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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

An analysis of the provision for income taxes follows:

			Year Ended December 31
			2021						2020						2019
Current income taxes
United States			$	179					$	252					$	215
State			35						81						94
Other countries			335						298						238
Total			549						631						547
Deferred income taxes
United States			(18)						62						50
State			(1)						5						(16)
Other countries			(51)						(22)						(5)
Total			(70)						45						29
Total provision for income taxes			$	479					$	676					$	576

Schedule of Income before Income Tax, Domestic and Foreign

Income before income taxes is earned in the following tax jurisdictions:

			Year Ended December 31
			2021						2020						2019
United States			$	1,580					$	2,336					$	2,252
Other countries			645						594						398
Total income before income taxes			$	2,225					$	2,930					$	2,650

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are composed of the following:

						December 31
						2021						2020
Deferred tax assets
Pension and other postretirement benefits						$	215					$	239
Tax credits and loss carryforwards						531						477
Lease liability						116						117
Prepaid royalties						117						1
Other						355						464
						1,334						1,298
Valuation allowances						(279)						(272)
Total deferred tax assets						1,055						1,026
Deferred tax liabilities
Property, plant and equipment, net						921						900
Investments in subsidiaries						105						111
Intangible assets						156						159
Lease asset						114						117
Other						228						200
Total deferred tax liabilities						1,524						1,487
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)						$	(469)					$	(461)

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

Presented below is a reconciliation of the income tax provision computed at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the actual effective tax rate:

			Year Ended December 31
			2021						2020						2019
U.S. statutory rate applied to income before income taxes			21.0		%				21.0		%				21.0		%
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit			1.2						2.3						2.5
Routine tax incentives			(5.8)						(4.3)						(3.5)
Nondeductible expenses			1.5						0.8						0.4
Net tax cost on foreign income			2.4						2.7						1.5
Valuation allowance			2.4						0.7						1.0
Nonrecurring capital loss			—						—						(1.8)
Other - net(a)			(1.2)						(0.1)						0.6
Effective income tax rate			21.5		%				23.1		%				21.7		%

(a)    Other - net is composed of numerous items, none of which is greater than 1.05 percent of income before income taxes.

Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits

Presented below is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized income tax benefits:

			2021						2020						2019
Balance at January 1			$	497					$	383					$	298
Gross increases for tax positions of prior years			62						144						36
Gross decreases for tax positions of prior years			(37)						(34)						(13)
Gross increases for tax positions of the current year			42						36						87
Settlements			(39)						(22)						(13)
Other			(19)						(10)						(12)
Balance at December 31			$	506					$	497					$	383

Summary of Income Tax Examinations

As of December 31, 2021, the following tax years remain subject to examination for the major jurisdictions where we conduct business:

Jurisdiction			Years
United States			2016			to			2021
United Kingdom			2017			to			2021
Brazil			2015			to			2021
China			2009			to			2021
South Korea			2019			to			2021

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Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years.

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Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets.

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Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.

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Tabular disclosure for tax positions taken in the tax returns filed or to be filed for which it is more likely than not that the tax position will not be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities and other income tax contingencies. Includes, but is not limited to, interest and penalties, reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits, unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the effective tax rate, tax years that remain subject to examination by tax jurisdictions, and information about positions for which it is reasonably possible that amounts unrecognized will significantly change within 12 months.

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