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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2019 | Dec. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |  |
Analysis of the Provision for Income Taxes | An analysis of the provision for income taxes follows:
| Year Ended December 31
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Current income taxes |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 177 |  |  | $ | 463 |
State | 94 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 52 |
Other countries | 238 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 330 |
Total | 547 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 845 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  |  |  |
United States | 50 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (68 | )
State | (16 | ) |  | 22 |  |  | (3 | )
Other countries | (5 | ) |  | (36 | ) |  | 2 |
Total | 29 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (69 | )
Total provision for income taxes | $ | 576 |  |  | $ | 471 |  |  | $ | 776 |
Income before Income Taxes | Income before income taxes is earned in the following tax jurisdictions:
| Year Ended December 31
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
United States | $ | 2,252 |  |  | $ | 1,606 |  |  | $ | 1,995 |
Other countries | 398 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 996 |
Total income before income taxes | $ | 2,650 |  |  | $ | 1,813 |  |  | $ | 2,991 |
Deferred Income Tax assets (Liabilities) | Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are composed of the following:
| December 31
| 2019 |  | 2018
Deferred tax assets |  |  |
Pension and other postretirement benefits | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 252 |
Tax credits and loss carryforwards | 411 |  |  | 387 |
Lease liability | 104 |  |  | — |
Other | 388 |  |  | 449 |
| 1,156 |  |  | 1,088 |
Valuation allowances | (248 | ) |  | (220 | )
Total deferred tax assets | 908 |  |  | 868 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 795 |  |  | 789 |
Investments in subsidiaries | 103 |  |  | 102 |
Goodwill | 66 |  |  | 72 |
Lease asset | 105 |  |  | — |
Other | 108 |  |  | 143 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 1,177 |  |  | 1,106 |
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) | $ | (269 | ) |  | $ | (238 | )
Reconciliation of Income Tax Provision | Presented below is a reconciliation of the income tax provision computed at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the actual effective tax rate:
| Year Ended December 31
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
U.S. statutory rate applied to income before income taxes | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 35.0 | %
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit | 2.5 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 1.1 |
Statutory rates other than U.S. statutory rate | 0.7 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (3.1 | )
Routine tax incentives | (3.5 | ) |  | (5.4 | ) |  | (2.7 | )
Net tax (benefit) cost on foreign income | 0.8 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | (0.7 | )
Net impact of the Tax Act | — |  |  | 6.4 |  |  | (2.5 | )
Valuation allowance | 1.0 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | (0.1 | )
Nonrecurring capital loss | (1.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Other - net(a) | 1.0 |  |  | (2.9 | ) |  | (1.1 | )
Effective income tax rate | 21.7 | % |  | 26.0 | % |  | 25.9 | %
(a) Other - net is composed of numerous items, none of which is greater than 1.05 percent and 1.75 percent of income before income taxes in 2019-2018 and 2017, respectively. |
Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits |  | Presented below is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized income tax benefits:
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance at January 1 | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 354 |  |  | $ | 321 |
Gross increases for tax positions of prior years | 36 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 50 |
Gross decreases for tax positions of prior years | (13 | ) |  | (86 | ) |  | (23 | )
Gross increases for tax positions of the current year | 87 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 37 |
Settlements | (13 | ) |  | (70 | ) |  | (19 | )
Other | (12 | ) |  | (16 | ) |  | (12 | )
Balance at December 31 | $ | 383 |  |  | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 354 |
Summary of Income Tax Examinations | As of December 31, 2019, the following tax years remain subject to examination for the major jurisdictions where we conduct business:
Jurisdiction | Years
United States | 2016 to 2019
United Kingdom | 2016 to 2019
Brazil | 2014 to 2019
Australia | 2014 to 2019
China | 2009 to 2019

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- Definition Tabular disclosure for tax positions taken in the tax returns filed or to be filed for which it is more likely than not that the tax position will not be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities and other income tax contingencies. Includes, but is not limited to, interest and penalties, reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits, unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the effective tax rate, tax years that remain subject to examination by tax jurisdictions, and information about positions for which it is reasonably possible that amounts unrecognized will significantly change within 12 months. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15A -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=SL6600010-109319 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15 -Subparagraph (d) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32718-109319 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 19 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32840-109319 + Details
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