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Financial Instruments | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] |
Financial Instruments | Financial Instruments Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company manages the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and interest rate movements on its earnings, cash flows and fair values of assets and liabilities through operational means and through the use of various financial instruments, including derivative instruments. A significant portion of the Company’s revenues and earnings in foreign affiliates is exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. The objectives and accounting related to the Company’s foreign currency risk management program, as well as its interest rate risk management activities are discussed below. Foreign Currency Risk Management The Company has established revenue hedging, balance sheet risk management and net investment hedging programs to protect against volatility of future foreign currency cash flows and changes in fair value caused by volatility in foreign exchange rates. The objective of the revenue hedging program is to reduce the variability caused by changes in foreign exchange rates that would affect the U.S. dollar value of future cash flows derived from foreign currency denominated sales, primarily the euro and Japanese yen. To achieve this objective, the Company will hedge a portion of its forecasted foreign currency denominated third-party and intercompany distributor entity sales (forecasted sales) that are expected to occur over its planning cycle, typically no more than two years into the future. The Company will layer in hedges over time, increasing the portion of forecasted sales hedged as it gets closer to the expected date of the forecasted sales. The portion of forecasted sales hedged is based on assessments of cost-benefit profiles that consider natural offsetting exposures, revenue and exchange rate volatilities and correlations, and the cost of hedging instruments. The Company manages its anticipated transaction exposure principally with purchased local currency put options, forward contracts, and purchased collar options. The fair values of these derivative contracts are recorded as either assets (gain positions) or liabilities (loss positions) in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of derivative contracts are recorded each period in either current earnings or OCI, depending on whether the derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if so, the type of hedge transaction. For derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the unrealized gains or losses on these contracts is recorded in AOCI and reclassified into Sales when the hedged anticipated revenue is recognized. The hedge relationship is highly effective and hedge ineffectiveness has been de minimis. For those derivatives which are not designated as cash flow hedges, but serve as economic hedges of forecasted sales, unrealized gains or losses are recorded in Sales each period. The cash flows from both designated and non-designated contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company does not enter into derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. The Company manages operating activities and net asset positions at each local subsidiary in order to mitigate the effects of exchange on monetary assets and liabilities. The Company also uses a balance sheet risk management program to mitigate the exposure of net monetary assets that are denominated in a currency other than a subsidiary’s functional currency from the effects of volatility in foreign exchange. In these instances, Merck principally utilizes forward exchange contracts to offset the effects of exchange on exposures denominated in developed country currencies, primarily the euro and Japanese yen. For exposures in developing country currencies, the Company will enter into forward contracts to partially offset the effects of exchange on exposures when it is deemed economical to do so based on a cost-benefit analysis that considers the magnitude of the exposure, the volatility of the exchange rate and the cost of the hedging instrument. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary are remeasured at spot rates in effect on the balance sheet date with the effects of changes in spot rates reported in Other (income) expense, net. The forward contracts are not designated as hedges and are marked to market through Other (income) expense, net. Accordingly, fair value changes in the forward contracts help mitigate the changes in the value of the remeasured assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, except to the extent of the spot-forward differences. These differences are not significant due to the short-term nature of the contracts, which typically have average maturities at inception of less than one year. The Company may also use forward exchange contracts to hedge its net investment in foreign operations against movements in exchange rates. The forward contracts are designated as hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. The Company hedges a portion of the net investment in certain of its foreign operations and measures ineffectiveness based upon changes in spot foreign exchange rates that are recorded in Other (income) expense, net. The effective portion of the unrealized gains or losses on these contracts is recorded in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI, and remains in AOCI until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as investing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Foreign exchange risk is also managed through the use of foreign currency debt. The Company’s senior unsecured euro-denominated notes have been designated as, and are effective as, economic hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. Accordingly, foreign currency transaction gains or losses due to spot rate fluctuations on the euro-denominated debt instruments are included in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI. Included in the cumulative translation adjustment are pretax losses of $520 million in 2017, and pretax gains of $193 million in 2016 and $304 million in 2015 from the euro-denominated notes. Interest Rate Risk Management The Company may use interest rate swap contracts on certain investing and borrowing transactions to manage its net exposure to interest rate changes and to reduce its overall cost of borrowing. The Company does not use leveraged swaps and, in general, does not leverage any of its investment activities that would put principal capital at risk. At December 31, 2017, the Company was a party to 26 pay-floating, receive-fixed interest rate swap contracts designated as fair value hedges of fixed-rate notes in which the notional amounts match the amount of the hedged fixed-rate notes as detailed in the table below.
