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Interest expense | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2025
Analysis of income and expense [abstract] |
Interest expense | Interest expense Interest expense and similar charges in the consolidated income statement includes the interest accruing in the year on all financial liabilities with an implicit or explicit return, including remuneration in kind, calculated by applying the effective interest method, irrespective of measurement at fair value; the rectifications of cost as a result of hedge accounting; and the interest cost attributable to provisions recorded for pensions. The detail of the main items of interest expense and similar charges accrued in 2025, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:
EUR million
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023
Customer deposits | 31,735 |  | 35,714 |  | 32,457 |
Debt securities issued and subordinated liabilities | 15,066 |  | 14,612 |  | 12,671 |
Marketable debt securities | 13,580 |  | 13,255 |  | 11,661 |
Subordinated liabilities (note 23) | 1,486 |  | 1,357 |  | 1,010 |
Central banks and credit institution deposits | 8,151 |  | 9,381 |  | 9,360 |
Lease Liabilities | 107 |  | 122 |  | 127 |
Provisions for pensions (note 25) | 91 |  | 105 |  | 93 |
Other interest expense | 4,212 |  | 5,291 |  | 6,384 |
| 59,362 |  | 65,225 |  | 61,092 |
Most of the interest expense and similar charges was generated by the Group’s financial liabilities that are measured at amortised cost.

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