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Provisions, income tax liabilities and other liabilities | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Subclassifications of assets, liabilities and equities [abstract] |
Provisions, income tax liabilities and other liabilities | Provisions, income tax liabilities and other liabilities The line item Non current provisions and other non-current liabilities comprises the following:
(€ million) | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Provisions | 5,262 |  | 5,822 |  |  | 6,430 |  |
Other non-current liabilities(a) | 2,340 |  | 519 |  |  | 291 |  |
Total | 7,602 |  | 6,341 |  |  | 6,721 |  |
(a) Includes derivative financial instruments: €164 million as of December 31, 2023, €232 million as of December 31, 2022, €6 million as of December 31, 2021. The figure as of December 31, 2023 includes €1,960 million for the liability in respect of royalties payable to Sobi on net sales of BEYFORTUS (nirsevimab) in the United States (see Note C.2.). Given the method used to calculate royalties payable, an increase or decrease in sales forecasts would lead to a proportionate change in the amount of the liability. The nominal value of payments estimated to be due within more than one year but less than five years is €1,112 million; the nominal value of payments estimated to be due after more than five years is €2,860 million. Non-current income tax liabilities are described in Note D.19.4., and other current liabilities in Note D.19.5. The table below sets forth movements in non-current provisions for the reporting periods presented:
(€ million) | Provisions for pensions and other post-employment benefits (D.19.1.) |  | Provisions for other long-term benefits | Restructuring provisions (D.19.2.) | Other provisions (D.19.3.) |  | Total
Balance at January 1, 2021 | 3,276 |  | (b) | 879 |  | 868 |  | 1,975 |  |  | 6,998 |
Changes in scope of consolidation | (2) |  |  | — |  | — |  | 37 |  |  | 35 |
Increases in provisions | 247 |  | (a) | 156 |  | 67 |  | 261 |  |  | 731 |
Provisions utilized | (222) |  | (a) | (122) |  | (8) |  | (107) |  |  | (459) |
Reversals of unutilized provisions | (13) |  | (a) | (7) |  | (35) |  | (145) |  |  | (200) |
Transfers | (13) |  |  | (3) |  | (370) |  | (39) |  |  | (425) |
Net interest related to employee benefits, and unwinding of discount | 42 |  |  | 2 |  | — |  | 9 |  |  | 53 |
Currency translation differences | 80 |  |  | 30 |  | 2 |  | 33 |  |  | 145 |
Actuarial gains and losses on defined-benefit plans | (448) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | (448) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 2,947 |  |  | 935 |  | 524 |  | 2,024 |  |  | 6,430 |
Changes in scope of consolidation | (96) |  |  | (28) |  | — |  | (76) |  |  | (200) |
Increases in provisions | 193 |  | (a) | 40 |  | 521 |  | 531 |  |  | 1,285 |
Provisions utilized | (275) |  | (a) | (119) |  | (12) |  | (122) |  |  | (528) |
Reversals of unutilized provisions | (66) |  | (a) | (20) |  | (11) |  | (191) |  |  | (288) |
Transfers | 10 |  |  | 4 |  | (265) |  | (23) |  |  | (274) |
Net interest related to employee benefits, and unwinding of discount | 43 |  |  | 4 |  | 5 |  | 12 |  |  | 64 |
Currency translation differences | 63 |  |  | 28 |  | (1) |  | 23 |  |  | 113 |
Actuarial gains and losses on defined-benefit plans | (780) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | (780) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 2,039 |  |  | 844 |  | 761 |  | 2,178 |  |  | 5,822 |
Changes in scope of consolidation | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Increases in provisions | 141 |  | (a) | 185 |  | 315 |  | 311 |  |  | 952 |
Provisions utilized | (162) |  | (a) | (107) |  | (25) |  | (114) |  |  | (408) |
Reversals of unutilized provisions | (21) |  | (a) | (190) |  | (159) |  | (388) |  |  | (758) |
Transfers | (1) |  |  | — |  | (361) |  | (210) |  |  | (572) |
Net interest related to employee benefits, and unwinding of discount | 70 |  |  | 3 |  | 23 |  | 24 |  |  | 120 |
Currency translation differences | (23) |  |  | (17) |  | — |  | (25) |  |  | (65) |
Actuarial gains and losses on defined-benefit plans | 171 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 171 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 2,214 |  |  | 718 |  | 554 |  | 1,776 |  |  | 5,262 |
