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Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Business Combinations Policy [Policy Text Block] | Description of Business - Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries (“we”, the “Company”, or “Innodata”) is a global services and technology company. We combine human expertise with deep learning technologies to power leading information products and enterprise artificial intelligence (AI)/digital transformation. The Company, founded in 1988 and headquartered in northern New Jersey, features a 3,500-strong global delivery and technology team spanning ten offices globally and a research and technology incubator, Innodata Labs, which focuses on applied machine learning and emerging artificial intelligence. The Company’s core services are (i) data acquisition, transformation, and enrichment at scale; (ii) digital operations management and analytics; and content applications. We report our core business as the Digital Data Solutions (DDS) segment. The Company also has venture businesses that leverage its core capabilities to provide specific industry solutions. The Company’s Synodex venture business delivers a SaaS platform and managed services for digital transformation of medical data. The Company’s Agility PR Solutions (Agility) venture business delivers a SaaS platform and managed service for delivering news, information, and content to targeted journalists and influencers as well as monitoring and analyzing coverage across traditional and social media sources. Each venture business is reported as a separate segment. Prior to the first quarter of 2018, the Company referred to the Agility segment as Media Intelligence Solutions (MIS) and the Synodex segment as Innodata Advanced Data Solutions (IADS), and reported the results of the Innodata docGenix, LLC subsidiary (docGenix) within the IADS segment. Effective with the first quarter of 2018, the results for docGenix are reported within the DDS segment. As of December 31, 2018, Innodata Inc. owned 94% of docGenix. The Company’s DDS segment specializes in combining deep neural networks and human expertise in multiple domains (including health, science, and law) to make “unstructured information” (sometimes referred to as “content”) useable. For business information companies, “useable” means that the content can be sold via subscription to a digital product . For enterprises, “useable” means that the content can drive digital process transformation and AI . The Company works with all classes of data, including sensitive and protected data. We also develop digital products for business information companies and digital systems which replace legacy systems and processes. In 2018, we continued to implement a strategy we initiated in 2017 focused on technology differentiation, increasingly taking an innovation-led approach to create value for clients while driving leaner, more cost-effective operations. The Company’s Synodex segment enables clients in the insurance and healthcare sectors to transform medical records into useable digital data and to apply technologies to the digital data to augment decision support. The main focus of the Synodex business is the extraction and classification of data from unstructured medical records in an innovative way to provide improved data service capabilities for insurance underwriting, insurance claims, medical records management, life settlement claims, and clinical trial support services. The Company’s Synodex segment operates through the Company’s Innodata Synodex, LLC subsidiary. As of December 31, 2018, Innodata Inc. owned 92.5% of Innodata Synodex, LLC, an increase of 1.5% from June 30, 2018. As a result, the Company reduced the carrying value of the non-controlling interest in Innodata Synodex, LLC by approximately $492,000, which was charged against the Company’s additional paid-in capital. The Company’s Agility segment provides tools and related professional services that enable public relations (PR) and communications professionals to discover influencers, amplify messages, monitor coverage, and measure the impact of campaigns. Agility’s software-as-a-service (SaaS) tools include:
| · | An influencer targeting solution to help PR professionals identify influencers. The Agility media database includes detailed contact information for over 840,000 unique influencers globally including journalists, outlets, and bloggers. Live social media streams to allow users to research influencers by tracking activity and keywords across multiple social media channels.
| · | An outreach and content amplification solution enabling PR professionals to distribute news, information, and content to targeted influencers.
| · | Integrated newswire services.
| · | A media monitoring solution to help PR professionals track what is being said about their brand, industry or competitors and track engagement. Users can monitor and report on coverage across print, broadcast, online and social media sources, including AI-powered image monitoring. The self-serve monitoring tool enables users to create alerts, compile and share coverage briefings and clipbooks.
| · | A media analysis solution to help PR professionals analyze coverage, determine PR campaign reach and effectiveness, and create and distribute reports.
Agility’s professional services include:
| · | Media monitoring and PR measurement services delivered by a team of media analysts who use the Company’s SaaS monitoring solution to pull coverage and curate daily news briefs. This powerful media monitoring solution is for clients with complex monitoring or reporting requirements.
| · | Advanced PR reporting and measurement services including custom reports, PR measurement and social media / influencer analysis.
