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Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business - Innodata Inc. (including its subsidiaries, the “Company”, “Innodata”, “we”, “us” or “our”) is a global data engineering company. The Company solves complex data challenges that companies face when they build and maintain artificial intelligence (AI) systems and analytics platforms. To deliver the Company’s services and solutions, the Company uses a combination of human expertise and technology. The Company’s 3,000+ employees span 10 countries and are experts in data pertaining to many professional fields. The Company’s core technology harnesses machine learning and deep learning (branches of AI) to augment human expertise. The Company’s hybrid approach of using AI in conjunction with human experts enables the Company’s to deliver superior data quality with even the most complex and sensitive data. The Company also provides AI-augmented software-as-a-service (SaaS) platforms for customers who wish to perform their own data engineering tasks and for niche, industry-specific data-intensive use cases. The Company provides a range of solutions and platforms for solving complex data challenges that companies face when they seek to obtain the benefits of AI systems and analytics platforms.
| (i) |  | Data Annotation
The Company helps its clients train AI models by annotating data at scale and at industry-leading levels of quality. The quality of training data is critical for ensuring that a client’s AI models perform well. The Company annotates text, images, audio and video data for the most complex AI models, including computer vision, sentiment analysis, entity linking, text categorization, and syntactic parsing/tagging. The Company’s image and video annotation services and platforms may be used to annotate, or label, objects or people in images/video for facial recognition systems and automated object identification systems and in aerial/satellite imagery for autonomous driving/flying applications. The Company’s text annotation services and platforms may be used to convert raw text data into richly tagged, AI training data. The Company accommodates a wide range of input formats and taxonomies, and the Company performs a wide variety of complex tasks including entity annotation, relationship annotation, co-reference annotation, event annotation, multi-label annotation, and document labelling. The Company provides image/video data annotation and text annotation as full solutions, in which the Company provides all required technology, infrastructure and expert resources. Beginning in early 2020, the Company will also provide image/video data annotation platforms and text annotation platforms for its clients to license for internal use. The Company provides data annotation for a variety of complex requirements in healthcare, compliance, scientific, financial and legal markets.
| (ii) |  | Data Transformation
The Company provides AI-based data transformation solutions for high-accuracy data identification, aggregation, cleansing, augmentation and extraction. The Company’s solutions utilize highly-trained AI models and experts who custom-train the models for the Company’s clients’ most complex and unique requirements. The Company’s data transformation platform enables data to be extracted from websites, as well as internal data stores; converted from disparate formats including PDF; enriched with the necessary semantics, metadata and linking; and classified in accordance with an ontology or knowledge graph. The Company’s data transformation solutions may be consumed via API, so that they can be utilized as infrastructure by clients with ongoing needs for such services. The Company also provides a platform for clients to license for performing analytics on extracted data points.
| (iii) |  | Data Curation
For clients that need to maintain mission-critical databases of structured data, or fuse separately-created databases into a single, unified, high-quality source of data that can be relied upon for a variety of corporate functions and products (often referred to as a “golden source” of data), the Company provides AI-based data curation solutions that include data collection across external and internal data sources, data hygiene, data consolidation, and data compliance.
| (iv) |  | Intelligent Automation
Enterprises are increasingly looking to re-invent business processes to take advantage of advancements in AI and machine learning, computing, and storage. Many seek easier ways these advanced capabilities can be trained, deployed, and leveraged. For clients with critical business processes that involve documents, images, text, emails and other unstructured data, The Company deploys a range of technologies, including AI and robotic process automation (RPA), to eliminate repetitive tasks, automate where possible, speed up operations, and shift internal talent to creative and analytical work. The Company provides intelligent automation for an increasing diversity of complex functions. At present, these include IP rights management, contract management, client relationship management, regulatory change management, underwriting, and content operations management.