| 2017
Debt Instrument | Par Value of Debt |  | Number of Interest Rate Swaps Held |  | Total Swap Notional Amount
1.30% notes due 2018 | $ | 1,000 |  |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |
5.00% notes due 2019 | 1,250 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 550 |
1.85% notes due 2020 | 1,250 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,250 |
3.875% notes due 2021 | 1,150 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,150 |
2.40% notes due 2022 | 1,000 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1,000 |
2.35% notes due 2022 | 1,250 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,250 |
The interest rate swap contracts are designated hedges of the fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the benchmark London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) swap rate. The fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the LIBOR swap rate are recorded in interest expense and offset by the fair value changes in the swap contracts. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31:
|  |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  |  | Fair Value of Derivative |  | U.S. Dollar Notional |  | Fair Value of Derivative |  | U.S. Dollar Notional
| Balance Sheet Caption |  | Asset |  | Liability |  | Asset |  | Liability |
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | Other assets |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 550 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,700 |
Interest rate swap contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap contracts | Other noncurrent liabilities |  | — |  |  | 52 |  |  | 4,650 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 3,500 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current assets |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,216 |  |  | 616 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,063 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other assets |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,936 |  |  | 129 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,075 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities |  | — |  |  | 71 |  |  | 2,014 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 48 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other noncurrent liabilities |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 12 |
|  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 14,386 |  |  | $ | 765 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 14,398 |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current assets |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,778 |  |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,210 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities |  | — |  |  | 90 |  |  | 7,431 |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |  |  | 2,931 |
|  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 11,209 |  |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 11,141 |
|  |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 25,595 |  |  | $ | 995 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 25,539 |
As noted above, the Company records its derivatives on a gross basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has master netting agreements with several of its financial institution counterparties (see Concentrations of Credit Risk below). The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes at December 31:
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Asset |  | Liability |  | Asset |  | Liability
Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 995 |  |  | $ | 134 |
Gross amount subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the consolidated balance sheet | (94 | ) |  | (94 | ) |  | (131 | ) |  | (131 | )
Cash collateral (received) posted | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (529 | ) |  | — |
Net amounts | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 335 |  |  | $ | 3 |
The table below provides information on the location and pretax gain or loss amounts for derivatives that are: (i) designated in a fair value hedging relationship, (ii) designated in a foreign currency cash flow hedging relationship, (iii) designated in a foreign currency net investment hedging relationship and (iv) not designated in a hedging relationship:
Years Ended December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Derivatives designated in a fair value hedging relationship |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts |  |  |  |  |
Amount of loss (gain) recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives (1) | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | (14 | )
Amount of (gain) loss recognized in Other (income) expense, net on hedged item (1) | (48 | ) |  | (29 | ) |  | 7 |
Derivatives designated in foreign currency cash flow hedging relationships |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain reclassified from AOCI to Sales | (138 | ) |  | (311 | ) |  | (724 | )
Amount of loss (gain) recognized in OCI on derivatives | 561 |  |  | (210 | ) |  | (526 | )
Derivatives designated in foreign currency net investment hedging relationships |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives (2) | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (4 | )
Amount of loss (gain) recognized in OCI on derivatives | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (10 | )
Derivatives not designated in a hedging relationship |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |
Amount of loss (gain) recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives (3) | 110 |  |  | 132 |  |  | (461 | )
Amount of gain recognized in Sales | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
(1) | There was $5 million, $1 million and $7 million of ineffectiveness on the hedge during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(2) | There was no ineffectiveness on the hedge. Represents the amount excluded from hedge effectiveness testing.
