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Derivatives | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] |
Derivatives | NOTE 17. Derivatives The Company uses interest rate swaps and foreign exchange forward and option contracts to manage risks generally associated with interest rate and foreign exchange rate fluctuations. The information that follows explains the various types of derivatives and financial instruments used by 3M, how and why 3M uses such instruments, how such instruments are accounted for, and how such instruments impact 3M’s financial position and performance. Additional information with respect to derivatives is included elsewhere as follows: •Impact on other comprehensive income of non-derivative hedging and derivative instruments is included in Note 9. •Fair value of derivative instruments is included in Note 18. •Derivatives and/or hedging instruments associated with the Company’s long-term debt are also described in Note 14. Refer to the section below titled Location on Statement of Income (Loss) and Impact of Cash Flow and Fair Value Derivative Instruments and Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments for details on the location within the consolidated statements of income (loss) for amounts of gains and losses related to derivative instruments designated as cash flow or fair value hedges (along with similar information relative to the hedged items) and derivatives not designated as hedging instruments. Additional information relative to cash flow hedges, fair value hedges, net investment hedges and derivatives not designated as hedging instruments is included below as applicable. Cash Flow Hedges: For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses on the derivative representing hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in current earnings. Cash Flow Hedging - Foreign Currency Forward and Option Contracts: The Company may enter into foreign exchange forward and option contracts to hedge against the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash flows denominated in foreign currencies. These transactions are designated as cash flow hedges. The settlement or extension of these derivatives will result in reclassifications (from accumulated other comprehensive income) to earnings in the period during which the hedged transactions affect earnings. 3M may de-designate these cash flow hedge relationships in advance of the occurrence of the forecasted transaction. The Company may de-designate a cash flow hedge if the forecasted transaction is no longer probable, if 3M determines that the hedge is no longer expected to be highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the forecasted transaction, or in certain other circumstances. The portion of gains or losses on the derivative instrument previously included in accumulated other comprehensive income for de-designated hedges remains in accumulated other comprehensive income until the forecasted transaction occurs or becomes probable of not occurring. Changes in the value of derivative instruments after de-designation are recorded in earnings and are included in the Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments section below. The maximum length of time over which 3M hedges its exposure to the variability in future cash flows of the forecasted transactions is 36 months. Cash Flow Hedging — Interest Rate Contracts: The Company may use forward starting interest rate contracts and treasury rate lock contracts to hedge exposure to variability in cash flows from interest payments on forecasted debt issuances. The amortization of gains and losses on forward starting interest rate swaps is included in the tables below as part of the gain/(loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had a balance of $15 million associated with the after-tax net unrealized loss associated with cash flow hedging instruments recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). This includes a remaining balance of $80 million (after-tax loss) related to forward starting interest rate swap and treasury rate lock contracts terminated in 2019 concurrent with associated debt issuances, which is being amortized over the respective lives of the underlying notes. Based on exchange rates as of December 31, 2024, of the total after-tax net unrealized balance as of December 31, 2024, 3M expects to reclassify approximately $44 million after-tax net unrealized gain over the next 12 months (with the impact offset by earnings/losses from underlying hedged items). The amount of pretax gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) related to derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges is provided in the following table.
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Pretax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) on Derivative
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Foreign currency forward/option contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 159 |
Fair Value Hedges: For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivatives as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current earnings. Fair Value Hedging - Interest Rate Swaps: The Company manages interest expense using a mix of fixed and floating rate debt. To help manage borrowing costs, the Company may enter into interest rate swaps. Under these arrangements, the Company agrees to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed and floating interest amounts calculated by reference to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. The mark-to-market of these fair value hedges is recorded as gains or losses in interest expense and is offset by the gain or loss of the underlying debt instrument, which also is recorded in interest expense. During 2021, 3M entered into interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $800 million. These swaps converted $500 million and $300 million of 3M’s $1.0 billion and $650 million principal amount of fixed rate notes due 2049 and 2050, respectively, into floating rate debt for the portion of their terms through mid-2028 with an original interest rate based on a three-month LIBOR index, which since was amended to a rate based on a SOFR index. The following amounts were recorded on the consolidated balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for active fair value hedges, as well as remaining amounts for discontinued fair value hedges:
Location on the Consolidated Balance Sheet (Millions) |  | Carrying Value of the Hedged Liabilities |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Value of the Hedged Liabilities
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Long-term debt |  | $ | 924 |  | $ | 918 |  | $ | (79) |  | $ | (84)
Net Investment Hedges: The Company may use non-derivative (foreign currency denominated debt) and derivative (foreign exchange forward/option contracts) instruments to hedge portions of the Company’s investment in foreign subsidiaries and manage foreign exchange risk. For instruments that are designated and qualify as hedges of net investments in foreign operations and that meet the effectiveness requirements, the net gains or losses attributable to changes in spot exchange rates are recorded in cumulative translation within other comprehensive income. The remainder of the change in value of such instruments is recorded in earnings. Recognition in earnings of amounts previously recorded in cumulative translation is limited to circumstances such as complete or substantially complete liquidation of the net investment in the hedged foreign operation. To the extent foreign currency denominated debt is not designated in or is de-designated from a net investment hedge relationship, changes in value of that portion of foreign currency denominated debt due to exchange rate changes are recorded in earnings through their maturity date. 3M’s use of foreign exchange forward/option contracts designated in hedges of the Company’s net investment in foreign subsidiaries can vary by time period depending on when foreign currency denominated debt balances designated in such relationships are de-designated, matured, or are newly issued and designated. Additionally, variation can occur in connection with the extent of the Company’s desired foreign exchange risk coverage. In the fourth quarter of 2024, 3M expanded its net investment hedge activity by entering into foreign exchange forward/option contracts with a gross notional value at inception of $4.2 billion and tenor of five years designated in hedges of portions of its net investment in international subsidiaries. At December 31, 2024, 3M has a principal amount of long-term debt instruments designated in net investment hedges totaling 1.8 billion euros, in addition to the gross notional amount of foreign exchange forward/option contracts designated in net investment hedges included in the totals within the "Location, Fair Value, and Gross Notional Amounts of Derivative Instruments" table further below. The amount of gain (loss) excluded from effectiveness testing recognized in income relative to instruments designated in net investment hedge relationships is not material. The amount of pre-tax gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) related to derivative and non-derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges are as follows.
