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Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Goodwill and Intangible Assets |
Goodwill |
(Millions) |  | Industrial |  | Safety and Graphics |  | Health Care |  | Electronics and Energy |  | Consumer |  | Total Company |
Balance as of December 31, 2016 |  | $ | 2,536 |  | $ | 3,324 |  | $ | 1,609 |  | $ | 1,489 |  | $ | 208 |  | $ | 9,166 |
Acquisition activity |  |  | — |  |  | 1,296 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,302 |
Divestiture activity |  |  | — |  |  | (323) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (323) |
Translation and other |  |  | 142 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 368 |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 2,678 |  |  | 4,419 |  |  | 1,682 |  |  | 1,524 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 10,513 |
Acquisition activity |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Divestiture activity |  |  | (4) |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | (260) |  |  | — |  |  | (272) |
Translation and other |  |  | (60) |  |  | (93) |  |  | (28) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (197) |
Balance as of December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 2,614 |  | $ | 4,325 |  | $ | 1,654 |  | $ | 1,250 |  | $ | 208 |  | $ | 10,051 |
Acquired Intangible Assets |
|  | December 31, |  | December 31, |
(Millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Customer related intangible assets |  | $ | 2,291 |  | $ | 2,332 |
Patents |  |  | 542 |  |  | 561 |
Other technology-based intangible assets |  |  | 576 |  |  | 583 |
Definite-lived tradenames |  |  | 664 |  |  | 678 |
Other amortizable intangible assets |  |  | 125 |  |  | 207 |
Total gross carrying amount |  | $ | 4,198 |  | $ | 4,361 |
Accumulated amortization — customer related |  |  | (998) |  |  | (874) |
Accumulated amortization — patents |  |  | (487) |  |  | (489) |
Accumulated amortization — other technology based |  |  | (333) |  |  | (292) |
Accumulated amortization — definite-lived tradenames |  |  | (276) |  |  | (256) |
Accumulated amortization — other |  |  | (88) |  |  | (162) |
Total accumulated amortization |  | $ | (2,182) |  | $ | (2,073) |
Total finite-lived intangible assets — net |  | $ | 2,016 |  | $ | 2,288 |
Non-amortizable intangible assets (primarily tradenames) |  |  | 641 |  |  | 648 |
Total intangible assets — net |  | $ | 2,657 |  | $ | 2,936 |
Schedule of amortization expense for acquired intangible assets | Amortization expense for the years ended December 31 follows:
(Millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |
Amortization expense |  | $ | 249 |  | $ | 238 |  | $ | 262 |
Schedule of expected amortization expense for acquired amortizable intangible assets | Expected amortization expense for acquired amortizable intangible assets recorded as of December 31, 2018 follows:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | After |
(Millions) |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2023 |
Amortization expense |  | $ | 240 |  | $ | 228 |  | $ | 219 |  | $ | 205 |  | $ | 174 |  | $ | 950 |

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