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Pension benefits | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Compensation and Retirement Disclosure [Abstract] |
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits Disclosure [Text Block] |
8. | Pension benefits
U.S. Defined Contribution Pension Plan - The Company has a defined contribution plan qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code, pursuant to which substantially all of its U.S. employees are eligible to participate after completing six months of service. Participants may elect to contribute a portion of their compensation to the plan. Under the plan, the Company has the discretion to match a portion of participants’ contributions. The Company intends to match approximately $0.1 million to the plan for the year ended December 31, 2016. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company did not make any matching contributions. Non-U.S. Pension benefits - The accounting standard for pensions requires an employer to recognize a net liability or asset and an offsetting adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive loss to report the funded status of defined benefit pension and other post-retirement benefit plans. Most of the non-U.S. subsidiaries provide for government-mandated defined pension benefits. For certain of these subsidiaries, vested eligible employees are provided a lump sum payment upon retiring from the Company at a defined age. The lump sum amount is based on the salary and tenure as of retirement date. Other non-U.S. subsidiaries provide for a lump sum payment to vested employees on retirement, death, incapacitation or termination of employment, based upon the salary and tenure as of the date employment ceases. The liability for such defined benefit obligations is determined and provided on the basis of actuarial valuations. As of December 31, 2016, these plans are unfunded. Pension expense for foreign subsidiaries totaled approximately $0.3 million, $0.6 million and $0.7 million for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. The following table summarizes the amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes (in thousands):
|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |
Amortization of transition obligation |  | $ | 43 |  | $ | 40 |  | $ | 39 |
Actuarial gain (loss) |  |  | (179) |  |  | 986 |  |  | 574 |
Totals |  | $ | (136) |  | $ | 1,026 |  | $ | 613 |
Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss not yet reflected in net periodic pension cost, net of taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Actuarial gain |  | $ | 1,557 |  | $ | 1,736 |  |  |  |
Transition obligation |  |  | (170) |  |  | (213) |  |  |  |
Totals |  | $ | 1,387 |  | $ | 1,523 |  |  |  |
Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss expected to be amortized in 2017 net periodic pension cost, net of taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Actuarial gain |  | $ | (286) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transition obligation |  |  | 38 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Totals |  | $ | (248) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The following table sets out the status of the non-U.S. pension benefits and the amounts (in thousands) recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016: Benefit Obligations:
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of the year |  | $ | 2,840 |  | $ | 3,531 |  | $ | 3,652 |
Service cost |  |  | 368 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 491 |
Interest cost |  |  | 170 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 222 |
Actuarial gain |  |  | (197) |  |  | (1,119) |  |  | (855) |
Foreign currency exchange rates changes |  |  | (142) |  |  | (199) |  |  | 132 |
Benefits paid |  |  | (143) |  |  | (69) |  |  | (111) |
Projected benefit obligation at end of the year |  | $ | 2,896 |  | $ | 2,840 |  | $ | 3,531 |
Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost:
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |
Service cost |  | $ | 368 |  | $ | 477 |  | $ | 491 |
Interest cost |  |  | 170 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 222 |
Actuarial loss (gain) recognized |  |  | (315) |  |  | (79) |  |  | 4 |
Net periodic pension cost |  | $ | 223 |  | $ | 617 |  | $ | 717 |
The accumulated benefit obligation, which represents benefits earned to date, was approximately $1.5 million and $1.7 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Actuarial assumptions for all non-U.S. plans are described below. The discount rates are used to measure the year end benefit obligations and the earnings effects for the subsequent year. The assumptions for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 are as follows:
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |
Discount rate |  |  | 5.4%-12.5% |  |  | 5%-9.8% |  |  | 4.7%-9.5% |
Rate of increase in compensation level |  |  | 5%-8.5% |  |  | 6%-9% |  |  | 6%-9% |
Estimated Future Benefit Payments: The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid (in thousands):
Years Ending December 31, |  |  |
2017 |  | $ | 530 |
2018 |  |  | 289 |
2019 |  |  | 116 |
2020 |  |  | 221 |
2021 |  |  | 93 |
2022 to 2026 |  |  | 1,259 |
|  | $ | 2,508 |

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