summary of Business Segment Data, which is an integral part of this note.
BCA develops, produces and markets commercial jet aircraft principally to the commercial airline industry worldwide. Revenue on commercial aircraft contracts is recognized at the point in time when an aircraft is completed and accepted by the customer.
BDS engages in the research, development, production and modification of the following products and related services: manned and unmanned military aircraft and weapons systems, surveillance and engagement, strategic defense and intelligence systems, satellite systems and space exploration. BDS revenue is generally recognized over the contract term (over time) as costs are incurred.
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BGS provides parts, maintenance, modifications, logistics support, training, data analytics and information-based services to commercial and government customers worldwide. BGS segment revenue and costs include certain products and services provided to other segments. Revenue on commercial spare parts contracts is recognized at the point in time when a spare part is delivered to the customer. Revenue on other contracts is generally recognized over the contract term (over time) as costs are incurred.
The following tables present BCA, BDS and BGS revenues from contracts with customers disaggregated in a number of ways, such as geographic location, contract type and the method of revenue recognition. We believe these best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenues and cash flows are affected by economic factors.
BCA revenues by customer location consisted of the following:

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Europe | $4,443 |  |  | $2,869 |  |  | $1,050 |  |  | $615 |
Latin America and Caribbean | 629 |  |  | 1,586 |  |  | 425 |  |  | 450 |
Asia | 3,978 |  |  | 3,318 |  |  | 1,623 |  |  | 1,291 |
Middle East | 2,723 |  |  | 1,297 |  |  | 1,257 |  |  | 209 |
Other non-U.S. | 1,090 |  |  | 918 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 350 |
Total non-U.S. revenues | 12,863 |  |  | 9,988 |  |  | 4,567 |  |  | 2,915 |
United States | 10,435 |  |  | 6,680 |  |  | 3,260 |  |  | 3,317 |
Estimated potential concessions and other considerations to 737 MAX customers, net | 54 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 33 |
Total revenues from contracts with customers | 23,352 |  |  | 16,684 |  |  | 7,855 |  |  | 6,265 |
Intersegment revenues eliminated on consolidation | 68 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 38 |
Total segment revenues | $23,420 |  |  | $16,755 |  |  | $7,876 |  |  | $6,303 |
Revenue recognized on fixed-price contracts | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Revenue recognized at a point in time | 99 | % |  | 99 | % |  | 99 | % |  | 99 | %

BDS revenues on contracts with customers, based on the customer's location, consisted of the following:

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. customers | $14,686 |  |  | $12,493 |  |  | $4,348 |  |  | $3,711 |
Non-U.S. customers(1) | 3,501 |  |  | 4,488 |  |  | 1,133 |  |  | 1,596 |
Total segment revenue from contracts with customers | $18,187 |  |  | $16,981 |  |  | $5,481 |  |  | $5,307 |
Revenue recognized over time | 99 | % |  | 99 | % |  | 99 | % |  | 99 | %
Revenue recognized on fixed-price contracts | 57 | % |  | 60 | % |  | 54 | % |  | 54 | %
Revenue from the U.S. government(1) | 91 | % |  | 90 | % |  | 94 | % |  | 91 | %

(1)Includes revenues earned from foreign military sales through the U.S. government.
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BGS revenues consisted of the following:

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $8,218 |  |  | $7,111 |  |  | $2,799 |  |  | $2,474 |
Government | 5,793 |  |  | 5,692 |  |  | 1,919 |  |  | 1,882 |
Total revenues from contracts with customers | 14,011 |  |  | 12,803 |  |  | 4,718 |  |  | 4,356 |
Intersegment revenues eliminated on consolidation | 267 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 76 |
Total segment revenues | $14,278 |  |  | $13,044 |  |  | $4,812 |  |  | $4,432 |
Revenue recognized at a point in time | 51 | % |  | 50 | % |  | 52 | % |  | 51 | %
Revenue recognized on fixed-price contracts | 87 | % |  | 88 | % |  | 88 | % |  | 88 | %
Revenue from the U.S. government(1) | 31 | % |  | 33 | % |  | 30 | % |  | 32 | %

(1)Includes revenues earned from foreign military sales through the U.S. government.
Backlog
Our total backlog includes contracts that we and our customers are committed to perform. The value in backlog represents the estimated transaction prices on performance obligations to our customers for which work remains to be performed. Backlog is converted into revenue, primarily based on the cost incurred or at delivery and acceptance of products, depending on the applicable revenue recognition model.
Our backlog at September 30, 2023 was $469,178. We expect approximately 21% to be converted to revenue through 2024 and approximately 71% through 2027, with the remainder thereafter. There is significant uncertainty regarding the timing of when backlog will convert into revenue due to timing of 737 and 787 deliveries from inventory and timing of entry into service of the 777X, 737-7 and/or 737-10.
Unallocated Items, Eliminations and Other
Unallocated items, eliminations and other include common internal services that support Boeing’s global business operations and eliminations of certain sales between segments. We generally allocate costs to business segments based on the U.S. Government Cost Accounting Standards (CAS). Components of Unallocated items, eliminations and other (expense)/income are shown in the following table.

| Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Share-based plans | ($33) |  |  | ($64) |  |  | $5 |  |  | $44 |
Deferred compensation | (71) |  |  | 204 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 38 |
Amortization of previously capitalized interest | (71) |  |  | (71) |  |  | (24) |  |  | (24) |
Research and development expense, net | (222) |  |  | (161) |  |  | (73) |  |  | (43) |
Eliminations and other unallocated items | (670) |  |  | (627) |  |  | (204) |  |  | (399) |
Unallocated items, eliminations and other | ($1,067) |  |  | ($719) |  |  | ($271) |  |  | ($384) |

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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Expense
Pension costs are allocated to BDS and BGS businesses supporting government customers using CAS, which employ different actuarial assumptions and accounting conventions than GAAP. These costs are allocable to government contracts. Other postretirement benefit costs are allocated to business segments based on CAS, which is generally based on benefits paid. FAS/CAS service cost adjustment represents the difference between the Financial Accounting Standards (FAS) pension and postretirement service costs calculated under GAAP and costs allocated to the business segments. Non-operating pension and postretirement expenses represent the components of net periodic benefit costs other than service cost. These expenses are included in Other income, net. Components of FAS/CAS service cost adjustment are shown in the following table:

| Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Pension FAS/CAS service cost adjustment | $663 |  |  | $621 |  |  | $218 |  |  | $208 |
Postretirement FAS/CAS service cost adjustment | 200 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 71 |
FAS/CAS service cost adjustment | $863 |  |  | $846 |  |  | $281 |  |  | $279 |

Assets
Segment assets are summarized in the table below:

| September 30 2023 |  | December 31 2022
Commercial Airplanes | $77,083 |  |  | $76,825 |
Defense, Space & Security | 15,232 |  |  | 14,426 |
Global Services | 16,206 |  |  | 16,149 |
Unallocated items, eliminations and other | 25,760 |  |  | 29,700 |
Total | $134,281 |  |  | $137,100 |