(a) In the case of “Provisions for pensions and other post-employment benefits”, the “Increases in provisions” line corresponds to rights vesting in employees during the period, and past service cost; the “Provisions utilized” line corresponds to contributions paid into pension funds and to beneficiaries; and the “Reversals of unutilized provisions” line corresponds to plan curtailments, settlements and amendments. (b) Includes the impact of the April 2021 IFRIC agenda decision on the allocation of benefits to service periods, as described in Note A.2.1. to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021. D.19.1. Provisions for pensions and other post-employment benefits Sanofi offers its employees pension plans and other post-employment benefit plans. The specific features of the plans (benefit formulas, fund investment policy and fund assets held) vary depending on the applicable laws and regulations in each country where the employees work. These employee benefits are accounted for in accordance with IAS 19 (see Note B.23.). Sanofi’s pension obligations in four major countries represented approximately 89% of the total value of the defined-benefit obligation and approximately 88% of the total value of plan assets as of December 31, 2023. The features of the principal defined-benefit plans in each of those four countries are described below. France Lump-sum retirement benefit plans All employees working for Sanofi in France are entitled on retirement to a lump-sum payment, the amount of which depends both on their length of service and on the rights guaranteed by collective and internal agreements. The employee’s final salary is used in calculating the amount of these lump-sum retirement benefits. These plans represent approximately 39% of Sanofi’s total obligation in France. Defined-benefit pension plans These plans provide benefits from the date of retirement. Employees must fulfil a number of criteria to be eligible for these benefits. All of these plans are now closed. These plans represent approximately 61% of Sanofi’s total obligation in France. Germany Top-up defined-benefit pension plan The benefits offered under this pension plan are wholly funded by the employer (there are no employee contributions) via a Contractual Trust Agreement (CTA), under which benefits are estimated on the basis of a career average salary. Employees are entitled to receive an annuity under this plan if their salary exceeds the social security ceiling. The amount of the pension is calculated by reference to a range of vesting rates corresponding to salary bands. The plan also includes disability and death benefits. This plan represents approximately 60% of Sanofi’s total obligation in Germany. Sanofi-Aventis plus (SAV plus) A top-up pension plan (SAV plus) replaced a previous top-up defined-benefit plan. New entrants joining the plan after April 1, 2015 contribute to a defined-contribution plan that is partially funded via the company’s CTA. All employees whose salary exceeds the social security ceiling are automatically covered by the plan. The employer’s contribution is 14% of the amount by which the employee’s salary exceeds the social security ceiling. Multi-employer plan (Pensionskasse) This is a defined-benefit plan treated as a defined-contribution plan, in accordance with the accounting policies described in Note B.23. Currently, contributions cover the level of annuities. Only the portion relating to the future revaluation of the annuities is included in the defined-benefit pension obligation. The obligation relating to this revaluation amounted to €744 million as of December 31, 2023, versus €652 million as of December 31, 2022 and €877 million as of December 31, 2021. This plan represents approximately 26% of Sanofi’s total defined-benefit obligation in Germany. United States Defined-benefit pension plans In the United States, there are two types of defined-benefit plan: •“qualified” plans within the meaning of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), which provide guaranteed benefits to eligible employees during retirement, and in the event of death or disability. Employees can elect to receive a reduced annuity, in exchange for an annuity to be paid in the event of their death to a person designated by them. An annuity is also granted under the plan if the employee dies before retirement age. Eligible employees do not pay any contributions. These plans are closed to new entrants, and the vesting of rights for future service periods is partially frozen. These plans represent approximately 59% of Sanofi’s total obligation in the United States; •“non-qualified” plans within the meaning of ERISA provide top-up retirement benefits to some eligible employees depending on the employee’s level of responsibility and subject to a salary cap. These plans represent approximately 14% of Sanofi’s total obligation in the United States. Healthcare cover and life insurance Sanofi companies provide some eligible employees with healthcare cover and life insurance during the retirement period (the company’s contributions are capped at a specified level). These plans represent approximately 