| (v) |  | Intelligent Data Platforms
The Company builds and manages intelligent data platforms that address specific, niche market requirements with the Company’s data engineering technologies. The Company deploys these platforms as software-as-a-service (SaaS) and as managed data solutions. To date, the Company has built an intelligent data platform for medical records data transformation (which we brand as “Synodex”) and for marketing communications/public relations workflow (which we brand as “Agility”). The Company’s Synodex intelligent data platform transforms medical records into useable digital data organized in accordance with the Company’s proprietary data models or client data models. At the end of 2019, the Company had 20 clients utilizing its Synodex platform, including John Hancock Insurance, the insurance operating unit of John Hancock Financial (a division of Manulife) and one of the largest life insurers in the United States. The Company’s Agility intelligent data platform provides marketing communications and public relations professionals with the ability to target and distribute content to journalists and social media influencers world-wide and to monitor and analyze global news channels (print, web, radio and TV) and social media channels. The Company also provides a variety of services for clients in the information industry that relate to content operations and product development. Principles of Consolidation - The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Innodata Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, and the Synodex and docGenix limited liability companies that are majority-owned by the Company. The non-controlling interests in the Synodex and docGenix limited liability companies are accounted for in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) non-controlling interest guidance. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates - In preparing financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates and changes in the estimates are recorded when known. Significant estimates include those related to the allowances for doubtful accounts and billing adjustments, long-lived assets, intangible assets, goodwill, valuation of deferred tax assets, valuation of stock-based compensation, litigation accruals and estimated accruals for various tax exposures. Revenue Recognition – Revenue is recognized when the Company satisfies its performance obligations under the contract, either implicit or explicit, by transferring the promised goods or rendering a service to its customer either when control of the promised product is transferred to a client or the service is rendered, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services as per the agreement with the client. For agreements with multiple performance obligations, the Company identifies each performance obligation and evaluates whether the performance obligations are distinct within the context of the agreement at the agreement’s inception. The Company allocates the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation proportionately based on the estimated standalone selling price for each performance obligation, if any, and then evaluates how the goods are transferred to or services are performed for the client to determine the timing of revenue recognition. Performance obligations that are not distinct at agreement inception are combined. For the DDS segment, revenue is recognized primarily based on the quantity delivered or resources utilized in the period in which services are performed and performance conditions are satisfied as per the agreement. Revenues for agreements billed on a time-and-materials basis are recognized as services are performed. Revenues under fixed-fee agreements, which are not significant to the overall revenues, are recognized based on the proportional performance method of accounting, as services are performed, or milestones are achieved. For the Synodex segment, revenue is recognized primarily based on the quantity delivered in the period in which services are performed and performance conditions are satisfied as per the agreement. A portion of the Company’s Synodex segment revenue is derived from licensing our functional software and providing access to our hosted software platform. Revenue from such services is recognized monthly when all parties to the agreement have agreed to the agreement; each party’s rights are identifiable; the payment terms are identifiable; the agreement has commercial substance; access to the service is provided to the end user; and collection is probable. The Agility segment derives its revenue primarily from subscription arrangements and provision of enriched media analysis services. It also derives revenue as a reseller of corporate communication solutions. Revenue from subscriptions is recognized monthly when access to the service is provided to the end user; all parties to the agreement have agreed to the agreement; each party’s rights are identifiable; the payment terms are identifiable; the agreement has commercial substance; and collection is probable. Revenue from enriched media analysis services is recognized when the services are performed, and performance conditions are satisfied. Revenues from the reseller agreements are recognized at gross with the Company functioning as a principal due to the Company meeting the following criteria. The Company acts as the primary obligor in the sales transaction; assumes the credit risk; sets the price; can select suppliers; and is involved in the execution of the services, including after sales service. Revenues include reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses, with the corresponding out-of-pocket expenses included in direct operating costs. The Company considers U.S. GAAP criteria for determining whether to report revenue gross as a principal versus net as an agent. Factors considered include whether the Company is the primary obligor, has risks and rewards of ownership, and bears the risk that a client may not pay for the services performed. If there are circumstances where the above criteria are not met and therefore, the Company is not the principal in providing services, amounts received from clients are presented net of payments in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Contract acquisition cost, which is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, for