Assets included in Unallocated items, eliminations and other primarily consist of Cash and cash equivalents, Short-term and other investments, tax assets, capitalized interest and assets managed centrally on behalf of the three principal business segments and intercompany eliminations.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
The Boeing Company
Arlington, Virginia
Results of Review of Interim Financial Information
We have reviewed the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of financial position of The Boeing Company and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of September 30, 2023, the related condensed consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, and equity for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and of cash flows for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "condensed consolidated interim financial information"). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the accompanying condensed consolidated interim financial information for it to be in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the "PCAOB"), the consolidated statement of financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein); and in our report dated January 27, 2023, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2022, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated statement of financial position from which it has been derived.
Basis for Review Results
This condensed consolidated interim financial information is the responsibility of the Company's management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our reviews in accordance with standards of the PCAOB. A review of interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Chicago, Illinois
October 25, 2023
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “may,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “projects,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates,” “targets,” “anticipates” and similar expressions generally identify these forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include statements relating to our future financial condition and operating results, as well as any other statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact.
Forward-looking statements are based on expectations and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable when made, but that may not prove to be accurate. These statements are not guarantees and are subject to risks, uncertainties and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Many factors could cause actual results to differ materially and adversely from these forward-looking statements. Among these factors are risks related to:
(1) | general conditions in the economy and our industry, including those due to regulatory changes;
(2) | our reliance on our commercial airline customers;
(3) | the overall health of our aircraft production system, planned commercial aircraft production rate changes, our ability to successfully develop and certify new aircraft or new derivative aircraft, and the ability of our aircraft to meet stringent performance and reliability standards;
(4) | changing budget and appropriation levels and acquisition priorities of the U.S. government, as well as the potential impact of a government shutdown;
(5) | our dependence on our subcontractors and suppliers, as well as the availability of highly skilled labor and raw materials;
(6) | competition within our markets;
(7) | our non-U.S. operations and sales to non-U.S. customers;
(8) | changes in accounting estimates;
(9) | realizing the anticipated benefits of mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures/strategic alliances or divestitures;
(10) | our dependence on U.S. government contracts;
(11) | our reliance on fixed-price contracts;
(12) | our reliance on cost-type contracts;
(13) | contracts that include in-orbit incentive payments;
(14) | unauthorized access to our, our customers’ and/or our suppliers' information and systems;
(15) | potential business disruptions, including threats to physical security or our information technology systems, extreme weather (including effects of climate change) or other acts of nature, and pandemics or other public health crises;

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(16) | potential adverse developments in new or pending litigation and/or government inquiries or investigations;
(17) | potential environmental liabilities;
(18) | effects of climate change and legal, regulatory or market responses to such change.
(19) | changes in our ability to obtain debt financing on commercially reasonable terms, at competitive rates and in sufficient amounts;
(20) | substantial pension and other postretirement benefit obligations;
(21) | the adequacy of our insurance coverage;
(22) | customer and aircraft concentration in our customer financing portfolio; and
(23) | work stoppages or other labor disruptions.
Additional information concerning these and other factors can be found in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K. Any forward-looking information speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Consolidated Results of Operations and Financial Condition
Consolidated Results of Operations
The following table summarizes key indicators of consolidated results of operations:

(Dollars in millions, except per share data) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenues | $55,776 |  |  | $46,628 |  |  | $18,104 |  |  | $15,956 |
GAAP |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss from operations | ($1,056) |  |  | ($3,174) |  |  | ($808) |  |  | ($2,792) |
Operating margins | (1.9) | % |  | (6.8) | % |  | (4.5) | % |  | (17.5) | %
Effective income tax rate | (10.8) | % |  | (0.4) | % |  | (48.9) | % |  | (5.6) | %
Net loss attributable to Boeing Shareholders | ($2,199) |  |  | ($4,301) |  |  | ($1,636) |  |  | ($3,275) |
Diluted loss per share | ($3.64) |  |  | ($7.24) |  |  | ($2.70) |  |  | ($5.49) |
Non-GAAP (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core operating loss | ($1,919) |  |  | ($4,020) |  |  | ($1,089) |  |  | ($3,071) |
Core operating margins | (3.4) | % |  | (8.6) | % |  | (6.0) | % |  | (19.2) | %
Core loss per share | ($5.35) |  |  | ($9.31) |  |  | ($3.26) |  |  | ($6.18) |

(1)These measures exclude certain components of pension and other postretirement benefit expense. See pages 48-50 for important information about these non-GAAP measures and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.
Revenues
The following table summarizes Revenues:

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Commercial Airplanes | $23,420 |  |  | $16,755 |  |  | $7,876 |  |  | $6,303 |
Defense, Space & Security | 18,187 |  |  | 16,981 |  |  | 5,481 |  |  | 5,307 |
Global Services | 14,278 |  |  | 13,044 |  |  | 4,812 |  |  | 4,432 |
Unallocated items, eliminations and other | (109) |  |  | (152) |  |  | (65) |  |  | (86) |
Total | $55,776 |  |  | $46,628 |  |  | $18,104 |  |  | $15,956 |

Revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $9,148 million compared with the same period in 2022 driven by higher revenues at all three operating segments. Commercial Airplanes (BCA) revenues increased by $6,665 million primarily driven by higher 787 and 737 deliveries. Global Services (BGS) revenues increased by $1,234 million primarily due to higher commercial services revenue driven by market recovery across the commercial portfolio. Defense, Space & Security (BDS) revenues increased by $1,206 million primarily due to lower charges on development programs and higher revenues on space and proprietary programs.
Revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $2,148 million compared with the same period in 2022 driven by higher revenues at all three operating segments. BCA revenues increased by $1,573 million driven by higher 787 deliveries, partially offset by lower 737 deliveries. BGS revenues increased by $380 million due to higher commercial services revenue driven by market recovery across the commercial portfolio. BDS revenues increased by $174 million compared with the same period
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in 2022. BDS net unfavorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments were $540 million better than the comparable period in the prior year primarily due lower charges on development programs, partially offset by the KC-46A Tanker Lot 8 award in the third quarter of 2022.
Revenues will continue to be significantly impacted until the global supply chain stabilizes, labor instability diminishes, and deliveries ramp up.
Loss from Operations
The following table summarizes Loss from operations:

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Commercial Airplanes | ($1,676) |  |  | ($1,738) |  |  | ($678) |  |  | ($622) |
Defense, Space & Security | (1,663) |  |  | (3,656) |  |  | (924) |  |  | (2,798) |
Global Services | 2,487 |  |  | 2,093 |  |  | 784 |  |  | 733 |
Segment operating loss | (852) |  |  | (3,301) |  |  | (818) |  |  | (2,687) |
Pension FAS/CAS service cost adjustment | 663 |  |  | 621 |  |  | 218 |  |  | 208 |
Postretirement FAS/CAS service cost adjustment | 200 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 71 |
Unallocated items, eliminations and other | (1,067) |  |  | (719) |  |  | (271) |  |  | (384) |
Loss from operations (GAAP) | ($1,056) |  |  | ($3,174) |  |  | ($808) |  |  | ($2,792) |
FAS/CAS service cost adjustment * | (863) |  |  | (846) |  |  | (281) |  |  | (279) |
Core operating loss (Non-GAAP) ** | ($1,919) |  |  | ($4,020) |  |  | ($1,089) |  |  | ($3,071) |