Bulldog Reporter, a publisher of PR-related news and a popular e-newsletter, and the Bulldog Awards, a PR awards program that recognizes outstanding performance among PR and communications professionals and agencies, are properties of Agility.
Consolidation, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Principles of Consolidation - The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Innodata Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Agility PR Solutions Canada, a corporation in which the Company owns substantially all of the economic interest, and the Synodex and docGenix limited liability companies that are majority-owned by the Company. The non-controlling interests in the Synodex and docGenix limited liability companies are accounted for in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) non-controlling interest guidance. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Use of Estimates - In preparing financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP), management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include those related to allowance for doubtful accounts and billing adjustments, long-lived assets, intangible assets, goodwill, valuation of deferred tax assets, valuation of securities underlying stock-based compensation, litigation accruals, valuation of derivative instruments and estimated accruals for various tax exposures.
Revenue Recognition, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Revenue Recognition – Revenue is recognized when control of the promised services is transferred to a customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those services as per the agreement with the customer. We generate all our revenue from agreements with customers. In case there are agreements with multiple performance obligations, we identify each performance obligation and evaluate whether the performance obligations are distinct within the context of the agreement at the agreement’s inception. Performance obligations that are not distinct at agreement inception are combined. We allocate the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation proportionately based on the estimated standalone selling price for each performance obligation, if any, and then evaluates how the services are transferred to the customer to determine the timing of revenue recognition. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) and all related Accounting Standards Updates by applying the modified retrospective method to all contracts that were not completed on January 1, 2018. The modified retrospective approach required us to recognize the cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings on January 1, 2018. Comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the historical accounting standards in effect for those periods. The adoption of the new revenue standard did not result in a cumulative effect adjustment to our retained earnings since there was no significant impact upon adoption of the new standard. There was also no material impact to revenues, or any other financial statement line items for the year ended December 31, 2018 as a result of applying ASC 606. We expect the impact of the adoption of ASC 606 to remain insignificant to the Company’s result of operations on an ongoing basis. For the DDS segment, revenue is recognized primarily based on the quantity delivered or resources utilized in the period in which services are performed and performance conditions are satisfied as per the agreement. Revenues for agreements billed on a time-and-materials basis are recognized as services are performed. Revenues under fixed-fee agreements, which are not significant to the overall revenues, are recognized based on the proportional performance method of accounting, as services are performed, or milestones are achieved. For the Synodex segment, revenue is recognized primarily based on the quantity delivered in the period in which services are performed and performance conditions are satisfied as per the agreement. A portion of our Synodex segment revenue is derived from licensing our functional software and providing access to our hosted software platform. Revenue from such services is recognized monthly when access to the service is provided to the end user; all parties to the agreement have agreed to the agreement; each party’s rights are identifiable; the payment terms are identifiable; the agreement has commercial substance; and collection is probable. The Agility segment derives its revenue primarily from subscription arrangements and provision of enriched media analysis services. It also derives revenue as a reseller of corporate communication solutions. Revenue from subscriptions is recognized monthly when access to the service is provided to the end user; all parties to the agreement have agreed to the agreement; each party’s rights are identifiable; the payment terms are identifiable; the agreement has commercial substance; and collection is probable. Revenue from enriched media analysis services is recognized when the services are performed, and performance conditions are satisfied. Revenues from the reseller agreements, which are not significant to the overall revenues, are recognized at gross with our functioning as a principal due to our meeting the following criteria. We act as the primary obligor in the sales transaction; assume the credit risk, set the price; can select suppliers; and are involved in the execution of the services, including after sales service. Revenues include reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses, with the corresponding out-of-pocket expenses included in direct operating costs. We consider U.S. GAAP criteria for determining whether to report revenue gross as a principal versus net as an agent. Factors considered include whether we are the primary obligor, have risks and rewards of ownership, and bear the risk that a client may not pay for the services performed. If there are circumstances where the above criteria are not met and therefore, we are not the principal in providing services, amounts received from clients are presented net of payments in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Contract acquisition cost for our Agility segment is amortized over the term of the subscription agreement which normally has a duration of 12 months or less. We review these costs on a periodic basis to determine the need to adjust the carrying values for pre-terminated contracts.
