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Goodwill and Intangible Assets | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets | NOTE 4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets ​ There was no goodwill recorded from acquisitions during the first six months of 2020. The acquisition activity in the following table relates to the net impact of adjustments to the preliminary allocation of purchase price within the one year measurement period following prior acquisitions, which decreased goodwill by $5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020. The amounts in the “Translation and other” row in the following table primarily relate to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The goodwill balance by business segment as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, follow: ​ Goodwill ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
(Millions) | ​ | Safety and Industrial | ​ | Transportation and Electronics | ​ | Health Care | ​ | Consumer | ​ | Total Company | ​
Balance as of December 31, 2019 | ​ | $ | 4,621 | ​ | $ | 1,830 | ​ | $ | 6,739 | ​ | $ | 254 | ​ | $ | 13,444 | ​
Acquisition activity | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (5) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (5) | ​
Divestiture activity | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (10) | ​ | ​ | (19) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (29) | ​
Translation and other | ​ | ​ | (38) | ​ | ​ | (8) | ​ | ​ | (5) | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | (50) | ​
Balance as of June 30, 2020 | ​ | $ | 4,583 | ​ | $ | 1,812 | ​ | $ | 6,710 | ​ | $ | 255 | ​ | $ | 13,360 | ​
​ Accounting standards require that goodwill be tested for impairment annually and between annual tests in certain circumstances such as a change in reporting units or the testing of recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit. At 3M, reporting units correspond to a division. ​ As described in Note 16, effective in the first quarter of 2020, the Company changed its business segment reporting. For any product changes that resulted in reporting unit changes, the Company applied the relative fair value method to determine the impact on goodwill of the associated reporting units, the results of which were immaterial. In conjunction with the change in segment reporting, 3M completed an assessment indicating no goodwill impairment existed as a result of this new segment structure. ​ Acquired Intangible Assets ​ The carrying amount and accumulated amortization of acquired finite-lived intangible assets, in addition to the balance of non-amortizable intangible assets, as of June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, follow: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | June 30, |  | December 31, |
(Millions) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |
Customer related intangible assets | ​ | $ | 4,201 | ​ | $ | 4,316 | ​
Patents | ​ |  | 525 | ​ |  | 538 | ​
Other technology-based intangible assets | ​ |  | 2,093 | ​ |  | 2,124 | ​
Definite-lived tradenames | ​ |  | 1,175 | ​ |  | 1,158 | ​
Other amortizable intangible assets | ​ |  | 120 | ​ |  | 125 | ​
Total gross carrying amount | ​ | $ | 8,114 | ​ | $ | 8,261 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accumulated amortization — customer related | ​ |  | (1,261) | ​ |  | (1,180) | ​
Accumulated amortization — patents | ​ |  | (494) | ​ |  | (499) | ​
Accumulated amortization — other technology-based | ​ |  | (522) | ​ |  | (435) | ​
Accumulated amortization — definite-lived tradenames | ​ |  | (349) | ​ |  | (316) | ​
Accumulated amortization — other | ​ |  | (87) | ​ |  | (90) | ​
Total accumulated amortization | ​ | $ | (2,713) | ​ | $ | (2,520) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total finite-lived intangible assets — net | ​ | $ | 5,401 | ​ | $ | 5,741 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-amortizable intangible assets (primarily tradenames) | ​ |  | 632 | ​ |  | 638 | ​
Total intangible assets — net | ​ | $ | 6,033 | ​ | $ | 6,379 | ​
​ Certain tradenames acquired by 3M are not amortized because they have been in existence for over 55 years, have a history of leading-market share positions, have been and are intended to be continuously renewed, and the associated products of which are expected to generate cash flows for 3M for an indefinite period of time. As discussed in Note 13, 3M reflected an immaterial charge related to impairment of certain indefinite-lived assets in the first quarter of 2020. ​ Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Three months ended |  | Six months ended |
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30, | ​
(Millions) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 | ​ | 2019 |
Amortization expense | ​ | $ | 134 | ​ | $ | 70 | ​ | $ | 268 | ​ | $ | 139 | ​
​ Expected amortization expense for acquired amortizable intangible assets recorded as of June 30, 2020: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Remainder of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | After |
(Millions) | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2024 | ​ | 2025 | ​ | 2025 |
Amortization expense | ​ | $ | 265 | ​ | $ | 524 | ​ | $ | 511 | ​ | $ | 481 | ​ | $ | 455 | ​ | $ | 425 | ​ | $ | 2,740 | ​
​ The preceding expected amortization expense is an estimate. Actual amounts of amortization expense may differ from estimated amounts due to additional intangible asset acquisitions, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, impairment of intangible assets, accelerated amortization of intangible assets and other events. 3M expenses the costs incurred to renew or extend the term of intangible assets.

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