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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
15.
INCOME TAXES
Cayman Islands
Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gains.
Additionally, upon payment of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.
Hong Kong
Under the Hong Kong tax laws, subsidiaries in Hong Kong are subject to the Hong Kong profits tax rate at 16.5% and they may be exempted from income tax on their foreign-derived income and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on remittance of dividends.
China
The Enterprise Income Tax Law (the “EIT Law”) of the PRC includes a provision specifying that legal entities organized outside PRC will be considered residents for Chinese income tax purposes if their place of effective management or control is within PRC. If legal entities organized outside PRC were considered residents for Chinese income tax purpose, they would become subject to the EIT Law on their worldwide income. This would cause any income from legal entities organized outside PRC earned to be subject to PRC’s 25% EIT. The Implementation Rules to the EIT Law provides that
non-resident
legal entities will be considered as PRC residents if substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, and properties, etc. reside within PRC.
The VIE’s subsidiaries domiciled in the PRC are subject to 25% statutory income tax rate in the periods presented.
Despite the present uncertainties resulting from the limited PRC tax guidance on the issue, the Company does not believe that the legal entities organized outside PRC should be characterized as PRC residents for EIT Law purposes.
In accordance with EIT Law, a qualified “High and New Technology Enterprise” (“HNTE”) is eligible for a preferential tax rate of 15%. An entity must file required supporting documents with the tax authority and ensure fulfillment of the relevant criteria before being granted the preferential rate. Upon expiration of the certificate, an entity can further
re-apply
for the preferential rate. One of the PRC subsidiaries, Shanghai Cango Investment and Management Consultation Service Co., Ltd., was granted HNTE certificate on April 2019 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020. Another PRC subsidiary, Fushun Insurance Brokerage Co. Ltd., was granted HNTE certificate on March 2021 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. The impact of the concessionary rate on the group’s effective tax rate reconciliation is noted in the section below.
Under the current EIT Law, capital gains derived from PRC are subject to a 10% PRC withholding tax.

Under the current EIT Law, dividends for earnings paid by PRC entities to any of their foreign non-resident enterprise investors are subject to a 10% withholding tax. A lower tax rate will be applied if tax treaty or arrangement benefits are available. Capital gains derived from PRC are also subject to a 10% PRC withholding tax.
The Company’s profit (loss) before income taxes consists of:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     For the years ended December 31,  
     2019      2020      2021  
     RMB      RMB      RMB      US$  
Cayman Islands
      (5,359,465 )       3,309,525,351        (37,599,025 )       (5,900,107 ) 
Hong Kong
      18,479,616        (14,414,430 )       (14,883,394 )       (2,335,529 ) 
China
      474,699,082        448,162,790        64,790,713        10,167,077  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Total profit before income taxes
   
 
487,819,233
 
   
 
3,743,273,711
 
   
 
12,308,294
 
   
 
1,931,441
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
The current and deferred component of income tax expenses which were substantially attributable to the Company’s PRC subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of the VIE, are as follows:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     For the years ended December 31,  
     2019      2020      2021  
     RMB      RMB      RMB      US$  
Current income tax expense
      91,994,704        121,701,686        603,765,914        94,744,047  
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense
      (9,034,211 )       248,151,964        (582,913,268 )       (91,471,812 ) 
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Total income tax expense
      82,960,493        369,853,650        20,852,646        3,272,235  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
The principal components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     For the years ended December 31,  
     2020      2021  
     RMB      RMB      US$  
Non-current
deferred tax assets
                           
Risk assurance liabilities
      223,500,138        276,221,432        43,345,170  
Provision for credit losses
      55,584,637        194,973,439        30,595,587  
Contract assets
      —          7,495,619        1,176,226  
Customer advances
      5,687,968        5,552,404        871,293  
Donation
      125,000        —          —    
Fair value change on derivative instruments
      —          1,336,597        209,741  
Net operating loss carry-forward
      65,558,135        16,959,870        2,661,374  
Less: valuation allowance
      (7,148,961 )       (16,959,870 )       (2,661,374 ) 
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Non-current
deferred tax assets, net
      343,306,917        485,579,491        76,198,017  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Non-current
deferred tax liabilities
                           
