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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
We determine our provision for income taxes for interim periods using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate. We record any changes affecting the estimated annual effective tax rate in the interim period in which the change occurs, including discrete items.
For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the effective tax rate was a 31.0% expense on pre-tax income, compared to an 18.7% expense on pre-tax income for the three months ended September 30, 2021. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the effective tax rate was an 52.6% expense on pre-tax income, compared to a 25.3% benefit on pre-tax loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The change in the effective tax rate for both periods was primarily due to nondeductible mark-to-market adjustments to our minority equity investments as well as other discrete items.
We are subject to taxation in the United States and foreign jurisdictions. Our income tax filings are regularly examined by federal, state and foreign tax authorities. During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) issued final adjustments related to transfer pricing with our foreign subsidiaries for our 2011 to 2013 tax years. The adjustments would increase our U.S. taxable income by $696 million, which would result in federal tax of approximately $244 million, subject to interest. We do not agree with the position of the IRS. We have formally filed a protest for our 2011 to 2013 tax years and the case has been scheduled with Appeals. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the IRS issued similar proposed adjustments related
to transfer pricing with our foreign subsidiaries for our 2014 to 2016 tax years. The adjustments would increase our U.S. taxable income by $1.413 billion, which would result in federal tax of approximately $494 million, subject to interest. The proposed adjustments provided by the IRS exclude any offsetting adjustments that may reduce the amount of federal tax. We do not agree with the position of the IRS and intend to formally protest. We are also under examination by the IRS for our 2017-2020 tax years. We do not anticipate a significant impact to our gross unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months related to these years.