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Other (Income) Expense, Net
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]  
Other (Income) Expense, Net
Other (Income) Expense, Net
Other (income) expense, net, consisted of: 
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
($ in millions)
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Interest income
$
(92
)
 
$
(90
)
 
$
(257
)
 
$
(284
)
Interest expense
190

 
189

 
569

 
564

Exchange losses (gains)
42

 
(6
)
 
119

 
5

Equity income from affiliates
(81
)
 
(18
)
 
(93
)
 
(11
)
Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost
(119
)
 
(121
)
 
(384
)
 
(381
)
Other, net
(112
)
 
(161
)
 
(466
)
 
(244
)
 
$
(172
)
 
$
(207
)
 
$
(512
)
 
$
(351
)

The increases in equity income from affiliates in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018 compared with the same periods of 2017 were driven primarily by higher equity income from certain research investment funds.
Other, net (as reflected in the table above) includes net gains on securities of $80 million and $202 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $25 million and $74 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2017, respectively. The increase in net gains on securities is attributable to the recognition of unrealized gains on equity securities pursuant to the prospective adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018 (see Note 1). Other, net in the first nine months of 2018 also includes a $115 million gain on the settlement of certain patent litigation (see Note 9). These gains were partially offset by lower income related to AstraZeneca’s option exercise in 2014.
Interest paid for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $535 million and $505 million, respectively.