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Other comprehensive income | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2025
Disclosure Of Other Comprehensive Income [Abstract] |
Other comprehensive income | Other comprehensive income The balances of 'Other comprehensive income' include the amounts, net of the related tax effect, of the adjustments to assets and liabilities recognised in equity through the consolidated statement of recognised income and expense. The amounts arising from subsidiaries are presented, on a line by line basis, in the appropriate items according to their nature. Respect to items that may be reclassified to profit or loss, the consolidated statement of recognised income and expense includes changes in other comprehensive income as follows: •Revaluation gains (losses): includes the amount of the income, net of the expenses incurred in the year, recognised directly in equity. The amounts recognised in equity in the year remain under this item, even if in the same year they are transferred to the income statement or to the initial carrying amount of the assets or liabilities or are reclassified to another line item. •Amounts transferred to income statement: includes the amount of the revaluation gains and losses previously recognised in equity, even in the same year, which are recognised in the income statement. •Amounts transferred to initial carrying amount of hedged items: includes the amount of the revaluation gains and losses previously recognised in equity, even in the same year, which are recognised in the initial carrying amount of assets or liabilities as a result of cash flow hedges. •Other reclassifications: includes the amount of the transfers made in the year between the different 'Other comprehensive income' items. a) Breakdown of Other comprehensive income - Items that will not be reclassified in results and Items that can be classified in results
EUR million A
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Other comprehensive income | (37,974) |  | (36,595) |  | (35,020) |
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss | (4,121) |  | (4,757) |  | (5,212) |
Actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit pension plans | (3,896) |  | (4,404) |  | (4,324) |
Non-current assets held for sale | 56 |  | — |  | — |
Share in other income and expenses recognised in investments, joint ventures and associates | 1 |  | (1) |  | 1 |
Other valuation adjustments | — |  | — |  | — |
Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income | (250) |  | (432) |  | (776) |
Inefficiency of fair value hedges of equity instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income | — |  | — |  | — |
Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income (hedged item) | 208 |  | 284 |  | 264 |
Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income (hedging instrument) | (208) |  | (284) |  | (264) |
Changes in the fair value of financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss attributable to changes in credit risk | (32) |  | 80 |  | (113) |
Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss | (33,853) |  | (31,838) |  | (29,808) |
Hedges of net investments in foreign operations (Effective portion) | (7,343) |  | (8,002) |  | (8,684) |
Exchange differences | (25,475) |  | (22,375) |  | (19,510) |
Hedging derivatives. Cash flow hedges (Effective portion) | 333 |  | (298) |  | (740) |
Changes in the fair value of debt instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income | (372) |  | (736) |  | (555) |
Hedging instruments (items not designated) | (11) |  | — |  | — |
Non-current assets classified as held for sale | (590) |  | — |  | — |
Share in other income and expenses recognised in investments, joint ventures and associates | (395) |  | (427) |  | (319) |
