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Equity - Shareholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2017
Mar. 31, 2016
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Shares, beginning balance (in shares) 3,577,103,522  
Equity, beginning balance $ 40,308 $ 44,767
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. 1,551 1,125
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 146 (46)
Cash dividends declared on common stock (1,297) (1,281)
Treasury stock shares purchased (1,019) (913)
Share-based compensation plans and other 368 245
Acquisition of Vallée 25  
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 5 5
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests   (1)
Other changes in noncontrolling ownership interests $ 1  
Shares, ending balance (in shares) 3,577,103,522  
Equity, ending balance $ 40,088 $ 43,901
Common Stock    
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Shares, beginning balance (in shares) 3,577,000,000 3,577,000,000
Equity, beginning balance $ 1,788 $ 1,788
Shares, ending balance (in shares) 3,577,000,000 3,577,000,000
Equity, ending balance $ 1,788 $ 1,788
Other Paid-In Capital    
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Equity, beginning balance 39,939 40,222
Share-based compensation plans and other (40) (77)
Equity, ending balance 39,899 40,145
Retained Earnings    
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Equity, beginning balance 44,133 45,348
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. 1,551 1,125
Cash dividends declared on common stock (1,297) (1,281)
Equity, ending balance 44,387 45,192
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss    
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Equity, beginning balance (5,226) (4,148)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 146 (46)
Equity, ending balance $ (5,080) $ (4,194)
Treasury Stock    
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Shares, beginning balance (in shares) 828,000,000 796,000,000
Equity, beginning balance $ (40,546) $ (38,534)
Treasury stock shares purchased (in shares) 16,000,000 18,000,000
Treasury stock shares purchased $ (1,019) $ (913)
Share-based compensation plans and other (in shares) (7,000,000) (6,000,000)
Share-based compensation plans and other $ 408 $ 322
Shares, ending balance (in shares) 837,000,000 808,000,000
Equity, ending balance $ (41,157) $ (39,125)
Non- Controlling Interests    
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Equity, beginning balance 220 91
Acquisition of Vallée 25  
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 5 5
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests   (1)
Other changes in noncontrolling ownership interests 1  
Equity, ending balance $ 251 $ 95