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Pretax Gain (Loss) Recognized as Cumulative Translation within Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Foreign currency denominated debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | (86) |  |  | $ | 162 |
Foreign currency forward/option contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | (5) |  |  | 10 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | (91) |  |  | $ | 172 |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments include de-designated foreign currency forward and option contracts that formerly were designated in cash flow hedging relationships (as referenced in the Cash Flow Hedges section above). In addition, 3M enters into foreign currency contracts that are not designated in hedging relationships to offset, in part, the impacts of changes in value of various non-functional currency denominated items including certain intercompany financing balances. These derivative instruments are not designated in hedging relationships; therefore, fair value gains and losses on these contracts are recorded in earnings. The Company does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. Location on Statement of Income (Loss) and Impact of Cash Flow and Fair Value Derivative Instruments and Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Cost of sales |  | Other expense (income), net
(Millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Total consolidated financial statement line item amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,447 |  | $ | 14,983 |  | $ | 15,853 |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | 582 |  | $ | 165
Pre-tax amounts recognized in income related to derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Information regarding cash flow and fair value hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) or loss on cash flow hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward/option contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of (gain) or loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into income* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (87) |  | (152) |  | (107) |  | — |  | — |  | —
Interest rate contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of (gain) or loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
(Gain) or loss on fair value hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedged items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 15 |  |  | (94) |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | (15) |  |  | 94 |
Information regarding derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) or loss on derivatives not designated as instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward/option contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 22 |  |  | (21) |  |  | (45) |
*For periods prior to the April 1, 2024 separation of Solventum, these include certain insignificant amounts attributable to discontinued operations. Location, Fair Value, and Gross Notional Amounts of Derivative Instruments: The following tables summarize the fair value of 3M’s derivative instruments, excluding non-derivative instruments used as hedging instruments, and their location in the consolidated balance sheet. Notional amounts below are presented at period end foreign exchange rates, except for certain interest rate swaps and foreign currency forward/option contracts, which are presented using the foreign exchange rate at inception.
|  | Gross Notional Amount |  | Assets |  | Liabilities
(Millions) |  |  | Location |  | Fair Value Amount |  | Location |  | Fair Value Amount
| December 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward/option contracts |  | $ | 1,382 |  |  | $ | 2,109 |  |  | Other current assets |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | Other current liabilities |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 27 |
Foreign currency forward/option contracts |  | 4,746 |  |  | 342 |  |  | Other assets |  | 78 |  |  | 11 |  |  | Other liabilities |  | 65 |  |  | 5 |
Interest rate contracts |  | 800 |  |  | 800 |  |  | Other assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | Other liabilities |  | 81 |  |  | 88 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  | 139 |  |  | 79 |  |  |  |  | 152 |  |  | 120 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward/option contracts |  | 2,217 |  |  | 1,023 |  |  | Other current assets |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | Other current liabilities |  | 13 |  |  | 7 |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 7 |
Total derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 127 |
Credit Risk and Offsetting of Assets and Liabilities of Derivative Instruments: The Company is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by counterparties in interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and forward and option contracts. However, the Company’s risk is limited to the fair value of the instruments. The Company actively monitors its exposure to credit risk through the use of credit approvals and credit limits, and by selecting major international banks and financial institutions as counterparties. 3M enters into master netting arrangements with counterparties when possible to mitigate credit risk in derivative transactions. A master netting arrangement may allow each counterparty to net settle amounts owed between a 3M entity and the counterparty as a result of multiple, separate derivative transactions. The Company does not anticipate nonperformance by any of these counterparties. 3M has elected to present the fair value of derivative assets and liabilities within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet on a gross basis even when derivative transactions are subject to master netting arrangements and may otherwise qualify for net presentation. 3M determined that the impact of the amount of eligible offsetting derivative assets and liabilities was not material if it had elected to offset the asset and liability balances of derivative instruments, netted in accordance with various criteria in the event of default or termination as stipulated by the terms of netting arrangements with each of the counterparties. For each counterparty, if netted, the Company would offset the asset and liability balances of all derivatives at the end of the reporting period based on the 3M entity that is a party to the transactions. Derivatives not subject to master netting agreements are not eligible for net presentation. For the periods presented, 3M has not received cash collateral from derivative counterparties. Currency Effects: 3M estimates that year-on-year foreign currency transaction effects, including hedging impacts, decreased pre-tax income from continuing operations by approximately $34 million in 2024, decreased pre-tax loss from continuing operations by approximately $40 million in 2023, and increased pre-tax income from continuing operations by approximately $97 million in 2022. These estimates include transaction gains and losses, including derivative instruments designed to reduce foreign currency exchange rate risks.

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