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Equity (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Sep. 30, 2017
Sep. 30, 2018
Sep. 30, 2017
Jan. 01, 2018
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]          
Shares, beginning balance (in shares)     3,577,103,522    
Equity, beginning balance $ 32,766 $ 39,712 $ 34,569 $ 40,308  
Adoption of new accounting standards (see Note 1)         $ 48
Net income (loss) attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. 1,950 (56) 4,393 3,440  
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (29) 149 33 281  
Cash dividends declared on common stock (1,284) (1,289) (3,876) (3,872)  
Treasury stock shares purchased (996) (159) (3,158) (2,312)  
Share-based compensation plans and other 252 140 646 623  
Acquisition of Vallée       25  
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 8 5 22 16  
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests $ (11) (3) $ (21) (10)  
Shares, ending balance (in shares) 3,577,103,522   3,577,103,522    
Equity, ending balance $ 32,656 $ 38,499 $ 32,656 $ 38,499  
Common Stock          
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]          
Shares, beginning balance (in shares) 3,577,000,000 3,577,000,000 3,577,000,000 3,577,000,000  
Equity, beginning balance $ 1,788 $ 1,788 $ 1,788 $ 1,788  
Shares, ending balance (in shares) 3,577,000,000 3,577,000,000 3,577,000,000 3,577,000,000  
Equity, ending balance $ 1,788 $ 1,788 $ 1,788 $ 1,788  
Other Paid-In Capital          
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]          
Equity, beginning balance 39,741 39,776 39,902 39,939  
Share-based compensation plans and other 21 47 (140) (116)  
Equity, ending balance 39,762 39,823 39,762 39,823  
Retained Earnings          
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]          
Equity, beginning balance 41,523 45,046 41,350 44,133  
Adoption of new accounting standards (see Note 1)         322
Net income (loss) attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. 1,950 (56) 4,393 3,440  
Cash dividends declared on common stock (1,284) (1,289) (3,876) (3,872)  
Equity, ending balance 42,189 43,701 42,189 43,701  
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss          
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]          
Equity, beginning balance (5,122) (5,094) (4,910) (5,226)  
Adoption of new accounting standards (see Note 1)         $ (274)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (29) 149 33 281  
Equity, ending balance $ (5,151) $ (4,945) $ (5,151) $ (4,945)  
Treasury Stock          
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]          
Shares, beginning balance (in shares) 907,000,000 850,000,000 880,000,000 828,000,000  
Equity, beginning balance $ (45,401) $ (42,053) $ (43,794) $ (40,546)  
Treasury stock shares purchased (in shares) 16,000,000 2,000,000 53,000,000 36,000,000  
Treasury stock shares purchased $ (996) $ (159) $ (3,158) $ (2,312)  
Share-based compensation plans and other (in shares) (5,000,000) (1,000,000) (15,000,000) (13,000,000)  
Share-based compensation plans and other $ 231 $ 93 $ 786 $ 739  
Shares, ending balance (in shares) 918,000,000 851,000,000 918,000,000 851,000,000  
Equity, ending balance $ (46,166) $ (42,119) $ (46,166) $ (42,119)  
Non- Controlling Interests          
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]          
Equity, beginning balance 237 249 233 220  
Acquisition of Vallée       25  
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 8 5 22 16  
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests (11) (3) (21) (10)  
Equity, ending balance $ 234 $ 251 $ 234 $ 251