* The FAS/CAS service cost adjustment represents the difference between the FAS pension and postretirement service costs calculated under GAAP and costs allocated to the business segments.
** Core operating loss is a Non-GAAP measure that excludes the FAS/CAS service cost adjustment. See pages 48-50.
Loss from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased by $2,118 million compared with the same period in 2022. BDS loss from operations decreased by $1,993 million compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to a reduction in net unfavorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments, which were $2,483 million better than the net unfavorable impact in the prior year comparable period. BCA loss from operations decreased by $62 million reflecting higher 737 and 787 deliveries and lower other period expenses, partially offset by higher spending on research and development and higher abnormal production costs. BGS earnings from operations increased by $394 million primarily due to higher commercial services revenue, partially offset by lower government services performance and unfavorable mix.
Loss from operations for the three months ended September 30, 2023 decreased by $1,984 million compared to the same period in 2022. BDS loss from operations decreased by $1,874 million compared with the same period in 2022. The year over year decrease reflects a reduction in net unfavorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments, which were $1,891 million better than the net unfavorable impact in the prior year comparable period. BGS earnings from operations increased by $51 million primarily due to higher commercial services revenue. BCA loss from operations increased by $56 million reflecting higher spending on research and development, partially offset by lower other period expenses.
Core operating loss for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023 decreased by $2,101 million and $1,982 million, respectively, compared with the same periods in 2022. The changes in core operating loss were primarily due to changes in Segment operating loss as described above.
For information related to Postretirement Plans, see Note 12 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Unallocated Items, Eliminations and Other
The most significant items included in Unallocated items, eliminations and other expense/(income) are shown in the following table:

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Share-based plans | ($33) |  |  | ($64) |  |  | $5 |  |  | $44 |
Deferred compensation | (71) |  |  | 204 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 38 |
Amortization of previously capitalized interest | (71) |  |  | (71) |  |  | (24) |  |  | (24) |
Research and development expense, net | (222) |  |  | (161) |  |  | (73) |  |  | (43) |
Eliminations and other unallocated items | (670) |  |  | (627) |  |  | (204) |  |  | (399) |
Unallocated items, eliminations and other | ($1,067) |  |  | ($719) |  |  | ($271) |  |  | ($384) |

Share-based plans expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased by $31 million compared with the same period in 2022 due to fewer share-based grants in 2023. Share-based plans income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 decreased by $39 million compared with the same period in 2022 primarily due to the timing of corporate allocations.
Deferred compensation expense of $71 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared with income of $204 million in the same period in 2022 is driven by broad stock market conditions and changes in our stock price. Deferred compensation income of $25 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared with $38 million in the same period in 2022 is primarily driven by broad stock market conditions.
Research and development expense for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $61 million and $30 million compared with the same period in 2022 due to spending on enterprise product development.
Eliminations and other unallocated items expense for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $43 million and decreased by $195 million, respectively, compared with the same periods in 2022. The decrease in the third quarter of 2023 reflects a $200 million settlement in the third quarter of 2022 with the Securities and Exchange Commission related to the 737 MAX accidents.
Other Earnings Items

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Loss from operations | ($1,056) |  |  | ($3,174) |  |  | ($808) |  |  | ($2,792) |
Other income, net | 919 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 288 |
Interest and debt expense | (1,859) |  |  | (1,921) |  |  | (589) |  |  | (628) |
Loss before income taxes | (1,996) |  |  | (4,373) |  |  | (1,100) |  |  | (3,132) |
Income tax expense | (216) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (538) |  |  | (176) |
Net loss from continuing operations | (2,212) |  |  | (4,390) |  |  | (1,638) |  |  | (3,308) |
Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | (13) |  |  | (89) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (33) |
Net loss attributable to Boeing Shareholders | ($2,199) |  |  | ($4,301) |  |  | ($1,636) |  |  | ($3,275) |

Other income, net for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $197 million and $9 million compared with the same period in 2022 primarily due to higher interest income on short-term investments reflecting higher investment balances and interest rates, partially offset by a decrease in non-operating pension income. For information on changes related to non-operating pension and postretirement expenses, see Note 12 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Other income, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 included losses of $50 million that were associated with certain cash flow hedges reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss because it was probable the forecasted transactions would not occur. This also contributed to the increase in Other income, net in 2023.
Interest and debt expense for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023 was lower compared with the same period in the prior year primarily as a result of lower debt balances.
In August 2022, the President signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which contained provisions effective January 1, 2023, including a 15% corporate minimum tax and a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks, both of which we do not expect to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. For discussion related to Income Taxes, see Note 3 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Total Costs and Expenses (“Cost of Sales”)
Cost of sales, for both products and services, consists primarily of raw materials, parts, sub-assemblies, labor, overhead and subcontracting costs. Our BCA segment predominantly uses program accounting to account for cost of sales. Under program accounting, cost of sales for each commercial aircraft program equals the product of (i) revenue recognized in connection with customer deliveries and (ii) the estimated cost of sales percentage applicable to the total remaining program. For long-term contracts, the amount reported as cost of sales is recognized as incurred. Substantially all contracts at our BDS segment and certain contracts at our BGS segment are long-term contracts with the U.S. government and other customers that generally extend over several years. Cost of sales for commercial spare parts is recorded at average cost.
The following table summarizes cost of sales:

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 | Change | 2023 |  | 2022 | Change
Cost of sales | $50,749 |  |  | $44,962 |  | $5,787 |  | $16,939 |  |  | $16,771 |  | $168 |
Cost of sales as a % of Revenues | 91.0 | % |  | 96.4 | % | (5.4) | % | 93.6 | % |  | 105.1 | % | (11.5) | %

Cost of sales for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $5,787 million and $168 million, or 13% and 1%, respectively, compared with the same periods in 2022, primarily due to higher revenues at all three operating segments. Cost of sales as a percentage of Revenues decreased during the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023 compared with the same periods in 2022 primarily due to lower charges on BDS development programs.
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Research and Development
Research and development expense, net is summarized in the following table:

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Commercial Airplanes | $1,538 |  |  | $1,102 |  |  | $623 |  |  | $409 |
Defense, Space & Security | 652 |  |  | 706 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 240 |
Global Services | 84 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 35 |
Other | 222 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 43 |
Total | $2,496 |  |  | $2,058 |  |  | $958 |  |  | $727 |

Research and development expense increased by $438 million and $231 million during the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to higher research and development expenditures on the 777X program as well as other BCA and enterprise investments in product development.
Backlog

(Dollars in millions) | September 30 2023 |  | December 31 2022
Commercial Airplanes | $392,105 |  |  | $329,824 |
Defense, Space & Security | 57,802 |  |  | 54,373 |
Global Services | 18,441 |  |  | 19,338 |
Unallocated items, eliminations and other | 830 |  |  | 846 |
Total Backlog | $469,178 |  |  | $404,381 |
Contractual backlog | $446,199 |  |  | $381,977 |
Unobligated backlog | 22,979 |  |  | 22,404 |
Total Backlog | $469,178 |  |  | $404,381 |