27% (or €412 million) of Sanofi’s total obligation and 3% (or €23 million) of total plan assets in the United States. United Kingdom Defined-benefit pension plans Sanofi operates a number of pension plans in the United Kingdom that reflect past acquisitions. The most significant arrangements are defined-benefit plans that have been closed since October 1, 2015. With effect from that date, employees can no longer pay into these plans. Under these defined-benefit plans, an annuity is paid from the retirement date. This annuity is calculated on the basis of the employee’s length of service as of September 30, 2015, and of the employee’s final salary (or salary on the date he or she leaves Sanofi). The rates used for the vesting of rights vary from member to member. For most members, rights vest at the rate of 1.25% or 1.50% of final salary for each qualifying year of service giving entitlement. The notional retirement age varies according to the category to which the member belongs, but in most cases retirement is at age 65. Members may choose to retire before or after the notional retirement age (60 years), in which case the amount of the annual pension is adjusted to reflect the revised estimate of the length of the retirement phase. Pensions are usually indexed to the Retail Price Index (RPI). Members paid a fixed-percentage contribution into their pension plan (the percentage varied according to the employee category), and the employer topped up the contribution to the required amount. These plans represent approximately 100% of Sanofi’s total obligation in the United Kingdom. For service periods subsequent to October 1, 2015, employees belong to a new defined-contribution plan. Actuarial assumptions used to measure Sanofi’s obligations Actuarial valuations of Sanofi’s benefit obligations were computed by management with assistance from external actuaries as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Those calculations were based on the following financial and demographic assumptions:
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021
| France | Germany | US | UK | France | Germany | US | UK | France | Germany | US | UK
Discount rate(a)(b) | 2.95% to 3.15% | 2.95% to 3.15% | 4.75% | 4.50% | 3.55% to 3.75% | 3.55% to 3.75% | 4.90% | 4.75% | 0.10% to 1.10% | 0.10% to 1.10% | 2.70% | 1.90%
General inflation rate(c) | 2.20% | 2.20% | — |  | 3.05% | 2.50% | 2.50% | — |  | 3.25% | 1.95% | 1.95% | — |  | 3.30%
Pension benefit indexation | 2.20% | 2.20% | — |  | 2.90% | 2.50% | 2.50% | — |  | 3.00% | 1.95% | 1.95% | — |  | 3.15%
Healthcare cost inflation rate(d) | — |  | — |  | 4.00% to 9.75% | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3.29% to 6.56% | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3.50% to 4.50% | — |
Retirement age | 62 to 67 | 63 | 55 to 70 | 60 to 65 | 62 to 67 | 63 | 55 to 70 | 60 to 65 | 62 to 67 | 62 | 55 to 70 | 60 to 65
Mortality table | TGH/ TGF 05 | Heubeck RT 2018 G | RP2012 Proj. MP2021 White Collar | SAPS S3 | TGH/ TGF 05 | Heubeck RT 2018 G | RP2012 Proj. MP2021 White Collar | SAPS S3 | TGH/ TGF 05 | Heubeck RT 2018 G | RP2012 Proj. G. Scale MP2020 White Collar | SAPS S3
(a) The discount rates used were based on market rates for high quality corporate bonds with a duration close to that of the expected benefit payments under the plans. The benchmarks used to determine discount rates were the same for all periods presented. (b) The rate depends on the duration of the plan (0 to 7 years, 7 to 10 years, or more than 10 years). (c) Inflation for the euro zone is determined using a multi-criterion method. (d) No post-employment healthcare benefits are provided in France since 2020, Germany and UK. Weighted average duration of obligation for pensions and other long-term benefits in principal countries The table below shows the duration of Sanofi’s obligations in the principal countries:
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021
(years) | France | Germany | US | UK | France | Germany | US | UK | France | Germany | US | UK
Weighted average duration | 10 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 16 | 15 | 17
Sensitivity analysis The table below shows the sensitivity of Sanofi’s obligations for pensions and other post-employment benefits to changes in key actuarial assumptions:
(€ million) | Pensions and other post-employment benefits, by principal country
Measurement of defined-benefit obligation | Change in assumption | France | Germany | US | UK
Discount rate | -0.50 | % | +56 |  | +170 |  | +78 |  | +42 |
General inflation rate | +0.50 | % | +40 |  | +220 |  | — |  | +43 |
Pension benefit indexation | +0.50 | % | +41 |  | +216 |  | — |  | +20 |
Healthcare cost inflation rate | +0.50 | % | +5 |  | — |  | +5 |  | +43 |