Acquisition of insurance brokerage license
      (10,724,126 )       (10,724,126 )       (1,682,849 ) 
Unrealized gain on long-term investment
      (11,009,130 )       (11,009,130 )       (1,727,573 ) 
Contract assets
      (162,308,288 )       —          —    
Withholding tax
      (319,079,320 )       (40,746,914 )       (6,394,080 ) 
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Non-current
deferred tax liabilities
      (503,120,864 )       (62,480,170 )       (9,804,502 ) 
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
The Company had deferred tax assets related to net operating loss carry forwards of RMB67,839,480 (US$10,645,496) from its subsidiaries in China, which can be carried forward to offset taxable income. The net operating loss of these subsidiaries will expire in years 2022 to 2031 if not utilized, respectively.
The Company operates through its WFOE and VIE and evaluates the potential realization of deferred tax assets on an entity basis. The Company recorded valuation allowance against deferred tax assets of those entities that were in cumulative financial loss and are not forecasting profits in the near future as of December 31, 2020 and 2021. In making such determination, the Company also evaluated a variety of factors including the Company’s operating history, accumulated deficit, existence of taxable temporary differences and reversal periods.
Reconciliation between the income tax expense computed by applying the PRC tax rate to income before the provision of income taxes and the actual provision for income taxes is as follows:
 
 
  
For the years ended December 31,
 
 
  
2019
 
 
2020
 
 
2021
 
 
  
RMB
 
 
RMB
 
 
RMB
 
 
US$
 
Income before provision of income tax
      487,819,233       3,743,273,711       12,308,294       1,931,441  
PRC statutory income tax rate
      25 %      25 %      25 %      25 % 
Income tax at statutory tax rate
      121,954,808       935,818,428       3,077,074       482,860  
Tax rate differential
      (36,157,163 )      (852,831,321 )      5,070,813       795,721  
Over-accrued EIT for previous years
      (39,664,283 )      —         —         —    
Impact of tax rate change
      36,367,754       (35,511,678 )      —         —    
Utilization of net operating loss carry-forward
      (9,708,887 )      —         —         —    
Non-deductible
expenses
      22,277,780       19,219,052       19,443,641       3,051,132  
Research and development super-deduction
      (9,961,515 )      (10,970,775 )      (10,177,551 )      (1,597,080 )
Non-taxable
income
      (3,587,542 )      (982,266 )      —         —    
Change in valuation allowance
      1,439,541       (2,412,144 )      9,894,006       1,552,585  
Withholding tax
      —         317,524,354       (6,455,337 )      (1,012,983 ) 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Income tax expenses
      82,960,493       369,853,650       20,852,646       3,272,235  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
The Company did not record any outside basis tax differences related to its investments in the subsidiaries in the PRC because management asserted to indefinitely reinvest the undistributed earnings of the subsidiaries in the PRC. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the cumulative amount of the temporary differences in respect of investments in foreign subsidiaries is RMB1,550 million and RMB1,951 million (US$306 million). Upon repatriation of the foreign subsidiaries and the VIE’s earnings, in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company would be subject to withholding income tax.
Unrecognized Tax Benefit
As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Company concluded that there was no significant impacts from tax uncertainty in its consolidated financial results. The Company does not expect the amount of unrecognized tax benefits would increase significantly in the next 12 months. In general, the PRC tax authorities have up to five years to conduct examinations of the tax filings of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries. Accordingly, the PRC subsidiaries’ tax years of 2016 through 2021 remain open to examination by the respective tax authorities. The Company may also be subject to the examinations of the tax filings in other jurisdictions, which are not material to the consolidated financial statements.