Contractual backlog of unfilled orders excludes purchase options, announced orders for which definitive contracts have not been executed, orders where customers have the unilateral right to terminate, and unobligated U.S. and non-U.S. government contract funding. The increase in contractual backlog during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to increases in BCA and BDS backlog. If we remain unable to deliver 737 aircraft in China for an extended period of time, and/or entry into service of the 777X, 737-7 and/or 737-10 is further delayed, we may experience reductions to backlog and/or significant order cancellations.
Unobligated backlog includes U.S. and non-U.S. government definitive contracts for which funding has not been authorized. Unobligated backlog was largely unchanged during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Additional Considerations
The Continuing Resolution (CR) enacted on September 30, 2023, continues federal funding at fiscal year 2023 appropriated levels through November 17, 2023. Congress and the President must enact either full-year fiscal year 2024 (FY24) appropriations bills or an additional CR to fund government departments and agencies after November 17, 2023, or a government shutdown could result. We rely on the U.S. government in various aspects of our defense, commercial, and services businesses. In the event of a shutdown, requirements to furlough employees in the U.S. Department of Defense (U.S. DoD), the Department of Transportation or other government agencies could result in payment delays, impair our ability to perform work on existing contracts or otherwise impact our operations, negatively impact future orders, and/or cause other disruptions or delays. There is uncertainty regarding which government
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functions would shut down or continue operations during a lapse in appropriations, and corresponding uncertainty regarding the extent or magnitude of potential impacts to our operations.
Global Trade We continually monitor the global trade environment in response to geopolitical economic developments, as well as changes in tariffs, trade agreements, or sanctions that may impact the Company.
The current state of U.S.-China relations remains an ongoing watch item. Since 2018, the U.S. and China have imposed tariffs on each other’s imports. Certain aircraft parts and components that Boeing procures are subject to these tariffs. We are mitigating import costs through Duty Drawback Customs procedures. China is a significant market for commercial aircraft. Boeing has long-standing relationships with our Chinese customers, who represent a key component of our commercial aircraft backlog. Overall, the U.S.-China trade relationship remains stalled as economic and national security concerns continue to be a challenge.
Beginning in June 2018, the U.S. Government imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports. In response to these tariffs, several major U.S. trading partners have imposed, or announced their intention to impose, tariffs on U.S. goods. The U.S. has subsequently reached agreements with Mexico, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the European Union to ease or remove tariffs on steel and/or aluminum. We continue to monitor the potential for any extra costs that may result from the remaining global tariffs.
We are complying with all U.S. and other government export control restrictions and sanctions imposed on certain businesses and individuals in Russia. We continue to monitor and evaluate additional sanctions and export restrictions that may be imposed by the U.S. Government or other governments, as well as any responses from Russia that could affect our supply chain, business partners or customers, for any additional impacts to our business.
Supply Chain We and our suppliers are experiencing supply chain disruptions as a result of global supply chain constraints and labor instability. We and our suppliers are also experiencing inflationary pressures. We continue to monitor the health and stability of the supply chain as we ramp up production. These factors have reduced overall productivity and adversely impacted our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
The current conflict in Israel and the Gaza Strip has the potential to impact certain of our suppliers, and has already impacted some operations for our airline and lessor customers. We are closely monitoring developments, supporting our employees and customers, and will take mitigating actions as appropriate.
Segment Results of Operations and Financial Condition
Commercial Airplanes
Business Environment and Trends
See Overview to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the airline industry environment.
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Results of Operations

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenues | $23,420 |  |  | $16,755 |  |  | $7,876 |  |  | $6,303 |
Loss from operations | ($1,676) |  |  | ($1,738) |  |  | ($678) |  |  | ($622) |
Operating margins | (7.2) | % |  | (10.4) | % |  | (8.6) | % |  | (9.9) | %

Revenues
BCA revenues increased by $6,665 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared with the same period in 2022 primarily driven by higher 787 and 737 deliveries. BCA revenues increased by $1,573 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared with the same period in 2022 driven by higher 787 deliveries, partially offset by lower 737 deliveries.
Commercial airplane deliveries, including intercompany deliveries, were as follows:

| 737 |  | * | 747 |  |  | 767 |  | * | 777 |  |  |  | 787 |  |  | Total
Deliveries during the first nine months of 2023 | 286 |  | (6) | 1 |  |  | 17 |  | (6) | 17 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  | 371 |
Deliveries during the first nine months of 2022 | 277 |  | (10) | 3 |  |  | 21 |  | (10) | 18 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | 328 |
Deliveries during the third quarter of 2023 | 70 |  | (1) |  |  | 8 |  | (5) | 8 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  | 105 |
Deliveries during the third quarter of 2022 | 88 |  | (2) |  |  |  | 9 |  | (3) | 6 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | 112 |
Cumulative deliveries as of 9/30/2023 | 8,418 |  |  | 1,573 |  |  | 1,288 |  |  | 1,718 |  |  |  | 1,087 |  |  |
Cumulative deliveries as of 12/31/2022 | 8,132 |  |  | 1,572 |  |  | 1,271 |  |  | 1,701 |  |  |  | 1,037 |  |  |

* Intercompany deliveries identified by parentheses.
Loss From Operations
BCA loss from operations was $1,676 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared with $1,738 million in the same period in 2022 reflecting higher 737 and 787 deliveries and lower other period expenses, partially offset by higher spending on research and development and higher abnormal production costs. Abnormal production costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $1,379 million, including $937 million related to the 787 program and $442 million related to the 777X program. Abnormal production costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $1,326 million, including $925 million related to the 787 program, $213 million related to the 777X program and $188 million related to the 737 program.
BCA loss from operations was $678 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared with $622 million in the same period in 2022 reflecting higher spending on research and development, partially offset by lower other period expenses. Abnormal production costs for the three months ended September 30, 2023 were $424 million, including $244 million related to the 787 program and $180 million related to the 777X program. Abnormal production costs for the three months ended September 30, 2022 were $441 million, including $330 million related to the 787 program and $111 million related to the 777X program.
Backlog
Our total backlog represents the estimated transaction prices on unsatisfied and partially satisfied performance obligations to our customers where we believe it is probable that we will collect the consideration due and where no contingencies remain before we and the customer are required to perform. Backlog does not include prospective orders where customer-controlled contingencies remain, such as the customer receiving approval from its board of directors, shareholders or government or completing financing arrangements. All such contingencies must be satisfied or have expired prior to
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recording a new firm order even if satisfying such conditions is highly certain. Backlog excludes options and Boeing customer financing orders as well as orders where customers have the unilateral right to terminate. A number of our customers may have contractual remedies, including rights to reject individual airplane deliveries if the actual delivery date is significantly later than the contractual delivery date. We address customer claims and requests for other contractual relief as they arise. The value of orders in backlog is adjusted as changes to price and schedule are agreed to with customers and is reported in accordance with the requirements of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606.
BCA total backlog increased from $329,824 million as of December 31, 2022 to $392,105 million at September 30, 2023 reflecting new orders in excess of deliveries and a decrease in the value of existing orders that in our assessment do not meet the accounting requirements of ASC 606 for inclusion in backlog, partially offset by order cancellations. Aircraft order cancellations during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 totaled $11,612 million and primarily relate to 737 and 777X aircraft. The net ASC 606 adjustments for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 resulted in an increase to backlog of $17,871 million due to a net decrease of 777X and 737 aircraft, partially offset by an increase in 787 aircraft in the ASC 606 reserve. ASC 606 adjustments include consideration of aircraft orders where a customer-controlled contingency may exist, as well as an assessment of whether the customer is committed to perform, impacts of geopolitical events or related sanctions, or whether it is probable that the customer will pay the full amount of consideration when it is due. If we remain unable to deliver 737 aircraft in China for an extended period of time, and/or entry into service of the 777X, 737-7 and/or 737-10 is further delayed, we may experience reductions to backlog and/or significant order cancellations.
Accounting Quantity
The following table provides details of the accounting quantities and firm orders by program. Cumulative firm orders represent the cumulative number of commercial jet aircraft deliveries plus undelivered firm orders. Firm orders include certain military derivative aircraft that are not included in program accounting quantities. All revenues and costs associated with military derivative aircraft production are reported in the BDS segment.