Mortality table | +1 year | +38 |  | +53 |  | +25 |  | +19 |
The table below reconciles the net obligation in respect of Sanofi’s pension and other post-employment benefit plans with the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements:
| Pensions and other post-employment benefits |
(€ million) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | (a)
Measurement of the obligation: |  |  |  |
Beginning of period | 8,651 |  | 12,175 |  | 12,456 |  |
Current service cost | 140 |  | 193 |  | 227 |  |
Interest cost | 346 |  | 206 |  | 148 |  |
Actuarial losses/(gains) due to changes in demographic assumptions | (34) |  | (219) |  | (162) |  |
Actuarial losses/(gains) due to changes in financial assumptions | 157 |  | (3,006) |  | (210) |  |
Actuarial losses/(gains) due to experience adjustments | 256 |  | 177 |  | (120) |  |
Plan amendments, curtailments or settlements not specified in the terms of the plan(b) | (36) |  | (229) |  | (4) |  |
Plan settlements specified in the terms of the plan | (40) |  | (84) |  | (66) |  |
Benefits paid | (483) |  | (463) |  | (503) |  |
Changes in scope of consolidation and transfers | (14) |  | (114) |  | (8) |  |
Currency translation differences | (13) |  | 15 |  | 417 |  |
Obligation at end of period | 8,930 |  | 8,651 |  | 12,175 |  |
Fair value of plan assets: |  |  |  |
Beginning of period | 6,899 |  | 9,651 |  | 9,358 |  |
Interest income on plan assets | 276 |  | 163 |  | 106 |  |
Difference between actual return and interest income on plan assets | 197 |  | (2,398) |  | 207 |  |
Administration costs | (7) |  | (6) |  | (7) |  |
Plan settlements specified in the terms of the plan | (40) |  | (84) |  | (66) |  |
Plan settlements not specified in the terms of the plan | (17) |  | (161) |  | (9) |  |
Contributions from plan members | 6 |  | 6 |  | 6 |  |
Employer’s contributions | 122 |  | 238 |  | 176 |  |
Benefits paid | (446) |  | (426) |  | (458) |  |
Changes in scope of consolidation and transfers | (8) |  | (32) |  | (6) |  |
Currency translation differences | 11 |  | (52) |  | 344 |  |
Fair value of plan assets at end of period | 6,993 |  | 6,899 |  | 9,651 |  |
Net amount shown in the balance sheet: |  |  |  |
Net obligation | 1,937 |  | 1,752 |  | 2,524 |  |
Effect of asset ceiling | 6 |  | 18 |  | 15 |  |
Net amount shown in the balance sheet at end of period | 1,943 |  | 1,770 |  | 2,539 |  |
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet: |  |  |  |
Pre-funded obligations (see Note D.7.)(b) | (271) |  | (269) |  | (408) |  |
Obligations provided for | 2,214 |  | 2,039 |  | 2,947 |  |
Net amount recognized at end of period | 1,943 |  | 1,770 |  | 2,539 |  |
Benefit cost for the period: |  |  |  |
Current service cost | 140 |  | 193 |  | 227 |  |
(Gains)/losses related to plan amendments, curtailments or settlements not specified in the terms of the plan | (22) |  | (68) |  | 5 |  |
Net interest (income)/cost | 71 |  | 43 |  | 42 |  |
Contributions from plan members | (6) |  | (6) |  | (6) |  |
Administration costs and taxes paid during the period | 7 |  | 6 |  | 7 |  |
Expense recognized directly in profit or loss | 190 |  | 168 |  | 276 |  |
Remeasurement of net defined-benefit (asset)/liability (actuarial gains and losses)(c) | 171 |  | (650) |  | (685) |  |
Expense/(gain) for the period | 361 |  | (482) |  | (409) |  |
(a) These amounts include the impact of applying the April 2021 IFRIC agenda decision on the attribution of benefits to periods of service. (b) For 2023, this line includes €66 million of assets in the United Kingdom (versus €99 million for 2022 and €220 million for 2021); those amounts are not subject to any asset ceiling, in accordance with IFRIC 14. (c) Amounts recognized in Other comprehensive income (see Note D.15.7.). The tables below show Sanofi’s net liability in respect of pension plans and other post-employment benefits by geographical region:
(€ million) | Pensions and other post-employment benefits by geographical region
December 31, 2023 | France | Germany | US | UK | Other | Total
Measurement of obligation | 1,322 |  | 2,911 |  | 1,528 |  | 2,174 |  | 995 |  | 8,930 |
Fair value of plan assets | 675 |  | 2,401 |  | 825 |  | 2,235 |  | 857 |  | 6,993 |
Effect of asset ceiling | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (6) |  | (6) |
Net amount shown in the balance sheet at end of period | 647 |  | 510 |  | 703 |  | (61) |  | 144 |  | 1,943 |
(€ million) | Pensions and other post-employment benefits by geographical region
December 31, 2022 | France | Germany | US | UK | Other | Total
Measurement of obligation | 1,324 |  | 2,730 |  | 1,546 |  | 2,080 |  | 971 |  | 8,651 |
Fair value of plan assets | 697 |  | 2,317 |  | 860 |  | 2,175 |  | 850 |  | 6,899 |
