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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Components of Earnings Before Income Taxes Between Domestic and Foreign Jurisdictions | The components of Loss before income taxes were:
Years ended December 31, | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
U.S. | ($2,512) |  |  | ($5,457) |  |  | ($5,475) |
Non-U.S. | 507 |  |  | 435 |  |  | 442 |
Total | ($2,005) |  |  | ($5,022) |  |  | ($5,033) |
Schedule of Income Tax Expense/(Benefit) | Income tax (expense)/benefit consisted of the following:
Years ended December 31, | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current tax (benefit)/expense |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal | $9 |  |  | ($58) |  |  | ($89) |
Non-U.S. | 179 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 147 |
U.S. state | 19 |  |  | (42) |  |  | 42 |
Total current | 207 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 100 |
Deferred tax (benefit)/expense |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal | 6 |  |  | (62) |  |  | (855) |
Non-U.S. | 5 |  |  | (3) |  |  | (12) |
U.S. state | 19 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 24 |
Total deferred | 30 |  |  | (11) |  |  | (843) |
Total income tax expense/(benefit) | $237 |  |  | $31 |  |  | ($743) |
Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation | The following is a reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory tax to actual income tax (benefit)/expense:
Years ended December 31, | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Amount | Rate |  | Amount | Rate |  | Amount | Rate
U.S. federal statutory tax | ($421) |  | 21.0 | % |  | ($1,054) |  | 21.0 | % |  | ($1,057) |  | 21.0 | %
Valuation allowance | 1,150 |  | (57.3) |  |  | 1,199 |  | (23.9) |  |  | 512 |  | (10.2) |
Research and development credits | (472) |  | 23.6 |  |  | (204) |  | 4.1 |  |  | (189) |  | 3.8 |
State income tax provision, net of effects on U.S. federal tax | (75) |  | 3.7 |  |  | (90) |  | 1.8 |  |  | (94) |  | 1.9 |
Tax on non-U.S. activities | 35 |  | (1.8) |  |  | 64 |  | (1.3) |  |  | 47 |  | (0.9) |
Impact of subsidiary shares purchased from noncontrolling interests | (29) |  | 1.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other provision adjustments | 49 |  | (2.5) |  |  | 116 |  | (2.3) |  |  | 38 |  | (0.9) |
Income tax expense/(benefit) | $237 |  | (11.8) | % |  | $31 |  | (0.6) | % |  | ($743) |  | 14.7 | %
Significant Components of Deferred Tax Assets Net of Deferred Tax Liabilities | Significant components of our deferred tax assets/(liabilities) at December 31 were as follows:
| 2023 |  | 2022
Inventory and long-term contract methods of income recognition | ($5,115) |  |  | ($4,369) |
Research expenditures | 2,873 |  |  | 1,464 |
Federal net operating loss, credit, interest and other carryovers(1) | 2,551 |  |  | 2,082 |
Fixed assets, intangibles and goodwill | (1,566) |  |  | (1,641) |
Pension benefits | 1,178 |  |  | 1,146 |
Other employee benefits | 1,162 |  |  | 1,095 |
State net operating loss, credit, interest and other carryovers(2) | 1,137 |  |  | 1,021 |
Accrued expenses and reserves | 956 |  |  | 933 |
Other postretirement benefit obligations | 590 |  |  | 660 |
737 MAX customer concessions and other considerations | 310 |  |  | 425 |
Other | 304 |  |  | 179 |
Gross deferred tax assets/(liabilities) before valuation allowance | $4,380 |  |  | $2,995 |
Valuation allowance | (4,550) |  |  | (3,162) |
Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities) after valuation allowance | ($170) |  |  | ($167) |
(1) Of the deferred tax asset for federal net operating loss, credit, interest and other carryovers, $1,224 expires on or before December 31, 2043 and $1,327 may be carried over indefinitely. (2) Of the deferred tax asset for state net operating loss, credit, interest and other carryovers, $575 expires on or before December 31, 2043 and $562 may be carried over indefinitely.
Net Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities | Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities) at December 31 were as follows:
| 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets | $14,743 |  |  | $12,301 |
Deferred tax liabilities | (10,363) |  |  | (9,306) |
Valuation allowance | (4,550) |  |  | (3,162) |
Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities) | ($170) |  |  | ($167) |
Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Benefits Roll Forward | A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Unrecognized tax benefits – January 1 | $915 |  |  | $858 |  |  | $966 |
Gross increases – tax positions in prior periods | 38 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 64 |
Gross decreases – tax positions in prior periods | (3) |  |  | (51) |  |  | (245) |
Gross increases – current period tax positions | 181 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 73 |
Gross decreases – current period tax positions |  |  |  |  |
Unrecognized tax benefits – December 31 | $1,131 |  |  | $915 |  |  | $858 |

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