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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Effects of Adopting ASC 606 (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2018
Mar. 31, 2017
Jan. 01, 2018
Dec. 31, 2017
Revenue, Initial Application Period Cumulative Effect Transition [Line Items]        
Sales $ 10,037 $ 9,434    
Materials and production 3,184 3,049    
Income before taxes 1,345 2,003    
Taxes on income 604 447    
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. 736 $ 1,551    
Assets        
Accounts receivable 7,245     $ 6,873
Inventories 5,382     5,096
Liabilities        
Accrued and other current liabilities 9,709     10,427
Income taxes payable 717     708
Equity        
Retained earnings 41,107     $ 41,350
Effects of Adopting ASC 606 | Accounting Standards Update 2014-09        
Revenue, Initial Application Period Cumulative Effect Transition [Line Items]        
Sales (24)      
Materials and production (11)      
Income before taxes (13)      
Taxes on income (2)      
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. (11)      
Assets        
Accounts receivable (36)   $ 5  
Inventories 13      
Liabilities        
Accrued and other current liabilities (3)      
Income taxes payable (4)      
Equity        
Retained earnings (16)   $ 5  
Amounts Without Adoption of ASC 606        
Revenue, Initial Application Period Cumulative Effect Transition [Line Items]        
Sales 10,013      
Materials and production 3,173      
Income before taxes 1,332      
Taxes on income 602      
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. 725      
Assets        
Accounts receivable 7,209      
Inventories 5,395      
Liabilities        
Accrued and other current liabilities 9,706      
Income taxes payable 713      
Equity        
Retained earnings $ 41,091