(3) | These derivative contracts mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
At December 31, 2017, the Company estimates $184 million of pretax net unrealized losses on derivatives maturing within the next 12 months that hedge foreign currency denominated sales over that same period will be reclassified from AOCI to Sales. The amount ultimately reclassified to Sales may differ as foreign exchange rates change. Realized gains and losses are ultimately determined by actual exchange rates at maturity. Investments in Debt and Equity Securities Information on investments in debt and equity securities at December 31 is as follows:
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized
| Gains |  | Losses |  | Gains |  | Losses
Corporate notes and bonds | $ | 9,806 |  |  | $ | 9,837 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (40 | ) |  | $ | 10,577 |  |  | $ | 10,601 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | (39 | )
U.S. government and agency securities | 2,042 |  |  | 2,059 |  |  | — |  |  | (17 | ) |  | 2,232 |  |  | 2,244 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (13 | )
Asset-backed securities | 1,542 |  |  | 1,548 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 1,376 |  |  | 1,380 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (5 | )
Foreign government bonds | 733 |  |  | 739 |  |  | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 519 |  |  | 521 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 626 |  |  | 634 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (9 | ) |  | 796 |  |  | 801 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (6 | )
Commercial paper | 159 |  |  | 159 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,330 |  |  | 4,330 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity securities | 275 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 349 |  |  | 281 |  |  | 71 |  |  | (3 | )
| $ | 15,183 |  |  | $ | 15,241 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | (85 | ) |  | $ | 20,179 |  |  | $ | 20,158 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | (68 | )
Available-for-sale debt securities included in Short-term investments totaled $2.4 billion at December 31, 2017. Of the remaining debt securities, $11.1 billion mature within five years. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no debt securities pledged as collateral. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company uses a fair value hierarchy which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest: Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. Level 3 assets or liabilities are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as assets or liabilities for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. If the inputs used to measure the financial assets and liabilities fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31 are summarized below:
| Fair Value Measurements Using |  | Fair Value Measurements Using
| Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total |  | Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total
| 2017 |  | 2016
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate notes and bonds | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,678 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,678 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,389 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,389 |
U.S. government and agency securities | 68 |  |  | 1,767 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,835 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 1,890 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,919 |
Asset-backed securities (1) | — |  |  | 1,476 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,476 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,257 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,257 |
Foreign government bonds | — |  |  | 732 |  |  | — |  |  | 732 |  |  | — |  |  | 518 |  |  | — |  |  | 518 |
Mortgage-backed securities (1) | — |  |  | 547 |  |  | — |  |  | 547 |  |  | — |  |  | 628 |  |  | — |  |  | 628 |
Commercial paper | — |  |  | 159 |  |  | — |  |  | 159 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,330 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,330 |
Equity securities | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |  |  | 201 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 201 |
| 172 |  |  | 14,359 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,531 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 19,012 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,242 |
Other assets (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | — |  |  | 207 |  |  | — |  |  | 207 |  |  | — |  |  | 313 |  |  | — |  |  | 313 |
Corporate notes and bonds | — |  |  | 128 |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |
Mortgage-backed securities (1) | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 168 |  |  | — |  |  | 168 |
Asset-backed securities (1) | — |  |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |
Foreign government bonds | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Equity securities | 171 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 171 |  |  | 148 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 148 |
| 171 |  |  | 481 |  |  | — |  |  | 652 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 789 |  |  | — |  |  | 937 |
Derivative assets (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchased currency options | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 644 |  |  | — |  |  | 644 |
Forward exchange contracts | — |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 331 |  |  | — |  |  | 331 |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |
| — |  |  | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | 995 |  |  | — |  |  | 995 |
Total assets | $ | 343 |  |  | $ | 14,970 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,313 |  |  | $ | 378 |  |  | $ | 20,796 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,174 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 935 |  |  | $ | 935 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 891 |  |  | $ | 891 |
Derivative liabilities (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward exchange contracts | — |  |  | 162 |  |  | — |  |  | 162 |  |  | — |  |  | 93 |  |  | — |  |  | 93 |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |
Written currency options | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
| — |  |  | 217 |  |  | — |  |  | 217 |  |  | — |  |  | 134 |  |  | — |  |  | 134 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 935 |  |  | $ | 1,152 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 891 |  |  | $ | 1,025 |
(1) | Primarily all of the asset-backed securities are highly-rated (Standard & Poor’s rating of AAA and Moody’s Investors Service rating of Aaa), secured primarily by auto loan, credit card and student loan receivables, with weighted-average lives of primarily 5 years or less. Mortgage-backed securities represent AAA-rated securities issued or unconditionally guaranteed as to payment of principal and interest by U.S. government agencies.