Effect of asset ceiling | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (18) |  | (18) |
Net amount shown in the balance sheet at end of period | 627 |  | 413 |  | 686 |  | (95) |  | 139 |  | 1,770 |
(€ million) | Pensions and other post-employment benefits by geographical region
December 31, 2021 | France | Germany | US | UK | Other | Total
Measurement of obligation | 1,657 |  | 3,576 |  | 2,099 |  | 3,414 |  | 1,429 |  | 12,175 |
Fair value of plan assets | 838 |  | 2,808 |  | 1,127 |  | 3,629 |  | 1,249 |  | 9,651 |
Effect of asset ceiling | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (15) |  | (15) |
Net amount shown in the balance sheet at end of period | 819 |  | 768 |  | 972 |  | (215) |  | 195 |  | 2,539 |
The adoption in April 2023 of pension reforms in France (including the raising of the retirement age from 62 to 64 years) qualifies as a plan amendment within the meaning of IAS 19, and resulted in the recognition of an immaterial amount in the income statement and the balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2023. The table below shows the fair value of plan assets relating to Sanofi’s pension and other post-employment plans, split by asset category:
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Securities quoted in an active market | 84.9 | % | 84.4 | % | 86.9 | %
Cash and cash equivalents | 0.8 | % | 0.7 | % | 0.7 | %
Equity instruments | 22.3 | % | 21.7 | % | 25.0 | %
Bonds and similar instruments | 54.3 | % | 52.4 | % | 53.8 | %
Real estate | 3.4 | % | 4.0 | % | 4.0 | %
Derivatives | — | % | 0.1 | % | — | %
Commodities | 0.9 | % | 0.9 | % | 1.0 | %
Other | 3.2 | % | 4.6 | % | 2.4 | %
Other securities | 15.1 | % | 15.6 | % | 13.1 | %
Hedge funds | — | % | — | % | — | %
Insurance policies | 15.1 | % | 15.6 | % | 13.1 | %
Total | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | %
Sanofi has a long-term objective of maintaining or increasing the extent to which its pension obligations are covered by assets. To this end, Sanofi uses an asset-liability management strategy, matching plan assets to its pension obligations. This policy aims to ensure the best fit between the assets held on the one hand, and the associated liabilities and expected future payments to plan members on the other. To meet this aim, Sanofi operates a risk monitoring and management strategy (mainly focused on interest rate risk and inflation risk), while investing a growing proportion of assets in high-quality bonds with comparable maturities to those of the underlying obligations and in contracts entered into with leading insurance companies to fund certain post-employment benefit obligations. The tables below show the service cost for Sanofi’s pension and other post-employment benefit plans, by geographical region:
(€ million) | Pensions and other post-employment benefits by geographical region
Service cost for 2023 | France | Germany | US | UK | Other | Total
Current service cost | 50 |  | 30 |  | 20 |  | — |  | 40 |  | 140 |
(Gains)/losses related to plan amendments, curtailments or settlements not specified in the terms of the plan | (20) |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | (3) |  | (22) |
Net interest cost/(income) including administration costs and taxes paid during the period | 22 |  | 15 |  | 35 |  | (5) |  | 11 |  | 78 |
Contributions from plan members | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (6) |  | (6) |
Expense/(gain) recognized directly in profit or loss | 52 |  | 45 |  | 56 |  | (5) |  | 42 |  | 190 |
Remeasurement of net defined-benefit (asset)/ liability (actuarial gains and losses) | 3 |  | 98 |  | 26 |  | 44 |  | — |  | 171 |
Expense/(gain) for the period | 55 |  | 143 |  | 82 |  | 39 |  | 42 |  | 361 |
(€ million) | Pensions and other post-employment benefits by geographical region
Service cost for 2022 | France | Germany | US | UK | Other | Total
Current service cost | 61 |  | 44 |  | 50 |  | — |  | 38 |  | 193 |
(Gains)/losses related to plan amendments, curtailments or settlements not specified in the terms of the plan | (60) |  | 2 |  | 1 |  | (6) |  | (5) |  | (68) |
Net interest cost/(income) including administration costs and taxes paid during the period | 10 |  | 7 |  | 30 |  | (7) |  | 9 |  | 49 |
Contributions from plan members | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (6) |  | (6) |
Expense/(gain) recognized directly in profit or loss | 11 |  | 53 |  | 81 |  | (13) |  | 36 |  | 168 |
Remeasurement of net defined-benefit (asset)/ liability (actuarial gains and losses) | (156) |  | (204) |  | (382) |  | 130 |  | (38) |  | (650) |
Expense/(gain) for the period | (145) |  | (151) |  | (301) |  | 117 |  | (2) |  | (482) |
(€ million) | Pensions and other post-employment benefits by geographical region
