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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) | An analysis of the Provision for income taxes follows:
| Year Ended December 31
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Current income taxes |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 252 |
State | 16 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 81 |
Other countries | 288 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 298 |
Total | 552 |  |  | 549 |  |  | 631 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  |  |  |
United States | (27) |  |  | (18) |  |  | 62 |
State | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 5 |
Other countries | (29) |  |  | (51) |  |  | (22) |
Total | (57) |  |  | (70) |  |  | 45 |
Total provision for income taxes | $ | 495 |  |  | $ | 479 |  |  | $ | 676 |
Schedule of Income before Income Tax, Domestic and Foreign | The components of Income Before Income Taxes and Equity Interests follow:
| Year Ended December 31
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
United States | $ | 1,802 |  |  | $ | 1,580 |  |  | $ | 2,336 |
Other countries | 538 |  |  | 645 |  |  | 594 |
Total income before income taxes and equity interests | $ | 2,340 |  |  | $ | 2,225 |  |  | $ | 2,930 |
Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities | Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are comprised of the following:
| December 31
| 2022 |  | 2021
Deferred tax assets |  |  |
Pension and other postretirement benefits | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 215 |
Tax credits and loss carryforwards | 534 |  |  | 531 |
Capitalized research costs(a) | 118 |  |  | — |
Lease liability | 116 |  |  | 116 |
Prepaid royalties | 56 |  |  | 117 |
Derivatives | 74 |  |  | 38 |
Other | 353 |  |  | 317 |
| 1,430 |  |  | 1,334 |
Valuation allowances | (299) |  |  | (279) |
Total deferred tax assets | 1,131 |  |  | 1,055 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 940 |  |  | 921 |
Investments in subsidiaries | 101 |  |  | 105 |
Intangible assets | 153 |  |  | 156 |
Lease asset | 111 |  |  | 114 |
Other | 229 |  |  | 228 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 1,534 |  |  | 1,524 |
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) | $ | (403) |  |  | $ | (469) |
(a) Capitalized research costs are attributable to research and development costs recorded as a period cost for financial reporting purposes but required to be capitalized for U.S. tax purposes and amortized primarily over a 5 period, beginning on January 1, 2022.
Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation | Presented below is a reconciliation of the Provision for income taxes computed at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the actual effective tax rate:
| Year Ended December 31
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
U.S. statutory rate applied to income before income taxes and equity interests | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit | 0.5 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 2.3 |
Routine tax incentives | (3.5) |  |  | (5.8) |  |  | (4.3) |
Net nondeductible expenses | 1.4 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 0.8 |
Net tax cost on foreign income | 2.4 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 2.7 |
Valuation allowance | 1.3 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 0.7 |
Other - net(a) | (1.9) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (0.1) |
Effective income tax rate | 21.2 | % |  | 21.5 | % |  | 23.1 | %
(a) Other - net is composed of numerous items, none of which is greater than 1.05 percent of income before income taxes and equity interests.
Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits | Presented below is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized income tax benefits:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Balance at January 1 | $ | 506 |  |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 383 |
Gross increases for tax positions of prior years | 22 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 144 |
Gross decreases for tax positions of prior years | (38) |  |  | (37) |  |  | (34) |
Gross increases for tax positions of the current year | 36 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 36 |
Settlements | (21) |  |  | (39) |  |  | (22) |
Other | (17) |  |  | (19) |  |  | (10) |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 488 |  |  | $ | 506 |  |  | $ | 497 |
Summary of Income Tax Examinations | As of December 31, 2022, the following tax years remain subject to examination for the major jurisdictions where we conduct business:
Jurisdiction | Years
United States | 2016 | to | 2022
United Kingdom | 2020 | to | 2022
Brazil | 2016 | to | 2022
China | 2011 | to | 2022
South Korea | 2020 | to | 2022

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- Definition Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32639-109319 + Details
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- Definition Tabular disclosure for tax positions taken in the tax returns filed or to be filed for which it is more likely than not that the tax position will not be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities and other income tax contingencies. Includes, but is not limited to, interest and penalties, reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits, unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the effective tax rate, tax years that remain subject to examination by tax jurisdictions, and information about positions for which it is reasonably possible that amounts unrecognized will significantly change within 12 months. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15A -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=SL6600010-109319 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15 -Subparagraph (d) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32718-109319 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 19 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32840-109319 + Details
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