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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

An analysis of the Provision for income taxes follows:

			Year Ended December 31
			2022						2021						2020
Current income taxes
United States			$	248					$	179					$	252
State			16						35						81
Other countries			288						335						298
Total			552						549						631
Deferred income taxes
United States			(27)						(18)						62
State			(1)						(1)						5
Other countries			(29)						(51)						(22)
Total			(57)						(70)						45
Total provision for income taxes			$	495					$	479					$	676

Schedule of Income before Income Tax, Domestic and Foreign

The components of Income Before Income Taxes and Equity Interests follow:

			Year Ended December 31
			2022						2021						2020
United States			$	1,802					$	1,580					$	2,336
Other countries			538						645						594
Total income before income taxes and equity interests			$	2,340					$	2,225					$	2,930

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are comprised of the following:

						December 31
						2022						2021
Deferred tax assets
Pension and other postretirement benefits						$	179					$	215
Tax credits and loss carryforwards						534						531
Capitalized research costs(a)						118						—
Lease liability						116						116
Prepaid royalties						56						117
Derivatives						74						38
Other						353						317
						1,430						1,334
Valuation allowances						(299)						(279)
Total deferred tax assets						1,131						1,055
Deferred tax liabilities
Property, plant and equipment, net						940						921
Investments in subsidiaries						101						105
Intangible assets						153						156
Lease asset						111						114
Other						229						228
Total deferred tax liabilities						1,534						1,524
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)						$	(403)					$	(469)

(a)     Capitalized research costs are attributable to research and development costs recorded as a period cost for financial reporting purposes but required to be capitalized for U.S. tax purposes and amortized primarily over a 5 period, beginning on January 1, 2022.

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

Presented below is a reconciliation of the Provision for income taxes computed at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the actual effective tax rate:

			Year Ended December 31
			2022						2021						2020
U.S. statutory rate applied to income before income taxes and equity interests			21.0		%				21.0		%				21.0		%
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit			0.5						1.2						2.3
Routine tax incentives			(3.5)						(5.8)						(4.3)
Net nondeductible expenses			1.4						1.5						0.8
Net tax cost on foreign income			2.4						2.4						2.7
Valuation allowance			1.3						2.4						0.7
Other - net(a)			(1.9)						(1.2)						(0.1)
Effective income tax rate			21.2		%				21.5		%				23.1		%

(a)    Other - net is composed of numerous items, none of which is greater than 1.05 percent of income before income taxes and equity interests.

Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits

Presented below is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized income tax benefits:

			2022						2021						2020
Balance at January 1			$	506					$	497					$	383
Gross increases for tax positions of prior years			22						62						144
Gross decreases for tax positions of prior years			(38)						(37)						(34)
Gross increases for tax positions of the current year			36						42						36
Settlements			(21)						(39)						(22)
Other			(17)						(19)						(10)
Balance at December 31			$	488					$	506					$	497

Summary of Income Tax Examinations

As of December 31, 2022, the following tax years remain subject to examination for the major jurisdictions where we conduct business:

Jurisdiction			Years
United States			2016			to			2022
United Kingdom			2020			to			2022
Brazil			2016			to			2022
China			2011			to			2022
South Korea			2020			to			2022

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Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years.

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Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets.

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Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.

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Tabular disclosure of income before income tax between domestic and foreign jurisdictions.

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Tabular disclosure for tax positions taken in the tax returns filed or to be filed for which it is more likely than not that the tax position will not be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities and other income tax contingencies. Includes, but is not limited to, interest and penalties, reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits, unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the effective tax rate, tax years that remain subject to examination by tax jurisdictions, and information about positions for which it is reasonably possible that amounts unrecognized will significantly change within 12 months.

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