Foreign Currency Transactions and Translations Policy [Policy Text Block] | Foreign Currency Translation - The functional currency of our production operations located in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Israel is the U.S. dollar. Transactions denominated in the Philippine pesos, Indian and Sri Lankan rupees or Israeli shekels are translated to U.S. dollars at rates which approximate those in effect on the transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are translated at the exchange rate in effect as of those dates. Nonmonetary assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity were translated at the appropriate historical rates. Included in direct operating costs are exchange losses (gains) resulting from such transactions of approximately ($201,000) and $466,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The functional currency for our subsidiaries in Germany, the United Kingdom and Canada are the Euro, the Pound Sterling and the Canadian dollar, respectively. The financial statements of these subsidiaries are reported in these respective currencies. Financial information is translated from the applicable functional currency to the U.S. dollar (the reporting currency) for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. Income, expenses and cash flows are translated at weighted average exchange rates prevailing during the fiscal period, and assets and liabilities are translated at fiscal period-end exchange rates. Resulting translation adjustments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders' equity. Foreign exchange transaction gains or losses are included in direct operating costs in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The amount of foreign currency translation adjustment was ($779,000) and $706,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Derivatives, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Derivative Instruments - The Company has designated its derivatives (foreign currency forward contracts) as a cash flow hedge. Accordingly, the effective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss and is subsequently reclassified to earnings when the hedge exposure affects earnings. The Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedging activities. There were no outstanding foreign currency forward contracts at December 31, 2018.
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Cash Equivalents - For financial statement purposes (including cash flows), the Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
Property, Plant and Equipment, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Property and Equipment - Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which is generally two to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the lives of the leases. Certain assets under capital leases are amortized over the lives of the respective leases or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter.
Lessor, Leases [Policy Text Block] | Leases - The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate in the assessment of lease classification as capital or operating and defines the initial lease term to include renewal options determined to be reasonably assured. The majority of our leases are operating leases. See “Recent Accounting Pronouncement on Leases.”
Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Long-lived Assets - Management assesses the recoverability of its long-lived assets, which consist primarily of fixed assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The following factors, if present, may trigger an impairment review: (i) significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results; (ii) significant negative industry or economic trends; (iii) significant decline in the Company’s stock price for a sustained period; and (iv) a change in the Company’s market capitalization relative to net book value. If the recoverability of these assets is unlikely because of the existence of one or more of the above-mentioned factors, an impairment analysis is performed, initially using a projected undiscounted cash flow method. Management makes assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and other factors to determine the fair value of these respective assets. An impairment loss will be recognized only if the carrying value of a long-lived asset is not recoverable, exceeds its fair value, and is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets – The Company performs valuations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on each acquisition accounted for as a business combination and allocates the purchase price of each acquired business to its respective net tangible and intangible assets and liabilities. Acquired intangible assets principally consist of technology, customer relationships, backlog and trademarks. Liabilities related to intangibles principally consist of unfavorable vendor contracts. The Company determines the appropriate useful life by performing an analysis of expected cash flows based on projected financial information of the acquired businesses. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method, which approximates the pattern in which the majority of the economic benefits are expected to be consumed. Intangible liabilities are amortized into direct operating costs ratably over their expected related revenue streams over their useful lives. Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the fair value of the acquired net assets. The Company does not amortize goodwill but evaluates it for impairment at the reporting unit level annually during the third quarter of each fiscal year (as of September 30th of that quarter) or when an event occurs, or circumstance changes, that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. In 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment. Under the newly adopted guidance, the optional qualitative assessment, referred to as “Step 0”, and the first step of the quantitative assessment (“Step 1”) remained unchanged compared to the prior guidance. However, the requirement to complete the second step (“Step 2”), which involved determining the implied fair value of goodwill and comparing it to the carrying value of that goodwill to measure the impairment loss, was eliminated. As a result, Step 1 will be used to determine both the existence and amount of goodwill impairment. An impairment loss will be recognized for the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill in that reporting unit. The Company periodically analyzes whether any indicators of impairment have occurred. As part of these periodic analyses, the Company compares its estimated fair value, as determined based on its stock price, to its net book value. Due to a continuing decline in its stock price and other indicators of impairment that arose during the second quarter of 2018, the Company deemed it appropriate to assess goodwill impairment as of June 30, 2018, rather than the historical testing date of September 30. Based on its assessment the Company concluded that the goodwill of the DDS segment, amounting to $675,000, was fully impaired. Refer to Note 3, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets”. The Company conducted its annual goodwill impairment test for the Agility segment as of September 30, 2018. The estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, including goodwill, and the Company concluded that there is no impairment of the goodwill of the Agility segment.
