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Restructuring | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2019
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract] |
Restructuring | Restructuring Merck recently approved a new global restructuring program (the “2019 Restructuring Program”) as part of a worldwide initiative focused primarily on further optimizing the Company’s manufacturing and supply network, as well as reducing its global real estate footprint. This program is a continuation of the Company’s plant rationalization and builds on prior restructuring programs. The Company will continue to evaluate its global footprint and overall operating model, which could result in the identification of additional actions over time. The actions contemplated under the 2019 Restructuring Program are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2023, with the cumulative pretax costs to be incurred by the Company to implement the program estimated to be approximately $800 million to $1.2 billion. The Company estimates that approximately 55% of the cumulative pretax costs will result in cash outlays, primarily related to employee separation expense and facility shut-down costs. Approximately 45% of the cumulative pretax costs will be non-cash, relating primarily to the accelerated depreciation of facilities to be closed or divested. The Company expects to record charges of approximately $500 million in 2019 related to the program. Actions under previous global restructuring programs have been substantially completed. The Company recorded total pretax costs of $187 million and $104 million in the first quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to restructuring program activities. For segment reporting, restructuring charges are unallocated expenses. The following tables summarize the charges related to restructuring program activities by type of cost:
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
($ in millions) | Separation Costs |  | Accelerated Depreciation |  | Other |  | Total
Cost of sales | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34 |
Selling, general and administrative | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Research and development | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring costs | 128 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 153 |
| $ | 128 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 187 |
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
($ in millions) | Separation Costs |  | Accelerated Depreciation |  | Other |  | Total
Cost of sales | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 6 |
Selling, general and administrative | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Research and development | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 5 |  |  | 2 |
Restructuring costs | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | 95 |
| $ | 55 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 104 |
Separation costs are associated with actual headcount reductions, as well as those headcount reductions which were probable and could be reasonably estimated. Accelerated depreciation costs primarily relate to manufacturing, research and administrative facilities and equipment to be sold or closed as part of the programs. Accelerated depreciation costs represent the difference between the depreciation expense to be recognized over the revised useful life of the asset, based upon the anticipated date the site will be closed or divested or the equipment disposed of, and depreciation expense as determined utilizing the useful life prior to the restructuring actions. All the sites have and will continue to operate up through the respective closure dates and, since future undiscounted cash flows are sufficient to recover the respective book values, Merck is recording accelerated depreciation over the revised useful life of the site assets. Anticipated site closure dates, particularly related to manufacturing locations, have been and may continue to be adjusted to reflect changes resulting from regulatory or other factors. Other activity in 2019 and 2018 includes asset abandonment, shut-down and other related costs, as well as pretax gains and losses resulting from sales of facilities and related assets. Additionally, other activity includes certain employee-related costs associated with pension and other postretirement benefit plans (see Note 11) and share-based compensation. The following table summarizes the charges and spending relating to restructuring program activities for the three months ended March 31, 2019:
($ in millions) | Separation Costs |  | Accelerated Depreciation |  | Other |  | Total
Restructuring reserves January 1, 2019 | $ | 443 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 534 |
Expense | 128 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 187 |
(Payments) receipts, net | (69 | ) |  | — |  |  | (32 | ) |  | (101 | )
Non-cash activity | — |  |  | (34 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (37 | )
Restructuring reserves March 31, 2019 (1) | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 583 |
(1) | The remaining cash outlays are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2023.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for restructuring and related activities. Description of restructuring activities such as exit and disposal activities, include facts and circumstances leading to the plan, the expected plan completion date, the major types of costs associated with the plan activities, total expected costs, the accrual balance at the end of the period, and the periods over which the remaining accrual will be settled. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 420 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2175745 + Details
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