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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

6.           Income Taxes

The significant components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		2023			2022
Current income tax expense (benefit):		​			​
Foreign	​	$	1,181	​	$	1,131
Federal	​		120	​		144
State and local	​		3	​		30
​	​		1,304	​		1,305
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):	​			​
Foreign	​		(286)	​		207
Federal	​		10	​		10
State and local	​		-	​		-
​	​		(276)	​		217
Provision for income taxes	​	$	1,028	​	$	1,522

​

The reconciliation of the U.S. statutory rate with the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is summarized as follows:

​

​	​	​	​	​	​
​		2023		2022
Federal income tax expense (benefit) at statutory rate		21.0	%	(21.0)	%
Effect of:		​		​	​
Change in valuation allowance		578.6		36.9	​
Tax effects of foreign operations		562.6		2.5	​
Section 162 (m)	​	452.0	​	-	​
Return to provision true up		264.4		0.3	​
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits (ASC 740)		199.6		0.7	​
Withholding tax	​	106.6	​	-	​
Foreign operations permanent differences - foreign exchange gains and losses	​	76.9	​	1.1	​
State income tax net of federal benefit		0.1		0.2	​
Research and development credit	​	(67.3)	​	-	​
Foreign rate differential		(102.5)		(4.7)	​
Deemed interest	​	(149.2)	​	(1.9)	​
Tax effect of intercompany settlement	​	(234.0)	​	-	​
Effect of stock-based compensation		(961.6)		(0.3)	​
Other	​	(7.6)	​	0.7	​
Effective tax rate		739.6	%	14.5	%

​

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	December 31,
​		2023			2022
Deferred income tax assets:		​			​
Allowances not currently deductible	​	$	283	​	$	301
Depreciation and amortization	​		58	​		9
Equity compensation not currently deductible	​		2,098	​		1,579
Net operating loss carryforwards	​		10,514	​		10,758
Research and development credits	​	​	452	​	​	362
Expenses not deductible until paid	​		1,972	​		1,694
Other	​		133	​		(220)
Total gross deferred income tax assets before valuation allowance	​		15,510	​		14,483
Valuation allowance	​		(13,769)	​		(13,008)
Deferred income tax assets, net	​	​	1,741	​	​	1,475
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Deferred income tax liabilities:	​			​
Other	​		(22)	​		(65)
Total deferred income tax liabilities	​		(22)	​		(65)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net deferred income tax assets	​	$	1,719	​	$	1,410
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net deferred income tax assets	​	$	1,741	​	$	1,475
Net deferred income tax liability	​	​	(22)	​	​	(65)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net deferred income tax assets	​	$	1,719	​	$	1,410

​

In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realizable. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences are deductible and net operating losses are available. As of December 31, 2023, the Company continues to maintain a valuation allowance on all of the Company’s United States, Canadian, German and United Kingdom subsidiaries’ deferred tax assets.

The Company maintained a valuation allowance of approximately $13.8 million and $13.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The valuation allowance relates to the United States, and the Company’s Canadian, German and the United Kingdom subsidiaries’ deferred tax assets. The net change in the total valuation allowance was an increase of $0.8 million and $3.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Despite the access to the overseas earnings and the resulting toll charge, the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the foreign earnings in our foreign subsidiaries on account of the foreign jurisdiction withholding tax that the Company has to incur on the actual remittances. Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries amounted to approximately $50.4 million at December 31, 2023. If such earnings are repatriated in the future, or are no longer deemed to be indefinitely reinvested, the Company would have to accrue the applicable amount of foreign jurisdiction withholding taxes associated with such remittances.

United States and foreign components of loss before provision for income taxes for each of the years ended December 31, were as follows (in thousands):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	2023		​	2022
United States	​	$	2,025	​	$	(4,023)
Foreign	​		(1,886)	​		(6,460)
Totals	​	$	139	​	$	(10,483)

​

At December 31, 2023, the Company had available U.S. federal net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards of approximately $21.2 million and recognized research and development credits of approximately $0.1 million. These NOL carryforwards expire at various times from the year 2032 through the year 2035 and the research and development credit expires in 2043. The potential benefits from these balances have not been recognized for financial statement purposes.