Income Tax, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Income Taxes - Deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates, as well as any net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards expected to reduce taxes payable in future years. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. While the Company considers future taxable income in assessing the need for the valuation allowance, in the event that the Company determines that it would be able to realize the deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would increase income in the period such determination was made. Similarly, in the event that the Company determines that it would not be able to realize the deferred tax assets in the future considering future taxable income, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would decrease income in the period such determination was made. Changes in the valuation allowance from period to period are included in the Company’s tax provision in the period of change. The Company indefinitely reinvests the foreign earnings in its foreign subsidiaries. Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries have been included in the consolidated financial statements without giving effect to the United States taxes that may be payable on distribution to the United States, because such earnings are not anticipated to be remitted to the United States. In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considered whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the U.S. and Canadian deferred tax assets will not be realizable. As the expectation of future taxable income resulting from Synodex and Agility segments cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company maintains a valuation allowance against all the U.S. and Canadian deferred tax assets. The Company accounts for income taxes regarding uncertain tax positions, and recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Share-based Compensation, Option and Incentive Plans Policy [Policy Text Block] | Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation - The Company measures and recognizes stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and directors based on the estimated fair value at the grant date. The stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period. The fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The stock-based compensation expense related to the Company’s stock plan was allocated as follows (in thousands):
|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Direct operating costs |  | $ | 264 |  |  | $ | 260 |
Selling and adminstrative expenses |  |  | 532 |  |  |  | 435 |
Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 796 |  |  | $ | 695 |
Fair Value of Financial Instruments, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Fair Value of Financial Instruments - The carrying amounts of financial instruments approximated their fair value as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, because of the relative short maturity of these instruments. See Note 14. Fair value measurements and disclosures define fair value as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The accounting standard establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels. The three levels are defined as follows:
| · | Level 1 : Unadjusted quoted price in active market for identical assets and liabilities.
| · | Level 2: Observable inputs other than those included in Level 1.
| · | Level 3: Unobservable inputs reflecting management’s own assumptions about the inputs used in pricing the asset or liability.
Trade and Other Accounts Receivable, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Accounts Receivable - The Company establishes credit terms for new clients based upon management’s review of their credit information and project terms, and performs ongoing credit evaluations of its clients, adjusting credit terms when management believes appropriate based upon payment history and an assessment of the client’s current creditworthiness. The Company records an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its clients to make required payments. The Company determines its allowance by considering a number of factors, including the length of time trade accounts receivable are past due (accounts outstanding longer than the payment terms are considered past due), the Company’s previous loss history, the client’s current ability to pay its obligation to the Company, and the condition of the general economy and the industry as a whole. This cannot guarantee that credit loss rates in the future will not be greater than those experienced in the past. In addition, there is credit exposure if the financial condition of one of the Company’s major clients were to deteriorate. In the event that the financial condition of one of the Company’s clients were to deteriorate resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be necessary. Our allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $1.0 million and $1.2 million, respectively.
Concentration Risk, Credit Risk, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Concentration of Credit Risk - The Company maintains its cash with highly rated financial institutions, located in the United States and in foreign locations where the Company has its operations. At December 31, 2018, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $10.9 million, of which $5.6 million was held by its foreign subsidiaries with local banks located mainly in Asia and $5.3 million was held in the United States. To the extent that such cash exceeds the maximum insurance levels, the Company would be uninsured. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts.
Earnings Per Share, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Income (loss) per Share – Income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted income (loss) per share is computed by considering the impact of the potential issuance of common shares, using the treasury stock method, on the weighted average number of shares outstanding. For those securities that are not convertible into a class of common stock, the “two class” method of computing income (loss) per share is used.