Service cost for 2021 | France | Germany | US | UK | Other | Total
Current service cost | 72 |  | 47 |  | 57 |  | — |  | 51 |  | 227 |
(Gains)/losses related to plan amendments, curtailments or settlements not specified in the terms of the plan | 2 |  | — |  | — |  | 3 |  | — |  | 5 |
Net interest cost/(income) including administration costs and taxes paid during the period | 5 |  | 5 |  | 27 |  | 3 |  | 9 |  | 49 |
Contributions from plan members | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (6) |  | (6) |
Expense/(gain) recognized directly in profit or loss | 80 |  | 52 |  | 84 |  | 6 |  | 54 |  | 276 |
Remeasurement of net defined-benefit (asset)/liability (actuarial gains and losses) | (106) |  | (113) |  | (157) |  | (236) |  | (73) |  | (685) |
Expense/(gain) for the period | (26) |  | (61) |  | (73) |  | (230) |  | (19) |  | (409) |
An analysis of the “Remeasurement of net defined-benefit (asset)/liability (actuarial gains and losses)” line in the preceding tables is set forth below:
(€ million) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
France | Germany | US | UK | France | Germany | US | UK | France | Germany | US | UK
Actuarial gains/(losses) arising during the period | (3) |  | (98) |  | (25) |  | (44) |  | 156 |  | 205 |  | 382 |  | (131) |  | 106 |  | 113 |  | 156 |  | 237 |
Comprising: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains/(losses) on experience adjustments(a) | 16 |  | (54) |  | (7) |  | (12) |  | (120) |  | (620) |  | (287) |  | (1,328) |  | 60 |  | 182 |  | 23 |  | 35 |
Gains/(losses) on demographic assumptions | — |  | — |  | 18 |  | 11 |  | — |  | — |  | 129 |  | 54 |  | — |  | — |  | 51 |  | 125 |
Gains/(losses) on financial assumptions | (19) |  | (44) |  | (36) |  | (43) |  | 276 |  | 825 |  | 540 |  | 1,143 |  | 46 |  | (69) |  | 82 |  | 77 |
(a) Experience adjustments are mainly due to the effect on plan assets of trends in the financial markets. The net pre-tax actuarial loss (excluding investments accounted for using the equity method) recognized directly in equity is presented below:
(€ million) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Net pre-tax actuarial loss | (2,259) |  | (2,090) |  | (2,738) |
The present value of Sanofi’s obligations in respect of pension and other post-employment benefit plans at the end of each reporting period is shown below:
(€ million) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Present value of wholly or partially funded obligations in respect of pension and other post-employment benefit plans | 7,693 |  | 7,463 |  | 10,416 |
Present value of unfunded obligations | 1,237 |  | 1,188 |  | 1,759 |
Total | 8,930 |  | 8,651 |  | 12,175 |
The total expense for pensions and other post-employment benefits (€190 million in 2023) is allocated between income statement line items as follows:
(€ million) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Cost of sales | 34 |  | 55 |  | 77 |
Research and development expenses | 28 |  | 52 |  | 65 |
Selling and general expenses | 61 |  | 81 |  | 87 |
Other operating (income)/expenses, net | 5 |  | (2) |  | (1) |
Restructuring costs | (9) |  | (61) |  | 6 |
Financial expenses | 71 |  | 43 |  | 42 |
Total | 190 |  | 168 |  | 276 |
The estimated amounts of employer’s contributions to plan assets in 2024 are as follows:
(€ million) | France | Germany | US | UK | Other | Total
Employer’s contributions in 2024 (estimate): |  |  |  |  |  |
2024 | — |  | — |  | — |  | 46 |  | 40 |  | 86 |
The table below shows the expected timing of benefit payments under pension and other post-employment benefit plans for future years:
(€ million) | France | Germany | US | UK | Other | Total
Estimated future benefit payments |  |  |  |  |  |
2024 | 103 |  | 198 |  | 102 |  | 116 |  | 60 |  | 579 |
2025 | 68 |  | 212 |  | 91 |  | 120 |  | 54 |  | 545 |
2026 | 60 |  | 218 |  | 95 |  | 123 |  | 60 |  | 556 |
2027 | 79 |  | 221 |  | 98 |  | 127 |  | 59 |  | 584 |
2028 | 93 |  | 229 |  | 101 |  | 131 |  | 62 |  | 616 |
2029 to 2033 | 438 |  | 1,190 |  | 526 |  | 716 |  | 343 |  | 3,213 |
The table below shows estimates as of December 31, 2023 for the timing of future payments in respect of unfunded pension and other post-employment benefit plans:
| Total | Payments due by period
(€ million) | Less than 1 year | 1 to 3 years | 3 to 5 years | More than 5 years
Estimated payments | 1,238 |  | 86 |  | 117 |  | 144 |  | 891 |
D.19.2. Restructuring provisions The table below shows movements in restructuring provisions classified in non-current and current liabilities:
(€ million) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Balance, beginning of period | 1,233 |  | 1,118 |  | 1,499 |
Of which: |  |  |
•Classified in non-current liabilities | 761 |  | 524 |  | 868 |
•Classified in current liabilities | 472 |  | 594 |  | 631 |
