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Other (Income) Expense, Net
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]  
Other (Income) Expense, Net
Other (Income) Expense, Net
Other (income) expense, net, consisted of:
Years Ended December 31
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Interest income
$
(343
)
 
$
(385
)
 
$
(328
)
Interest expense
772

 
754

 
693

Exchange losses (gains)
145

 
(11
)
 
174

Income on investments in equity securities, net (1)
(324
)
 
(352
)
 
(43
)
Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost
(512
)
 
(512
)
 
(531
)
Other, net
(140
)
 
6

 
224

 
$
(402
)
 
$
(500
)
 
$
189


(1) Includes net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments in equity securities either owned directly or through ownership interests in investment funds.
Income on investments in equity securities, net, in 2018 reflects the recognition of unrealized net gains pursuant to the prospective adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018 (see Note 2). The increase in income on investments in equity securities, net, in 2017 was driven primarily by higher realized gains on sales.
Other, net (as presented in the table above) in 2018 includes a gain of $115 million related to the settlement of certain patent litigation (see Note 11), income of $99 million related to AstraZeneca’s option exercise (see Note 9), and a gain of $85 million resulting from the receipt of a milestone payment for an out-licensed migraine clinical development program. Other, net in 2018 also includes $144 million of goodwill impairment charges related to certain businesses in the Healthcare Services segment (see Note 8), as well as $41 million of charges related to the write-down of assets held for sale to fair value in anticipation of the dissolution of the Company’s joint venture with Supera Farma Laboratorios S.A. in Brazil.
Other, net in 2017 includes income of $232 million related to AstraZeneca’s option exercise and a $191 million loss on extinguishment of debt (see Note 10).
Other, net in 2016 includes a charge of $625 million related to the previously disclosed settlement of worldwide patent litigation related to Keytruda, a gain of $117 million related to the settlement of other patent litigation, gains of $100 million resulting from the receipt of milestone payments for out-licensed migraine clinical development programs, and $98 million of income related to AstraZeneca’s option exercise.
Interest paid was $777 million in 2018, $723 million in 2017 and $686 million in 2016.