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Equity - Shareholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2018
Mar. 31, 2017
Jan. 01, 2018
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]      
Shares, beginning balance (in shares) 3,577,103,522    
Equity, beginning balance $ 34,569 $ 40,308  
Adoption of new accounting standards     $ 48
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. 736 1,551  
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes 124 146  
Cash dividends declared on common stock (1,301) (1,297)  
Treasury stock shares purchased (566) (1,019)  
Share-based compensation plans and other 291 368  
Acquisition of Vallée   25  
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 5 5  
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests $ (5)    
Other changes in noncontrolling ownership interests   1  
Shares, ending balance (in shares) 3,577,103,522    
Equity, ending balance $ 33,901 $ 40,088  
Common Stock      
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]      
Shares, beginning balance (in shares) 3,577,000,000 3,577,000,000  
Equity, beginning balance $ 1,788 $ 1,788  
Shares, ending balance (in shares) 3,577,000,000 3,577,000,000  
Equity, ending balance $ 1,788 $ 1,788  
Other Paid-In Capital      
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]      
Equity, beginning balance 39,902 39,939  
Share-based compensation plans and other (28) (40)  
Equity, ending balance 39,874 39,899  
Retained Earnings      
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]      
Equity, beginning balance 41,350 44,133  
Adoption of new accounting standards     322
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. 736 1,551  
Cash dividends declared on common stock (1,301) (1,297)  
Equity, ending balance 41,107 44,387  
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss      
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]      
Equity, beginning balance (4,910) (5,226)  
Adoption of new accounting standards     $ (274)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes 124 146  
Equity, ending balance $ (5,060) $ (5,080)  
Treasury Stock      
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]      
Shares, beginning balance (in shares) 880,000,000 828,000,000  
Equity, beginning balance $ (43,794) $ (40,546)  
Treasury stock shares purchased (in shares) 10,000,000 16,000,000  
Treasury stock shares purchased $ (566) $ (1,019)  
Share-based compensation plans and other (in shares) (5,000,000) (7,000,000)  
Share-based compensation plans and other $ 319 $ 408  
Shares, ending balance (in shares) 885,000,000 837,000,000  
Equity, ending balance $ (44,041) $ (41,157)  
Non- Controlling Interests      
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]      
Equity, beginning balance 233 220  
Acquisition of Vallée   25  
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 5 5  
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests (5)    
Other changes in noncontrolling ownership interests   1  
Equity, ending balance $ 233 $ 251