A. Net amount of taxes and minorities b) Other comprehensive income- Items not reclassified to profit or loss – Actuarial gains or (-) losses on defined benefit pension plans 'Other comprehensive income —Items not reclassified to profit or loss— Actuarial gains or (-) losses on defined benefit pension plans' include the actuarial gains and losses and the return on plan assets, less the administrative expenses and taxes inherent to the plan, and any change in the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset), attributed to the group net of taxes. In 2025, the amount of actuarial losses (net of actuarial gains) recognized in the consolidated statement of recognised income was EUR 73 million, which corresponds to: •In first place, due to the addition against equity of 2025 amounting to EUR 220 million - see note 25.b -, with the following breakdown: •Increase of EUR 117 million in the cumulative actuarial losses relating to the Group´s businesses in the UK, mainly due to the evolution of the asset portfolio. These losses have been partially offset by the evolution experienced in the discount rate-increase from 5.54% to 5.58%- in long-term inflation -decrease from 3.11% to 2.90%- and in other demographic hypotheses. •Increase of EUR 116 million in accumulated actuarial losses corresponding to the Group’s business in Brazil, mainly due to the collective experience and the evolution of the asset portfolio. These losses have been partially offset by the evolution experienced by the discount rate -increase from 10.58% to 10.65% in the main pension benefits and 10.50% to 10.52% in medical benefits-. •Decrease of EUR 33 million in the accumulates actuarial losses relating to the Group´s entities in Spain, mainly due to the evolution experienced by the discount rate -increase from 3.00% to 3.75%-. •Increase of EUR 20 million in the accumulated actuarial losses corresponding to the Group's businesses in other geographical areas. •In second place, due to the evolution of exchange rates, a EUR 147 million decrease. c) Other comprehensive income - Items that will not be reclassified in results - Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income Since the entry into force of IFRS 9, no impairment analysis is performed of equity instruments recognised under 'Other comprehensive income'. IFRS 9 eliminates the need to carry out the impairment estimate on this class of equity instruments and the reclassification to profit and loss on the disposal of these assets, being recognised at fair value with changes in equity. The following is a breakdown of the composition of the balance as of 31 December 2025, 2024 and 2023 under 'Other comprehensive income - Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss - Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value with changes in other global result' depending on the geographical origin of the issuer:
EUR million
| 2025
| Capital gains by valuation | Capital losses by valuation | Net gains/losses by valuation | Fair Value
Equity instruments |  |  |  |
Domestic |  |  |  |
Spain | 47 |  | (1326) |  | (1,279) |  | 133 |
International |  |  |  |
Rest of Europe | 75 |  | (81) |  | (6) |  | 186 |
United States | 23 |  | (1) |  | 22 |  | 36 |
Latin America and rest | 1,013 |  | — |  | 1,013 |  | 1,926 |
| 1,158 |  | (1,408) |  | (250) |  | 2,281 |
Of which: |  |  |  |
Publicly listed | 1,033 |  | (49) |  | 985 |  | 1,993 |
Non publicly listed | 125 |  | (1,359) |  | (1,235) |  | 288 |
EUR million
| 2024
| Capital gains by valuation | Capital losses by valuation | Net gains/losses by valuation | Fair Value
Equity instruments |  |  |  |
Domestic |  |  |  |
Spain | 39 |  | (1,328) |  | (1,289) |  | 117 |
International |  |  |  |
Rest of Europe | 131 |  | (71) |  | 60 |  | 299 |
United States | 22 |  | — |  | 22 |  | 24 |
Latin America and rest | 775 |  | — |  | 775 |  | 1,753 |
| 967 |  | (1,399) |  | (432) |  | 2,193 |
Of which: |  |  |  |
Publicly listed | 779 |  | (51) |  | 728 |  | 1,780 |
Non publicly listed | 188 |  | (1,348) |  | (1,160) |  | 413 |
EUR million
| 2023
| Capital gains by valuation | Capital losses by valuation | Net gains/losses by valuation | Fair Value
Equity instruments |  |  |  |
Domestic |  |  |  |
Spain | 32 |  | (1,173) |  | (1,141) |  | 252 |
International |  |  |  |
Rest of Europe | 117 |  | (71) |  | 46 |  | 267 |
United States | 16 |  | — |  | 16 |  | 19 |
Latin America and rest | 370 |  | (67) |  | 303 |  | 1,223 |
| 535 |  | (1,311) |  | (776) |  | 1,761 |