(2) | Investments included in other assets are restricted as to use, primarily for the payment of benefits under employee benefit plans.
(3) | The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant.
There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during 2017. As of December 31, 2017, Cash and cash equivalents of $6.1 billion include $5.2 billion of cash equivalents (which would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy). Contingent Consideration Summarized information about the changes in liabilities for contingent consideration is as follows:
| 2017 |  | 2016
Fair value January 1 | $ | 891 |  |  | $ | 590 |
Changes in estimated fair value (1) | 141 |  |  | (407 | )
Additions | 3 |  |  | 733 |
Payments | (100 | ) |  | (25 | )
Fair value December 31 (2) | $ | 935 |  |  | $ | 891 |
(1) Recorded in Research and development expenses, Materials and production costs and Other (income) expense, net. Includes cumulative translation adjustments. (2) Includes $315 million recorded as a current liability for amounts expected to be paid within the next 12 months. The changes in the estimated fair value of contingent consideration in 2017 primarily relate to changes in the liabilities recorded in connection with the termination of the SPMSD joint venture and the clinical progression of a program related to the Afferent acquisition. The changes in the estimated fair value of contingent consideration in 2016 were largely attributable to the reversal of liabilities related to programs obtained in connection with the acquisitions of cCAM, OncoEthix and SmartCells (see Note 8). The additions to contingent consideration reflected in the table above in 2016 relate to the termination of the SPMSD joint venture (see Note 9) and the acquisitions of IOmet and Afferent (see Note 3). The payments of contingent consideration in 2017 relate to the achievement of a clinical milestone in connection with the acquisition of IOmet (see Note 3) and in 2016 relate to the first commercial sale of Zerbaxa in the European Union. Other Fair Value Measurements Some of the Company’s financial instruments, such as cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables, are reflected in the balance sheet at carrying value, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. The estimated fair value of loans payable and long-term debt (including current portion) at December 31, 2017, was $25.6 billion compared with a carrying value of $24.4 billion and at December 31, 2016, was $25.7 billion compared with a carrying value of $24.8 billion. Fair value was estimated using recent observable market prices and would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Concentrations of Credit Risk On an ongoing basis, the Company monitors concentrations of credit risk associated with corporate and government issuers of securities and financial institutions with which it conducts business. Credit exposure limits are established to limit a concentration with any single issuer or institution. Cash and investments are placed in instruments that meet high credit quality standards, as specified in the Company’s investment policy guidelines. The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable arise from product sales in the United States and Europe and are primarily due from drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies, managed health care providers and pharmacy benefit managers. The Company monitors the financial performance and creditworthiness of its customers so that it can properly assess and respond to changes in their credit profile. The Company also continues to monitor global economic conditions, including the volatility associated with international sovereign economies, and associated impacts on the financial markets and its business. As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s total net accounts receivable outstanding for more than one year were approximately $130 million. The Company does not expect to have write-offs or adjustments to accounts receivable which would have a material adverse effect on its financial position, liquidity or results of operations. The Company’s customers with the largest accounts receivable balances are: McKesson Corporation, AmerisourceBergen Corporation, Cardinal Health, Inc. and Zuellig Pharma Ltd. (Asia Pacific), which represented, in aggregate, approximately 40% of total accounts receivable at December 31, 2017. The Company monitors the creditworthiness of its customers to which it grants credit terms in the normal course of business. Bad debts have been minimal. The Company does not normally require collateral or other security to support credit sales. Derivative financial instruments are executed under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreements. The master agreements with several of the Company’s financial institution counterparties also include credit support annexes. These annexes contain provisions that require collateral to be exchanged depending on the value of the derivative assets and liabilities, the Company’s credit rating, and the credit rating of the counterparty. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had received cash collateral of $3 million and $529 million, respectively, from various counterparties and the obligation to return such collateral is recorded in Accrued and other current liabilities. The Company had not advanced any cash collateral to counterparties as of December 31, 2017 or 2016.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for financial instruments. This disclosure includes, but is not limited to, fair value measurements of short and long term marketable securities, international currencies forward contracts, and auction rate securities. Financial instruments may include hedging and non-hedging currency exchange instruments, derivatives, securitizations and securities available for sale at fair value. Also included are investment results, realized and unrealized gains and losses as well as impairments and risk management disclosures. + References No definition available. + Details
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