Pension and Other Postretirement Plans, Pensions, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Pension - The Company records annual pension costs based on calculations, which include various actuarial assumptions including discount rates, compensation increases and other assumptions involving demographic factors. The Company reviews its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends. The Company believes that the assumptions used in recording its pension obligations are reasonable based on its experience, market conditions and inputs from its actuaries.
Revenue Recognition, Deferred Revenue [Policy Text Block] | Deferred Revenue - Deferred revenue represents payments received from clients in advance of providing services and amounts deferred if conditions for revenue recognition have not been met. Included in accrued expenses on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 is deferred revenue amounting to $1.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively. Certain amounts in the 2017 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the 2018 presentation.
New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Recent Accounting Pronouncements – On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) and all related Accounting Standards Updates by applying the modified retrospective method to all contracts that were not completed on January 1, 2018. The modified retrospective approach required us to recognize the cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings on January 1, 2018. Comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the historical accounting standards in effect for those periods. The adoption of the new revenue standard did not result in a cumulative effect adjustment to our retained earnings since there was no significant impact upon adoption of the new standard. There was also no material impact to revenues, or any other financial statement line items for the year ended December 31, 2018 as a result of applying ASC 606. We expect the impact of the adoption of ASC 606 to remain insignificant to the Company’s results of operations on an ongoing basis. In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance related to leases. This new guidance requires lessees to recognize on the balance sheet a right-of-use asset, representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term, and a lease liability for all leases with terms greater than twelve months. The guidance also requires qualitative and quantitative disclosures designed to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The standard requires the use of a modified retrospective transition approach, which includes a number of optional practical expedients that entities may elect to apply. This new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2019 and are electing the package of practical expedients, which, among other things, allows us to carry forward our prior lease classifications under ASC 840. At adoption, the Company expects to recognize right of use assets of approximately $8 million and related lease liabilities of $9 million on its consolidated balance sheet for its operating leases. We do not expect ASU 2016-02 to have a material impact on our annual results of operations and/or cash flows. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (“Subtopic 825-10”): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”), which updates certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-01 in its first quarter of 2019 utilizing the modified retrospective transition method. Based on the composition of the Company’s investment portfolio, the adoption of ASU 2016-01 is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, “Compensation-Retirement Benefits-Defined Benefit Plans-General: Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans” (“ASU 2018-14”) that makes minor changes to the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and/or other postretirement benefit plans. The guidance eliminates requirements for certain disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial and adds new disclosure requirements that the FASB considers pertinent. ASU 2018-14 is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020 for public entities. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of the Update on our financial statements, but do not expect it to have a material impact.
Immaterial Error Correction Policy,[Policy Text Block] | Correction of Immaterial Error – During the preparation of the 2018 consolidated financial statements, the Company identified a cumulative error in accounting for pension expense under ASC 715, resulting in an immaterial understatement of pension liabilities and overstatement of retained earnings. The cumulative error resulted from the cumulative effect of under-recorded pension expense from December 31, 2008 through December 31, 2013 with respect to the Company’s DDS segment. On a year to year basis, the under-recorded pension expense did not have a significant impact on the consolidated balance sheets and statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The cumulative error resulted in an understatement of pension liabilities and an overstatement of retained earnings, each by an aggregate amount of $269,000. In accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No. 99, Materiality , and SAB No. 108, Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements when Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Stateme nts, management evaluated the materiality of the cumulative error on the current year and affected prior year financial statements from both a qualitative and quantitative perspective. Based on this analysis, the Company concluded that correcting the cumulative error would be immaterial to the current year financial statements and that such cumulative error does not have a material impact on the periods in which the pension expenses were under-recorded or the intervening periods. The correction of the cumulative error was recorded in the 2018 consolidated financial statements. The $700,000 in recorded pension expense for 2018 includes the $269,000 of prior under-recorded pension expense and the $2.5 million of pension liability as of December 31, 2018 includes the $269,000 of prior under-recorded pension liability. The aggregate effect of the out-of-period correction was a reduction of net income of $269,000.

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