our Agility segment is amortized over the term of a subscription agreement that normally has a duration of 12 months or less. The Company reviews these costs on a periodic basis to determine the need to adjust the carrying values for pre-terminated contracts. Foreign Currency Translation - The functional currency of our delivery centers located in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Israel is the U.S. dollar. Transactions denominated in the Philippine pesos, Indian and Sri Lankan rupees and Israeli shekels are translated to U.S. dollars at rates which approximate those in effect on the transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are translated at the exchange rate in effect as of those dates. Nonmonetary assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity were translated at the appropriate historical rates. Included in direct operating costs were exchange losses resulting from such transactions of approximately $158,000 and $56,000 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The functional currency for the Company’s subsidiaries in Germany, the United Kingdom and Canada are the Euro, the Pound Sterling and the Canadian dollar, respectively. The financial statements of these subsidiaries are reported in these respective currencies. Financial information is translated from the applicable functional currency to the U.S. dollar (the reporting currency) for inclusion in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Income, expenses and cash flows are translated at weighted average exchange rates prevailing during the fiscal period, and assets and liabilities are translated at fiscal period-end exchange rates. Resulting translation adjustments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity. Foreign exchange transaction gains or losses are included in direct operating costs in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The amount of foreign currency translation adjustment was $566,000 and ($779,000) for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Derivative Instruments - The Company has designated its derivatives (foreign currency forward contracts) as a cash flow hedge. Accordingly, the Company initially reports the effective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss and subsequently reclassifies them to earnings when the hedge exposure affects earnings. The Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedging activities. The total notional value of outstanding foreign currency forward contracts at December 31, 2019 was $4.3 million. Cash Equivalents - For financial statement purposes (including cash flows), the Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Property and Equipment - Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which is generally two to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the lives of the leases. Certain assets under capital leases are amortized over the lives of the respective leases or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter. Long-lived Assets - Management assesses the recoverability of its long-lived assets, which consist primarily of fixed assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The following factors, if present, may trigger an impairment review: (i) significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results; (ii) significant negative industry or economic trends; (iii) significant decline in the Company’s stock price for a sustained period; and (iv) a change in the Company’s market capitalization relative to net book value. If the recoverability of these assets is unlikely because of the existence of one or more of the above-mentioned factors, an impairment analysis is performed, initially using a projected undiscounted cash flow method. Management makes assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and other factors to determine the fair value of these respective assets. An impairment loss will be recognized only if the carrying value of a long-lived asset is not recoverable, exceeds its fair value, and is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets – The Company performs a valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on each acquisition accounted for as a business combination and allocates the purchase price of each acquired business to its respective net tangible and intangible assets and liabilities. Acquired intangible assets principally consist of technology, client relationships, backlog and trademarks. Liabilities related to intangibles principally consist of unfavorable vendor contracts. The Company determines the appropriate useful life by performing an analysis of expected cash flows based on projected financial information of the acquired businesses. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method, which approximates the pattern in which the majority of the economic benefits are expected to be consumed. Intangible assets are amortized into direct operating costs ratably over their expected related revenue streams over their useful lives. Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the fair value of the acquired net assets. The Company does not amortize goodwill but evaluates it for impairment at the reporting unit level annually during the third quarter of each fiscal year (as of September 30 of that year) or when an event occurs, or circumstances change, that indicates the carrying value may not be recoverable. In 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2017‑04, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment”. Under this guidance, the optional qualitative assessment, referred to as “Step 0”, and the first step of the quantitative assessment (“Step 1”) remained unchanged versus the prior guidance. However, the requirement to complete the second step (“Step 2”), which involved determining the implied fair value of goodwill and comparing it to the carrying value of that goodwill to measure the impairment loss, was eliminated. As a result, Step 1 is used to determine both the existence and amount of goodwill impairment. