Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, deposits and accrued expenses, approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments. Accordingly, these instruments are not presented in the table below. The following table provides the estimated fair values of the remaining financial instruments:



	As of December 31, 2016				As of December 31, 2015
(in thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Financial Instruments:
Investment securities:
Investment securities, restricted, long-term	$	—	$	—	$	336	$	336
Cost method investment	$	1,016	$	1,016	$	2,776	$	2,776
Borrowings and Notes Payable
Short-term borrowings, net of discount and deferred loan costs, related party	$	—	$	—	$	12,676	$	12,676
Current portion of notes payable, related parties (1)	$	—	$	—	$	1,837	$	1,457
Long-term portion of notes payable, related parties	$	—	$	—	$	13,512	$	13,273
Highview technology license payable	$	207	$	207	$	519	$	519
Highview technology license payable, long-term	$	—	$	—	$	1,038	$	1,038
Stock appreciation rights, liability-classified equity award	$	—	$	—	$	742	$	742

(1) The fair value related to the DSI business owner note payable amounts as of December 31, 2015 was determined using the settlement agreement amount of $0.3 million, as described in Note 9.

Concentration of credit risk

The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash

equivalents and restricted cash. The Company holds such financial instruments at two financial institutions as of December 31, 2016. If those institutions were to be unable to perform their obligations, the Company would be at risk regarding the amount of investment in excess of the federal deposit insurance corporation limits ($250 thousand) that would be returned to the Company.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The estimated fair values of investment securities are described below. Refer to Note 4 for additional information regarding the Company’s investment securities.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. The Company uses the hierarchy prescribed in the accounting guidance for fair value measurements, based upon the available inputs to the valuation and the degree to which they are observable or not observable in the market. The three levels in the hierarchy are as follows:

•Level 1 Inputs - Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that are accessible as of the measurement date.

•Level 2 Inputs - Inputs other than quoted prices within Level 1 that are observable either directly or indirectly, including but not limited to, quoted prices in markets that are not active, quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities and observable inputs other than quoted prices such as interest rates or yield curves.

•Level 3 Inputs - Unobservable inputs reflecting the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk.

Financial instruments carried and measured at fair value on a recurring basis are presented in the table below according to the fair value hierarchy described above. There were no financial instruments carried and measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2016.



	As of December 31, 2015
	Fair Value Measurement Using
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
Assets:
Investment securities, restricted, long-term	$	—	$	336	$	—	$	336
Total assets at fair value	$	—	$	336	$	—	$	336

Liabilities:
Stock appreciation rights, liability-classified equity award	$	—	$	742	$	—	$	742
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—	$	742	$	—	$	742

The estimated fair value of certificates of deposit investments securities were estimated to be equal to the deposit value of the investment due to the market interest rates and relative short term nature of the instrument. The Company's experience with these types of investments and the expectations of the current investments held is that they will be satisfied at the current carrying amount. These securities were classified as Level 2.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

During December 2014 and March 2015, the Company loaned a total of $1.0 million to an independent technology development company exploring energy storage to provide financing to pursue emissions technology projects, bearing annual interest of 8%. Interest and principal were payable at maturity in March 2018. Subsequent to the second loan disbursement, the Company became aware that the independent technology development company exploring energy storage was not awarded contracts that would have utilized their emissions technology. The Company also became aware that without these contracts, the ability of the independent third party to repay these loans was doubtful. As a result, the Company has recorded an allowance against the entire principal balance of the notes receivable, reversed accrued interest and put the note on non-accrual status.

During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company recorded impairments totaling approximately $0.3 million to reduce the carrying value of certain property and equipment that the Company intended to sell at its estimated sales value, less estimated costs to sell. The property and equipment was subsequently sold at auction. Proceeds from the sale of the impaired assets totaled approximately $0.6 million. No gain or loss was recognized on the sale of the property and equipment.

Also during the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company sold certain property and equipment having a net book value of approximately $0.1 million. Proceeds from the sale totaled approximately $0.3 million, which resulted in the recognition of a gain on the sale of approximately $0.2 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded impairments totaling approximately $0.5 million to reduce the carrying value of certain property and equipment that the Company intended to sell at its estimated sales value, less estimated costs to sell. The property and equipment was subsequently sold at auction. No gain or loss was recognized on the sale of the property and equipment. Additionally, the Company recorded an impairment of approximately $0.8 million included within Equipment sales cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016.

As discussed in Note 4, during the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company recorded an impairment charge of approximately $1.8 million to reduce the carrying value of its cost method investment to its estimated fair value.

The fair value measurements represent Level 3 measurements as they are based on significant inputs not observable in the market.