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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

An analysis of the Provision for income taxes follows:

			Year Ended December 31
			2023						2022						2021
Current income taxes
United States			$	370					$	248					$	179
State			54						16						35
Other countries			351						288						335
Total			775						552						549
Deferred income taxes
United States			(133)						(27)						(18)
State			(28)						(1)						(1)
Other countries			(161)						(29)						(51)
Total			(322)						(57)						(70)
Total provision for income taxes			$	453					$	495					$	479

Schedule of Income before Income Tax, Domestic and Foreign

The components of Income Before Income Taxes and Equity Interests follow:

			Year Ended December 31
			2023						2022						2021
United States			$	2,004					$	1,802					$	1,580
Other countries			17						538						645
Total income before income taxes and equity interests			$	2,021					$	2,340					$	2,225

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are comprised of the following:

						December 31
						2023						2022
Deferred tax assets
Pension and other postretirement benefits						$	182					$	179
Tax credits and loss carryforwards						668						534
Capitalized research costs						224						118
Lease liability						137						116
Derivatives						80						74
Other						357						409
						1,648						1,430
Valuation allowances						(302)						(299)
Total deferred tax assets						1,346						1,131
Deferred tax liabilities
Property, plant and equipment, net						943						940
Investments in subsidiaries						110						101
Goodwill						80						76
Intangible assets						12						153
Lease asset						128						111
Other						177						153
Total deferred tax liabilities						1,450						1,534
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)						$	(104)					$	(403)

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

Presented below is a reconciliation of the Provision for income taxes computed at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the actual effective tax rate:

			Year Ended December 31
			2023						2022						2021
U.S. statutory rate applied to income before income taxes and equity interests			21.0		%				21.0		%				21.0		%
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit			1.0						0.5						1.2
Routine tax incentives			(3.9)						(3.5)						(5.8)
Net nondeductible expenses			2.4						1.4						1.5
Net tax (benefit) cost on foreign income			1.1						2.4						2.4
Valuation allowance			2.8						1.3						2.4
Tax effects of the impairment of intangible assets			(1.4)						—						—
Other - net(a)			(0.6)						(1.9)						(1.2)
Effective income tax rate			22.4		%				21.2		%				21.5		%

(a)    Other - net is composed of numerous items, none of which is greater than 1.05 percent of income before income taxes and equity interests.

Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits

Presented below is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized income tax benefits:

			2023						2022						2021
Balance at January 1			$	488					$	506					$	497
Gross increases for tax positions of prior years			38						22						62
Gross decreases for tax positions of prior years			(13)						(38)						(37)
Gross increases for tax positions of the current year			109						36						42
Settlements			(26)						(21)						(39)
Other			(8)						(17)						(19)
Balance at December 31			$	588					$	488					$	506

Summary of Income Tax Examinations

As of December 31, 2023, the following tax years remain subject to examination for the major jurisdictions where we conduct business:

Jurisdiction			Years
United States			2016			to			2023
United Kingdom			2021			to			2023
Brazil			2019			to			2023
China			2014			to			2023
South Korea			2020			to			2023

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Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years.

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Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets.

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Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.

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Tabular disclosure for tax positions taken in the tax returns filed or to be filed for which it is more likely than not that the tax position will not be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities and other income tax contingencies. Includes, but is not limited to, interest and penalties, reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits, unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the effective tax rate, tax years that remain subject to examination by tax jurisdictions, and information about positions for which it is reasonably possible that amounts unrecognized will significantly change within 12 months.

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