The Company's stock-based compensation awards are in the form of restricted stock and performance share awards granted pursuant to the Company's Amended and Restated 2019 Incentive Plan (the "Plan"). Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as an expense over the employee’s or non-employee director’s requisite service period. As of December 31, 2023, there was a total of 805,771 shares of common stock reserved under the Plan for issuance under future share-based payment arrangements.

The following table details total stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, included in the consolidated statements of operations:


(In thousands)	2023		2022		2021
Costs of sales	$	745	$	809	$	990
Operating expenses	2,526		4,364		4,467
Pre-tax stock-based compensation expense	3,271		5,173		5,457
Less: income tax effect	(687)		(1,086)		(1,146)
Net (after tax) stock-based compensation expense	$	2,584	$	4,087	$	4,311

As of December 31, 2023, there was $6.3 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested or unearned, as applicable, stock-based compensation arrangements granted under the Plan, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.

The Company grants restricted stock to executive officers, certain key employees and non-employee directors under the Plan with the fair value of the awards representing the fair value of the common stock on the date the restricted stock is granted. Shares of restricted stock generally vest in equal annual installments over the applicable vesting period, which ranges from one to three years. The Company records expenses for these grants on a straight-line basis over the applicable vesting periods.

A summary of restricted stock activity (including shares of restricted stock issued pursuant to the settlement of performance share awards) under the Plan during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:


	Shares	Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested stock outstanding at January 1, 2021	412,967	$	28.87
Granted	153,700	31.22

Vested	(245,455)	29.16
Forfeited	(6,329)	29.10
Unvested stock outstanding at December 31, 2021	314,883	$	29.79
Granted	161,375	34.22

Vested	(181,405)	29.79
Forfeited	(13,692)	31.66
Unvested stock outstanding at December 31, 2022	281,161	$	32.24
Granted	210,351	26.44

Vested	(145,529)	31.35
Forfeited	(2,668)	29.23
Unvested stock outstanding at December 31, 2023	343,315	$	29.08

The Company grants performance share awards to executive officers and certain key employees under the Plan, with the number of shares of common stock earned and issuable under each award determined at the end of a three-year performance period, based on the Company's achievement of performance goals predetermined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors at the time of grant. These performance share awards include a modifier to the total number of shares earned based on the Company's total shareholder return ("TSR") compared to a small-cap stock market index. If certain levels of the performance objective are met, the award results in the issuance of shares of common stock corresponding to such level. Performance share awards that result in the issuance of shares of common stock are not subject to time-based vesting at the conclusion of the three-year performance period.

In the event that the Company's financial performance meets the predetermined targets for the performance objectives of the performance share awards, the Company will issue each award recipient the number of shares of common stock equal to the target award specified in the individual's underlying performance share award agreement. In the event the financial results of the Company exceed the predetermined targets, additional shares up to the maximum award may be issued. In the event the financial results of the Company fall below the predetermined targets, a reduced number of shares may be issued. If the financial results of the Company fall below the threshold performance levels, no shares will be issued. The total number of shares issued for the performance share award may be increased, decreased, or unchanged based on the TSR modifier described above.

The recipients of performance share awards do not receive dividends or possess voting rights during the performance period and, accordingly, the fair value of the performance share awards is the quoted market value of TruBridge's common stock on the grant date less the present value of the expected dividends not received during the relevant period. The TSR modifier applicable to the performance share awards is considered a market condition and therefore is reflected in the grant date fair value of the award. A Monte Carlo simulation has been used to account for this market condition in the grant date fair value of the award.

Expense related to performance share awards is recognized using ratable straight-line amortization over the three-year performance period. In the event the Company determines it is no longer probable that the minimum performance level will be achieved, all previously recognized compensation expense related to the applicable awards is reversed in the period such a determination is made.

A summary of performance share award activity under the Plan for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, is as follows, based on the target award amounts set forth in the performance share award agreements:


	Shares	Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Performance share awards outstanding at January 1, 2021	252,852	$	29.27
Granted	93,444	31.26
Forfeited or unearned	(20,373)	29.92
Vested and issued	(75,971)	30.50
Performance share awards outstanding at December 31, 2021	249,952	$	29.59
Granted	101,799	37.98
Forfeited or unearned	(72,059)	32.74
Performance share awards converted to restricted stock	(27,317)	31.75
Performance share awards outstanding at December 31, 2022	252,375	$	31.84
Granted	122,071	31.21
Forfeited or unearned	(100,655)	27.46
Vested and issued	—	—
Performance share awards outstanding at December 31, 2023	273,791	$	33.17