| Program |
As of 9/30/2023 | 737 |  |  | 747 |  |  | 767 |  |  | 777 |  |  | 777X |  | 787 |  | †
Program accounting quantities | 11,200 |  |  | 1,574 |  |  | 1,279 |  |  | 1,790 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 1,600 |  |
Undelivered units under firm orders | 4,031 |  |  |  |  |  | 104 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 318 |  |  | 666 |  | (8)
Cumulative firm orders | 12,449 |  |  | 1,573 |  |  | 1,392 |  |  | 1,771 |  |  | 318 |  |  | 1,753 |  |
As of 12/31/2022 | 737 |  |  | 747 |  |  | 767 |  |  | 777 |  |  | 777X |  | 787 |  | †
Program accounting quantities | 10,800 |  |  | 1,574 |  |  | 1,267 |  |  | 1,790 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 1,600 |  |
Undelivered units under firm orders | 3,653 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 505 |  | (8)
Cumulative firm orders | 11,785 |  |  | 1,573 |  |  | 1,377 |  |  | 1,770 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 1,542 |  |

† Boeing customer financing aircraft orders are identified in parentheses.
Program Highlights
737 Program The accounting quantity for the 737 program increased by 400 units during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 due to the program's normal progress of obtaining additional orders and delivering airplanes.
Return-to-service of the China 737 MAX fleet is largely complete. In April 2023, the Civil Aviation Administration of China released the second 737 Aircraft Evaluation Report, which was another step toward resuming deliveries. We continue to work with airlines and government officials to resume airplane deliveries to customers in China, however, there continues to be uncertainty regarding timing.
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We have approximately 250 aircraft in inventory as of September 30, 2023, including 85 aircraft for customers in China. We continue to expect to deliver most of the aircraft in inventory by the end of 2024. In the event that we are unable to resume aircraft deliveries in China and/or ramp up deliveries consistent with our assumptions, our expectation of delivery timing could be impacted.
In April 2023, our fuselage supplier notified us that a non-standard manufacturing process was used on two fittings in the aft fuselage section of certain 737-7, 737-8 and 737 military derivative aircraft. There is not a safety of flight issue and the in-service fleet can continue operating safely. While this impacted deliveries in the second quarter, newly-built aircraft now meet our specifications.
During the third quarter of 2023, we discovered non-conforming holes in the aft pressure dome of certain 737-7, 737-8 and 737 military derivative aircraft. We are working with our fuselage supplier to rework non-conforming fuselages and ensure newly built aircraft meet our specifications. There is not an immediate safety of flight issue and the in-service fleet can continue operating safely. Inspections and rework have begun on completed aircraft and resulted in lower than expected deliveries in the third quarter of 2023.
The recent non-conformance has also disrupted and slowed the production of newly built aircraft including the planned transition from 31 per month to 38 per month, which is now expected by the end of 2023.
We are following the lead of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as we work through the certification process of the 737-7 and 737-10 models. We continue to expect the 737-7 to be certified in 2023 with first delivery in 2024. We continue to expect the 737-10 to begin FAA certification flight testing in 2023 with first delivery in 2024. In 2022, we provisioned for the estimated costs associated with safety enhancements that will be required on all new 737 MAX aircraft and previously delivered 737 MAX aircraft one year and three years after the issuance of a type certificate for the 737-10, respectively. We do not expect those costs to be material. If we experience delays in achieving certification and/or incorporating safety enhancements, future revenues, cash flows and results of operations could be adversely impacted.
See further discussion of the 737 MAX in Note 9 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
747 Program We completed production of the 747 in the fourth quarter of 2022 and delivery of the last aircraft occurred in February 2023. Ending production of the 747 did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
767 Program The accounting quantity for the 767 program increased by 12 units during the three months ended September 30, 2023 due to the program's normal progress of obtaining additional orders and delivering airplanes. The 767 assembly line includes the commercial program and a derivative to support the KC-46A Tanker program. The commercial program has near break-even gross margins. We are currently producing at a rate of 3 aircraft per month.
777 and 777X Programs We are currently producing at a combined production rate of 3 per month for the 777/777X programs.
We continue to expect the first delivery of the 777X-9 to occur in 2025. We are working towards Type Inspection Authorization (TIA) which will enable us to begin FAA certification flight testing. The timing of TIA and certification will ultimately be determined by the regulators, and further determinations with respect to anticipated certification requirements could result in additional delays in entry into service and/or additional cost increases. We launched the 777X-8 freighter during the first quarter of 2022 and continue to expect first delivery in 2027.
In April 2022, we decided to pause production of the 777X-9 during 2022 and 2023. We implemented the production pause during the second quarter of 2022, and continue to expect abnormal production costs of approximately $1.0 billion that are being period expensed as incurred until 777X-9 production resumes. We have been gradually restarting the 777X production system and expect all phases to resume during the fourth quarter of 2023. Cumulative abnormal costs recorded through September 30, 2023 totaled $767 million including $442 million of abnormal costs expensed during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
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The 777X program has near break-even gross margins at September 30, 2023. The level of profitability on the 777X program will be subject to a number of factors. These factors include production disruption due to labor instability and supply chain disruption, customer negotiations, further production rate adjustments for the 777X or other commercial aircraft programs, contraction of the accounting quantity and potential risks associated with the testing program and the timing of aircraft certification. One or more of these factors could result in reach-forward losses on the 777X program in future periods.
787 Program We continue to conduct inspections and rework on undelivered 787 aircraft due to production quality issues, including in our supply chain. We have implemented changes in the production process designed to ensure that newly-built airplanes meet our specifications and do not require further inspections and rework. Deliveries were temporarily paused in late February 2023 pending validation of our prior analysis. We received FAA authorization to resume deliveries in March. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had approximately 75 and 100 aircraft in inventory and expect to deliver most by the end of 2024.
We are currently transitioning the production rate from 4 per month to 5 per month. In the third quarter of 2021, we determined that production rates below 5 per month represented abnormally low production rates and result in abnormal production costs that are required to be expensed as incurred. We also determined that the inspections and rework costs on inventoried aircraft are excessive and should also be accounted for as abnormal production costs. Cumulative abnormal costs recorded through September 30, 2023 totaled $2.6 billion and our estimate of total abnormal costs increased from $2.8 billion to $3.0 billion in the third quarter of 2023 primarily due to supply chain disruption. We do not expect abnormal costs related to abnormally low production rates to continue beyond September 30, 2023, and we expect the remaining abnormal costs related to inspections and rework to be incurred by the end of 2024. We continue to work with customers and suppliers regarding timing of future deliveries and production rate changes.
Additional Considerations
The development and ongoing production of commercial aircraft is extremely complex, involving extensive coordination and integration with suppliers and highly-skilled labor from employees and other partners. Meeting or exceeding our performance and reliability standards, as well as those of customers and regulators, can be costly and technologically challenging, such as the 737 and 787 production issues and associated rework. In addition, the introduction of new aircraft and derivatives, such as the 777X and 737-7 and 737-10, involves increased risks associated with meeting development, production and certification schedules. These challenges include increased global regulatory scrutiny of all development aircraft in the wake of the 737 MAX accidents. As a result, our ability to deliver aircraft on time, satisfy performance and reliability standards and achieve or maintain, as applicable, program profitability is subject to significant risks. Factors that could result in lower margins (or a material charge if an airplane program has or is determined to have reach-forward losses) include the following: changes to the program accounting quantity, customer and model mix, production costs and rates, changes to price escalation factors due to changes in the inflation rate or other economic indicators, performance or reliability issues involving completed aircraft, capital expenditures and other costs associated with increasing or adding new production capacity, learning curve, additional change incorporation, achieving anticipated cost reductions, the addition of regulatory requirements in connection with certification in one or more jurisdictions, flight test and certification schedules, costs, schedule and demand for new airplanes and derivatives and status of customer claims, supplier claims or assertions and other contractual negotiations. While we believe the cost and revenue estimates incorporated in the consolidated financial statements are appropriate, the technical complexity of our airplane programs creates financial risk as additional completion costs may become necessary or scheduled delivery dates could be extended, which could trigger termination provisions, order cancellations or other financially significant exposure.
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Defense, Space & Security
Business Environment and Trends
United States Government Defense Environment Overview
In March 2023, the U.S. government released the President's budget request for FY24, which requested $842 billion in funding for the U.S. DoD and $27 billion for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The President's budget request does not request funding for F/A-18, V-22, or P-8 production aircraft. The P-8 program continues to pursue U.S. and non-U.S. sales opportunities.
In addition, there is ongoing uncertainty with respect to program-level appropriations for the U.S. DoD, NASA and other government agencies for FY24 and beyond. U.S. government discretionary spending, including defense spending, is likely to continue to be subject to pressure. Future budget cuts or investment priority changes, including changes associated with the authorizations and appropriations process, could result in reductions, cancellations, and/or delays of existing contracts or programs. Any of these impacts could have a material effect on our results of operations, financial position, and/or cash flows.
Non-U.S. Defense Environment Overview The non-U.S. market continues to be driven by complex and evolving security challenges and the need to modernize aging equipment and inventories. BDS expects that it will continue to have a wide range of opportunities across Asia, Europe and the Middle East given the diverse regional threats. At September 30, 2023, 29% of BDS backlog was attributable to non-U.S. customers.
Results of Operations