Under the CARES Act, the Internal Revenue Code was amended to allow for federal NOL carrybacks for five years to offset previous years’ taxable income or for the NOL to be carried forward indefinitely to offset 80% of taxable income for tax years 2021 and thereafter. As of the date the financial statements were issued, the state NOL carryforwards, if not utilized, will expire beginning in 2032.

On December 31, 2023, the Company’s Canadian subsidiaries had available Canadian NOL carryforwards of approximately $27.0 million that will begin to expire in 2036 and research and development credits of approximately $1.4 million that have no expiry. The potential benefits from these balances have not been recognized for financial statement purposes.

On December 31, 2023, the Company’s German and the United Kingdom subsidiaries had available NOL carryforwards of approximately $1.7 million. The potential benefits from these balances have not been recognized for financial statement purposes.

The Company had reserves for uncertain tax positions of $1.9 million and $1.7 million as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively, where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain due to complexities of tax laws. The increase in unrecognized tax benefits resulted from additional accruals for the current tax year. The Company expects that unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, if recognized, would have a material impact on the Company’s effective tax rate.

The Company is subject to Federal income tax, as well as income tax in various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company has open tax years for U.S. Federal and state taxes from 2019 through 2023. Various foreign subsidiaries have open tax years from 2005 through 2022, some of which are under audit by local tax authorities. The Company believes that its accruals for uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2023 under ASC 740, Income Taxes are adequate to cover the Company’s income tax exposures.

The following table represents a roll forward of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits and associated interest for the years ended (in thousands):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Unrecognized Tax
​	​	Benefits
​	​	December 31,
​		2023			2022
Balance at January 1	​	$	1,680	​	$	1,753
Decrease for prior year tax positions	​		(68)	​		(290)
Increase for current year tax positions	​		247	​		311
Interest accrual	​		97	​		67
Foreign currency remeasurement	​		(14)	​		(161)
Balance at December 31	​	$	1,942	​	$	1,680

​

Tax Assessments

In September 2015, the Company’s Indian subsidiary was subject to an inquiry by the Service Tax Department in India regarding the classification of services provided by this subsidiary, asserting that the services provided by this subsidiary fall under the category of online information and database access or retrieval services (OID Services), and not under the category of business support services (BS Services) that are exempt from service tax as historically indicated in the subsidiary’s service tax filings. The Company disagrees with the Service Tax Department’s position. In November 2019, the Commissioner of Central Tax, GST & Central Excise issued an order confirming the Service Tax Department’s position. The Company contested this order in an appeal to the Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal and in January 2024 the Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal ruled in the Company’s favor. In the event the Service Tax Department appeals this ruling and is ultimately successful in proving that the services fall under the category of OID Services, the revenues earned by the Company’s Indian subsidiary for the period July 2012 through November 2016 would be subject to a service tax of between 12.36% and 15%, and this subsidiary may also be liable for interest and penalties. The revenues of the Company’s Indian subsidiary during this period was approximately $56.0 million. In accordance with new rules promulgated by the Service Tax Department, as of December 1, 2016 service tax is no longer applicable to OID or BS Services. Based on the Company’s assessment in consultation with the Company’s tax counsel, the Company has not recorded any tax liability for this case.

In a separate action relating to service tax refunds, in October 2016, the Company’s Indian subsidiary received notices from the Indian Service Tax Department in India seeking to reverse service tax refunds of approximately $121,000 previously granted to the Company’s Indian subsidiary for three quarters in 2014, asserting that the services provided by this subsidiary fall under the category of OID Services and not BS Services. The appeal was determined in favor of the Service Tax Department. The Company disagrees with the basis of this decision and is contesting it. The Company expects delays in its Indian subsidiary receiving further service tax refunds until this matter is adjudicated with finality, and currently has service tax credits of approximately $0.8 million recorded as a receivable. Based on the Company’s assessment in consultation with the Company’s tax counsel, the Company has not recorded any tax liability for this case.

Substantial recovery against the Company in the above referenced 2015 Service Tax Department case could have a material adverse impact on the Company, and unfavorable rulings or recoveries in other tax proceedings could have a material adverse impact on the consolidated operating results of the period (and subsequent periods) in which the rulings or recovery occurs.

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- Definition

The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information.

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