Of which: |  |  |  |
Publicly listed | 316 |  | (118) |  | 198 |  | 1,225 |
Non publicly listed | 219 |  | (1,193) | (974) |  | 536 |
d) Other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Hedge of net investments in foreign operations (effective portion) and exchange differences The change in 2025 reflects the depreciation of the US dollar, pound sterling, Argentine peso, Chilean peso and Brazilian real and the positive effect of the appreciation of the Mexican peso, whereas the change in 2024 reflected the positive effect of the appreciation of pound sterling, the US dollar and Polish zloty and the negative effect of the depreciation of the Brazilian real, Argentine peso, Mexican peso and Chilean peso. The change in 2023 reflected the positive effect of the appreciation of the Brazilian real, pound sterling, Polish zloty and the Mexican peso and the negative effect of the depreciation of the US dollar, Argentine peso and Chilean peso. Of the change in the balance in these years, a loss of EUR 287 million, a loss of EUR 568 million and a profit of EUR 249 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively relate to the measurement of goodwill. The detail, by country is as follows:
EUR million
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023
Net balance at end of year | (32,818) |  | (30,377) |  | (28,194) |
Of which: |  |  |
Brazilian real | (19,412) |  | (19,293) |  | (16,340) |
Mexican peso | (4,137) |  | (3,995) |  | (2,942) |
Pound sterling | (4,125) |  | (3,444) |  | (3,964) |
Chilean peso | (2,926) |  | (2,857) |  | (2,531) |
Argentine peso | (2,217) |  | (2,090) |  | (2,655) |
Polish zloty | (43) |  | (709) |  | (786) |
US dollar | 1,047 |  | 2,923 |  | 1,819 |
Other | (1,005) |  | (912) |  | (795) |
The breakdown of translation differences by currency is as follows:
EUR million |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2025 |  |  |  | Of which:
Currency | Balance at the beginning of the year | Balance at the end of the year | Movement | From goodwill | From results A | From net assets | From transfers B
Brazilian real | (16,664) |  | (16,755) |  | (91) |  | (13) |  | (41) |  | (37) |  | — |
Pound sterling | (3,300) |  | (4,126) |  | (826) |  | (48) |  | (18) |  | (760) |  | — |
Mexican peso | (1,437) |  | (1,222) |  | 215 |  | 11 |  | 40 |  | 164 |  | — |
Argentine peso | (2,090) |  | (2,216) |  | (126) |  | — |  | — |  | (126) |  | — |
Chilean peso | (2,180) |  | (2,249) |  | (69) |  | (12) |  | 9 |  | (66) |  | — |
US dollar | 4,462 |  | 2,340 |  | (2,122) |  | (225) |  | (48) |  | (1,849) |  | — |
Polish zloty | (202) |  | 18 |  | 220 |  | 1 |  | — |  | 4 |  | 215 |
Other | (964) |  | (1,265) |  | (301) |  | (1) |  | 6 |  | (306) |  | — |
Total Group | (22,375) |  | (25,475) |  | (3,100) |  | (287) |  | (52) |  | (2,976) |  | 215 |
A. Profit and loss items are translated into euros at the average exchange rate for the year as described in note 2 a) ii. B. It includes the accumulated exchange differences of Santander Polska transferred to the heading 'Other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Non-current assets held for sale' (see Note 12).
EUR million |  |  |  |  |  |
2024 |  |  |  | Of which:
Currency | Balance at the beginning of the year | Balance at the end of the year | Movement | From goodwill | From results A | From net assets
Brazilian real | (13,287) |  | (16,664) |  | (3,377) |  | (631) |  | (206) |  | (2,540) |
Pound sterling | (4,064) |  | (3,300) |  | 764 |  | 39 |  | 22 |  | 703 |
Mexican peso | (64) |  | (1,437) |  | (1,373) |  | (82) |  | (136) |  | (1,155) |
Argentine peso | (2,658) |  | (2,090) |  | 568 |  | — |  | — |  | 568 |
Chilean peso | (1,890) |  | (2,180) |  | (290) |  | (34) |  | (7) |  | (249) |
US dollar | 3,433 |  | 4,462 |  | 1,029 |  | 116 |  | 35 |  | 878 |
Polish zloty | (325) |  | (202) |  | 123 |  | 34 |  | 5 |  | 84 |
Other | (655) |  | (964) |  | (309) |  | (10) |  | (8) |  | (291) |
Total Group | (19,510) |  | (22,375) |  | (2,865) |  | (568) |  | (295) |  | (2,002) |
A. Profit and loss items are translated into euros at the average exchange rate for the year as described in note 2 a) ii.