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying value of goodwill in that reporting unit. The Company periodically analyzes whether any indicators of impairment have occurred. As part of these periodic analyses, we compare the Company’s estimated fair value, as determined based on our stock price, to the Company’s net book value. During 2018, due to a continuing decline in the Company’s stock price and other indicators of impairment that arose during the second quarter of 2018, the Company deemed it appropriate to assess goodwill impairment as of June 30, 2018, rather than the historical testing date of September 30. Based on the Company’s assessment, the Company concluded that the goodwill of the DDS segment, amounting to $675,000, was fully impaired. The Company performed its annual goodwill assessment for the Agility segment as of September 30, 2019. In performing the assessment, the Company adhered to the provisions of ASU 2017-04 by using a single step approach that determines the carrying value of goodwill and comparing it against the excess of the reporting unit’s fair value. Based on the Company’s assessment, the Company reached the conclusion that there was no goodwill impairment because the fair value of the Agility segment’s goodwill exceeded its carrying value. Therefore, there was no goodwill impairment recorded during the year ended December 31, 2019. Income Taxes – Estimated deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates, as well as any net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards expected to reduce taxes payable in future years. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the estimated deferred tax assets will not be realized. While the Company considers future taxable income in assessing the need for the valuation allowance, in the event that the Company anticipates that it will be able to realize the estimated deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, an adjustment to the provision for deferred tax assets would increase income in the period such determination was made. Similarly, in the event that the Company anticipates that it will not be able to realize the estimated deferred tax assets in the future considering future taxable income, an adjustment to the provision for deferred tax assets would decrease income in the period such determination was made. Changes in the valuation allowance from period to period are included in the Company’s tax provision in the period of change. The Company indefinitely reinvests the foreign earnings in its foreign subsidiaries. If such earnings are repatriated in the future, or are no longer deemed to be indefinitely reinvested, the Company would have to accrue as a liability the applicable amount of foreign jurisdiction withholding taxes associated with such remittances. In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considered whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the U.S. and Canadian deferred tax assets will not be realizable. As the expectation of future taxable income resulting from the Synodex and Agility segments cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company maintains a valuation allowance against all the U.S. and Canadian deferred tax assets. The Company accounts for income taxes regarding uncertain tax positions, and recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Accounting for Leases - In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” as modified (ASU 2016-02), which replaced existing leasing rules with a comprehensive lease measurement and recognition standard and expanded disclosure requirements. ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets as liabilities, with corresponding “right-of-use” assets and is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, subject to early adoption. The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 effective January 1, 2019. Upon adoption, the Company recognized a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability. See Note 6, Operating Leases. The determination of whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception date and requires an assessment of whether the fulfillment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets or the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset. A reassessment is made after inception of the lease only if one of the following applies:
| a. |  | there is a change in contractual terms, other than a renewal or extension of the arrangement;
| b. |  | a renewal option is exercised, or extension granted, unless the term of the renewal or extension was initially included in the lease term;
| c. |  | there is a change in the determination of whether fulfillment is dependent on a specified asset; or
| d. |  | there is a substantial change to the asset.
Whenever a reassessment is made, lease accounting shall commence or cease from the date when the change in circumstances gave rise to the reassessment for scenarios (a), (c) or (d) and at the date of renewal or extension period for scenario (b). Leases where the lessor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as operating leases. All of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases. Operating lease payments are recognized as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation - The Company measures and recognizes stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and directors based on the estimated fair value at the grant date. The stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period. The fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The stock-based compensation expense related to the Company’s stock plan was allocated as follows (in thousands):
|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Direct operating costs |  | $ | 113 |  | $ | 264
Selling and adminstrative expenses |  |  | 723 |  |  | 532
Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 836 |  | $ | 796
Fair Value of Financial Instruments - The carrying amounts of financial instruments approximated their fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, because of the relative short maturity of these instruments. See Note 14, Financial Instruments. Fair value measurements and disclosures define fair value as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The accounting standard establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels. The three levels are defined as follows:
| · |  | Level 1: Unadjusted quoted price in active market for identical assets and liabilities.
| · |  | Level 2: Inputs other than those included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
| · |  | Level 3: Unobservable inputs reflecting management’s own assumptions about the inputs used in pricing the asset or liability.