Change in provisions recognized in profit or loss for the period | 435 |  | 636 |  | 183 |
Provisions utilized(a) | (561) |  | (522) |  | (571) |
Transfers | 3 |  | — |  | 1 |
Unwinding of discount | 31 |  | 5 |  | — |
Currency translation differences | (9) |  | (4) |  | 6 |
Balance, end of period | 1,132 |  | 1,233 |  | 1,118 |
Of which: |  |  |
•Classified in non-current liabilities | 554 |  | 761 |  | 524 |
•Classified in current liabilities | 578 |  | 472 |  | 594 |
(a) Provisions utilized mainly correspond to payments related to employees affected by separation programs. Provisions for employee termination benefits as of December 31, 2023 amounted to €968 million (compared with €1,039 million as of December 31, 2022 and €943 million as of December 31, 2021). The provisions apply mainly to France, and relate to various voluntary redundancy programs: •agreement under the Job Management and Career Paths (GEPP) scheme affecting several French legal entities, signed on February 28, 2022 and announced in April 2022 as part of the “Play to Win” strategy. The agreement provides internal transfer and outplacement opportunities for employees whose jobs are undergoing transformation, and also includes an end-of-career paid leave program and an external retraining program. Most of the provisions charged in 2022 relate to this plan, which began to be implemented in 2022. The provisions charged in 2023 reflect adjustments to the job profiles deemed to be "sensitive"; the reversals recognized during 2023 are due mainly to the Borne Law, which raises the retirement age to 64 and hence disqualifies some participants eligible under previous legislation (in light of the maximum period for portage workers); •collectively-agreed separation programs involving a number of legal entities announced at the end of June 2020 as part of the rollout of the “Play to Win” strategy; these include an end-of-career paid leave plan and an external retraining program, and were still ongoing during 2023. In addition, Sanofi-Aventis Recherche & Développement (i) announced a voluntary redundancy program in 2020 in connection with the reorganization of R&D operations in France, which was implemented in 2021, and (ii) signed a collectively-agreed termination program in 2021 as part of the rollout of the “Play to Win” strategy; these programs, which cover support functions, include an end-of-career paid leave plan and an end-of-career transition plan; •programs announced in 2019 relating to (i) R&D (Sanofi-Aventis Recherche & Développement) and (ii) sales forces (the “SAF 2019” plan implemented by Sanofi-Aventis France); •collectively-agreed separation programs announced in 2018 relating to the reorganization of support functions (“Horizon 2020” plan). The remainder of the provision for France comprises termination benefits associated with previously-announced programs (early retirement plans and end-of-career transition plans). The provision includes the present values of: •gross annuities for self-funded plans; •employer’s social security charges on early retirement annuities for all plans (outsourced and self-funded); and •the levy charged on those annuities under the “Fillon” law (only for plans with termination of employment contracts). The average residual portage periods under these plans were 2.22 years, 2.60 years and 1.94 years as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The main other countries covered by restructuring provisions are Germany, Japan and the United States. The timing of future termination benefit payments is as follows:
December 31, 2023 | Total | Benefit payments by period
(€ million) | Less than 1 year | 1 to 3 years | 3 to 5 years | More than 5 years
Employee termination benefits |  |  |  |  |
•France | 611 |  | 215 |  | 315 |  | 79 |  | 2 |
•Other countries | 357 |  | 302 |  | 47 |  | 7 |  | 1 |
Total | 968 |  | 517 |  | 362 |  | 86 |  | 3 |
December 31, 2022 |  | Benefit payments by period
(€ million) | Total | Less than 1 year | 1 to 3 years | 3 to 5 years | More than 5 years
Employee termination benefits |  |  |  |  |
•France | 804 |  | 185 |  | 412 |  | 207 |  | — |
•Other countries | 235 |  | 189 |  | 36 |  | 8 |  | 2 |
Total | 1,039 |  | 374 |  | 448 |  | 215 |  | 2 |
December 31, 2021 |  | Benefit payments by period
(€ million) | Total | Less than 1 year | 1 to 3 years | 3 to 5 years | More than 5 years
Employee termination benefits |  |  |  |  |
•France | 614 |  | 269 |  | 288 |  | 53 |  | 4 |
•Other countries | 329 |  | 207 |  | 106 |  | 14 |  | 2 |
Total | 943 |  | 476 |  | 394 |  | 67 |  | 6 |
D.19.3. Other provisions Other provisions include provisions for risks and litigation relating to environmental, tax, commercial and product liability matters.