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenues | $18,187 |  |  | $16,981 |  |  | $5,481 |  |  | $5,307 |
Loss from operations | ($1,663) |  |  | ($3,656) |  |  | ($924) |  |  | ($2,798) |
Operating margins | (9.1) | % |  | (21.5) | % |  | (16.9) | % |  | (52.7 | %)

Since our operating cycle is long-term and involves many different types of development and production contracts with varying delivery and milestone schedules, the operating results of a particular period may not be indicative of future operating results. In addition, depending on the customer and their funding sources, our orders might be structured as annual follow-on contracts, or as one large multi-year order or long-term award. As a result, period-to-period comparisons of backlog are not necessarily indicative of future workloads. The following discussions of comparative results among periods should be viewed in this context.
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Deliveries of new-build production units, including remanufactures and modifications, were as follows:

| Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
F/A-18 Models | 16 |  | 11 |  | 3 |  | 3
F-15 Models | 6 |  | 9 |  |  |  | 4
T-7A Red Hawk | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |
CH-47 Chinook (New) | 8 |  | 10 |  | 1 |  | 1
CH-47 Chinook (Renewed) | 7 |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 2
AH-64 Apache (New) | 17 |  | 20 |  | 5 |  | 7
AH-64 Apache (Remanufactured) | 38 |  | 36 |  | 9 |  | 8
MH-139 | 1 |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  | 4
P-8 Models | 7 |  | 10 |  | 2 |  | 4
KC-46 Tanker | 4 |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 1
Commercial Satellites | 3 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 2
Total | 108 |  | 117 |  | 28 |  | 36

Revenues
BDS revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $1,206 million compared with the same period in 2022 primarily due to lower charges on development programs and higher revenues on space and proprietary programs. Net unfavorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $676 million better than the comparable period in the prior year largely due to lower charges on development programs in 2023, partially offset by unfavorable performance on other programs.
BDS revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $174 million compared with the same period in 2022. Net unfavorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments for the three months ended September 30, 2023 were $540 million better than the comparable period in the prior year primarily due lower charges on development programs, partially offset by the KC-46A Tanker Lot 8 award in the third quarter of 2022.
Loss From Operations
BDS loss from operations was $1,663 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared with $3,656 million in the same period in 2022 primarily due to a reduction in net unfavorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments, which were $2,483 million better than the net unfavorable impact in the prior year comparable period. The reduction in unfavorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments included $2,983 million related to the five large fixed-price development programs, partially offset by a $500 million increase in net unfavorable cumulative catch-up adjustments on the remaining portfolio and lower margins on several programs in 2023 than the comparable period in the prior year. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, losses incurred on the five development programs totaled $1,446 million compared with $4,429 million in the same period in 2022. Additionally, operations were impacted by continued labor instability, development technical challenges and supply chain disruption across other programs including F-15 and satellites. Results in 2023 were also affected by the $315 million impact of satellite contract discussed below. Higher period expenses also contributed to the loss from operations in 2023.
BDS loss from operations was $924 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared with $2,798 million in the same period in 2022. The year over year decrease reflects a reduction in net unfavorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments, which were $1,891 million better than the net unfavorable impact in the prior year comparable period. During the third quarter of 2023, losses incurred on development programs totaled $618 million compared with $2,762 million in the same period in 2022. These reductions were partially offset by lower margins on several programs including F-15 and satellites
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reflecting continued labor instability, development technical challenges and supply chain disruption. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded earnings charges of $315 million resulting from a customer agreement. The charge includes estimated customer considerations as well as increased costs to enhance the constellation and meet lifecycle commitments.
See further discussion of fixed-price contracts in Note 9 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
BDS loss from operations includes our share of earnings from equity method investments of $34 million and $24 million for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023 compared with equity earnings of $2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and equity loss of $38 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022.
Backlog
BDS backlog increased from $54,373 million as of December 31, 2022 to $57,802 million at September 30, 2023, primarily due to the timing of awards, partially offset by revenue recognized on contracts awarded in prior periods.
Additional Considerations
Our BDS business includes a variety of development programs which have complex design and technical challenges. Some of these programs have cost-type contracting arrangements. In these cases, the associated financial risks are primarily reduced award or incentive fees, lower profit rates or program cancellation if cost, schedule or technical performance issues arise. Examples of these programs include Ground-based Midcourse Defense, Proprietary and Space Launch System programs.
Some of our development programs are contracted on a fixed-price basis. Examples of significant fixed-price development programs include Commercial Crew, KC-46A Tanker, MQ-25, T-7A Red Hawk, VC-25B, and commercial and military satellites. A number of our ongoing fixed-price development programs have reach-forward losses. New programs could also have risk for reach-forward loss upon contract award and during the period of contract performance. Many development programs have highly complex designs. As technical or quality issues arise during development, we may experience schedule delays and cost impacts, which could increase our estimated cost to perform the work or reduce our estimated price, either of which could result in a material charge or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition. These programs are ongoing, and while we believe the cost and fee estimates incorporated in the financial statements are appropriate, the technical complexity of these programs creates financial risk as additional completion costs may become necessary or scheduled delivery dates could be extended, which could trigger termination provisions or other financially significant exposure. Risk remains that we may be required to record additional reach-forward losses in future periods.
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Global Services
Results of Operations