Accounts Receivable - The Company establishes credit terms for new clients based upon management’s review of their credit information and project terms, and performs ongoing credit evaluations of its clients, adjusting credit terms when management believes appropriate based upon payment history and an assessment of the client’s current creditworthiness. The Company records an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its clients to make required payments. The Company determines its allowance by considering a number of factors, including the length of time trade accounts receivable are past due (accounts outstanding longer than the payment terms are considered past due), the Company’s previous loss history, the client’s current ability to pay its obligation to the Company, and the condition of the general economy and the industry as a whole. This cannot guarantee that credit loss rates in the future will not be greater than those experienced in the past. In addition, there is credit exposure if the financial condition of one of the Company’s major clients were to deteriorate. In the event that the financial condition of one of the Company’s clients were to deteriorate resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be necessary. The allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was approximately $0.8 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Concentration of Credit Risk - The Company maintains its cash with highly rated financial institutions, located in the United States and in foreign locations where the Company has its operations. At December 31, 2019, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $10.9 million, of which $4.8 million was held by its foreign subsidiaries with local banks located mainly in Asia and $6.1 million was held in the United States. To the extent that such cash exceeds the maximum insurance levels, the Company would be uninsured. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. Income (Loss) per Share – Income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted income (loss) per share is computed by considering the impact of the potential issuance of common shares, using the treasury stock method, on the weighted average number of shares outstanding. For those securities that are not convertible into a class of common stock, the “two class” method of computing income (loss) per share is used. Pension - The Company records annual pension costs based on calculations, which include various actuarial assumptions including discount rates, compensation increases and other assumptions involving demographic factors. The Company reviews its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends. The Company believes that the assumptions used in recording its pension obligations are reasonable based on its experience, market conditions and inputs from its actuaries. Deferred Revenue - Deferred revenue represents payments received from clients in advance of providing services and amounts deferred if conditions for revenue recognition have not been met. Included in accrued expenses on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is deferred revenue amounting to $1.1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Recent Accounting Pronouncements – In January 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (ASU 2016-01), which updates certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2019, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018‑14, “Compensation-Retirement Benefits-Defined Benefit Plans-General: Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans” (ASU 2018‑14), that makes changes to the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and/or other postretirement benefit plans. The guidance eliminates requirements for certain disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial and adds new disclosure requirements that the FASB considers pertinent. ASU 2018‑14 is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020 for public entities; early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the early adoption of ASU 2018-14 but does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Correction of Errors – During the quarter ended December 31, 2019, the Company determined that the refundable taxes recorded in one of its subsidiaries were not being properly revalued in accordance with ASC 830 “Foreign Currency Matters.” Under ASC 830, entities whose functional currency is the U.S. dollar are required to use the remeasurement method and classify accounts into monetary and non-monetary items. Under this method only monetary accounts are subject to foreign currency remeasurement. Monetary accounts are those items whose amounts are fixed in terms of unit of currency by contract or otherwise. The refundable taxes in our foreign subsidiary should have been classified as monetary assets but were excluded from remeasurement. This exclusion resulted in the understatement of the foreign exchange gains