(€ million) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Environmental risks | 493 |  | 526 |  | 650 |
Product liability risks, litigation and other | 1,283 |  | 1,652 |  | 1,374 |
Total | 1,776 |  | 2,178 |  | 2,024 |
Provisions for environmental risks relate primarily to contingencies arising from business divestitures, and include remediation costs relating to such environmental risks. Identified environmental risks are covered by provisions estimated on the basis of the costs Sanofi believes it will be obliged to meet over a period not exceeding (other than in exceptional cases) 30 years. Sanofi expects that €86 million of those provisions will be utilized in 2024, and €194 million over the period from 2025 through 2028. As regards greenhouse gas emission quotas, which relate to Sanofi production facilities in France and Ireland, in the absence of specific IFRS pronouncements Sanofi has adopted the "net liability approach". That involves recognizing a liability at the balance sheet date if actual emissions exceed the quotas held, in accordance with IAS 37 and French GAAP (Plan Comptable Général, Article 615-1s). Quotas are managed as a production cost, and as such are recognized in inventory at a zero value (if received free of charge) and at acquisition cost (if bought on the market). As of December 31, 2023, no liability was recognized, and quotas valued at €3 million were held in inventory. “Product liability risks, litigation and other” mainly comprises provisions for risks relating to product liability (including IBNR provisions as described in Note B.12.), government investigations, regulatory or antitrust law claims, contingencies arising from business divestitures (other than environmental risks), and remediation costs related to leases. The main pending legal and arbitral proceedings and government investigations are described in Note D.22. A full risk and litigation assessment is performed with the assistance of Sanofi’s legal advisers, and provisions are recorded as required by circumstances in accordance with the principles described in Note B.12. D.19.4. Non-current income tax liabilities Non-current income tax liabilities amounted to €1,842 million as of December 31, 2023 (versus €1,979 million as of December 31, 2022 and €2,039 million as of December 31, 2021). This line item includes the residual liability due after more than one year arising from the estimated tax charge on deemed repatriation attributable to the accumulated earnings of non-US operations (€247 million as of December 31, 2023, €459 million as of December 31, 2022 and €576 million as of December 31, 2021. The expense was initially recognized in 2018 at an amount of $1,092 million, and payment is being made over eight years through 2025. Non-current income tax liabilities include uncertainties over income tax treatments totaling €1,595 million as of December 31, 2023, versus €1,520 million as of December 31, 2022 and €1,463 million as of December 31, 2021. A US legal restructuring resulted in a capital loss of €3 billion recognized in the 2020 final tax filing. One-third of the capital loss has been used against 2020 capital gains and the remaining balance will be eligible to carry back for three years. Due to management’s judgement about potential alternative interpretations of the prevailing tax law, no tax benefit has been recognized on this transaction in accordance with IFRIC 23. D.19.5. Current provisions and other current liabilities Current provisions and other current liabilities comprise the following:
(€ million) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Taxes payable, other than corporate income taxes | 395 |  | 420 |  | 428 |
Employee-related liabilities | 2,106 |  | 2,158 |  | 2,126 |
Restructuring provisions (see Note D.19.2.) | 578 |  | 472 |  | 594 |
Interest rate derivatives (see Note D.20.) | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |
Currency derivatives (see Note D.20.) | 126 |  | 94 |  | 62 |
Equity derivatives (see Note D.20.) | — |  | — |  | 16 |
Amounts payable for acquisitions of non-current assets | 945 |  | 714 |  | 559 |
Customer contract liabilities(a) | — |  | 269 |  | 321 |
Other current liabilities(b)(c) | 9,590 |  | 7,894 |  | 7,110 |
Total | 13,741 |  | 12,021 |  | 11,217 |
(a) See Note A.5., “Agreements relating to the recombinant COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Sanofi in collaboration with GSK”. The year-on-year change in this item between 2022 and 2023 includes revenue of €269 million recognized in profit or loss during 2023 previously included in “Customer contract liabilities” as of December 31, 2022, compared with revenue of €85 million recognized in profit or loss during 2022 previously included in “Customer contract liabilities” as of December 31, 2021 . No such revenue was recognized in 2021. (b) “Other current liabilities” mainly comprises provisions and liabilities for customer rebates and returns; provisions for discounts and rebates granted to healthcare authorities and governmental programs (see Note D.23.); and the liability payable at each reporting date under the Monoclonal Antibody Alliance with Regeneron. (c) As of December 31, 2023 includes €131 million (nominal value: €137 million) for the current liability relating to royalties payable to Sobi on net sales of BEYFORTUS (nirsevimab) in the United States (see Note C.2.)

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