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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Provision for income taxes consists of the following:

						Year Ended December 31
						2024						2023						2022
Current income taxes
United States						$	243					$	370					$	248
State						59						54						16
Other countries						301						351						288
Total						603						775						552
Deferred income taxes
United States						(11)						(133)						(27)
State						(18)						(28)						(1)
Other countries						(9)						(161)						(29)
Total						(38)						(322)						(57)
Total Provision for income taxes						$	565					$	453					$	495

Schedule of Income before Income Tax, Domestic and Foreign

The components of Income Before Income Taxes and Equity Interests are as follows:

						Year Ended December 31
						2024						2023						2022
United States						$	2,361					$	2,004					$	1,802
Other countries						566						17						538
Total Income Before Income Taxes and Equity Interests						$	2,927					$	2,021					$	2,340

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are comprised of the following:

									December 31
									2024						2023
Deferred tax assets
Pension and other postretirement benefits									$	173					$	182
Tax credits and loss carryforwards									656						668
Capitalized research costs									272						224
Lease liabilities									120						137
Other									400						437
									1,621						1,648
Valuation allowances									(301)						(302)
Total deferred tax assets									1,320						1,346
Deferred tax liabilities
Property, plant and equipment									882						943
Investments in subsidiaries									113						110
Goodwill									70						80
Lease assets									113						128
Other									228						189
Total deferred tax liabilities									1,406						1,450
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)									$	(86)					$	(104)

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

Presented below is a reconciliation of the Provision for income taxes computed at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the actual effective tax rate:

						Year Ended December 31
						2024						2023						2022
U.S. statutory rate applied to income before income taxes and equity interests						21.0		%				21.0		%				21.0		%
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit						1.1						1.0						0.5
Routine tax incentives						(2.2)						(3.9)						(3.5)
Net nondeductible expenses						0.9						2.4						1.4
Net tax (benefit) cost on foreign income						1.5						1.1						2.4
Valuation allowance						1.7						2.8						1.3
Tax effects of the impairment of intangible assets						(0.5)						(1.4)						—
Softex tax reserve release						(2.3)						—						—
Nigeria worthless stock deduction						(1.4)						—						—
Other - net(a)						(0.5)						(0.6)						(1.9)
Effective income tax rate						19.3		%				22.4		%				21.2		%

(a)    Other - net is composed of numerous items, none of which are greater than 1.05% of income before income taxes and equity interests.

Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits

Presented below is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized income tax benefits:

						2024						2023						2022
Balance as of January 1						$	588					$	488					$	506
Gross increases for tax positions of prior years						61						38						22
Gross decreases for tax positions of prior years						(114)						(13)						(38)
Gross increases for tax positions of the current year						50						109						36
Settlements						(32)						(26)						(21)
Other						(20)						(8)						(17)
Balance as of December 31						$	533					$	588					$	488

Summary of Income Tax Examinations

As of December 31, 2024, the following tax years remain subject to examination for the major jurisdictions where we conduct business:

Jurisdiction			Years
United States			2017			to			2024
United Kingdom			2021			to			2024
Brazil			2019			to			2024
China			2014			to			2024
South Korea			2020			to			2024

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Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years.

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Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets.

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Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.

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Tabular disclosure of income before income tax between domestic and foreign jurisdictions.

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Tabular disclosure of the change in unrecognized tax benefits.

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Tabular disclosure of income tax examinations that an enterprise is currently subject to or that have been completed in the current period typically including a description of the examination, the jurisdiction conducting the examination, the tax year(s) under examination, the likelihood of an unfavorable settlement, the range of possible losses, the liability recorded, the increase or decrease in the liability from the prior period, and any penalties and interest that have been recorded.

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