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30 | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenues | $14,278 |  |  | $13,044 |  |  | $4,812 |  |  | $4,432 |
Earnings from operations | $2,487 |  |  | $2,093 |  |  | $784 |  |  | $733 |
Operating margins | 17.4 | % |  | 16.0 | % |  | 16.3 | % |  | 16.5 | %

Revenues
BGS revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $1,234 million compared with the same period in 2022 primarily due to higher commercial services revenue driven by market recovery across the commercial portfolio. The net unfavorable impact of cumulative contract catch-up adjustments for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $54 million worse than the net favorable impact in the prior year comparable period.
BGS revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $380 million compared with the same period in 2022 primarily due to higher commercial services revenue driven by market recovery across the commercial portfolio. The net unfavorable impact of cumulative contract catch-up adjustments for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $21 million worse than the net favorable impact in the prior year comparable period.
Earnings From Operations
BGS earnings from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $394 million compared with the same period in 2022, primarily due to higher commercial services revenue, partially offset by lower government services performance and unfavorable mix. The net unfavorable impact of cumulative contract catch-up adjustments for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $60 million worse than the net favorable impact in the prior year comparable period.
BGS earnings from operations for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $51 million compared with the same period in 2022, primarily due to higher commercial services revenue. The net unfavorable impact of cumulative contract catch-up adjustments for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $11 million worse than the net unfavorable impact in the prior year comparable period.
Backlog
BGS backlog decreased from $19,338 million as of December 31, 2022 to $18,441 million at September 30, 2023, primarily due to revenue recognized on contracts awarded in prior years.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flow Summary

(Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022
Net loss | ($2,212) |  |  | ($4,390) |
Non-cash items | 3,118 |  |  | 3,436 |
Changes in assets and liabilities | 1,673 |  |  | 1,009 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 2,579 |  |  | 55 |
Net cash (used)/provided by investing activities | (5,241) |  |  | 6,521 |
Net cash used by financing activities | (5,131) |  |  | (1,016) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (22) |  |  | (134) |
Net (decrease)/increase in cash & cash equivalents, including restricted | (7,815) |  |  | 5,426 |
Cash & cash equivalents, including restricted, at beginning of year | 14,647 |  |  | 8,104 |
Cash & cash equivalents, including restricted, at end of period | $6,832 |  |  | $13,530 |

Operating Activities Net cash provided by operating activities was $2.6 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with $0.1 billion during the same period in 2022. The $2.5 billion improvement is primarily driven by increases in Advances and progress billings in 2023, partially offset by an income tax refund received in 2022.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, cash provided by Advances and progress billings was $3.0 billion as compared with $0.2 billion during the same period in 2022. This improvement was partially offset by an unfavorable change in Accrued liabilities of $3.0 billion, primarily driven by higher accrued losses on BDS fixed-price development programs recorded in the prior year and a $1.5 billion income tax refund received during the third quarter of 2022. Concessions paid to 737 MAX customers totaled $0.3 billion and $1.0 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
Payables to suppliers who elected to participate in supply chain financing programs increased by $0.4 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and decreased by $0.1 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Supply chain financing is not material to our overall liquidity.
Investing Activities Cash used by investing activities was $5.2 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with cash provided of $6.5 billion during the same period in 2022. The increase in use of cash during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 is primarily due to net contributions to investments of $4.0 billion in 2023 compared to net proceeds from investments of $7.4 billion in 2022. In the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, capital expenditures were $1.1 billion and $0.9 billion. We continue to expect capital expenditures in 2023 to be higher than in 2022.
Financing Activities Cash used by financing activities was $5.1 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared with $1.0 billion during the same period in 2022. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net repayments on our debt were $5.1 billion compared with $1.0 billion in the same period in 2022.
As of September 30, 2023 the total debt balance was $52.3 billion, down from $57.0 billion at December 31, 2022. At September 30, 2023, $4.9 billion of debt was classified as short-term.
Capital Resources
We expect to be able to fund our cash requirements through cash and short-term investments and cash provided by operations, as well as continued access to capital markets. At September 30, 2023, we had $6.8 billion of cash, $6.6 billion of short-term investments, and $10.0 billion of unused borrowing capacity on revolving credit line agreements. In the third quarter of 2023, we entered into a $3.0 billion five-year
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revolving credit agreement expiring in August 2028 and a $0.8 billion 364-day revolving credit agreement expiring in August 2024. The 364-day credit facility has a one-year term out option which allows us to extend the maturity of any borrowings until August 2025. The legacy three-year revolving credit agreement expiring in August 2025, which consists of $3.0 billion of total commitments, and the legacy five-year revolving credit agreement expiring in October 2024, as amended, which consists of $3.2 billion of total commitments, each remain in effect. We anticipate that these credit lines will remain undrawn and primarily serve as back-up liquidity to support our general corporate borrowing needs.
Our credit ratings remained unchanged as of September 30, 2023. During the third quarter of 2023, S&P upgraded the outlook on our credit rating from negative to stable primarily driven by improving deliveries and expected increases in production. In October 2023, Fitch upgraded our credit rating outlook from stable to positive driven by declining inventory levels, improving production and delivery profile, growing backlog, and forecasted positive free cash flow. During the first quarter of 2023, Moody's upgraded the outlook on our credit rating from negative to stable primarily driven by an improvement in operating cash flow and a reduction of 737 and 787 aircraft in inventory.
We expect to be able to access capital markets if we require additional funding in order to pay off existing debt, address further impacts to our business related to market developments, fund outstanding financing commitments or meet other business requirements. A number of factors could cause us to incur increased borrowing costs and to have greater difficulty accessing public and private markets for debt. These factors include disruptions or declines in the global capital markets and/or a decline in our financial performance, outlook or credit ratings, and/or associated changes in demand for our products and services. These risks will be particularly acute if we are subject to further credit rating downgrades. The occurrence of any or all of these events may adversely affect our ability to fund our operations and financing or contractual commitments.
Any future borrowings may affect our credit ratings and are subject to various debt covenants. At September 30, 2023, we were in compliance with the covenants for our debt and credit facilities. The most restrictive covenants include a limitation on mortgage debt and sale and leaseback transactions as a percentage of consolidated net tangible assets (as defined in the credit agreements), and a limitation on consolidated debt as a percentage of total capital (as defined in the credit agreements). When considering debt covenants, we continue to have substantial borrowing capacity.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We are a party to certain off-balance sheet arrangements including certain guarantees. For discussion of these arrangements, see Note 10 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Contingent Obligations
We have significant contingent obligations that arise in the ordinary course of business, which include the following:
Legal Various legal proceedings, claims and investigations are pending against us. Legal contingencies are discussed in Note 17 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Environmental Remediation We are involved with various environmental remediation activities and have recorded a liability of $855 million at September 30, 2023. For additional information, see Note 9 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Non-GAAP Measures
Core Operating Loss, Core Operating Margin and Core Loss Per Share
Our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements are prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States of America (GAAP) which we supplement with certain non-GAAP financial information. These non-GAAP measures should not be considered in
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isolation or as a substitute for the related GAAP measures, and other companies may define such measures differently. We encourage investors to review our financial statements and publicly-filed reports in their entirety and not to rely on any single financial measure. Core operating loss, Core operating margin and Core loss per share exclude the FAS/CAS service cost adjustment. The FAS/CAS service cost adjustment represents the difference between the Financial Accounting Standards (FAS) pension and postretirement service costs calculated under GAAP and costs allocated to the business segments. Core loss per share excludes both the FAS/CAS service cost adjustment and non-operating pension and postretirement expenses. Non-operating pension and postretirement expenses represent the components of net periodic benefit costs other than service cost. Pension costs allocated to BDS and BGS businesses supporting government customers are computed in accordance with U.S. Government Cost Accounting Standards (CAS), which employ different actuarial assumptions and accounting conventions than GAAP. CAS costs are allocable to government contracts. Other postretirement benefit costs are allocated to all business segments based on CAS, which is generally based on benefits paid.
The Pension FAS/CAS service cost adjustments recognized in Loss from operations were benefits of $663 million and $218 million for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023, compared with benefits of $621 million and $208 million for the same periods in 2022. The higher benefits in 2023 were primarily due to increases in allocated pension cost year over year. The non-operating pension expenses included in Other income, net were benefits of $402 million and $134 million for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2023, compared with benefits of $666 million and $225 million for the same periods in 2022. The lower benefits in 2023 were primarily due to higher interest cost and lower expected return on plan assets, offset by lower amortization of net actuarial losses.
For further discussion of pension and other postretirement costs see the Management’s Discussion and Analysis on page 24 of our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management uses core operating earnings, core operating margin and core earnings per share for purposes of evaluating and forecasting underlying business performance. Management believes these core earnings measures provide investors additional insights into operational performance as unallocated pension and other postretirement benefit costs primarily represent costs driven by market factors and costs not allocable to U.S. government contracts.
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Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures to GAAP Measures
The table below reconciles the non-GAAP financial measures of Core operating loss, Core operating margin and Core loss per share with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures of Loss from operations, operating margins and Diluted loss per share.