EUR million |  |  |  |  |  |
2023 |  |  |  | Of which:
Currency | Balance at the beginning of the year | Balance at the end of the year | Movement | From goodwill | From results A | From net assets
Brazilian real | (14,199) |  | (13,287) |  | 912 |  | 191 |  | 11 |  | 710 |
Pound sterling | (4,446) |  | (4,064) |  | 382 |  | 20 |  | 4 |  | 358 |
Mexican peso | (1,132) |  | (64) |  | 1,068 |  | 62 |  | 41 |  | 965 |
Argentine peso | (1,754) |  | (2,658) |  | (904) |  | (4) |  | — |  | (900) |
Chilean peso | (1,605) |  | (1,890) |  | (285) |  | (32) |  | (34) |  | (219) |
US dollar | 4,062 |  | 3,433 |  | (629) |  | (64) |  | (16) |  | (549) |
Polish zloty | (776) |  | (325) |  | 451 |  | 87 |  | 32 |  | 332 |
Other | (570) |  | (655) |  | (85) |  | (11) |  | (1) |  | (73) |
Total Group | (20,420) |  | (19,510) |  | 910 |  | 249 |  | 37 |  | 624 |
A. Profit and loss items are translated into euros at the average exchange rate for the year as described in note 2 a) ii. e) Other comprehensive income -Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Hedging derivatives – Cash flow hedges (Effective portion) Other comprehensive income – Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Cash flow hedges includes the gains or losses attributable to hedging instruments that qualify as effective hedges. These amounts will remain under this heading until they are recognised in the consolidated income statement in the periods in which the hedged items affect it. f) Other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss – Changes in the fair value of debt instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income Includes the net amount of unrealised changes in the fair value of assets classified as Changes in the fair value of debt instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income (see note 7). The breakdown, by type of instrument and geographical origin of the issuer, of 'Other comprehensive income – Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Changes in the fair value of debt instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income' at 31 December 2025, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:
EUR million
| 31 December 2025
| Revaluation gains | Revaluation losses | Net revaluation gains/ (losses) | Fair value
Debt instruments |  |  |  |
Issued by Public-sector |  |  |  |
Spain | 118 |  | — |  | 118 |  | 10,142 |
Rest of Europe | 209 |  | (36) |  | 173 |  | 8,856 |
America and rest of the world | 109 |  | (528) |  | (419) |  | 31,685 |
Issued by Private-sector |  |  |  |
Spain | 29 |  | (53) |  | (24) |  | 9,745 |
Rest of Europe | 28 |  | (15) |  | 13 |  | 6,445 |
America and rest of the world | 40 |  | (273) |  | (233) |  | 5,458 |
| 533 |  | (905) |  | (372) |  | 72,331 |
EUR million
| 31 December 2024
| Revaluation gains | Revaluation losses | Net revaluation gains/ (losses) | Fair value
Debt instruments |  |  |  |
Issued by Public-sector |  |  |  |
Spain | 103 |  | — |  | 103 |  | 13,764 |
Rest of Europe | 268 |  | (70) |  | 198 |  | 15,413 |
America and rest of the world | 76 |  | (944) |  | (868) |  | 38,784 |
Issued by Private-sector |  |  |  |
Spain | 96 |  | (23) |  | 73 |  | 6,019 |
Rest of Europe | 25 |  | (18) |  | 7 |  | 7,478 |
America and rest of the world | 16 |  | (265) |  | (249) |  | 6,247 |
| 584 |  | (1,320) |  | (736) |  | 87,705 |
EUR million
| 31 December 2023
| Revaluation gains | Revaluation losses | Net revaluation gains/ (losses) | Fair value
Debt instruments |  |  |  |
Issued by Public-sector |  |  |  |
Spain | 17 |  | — |  | 17 |  | 9,867 |
Rest of Europe | 333 |  | (96) |  | 237 |  | 18,258 |
America and rest of the world | 194 |  | (820) |  | (626) |  | 38,169 |
Issued by Private-sector |  |  |  |
Spain | 98 |  | (9) |  | 89 |  | 5,129 |
Rest of Europe | 19 |  | (30) |  | (11) |  | 5,018 |
America and rest of the world | 6 |  | (267) |  | (261) |  | 5,106 |
| 667 |  | (1,222) |  | (555) |  | 81,547 |
The Group estimates the expected losses on debt instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income. These losses are recorded with a charge to the consolidated income statement for the period. At the end of the year 2025, the Group recorded a provision of EUR 29 million under the heading 'Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss'. In 2024, the Group did not record any provision in this regard and at the end of the year 2023, the Group recorded EUR 24 million. g) Other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss and Items not reclassified to profit or loss - Other recognised income and expense of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates At 31 December 2025, the heading includes a negative amount of EUR 394 million (EUR 428 million and EUR 318 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively). Of the variation in the balance of said years, a gain of EUR 17 million, EUR 45 million EUR 44 million and has been transferred to results in the years 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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