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Stock-Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2014
Stock-Based Compensation [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | 12 Stock-Based Compensation In May 2012, the Company's shareholders approved the Company's 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (“2012 Plan”). As of December 31, 2014, the 2012 Plan has 4.2 million shares available for grant in the form of incentive or non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock, restricted stock units or other types of awards. The Company issues new shares of common stock upon exercise of stock options or restricted stock unit conversion. Under the 2012 Plan, the exercise price for stock options may not be less than the fair market value of the underlying stock at the date of grant. The 2012 Plan is scheduled to terminate on May 9, 2022. Options generally will expire no later than ten years after the date on which they are granted and will become exercisable as directed by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors and generally vest in equal annual installments over a five-year period. A SAR may be granted alone or in conjunction with an option or other award. Shares of restricted stock and restricted stock units may be issued under the 2012 Plan for such consideration as is determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards outstanding. In May 2009, the Company's shareholders approved the 2009 Employee Stock Purchase Plan under which eligible employees may contribute up to 15% of their earnings toward the quarterly purchase of the Company's common stock. The plan makes available 0.9 million shares of the Company's common stock, which includes the remaining shares available under the 1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. As of December 31, 2014, 1.2 million shares have been issued under both the 2009 and 1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plans. Each plan period lasts three months beginning on January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1 of each year. The purchase price for each share of stock is the lesser of 90% of the market price on the first day of the plan period or 100% of the market price on the last day of the plan period. Stock-based compensation expense related to this plan was $1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The Company accounts for stock-based compensation costs in accordance with the accounting standards for stock-based compensation, which require that all share-based payments to employees be recognized in the statements of operations based on their fair values. The Company recognizes the expense using the straight-line attribution method. The stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations is based on awards that ultimately are expected to vest; therefore, the amount of expense has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. The stock-based compensation accounting standards require forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estim ates. Forfeitures we re estimated based on historical experience. If actual results differ significantly from these estimates, stock-based compensation expense and the Company's results of operations could be materially impacted. In addition, if the Company employs different assumptions in the application of th e s e standard s, the compensation expense that the Company records in the future periods may differ significantly from what the Company has recorded in the current period. The consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 include the following stock-based compensation expense related to stock option awards, restricted stock, restricted stock unit awards and the employee stock purchase plan (in thousands):
|  |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012
Cost of sales |  | $ | 2,732 |  | $ | 2,523 |  | $ | 2,694
Selling and administrative expenses |  |  | 26,128 |  |  | 25,252 |  |  | 22,679
Research and development expenses |  |  | 4,138 |  |  | 3,933 |  |  | 3,810
| Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 32,998 |  | $ | 31,708 |  | $ | 29,183
Stock Options In determining the fair value of the stock options, the Company makes a variety of assumptions and estimates, including volatility measures, expected yields and expected stock option lives. The fair value of each option grant was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company uses implied volatility on its publicly-traded options as the basis for its estimate of expected volatility. The Company believes that implied volatility is the most appropriate i ndicator of expected volatility because it is generally reflective of historical volatility and expectations of how future volatility will differ from historical volatility. The expected life assumption for grants is based on historical experience for the population of non-qualified stock optionees. The risk-free interest rate is the yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term approximating the expected term used as the input to the Black-Scholes model. The relevant d ata used to determine the value of the stock options granted during 2014, 2013 and 2012 are as follows:
Options Issued and Significant Assumptions Used to Estimate Option Fair Values |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012
Options issued in thousands |  | 569 |  | 428 |  | 699
Risk-free interest rate |  | 1.6% |  | 1.7% |  | 1.0%
Expected life in years |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 6
Expected volatility |  | 0.266 |  | 0.248 |  | 0.265