(Dollars in millions, except per share data) | Nine months ended September 30 |  | Three months ended September 30
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenues | $55,776 |  |  | $46,628 |  |  | $18,104 |  |  | $15,956 |
Loss from operations, as reported | ($1,056) |  |  | ($3,174) |  |  | ($808) |  |  | ($2,792) |
Operating margins | (1.9) | % |  | (6.8) | % |  | (4.5) | % |  | (17.5) | %
Pension FAS/CAS service cost adjustment (1) | ($663) |  |  | ($621) |  |  | ($218) |  |  | ($208) |
Postretirement FAS/CAS service cost adjustment (1) | (200) |  |  | (225) |  |  | (63) |  |  | (71) |
FAS/CAS service cost adjustment (1) | ($863) |  |  | ($846) |  |  | ($281) |  |  | ($279) |
Core operating loss (non-GAAP) | ($1,919) |  |  | ($4,020) |  |  | ($1,089) |  |  | ($3,071) |
Core operating margins (non-GAAP) | (3.4) | % |  | (8.6) | % |  | (6.0) | % |  | (19.2) | %
Diluted loss per share, as reported | ($3.64) |  |  | ($7.24) |  |  | ($2.70) |  |  | ($5.49) |
Pension FAS/CAS service cost adjustment (1) | (1.10) |  |  | (1.04) |  |  | (0.36) |  |  | (0.35) |
Postretirement FAS/CAS service cost adjustment (1) | (0.33) |  |  | (0.38) |  |  | (0.10) |  |  | (0.12) |
Non-operating pension expense (2) | (0.66) |  |  | (1.13) |  |  | (0.23) |  |  | (0.37) |
Non-operating postretirement expense (2) | (0.07) |  |  | (0.07) |  |  | (0.02) |  |  | (0.03) |
Provision for deferred income taxes on adjustments (3) | 0.45 |  |  | 0.55 |  |  | 0.15 |  |  | 0.18 |
Core loss per share (non-GAAP) | ($5.35) |  |  | ($9.31) |  |  | ($3.26) |  |  | ($6.18) |
Weighted average diluted shares (in millions) | 605.0 |  |  | 594.0 |  |  | 607.2 |  |  | 596.3 |

(1) FAS/CAS service cost adjustment represents the difference between the FAS pension and postretirement service costs calculated under GAAP and costs allocated to the business segments. This adjustment is excluded from Core operating loss (non-GAAP).
(2) Non-operating pension and postretirement expenses represent the components of net periodic benefit costs other than service cost. These expenses are included in Other income, net and are excluded from Core loss per share (non-GAAP).
(3) The income tax impact is calculated using the U.S. corporate statutory tax rate.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no significant changes to our market risk since December 31, 2022.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
(a)Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.
Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2023 and have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b)Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the third quarter of 2023 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
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Part II. Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Currently, we are involved in a number of legal proceedings. For a discussion of contingencies related to legal proceedings, see Note 17 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information about purchases we made during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 of equity securities that are registered by us pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act:

(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
| (a) |  | (b) |  | (c) |  | (d)
| Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
7/1/2023 thru 7/31/2023 | 9,832 |  |  | $215.14 |  |  |  |  |
8/1/2023 thru 8/31/2023 | 7,131 |  |  | 226.67 |  |  |  |  |
9/1/2023 thru 9/30/2023 | 4,230 |  |  | 215.79 |  |  |  |  |
Total | 21,193 |  |  | $219.15 |  |  |  |  |

(1)A total of 21,193 shares were transferred to us from employees in satisfaction of minimum tax withholding obligations associated with the vesting of restricted stock units during the period. We did not purchase any shares of our common stock in the open market pursuant to a repurchase program.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
During the three months ended September 30, 2023, none of our directors or officers adopted, modified or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as such terms are defined under Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
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Item 6. Exhibits

3.1 | By-Laws of the Boeing Company, as amended and restated, effective A ugust 29, 2023 (Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated A ugust 29, 2023)
10.1 | 364-Day Credit Agreement, dated as of August 24, 2023, among The Boeing Company for itself and on behalf of its Subsidiaries, as a Borrower, the Lenders party hereto, Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as syndication agent and Citibank, N.A. and JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A., as joint lead arrangers and joint book managers (Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated August 2 4, 202 3)
10.2 | Five-Year Credit Agreement, dated as of August 24, 2023, among The Boeing Company for itself and on behalf of its Subsidiaries, as a Borrower, the Lenders party hereto, Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as syndication agent and Citibank N.A. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as joint lead arrangers and joint book managers (Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated August 2 4, 202 3)
15 | Letter from Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm regarding unaudited interim financial information
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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Signature
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | THE BOEING COMPANY
|  | (Registrant)
October 25, 2023 |  | /s/ Michael J. Cleary
(Date) |  | Michael J. Cleary
|  | Senior Vice President and Controller

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