and losses for the years 2008 through 2018. Additionally, the Company identified and corrected an error relating to an overstatement of two long-standing accruals that the Company deemed to no longer be necessary. The Company evaluated the materiality of these errors on both a quantitative and qualitative basis under the guidance of ASC 250, “Accounting Changes and Errors Corrections,” and determined that it did not have a material impact on previously issued financial statements. Although the errors were immaterial to prior periods, the 2018 financial statements are restated below in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108, “Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements when Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements”, due to the significance of the out-of-period correction to the 2019 period. The impact of the errors for the improper remeasurement of the refundable taxes and the long-standing accruals relating to periods prior to the year ended December 31, 2019 are reflected as an adjustment to the 2018 direct operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss while the remainder of the errors were adjusted in the 2018 beginning retained earnings. Quarterly periods not presented herein will be revised, as applicable, in future filings. A reconciliation of the effects of the restatement to amounts in the previously reported consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows (in thousands):
|  | As of December 31, 2018
|  | As previously |  |  |  |  |
|  | reported |  | Adjustment |  | As Restated
Consolidated Balance Sheet |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (1) |  | $ | 5,778 |  | (1,111) |  | $ | 4,667
Total current assets |  |  | 27,273 |  | (1,111) |  |  | 26,162
Total assets |  |  | 46,051 |  | (1,111) |  |  | 44,940
Accrued expenses (2) |  |  | 2,903 |  | (100) |  |  | 2,803
Income and other taxes (3) |  |  | 3,532 |  | (297) |  |  | 3,235
Total current liabilities |  |  | 14,292 |  | (397) |  |  | 13,895
Non-controlling interests (4) |  |  | (3,440) |  | 40 |  |  | (3,400)
Retained earnings, December 31, 2018 (5) |  |  | 7,349 |  | (754) |  |  | 6,595
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 30,566 |  | (754) |  |  | 29,812
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  | 46,051 |  | (1,111) |  |  | 44,940
| (1) |  | This adjustment relates to cumulative foreign currency remeasurement for refundable taxes from years 2008 to 2018
| (2) |  | This relates to the reversal of an expense accrual
| (3) |  | This relates to the reversal of previously accrued withholding taxes in a foreign jurisdiction
| (4) |  | This represents the corresponding share of the non-controlling interest in the reversal of the expense accrual
| (5) |  | This represents the net impact of all adjustments made to correct errors reflected in 2018 balances
|  | As of December 31, 2018
|  | As previously |  |  |  |  |
|  | reported |  | Adjustment |  | As Restated
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retained earnings, January 1, 2018 |  | $ | 7,345 |  | (497) |  | $ | 6,848
Retained earnings, December 31, 2018 |  |  | 7,349 |  | (754) |  |  | 6,595
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 30,566 |  | (754) |  |  | 29,812
|  | For the year ended December 31, 2018
|  | As previously |  |  |  |  |
|  | reported |  | Adjustment |  | As Restated
Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct operating costs |  | $ | 39,045 |  | 257 |  | $ | 39,302
Income before provision for income taxes |  |  | 1,819 |  | (257) |  |  | 1,562
Net income (loss) |  |  | 11 |  | (257) |  |  | (246)
Net income (loss) attributable to Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries |  |  | 4 |  | (257) |  |  | (253)
Total comprehensive loss |  |  | (850) |  | (257) |  |  | (1,107)
|  | For the year ended December 31, 2018
|  | As previously |  |  |  |  |
|  | reported |  | Adjustment |  | As Restated
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 11 |  | (257) |  | $ | (246)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | (327) |  | (257) |  |  | (70)
|  | As of December 31, 2018
|  | As previously |  |  |  |  |
|  | reported |  | Adjustment |  | As Restated
Working capital |  | $ | 12,981 |  | (714) |  | $ | 12,267
During the preparation of the 2018 consolidated financial statements, the Company identified a cumulative error in accounting for pension expense under ASC 715, resulting in an immaterial understatement of pension liabilities and overstatement of retained earnings. The cumulative error resulted from the cumulative effect of under-recorded pension expense from December 31, 2008 through December 31, 2013 with respect to the Company’s DDS segment. The cumulative error resulted in an understatement of pension liabilities and an overstatement of retained earnings, each by an aggregate amount of $269,000 and was included in the 2018 reported amounts.

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