Expected dividends |  | - |  | - |  | -
Weighted-Average Exercise Price and Fair Value of Options on the Date of Grant |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012
Exercise price |  | $ | 112.56 |  | $ | 97.74 |  | $ | 86.55
Fair value |  | $ | 32.61 |  | $ | 27.37 |  | $ | 23.97
T he following table summarizes stock option activity for the plans for the year ended December 31, 2014 (in thousands, except per share data):
|  |  |  | Number of Shares |  | Exercise Price per Share |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at December 31, 2013 |  | 3,917 |  | $ | 33.12 | to | $ | 103.47 |  | $ | 71.08
| Granted |  | 569 |  | $ | 99.22 | to | $ | 113.36 |  | $ | 112.56
| Exercised |  | (1,185) |  | $ | 33.12 | to | $ | 87.06 |  | $ | 58.12
| Canceled |  | (21) |  | $ | 79.15 | to | $ | 98.21 |  | $ | 88.02
Outstanding at December 31, 2014 |  | 3,280 |  | $ | 37.84 | to | $ | 113.36 |  | $ | 82.85
The following table details the weighted-average remaining contractual life of options outstanding at December 31, 2014 by range of exercise prices (in thousands, except per share data):
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Remaining |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Number |  |  | Weighted- |  | Contractual |  | Number |  |  | Weighted-
|  |  |  |  |  | of Shares |  |  | Average |  | Life of Options |  | of Shares |  |  | Average
Exercise Price Range |  | Outstanding |  |  | Exercise Price |  | Outstanding |  | Exercisable |  |  | Exercise Price
$ | 37.84 | to | $ | 59.99 |  | 593 |  | $ | 49.45 |  | 3.5 |  | 593 |  | $ | 49.45
$ | 60.00 | to | $ | 79.99 |  | 1,151 |  | $ | 78.34 |  | 5.9 |  | 757 |  | $ | 78.18
$ | 80.00 | to | $ | 113.36 |  | 1,536 |  | $ | 99.12 |  | 9.0 |  | 305 |  | $ | 89.83
|  | Total |  | 3,280 |  | $ | 82.85 |  | 6.9 |  | 1,655 |  | $ | 70.03
During 2014, 2013 and 2012, the total intrinsic value of the stock options exercised (i.e., the difference between the market price at exercise and the price paid by the employee to exercise the options) was $63 million, $64 million and $31 million, respectively. The total cash received from the exercise of these stock options was $69 million, $64 million and $24 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of the outstanding stock options at December 31, 2014 was $98 million. Options exercisable at December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 were 1.7 million, 2.2 million and 2.9 million, respectively. The weighted-a verage exercise prices of options exercisable at December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 were $70.03, $60.88 and $54.00, respectively. The weighted-ave rage remaining contractual life of the exercisable outstanding stock options at December 31, 2014 was 5.3 years. At December 31, 2014, the Company had 3.2 million stock options which are vested and expected to vest. The intrinsic value, weighted-average price and remaining contractual life of the vested and expected to vest stock options were $98 million, $82.67 and 6.8 years, respectively, at December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, there were $43 million, $40 million and $45 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested stock option awards that are expected to vest. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.7 years. Restricted Stock During each of the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, the Company granted 12 thousand shares of restricted stock. The weighted-average fair value per share on the grant date of the restricted stock granted in 2014, 2013 and 2012 was $99.22, $88.71 and $78.10, respectively. The Company has recorded $2 million, $2 million and $1 million of compensation expense in each of the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, related to the restricted stock grants. As of December 31, 2014, the Company ha d 24 thousand unvested shares of restricted stock outstanding, which have been fully expensed. Restricted Stock Units The following table summarizes the unvested restricted stock unit award activity for the year ended December 31, 2014 (in thousands, except for per share amounts):
|  |  | Shares |  | Weighted-Average Price
Unvested at December 31, 2013 |  | 642 |  | $ | 82.16
| Granted |  | 134 |  | $ | 112.59
| Vested |  | (222) |  | $ | 70.69
| Forfeited |  | (21) |  | $ | 87.43
Unvested at December 31, 2014 |  | 533 |  | $ | 94.38
Restricted stock units are generally issued annually in February and vest in equal annual installments over a five-year period. The amount of compensation costs recognized for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 on the restricted sto ck units expected to vest were $16 million, $12 million and $13 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2014, there were $37 million of total un recognized compensation costs related to the restricted stock unit awards that are expected to vest. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.5 years.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5047-113901 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5070-113901 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6406099&loc=d3e25284-112666 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 40 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6418621&loc=d3e17540-113929 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5444-113901 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher SEC -Name Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) -Number Topic 14 + Details
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